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13 results on '"injectable bone cements"'

1. Injectable bone cements: What benefits the combination of calcium phosphates and bioactive glasses could bring?

Author

Öznur Demir-Oğuz, Aldo R. Boccaccini, and Dagnija Loca

Subjects
Calcium phosphate, Bioactive glass, Injectable bone cements, Bone regeneration, Calcium phosphate bone cements, Materials of engineering and construction. Mechanics of materials, TA401-492, Biology (General), QH301-705.5
Abstract

Out of the wide range of calcium phosphate (CaP) biomaterials, calcium phosphate bone cements (CPCs) have attracted increased attention since their discovery in the 1980s due to their valuable properties such as bioactivity, osteoconductivity, injectability, hardening ability through a low-temperature setting reaction and moldability. Thereafter numerous researches have been performed to enhance the properties of CPCs. Nonetheless, low mechanical performance of CPCs limits their clinical application in load bearing regions of bone. Also, the in vivo resorption and replacement of CPC with new bone tissue is still controversial, thus further improvements of high clinical importance are required. Bioactive glasses (BGs) are biocompatible and able to bond to bone, stimulating new bone growth while dissolving over time. In the last decades extensive research has been performed analyzing the role of BGs in combination with different CaPs. Thus, the focal point of this review paper is to summarize the available research data on how injectable CPC properties could be improved or affected by the addition of BG as a secondary powder phase. It was found that despite the variances of setting time and compressive strength results, desirable injectable properties of bone cements can be achieved by the inclusion of BGs into CPCs. The published data also revealed that the degradation rate of CPCs is significantly improved by BG addition. Moreover, the presence of BG in CPCs improves the in vitro osteogenic differentiation and cell response as well as the tissue-material interaction in vivo.

Published
2023
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2. Injectable bone cements: What benefits the combination of calcium phosphates and bioactive glasses could bring?

Author

Demir-Oğuz Ö, Boccaccini AR, and Loca D

Abstract

Out of the wide range of calcium phosphate (CaP) biomaterials, calcium phosphate bone cements (CPCs) have attracted increased attention since their discovery in the 1980s due to their valuable properties such as bioactivity, osteoconductivity, injectability, hardening ability through a low-temperature setting reaction and moldability. Thereafter numerous researches have been performed to enhance the properties of CPCs. Nonetheless, low mechanical performance of CPCs limits their clinical application in load bearing regions of bone. Also, the in vivo resorption and replacement of CPC with new bone tissue is still controversial, thus further improvements of high clinical importance are required. Bioactive glasses (BGs) are biocompatible and able to bond to bone, stimulating new bone growth while dissolving over time. In the last decades extensive research has been performed analyzing the role of BGs in combination with different CaPs. Thus, the focal point of this review paper is to summarize the available research data on how injectable CPC properties could be improved or affected by the addition of BG as a secondary powder phase. It was found that despite the variances of setting time and compressive strength results, desirable injectable properties of bone cements can be achieved by the inclusion of BGs into CPCs. The published data also revealed that the degradation rate of CPCs is significantly improved by BG addition. Moreover, the presence of BG in CPCs improves the in vitro osteogenic differentiation and cell response as well as the tissue-material interaction in vivo ., Competing Interests: Authors do not have any conflicts of interest to declare., (© 2022 The Authors.)

Published
2022
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3. The Effect of the Thermosensitive Biodegradable PLGA–PEG–PLGA Copolymer on the Rheological, Structural and Mechanical Properties of Thixotropic Self-Hardening Tricalcium Phosphate Cement

Author

Vojtová, Lucy, Michlovská, Lenka, Valová, Kristýna, Zbončák, Marek, Trunec, Martin, Částková, Klára, Krtička, Milan, Pavliňáková, Veronika, Poláček, Petr, Dzurov, Matej, Lukášová, Věra, Rampichová, Michala, Suchý, Tomáš, Sedláček, Radek, Ginebra, Maria-Pau, Montufar Jimenez, Edgar Benjamin, Vojtová, Lucy, Michlovská, Lenka, Valová, Kristýna, Zbončák, Marek, Trunec, Martin, Částková, Klára, Krtička, Milan, Pavliňáková, Veronika, Poláček, Petr, Dzurov, Matej, Lukášová, Věra, Rampichová, Michala, Suchý, Tomáš, Sedláček, Radek, Ginebra, Maria-Pau, and Montufar Jimenez, Edgar Benjamin

Abstract

The current limitations of calcium phosphate cements (CPCs) used in the field of bone regeneration consist of their brittleness, low injectability, disintegration in body fluids and low biodegradability. Moreover, no method is currently available to measure the setting time of CPCs in correlation with the evolution of the setting reaction. The study proposes that it is possible to improve and tune the properties of CPCs via the addition of a thermosensitive, biodegradable, thixotropic copolymer based on poly(lactic acid), poly(glycolic acid) and poly(ethylene glycol) (PLGA-PEG-PLGA) which undergoes gelation under physiological conditions. The setting times of alpha-tricalcium phosphate (-TCP) mixed with aqueous solutions of PLGA-PEG-PLGA determined by means of time-sweep curves revealed a lag phase during the dissolution of the -TCP particles. The magnitude of the storage modulus at lag phase depends on the liquid to powder ratio, the copolymer concentration and temperature. A sharp increase in the storage modulus was observed at the time of the precipitation of calcium deficient hydroxyapatite (CDHA) crystals, representing the loss of paste workability. The PLGA-PEG-PLGA copolymer demonstrates the desired pseudoplastic rheological behaviour with a small decrease in shear stress and the rapid recovery of the viscous state once the shear is removed, thus preventing CPC phase separation and providing good cohesion. Preliminary cytocompatibility tests performed on human mesenchymal stem cells proved the suitability of the novel copolymer/-TCP for the purposes of mini-invasive surgery.

Published
2019

4. The Effect of the Thermosensitive Biodegradable PLGA–PEG–PLGA Copolymer on the Rheological, Structural and Mechanical Properties of Thixotropic Self-Hardening Tricalcium Phosphate Cement

Abstract

The current limitations of calcium phosphate cements (CPCs) used in the field of bone regeneration consist of their brittleness, low injectability, disintegration in body fluids and low biodegradability. Moreover, no method is currently available to measure the setting time of CPCs in correlation with the evolution of the setting reaction. The study proposes that it is possible to improve and tune the properties of CPCs via the addition of a thermosensitive, biodegradable, thixotropic copolymer based on poly(lactic acid), poly(glycolic acid) and poly(ethylene glycol) (PLGA-PEG-PLGA) which undergoes gelation under physiological conditions. The setting times of alpha-tricalcium phosphate (-TCP) mixed with aqueous solutions of PLGA-PEG-PLGA determined by means of time-sweep curves revealed a lag phase during the dissolution of the -TCP particles. The magnitude of the storage modulus at lag phase depends on the liquid to powder ratio, the copolymer concentration and temperature. A sharp increase in the storage modulus was observed at the time of the precipitation of calcium deficient hydroxyapatite (CDHA) crystals, representing the loss of paste workability. The PLGA-PEG-PLGA copolymer demonstrates the desired pseudoplastic rheological behaviour with a small decrease in shear stress and the rapid recovery of the viscous state once the shear is removed, thus preventing CPC phase separation and providing good cohesion. Preliminary cytocompatibility tests performed on human mesenchymal stem cells proved the suitability of the novel copolymer/-TCP for the purposes of mini-invasive surgery.

Published
2019

5. The Effect of the Thermosensitive Biodegradable PLGA–PEG–PLGA Copolymer on the Rheological, Structural and Mechanical Properties of Thixotropic Self-Hardening Tricalcium Phosphate Cement

Abstract

The current limitations of calcium phosphate cements (CPCs) used in the field of bone regeneration consist of their brittleness, low injectability, disintegration in body fluids and low biodegradability. Moreover, no method is currently available to measure the setting time of CPCs in correlation with the evolution of the setting reaction. The study proposes that it is possible to improve and tune the properties of CPCs via the addition of a thermosensitive, biodegradable, thixotropic copolymer based on poly(lactic acid), poly(glycolic acid) and poly(ethylene glycol) (PLGA-PEG-PLGA) which undergoes gelation under physiological conditions. The setting times of alpha-tricalcium phosphate (-TCP) mixed with aqueous solutions of PLGA-PEG-PLGA determined by means of time-sweep curves revealed a lag phase during the dissolution of the -TCP particles. The magnitude of the storage modulus at lag phase depends on the liquid to powder ratio, the copolymer concentration and temperature. A sharp increase in the storage modulus was observed at the time of the precipitation of calcium deficient hydroxyapatite (CDHA) crystals, representing the loss of paste workability. The PLGA-PEG-PLGA copolymer demonstrates the desired pseudoplastic rheological behaviour with a small decrease in shear stress and the rapid recovery of the viscous state once the shear is removed, thus preventing CPC phase separation and providing good cohesion. Preliminary cytocompatibility tests performed on human mesenchymal stem cells proved the suitability of the novel copolymer/-TCP for the purposes of mini-invasive surgery.

Published
2019

6. The Effect of the Thermosensitive Biodegradable PLGA–PEG–PLGA Copolymer on the Rheological, Structural and Mechanical Properties of Thixotropic Self-Hardening Tricalcium Phosphate Cement

Abstract

The current limitations of calcium phosphate cements (CPCs) used in the field of bone regeneration consist of their brittleness, low injectability, disintegration in body fluids and low biodegradability. Moreover, no method is currently available to measure the setting time of CPCs in correlation with the evolution of the setting reaction. The study proposes that it is possible to improve and tune the properties of CPCs via the addition of a thermosensitive, biodegradable, thixotropic copolymer based on poly(lactic acid), poly(glycolic acid) and poly(ethylene glycol) (PLGA-PEG-PLGA) which undergoes gelation under physiological conditions. The setting times of alpha-tricalcium phosphate (-TCP) mixed with aqueous solutions of PLGA-PEG-PLGA determined by means of time-sweep curves revealed a lag phase during the dissolution of the -TCP particles. The magnitude of the storage modulus at lag phase depends on the liquid to powder ratio, the copolymer concentration and temperature. A sharp increase in the storage modulus was observed at the time of the precipitation of calcium deficient hydroxyapatite (CDHA) crystals, representing the loss of paste workability. The PLGA-PEG-PLGA copolymer demonstrates the desired pseudoplastic rheological behaviour with a small decrease in shear stress and the rapid recovery of the viscous state once the shear is removed, thus preventing CPC phase separation and providing good cohesion. Preliminary cytocompatibility tests performed on human mesenchymal stem cells proved the suitability of the novel copolymer/-TCP for the purposes of mini-invasive surgery.

Published
2019

7. The Effect of the Thermosensitive Biodegradable PLGA–PEG–PLGA Copolymer on the Rheological, Structural and Mechanical Properties of Thixotropic Self-Hardening Tricalcium Phosphate Cement

Abstract

The current limitations of calcium phosphate cements (CPCs) used in the field of bone regeneration consist of their brittleness, low injectability, disintegration in body fluids and low biodegradability. Moreover, no method is currently available to measure the setting time of CPCs in correlation with the evolution of the setting reaction. The study proposes that it is possible to improve and tune the properties of CPCs via the addition of a thermosensitive, biodegradable, thixotropic copolymer based on poly(lactic acid), poly(glycolic acid) and poly(ethylene glycol) (PLGA-PEG-PLGA) which undergoes gelation under physiological conditions. The setting times of alpha-tricalcium phosphate (-TCP) mixed with aqueous solutions of PLGA-PEG-PLGA determined by means of time-sweep curves revealed a lag phase during the dissolution of the -TCP particles. The magnitude of the storage modulus at lag phase depends on the liquid to powder ratio, the copolymer concentration and temperature. A sharp increase in the storage modulus was observed at the time of the precipitation of calcium deficient hydroxyapatite (CDHA) crystals, representing the loss of paste workability. The PLGA-PEG-PLGA copolymer demonstrates the desired pseudoplastic rheological behaviour with a small decrease in shear stress and the rapid recovery of the viscous state once the shear is removed, thus preventing CPC phase separation and providing good cohesion. Preliminary cytocompatibility tests performed on human mesenchymal stem cells proved the suitability of the novel copolymer/-TCP for the purposes of mini-invasive surgery.

Published
2019

8. The Effect of the Thermosensitive Biodegradable PLGA–PEG–PLGA Copolymer on the Rheological, Structural and Mechanical Properties of Thixotropic Self-Hardening Tricalcium Phosphate Cement

Abstract

The current limitations of calcium phosphate cements (CPCs) used in the field of bone regeneration consist of their brittleness, low injectability, disintegration in body fluids and low biodegradability. Moreover, no method is currently available to measure the setting time of CPCs in correlation with the evolution of the setting reaction. The study proposes that it is possible to improve and tune the properties of CPCs via the addition of a thermosensitive, biodegradable, thixotropic copolymer based on poly(lactic acid), poly(glycolic acid) and poly(ethylene glycol) (PLGA-PEG-PLGA) which undergoes gelation under physiological conditions. The setting times of alpha-tricalcium phosphate (-TCP) mixed with aqueous solutions of PLGA-PEG-PLGA determined by means of time-sweep curves revealed a lag phase during the dissolution of the -TCP particles. The magnitude of the storage modulus at lag phase depends on the liquid to powder ratio, the copolymer concentration and temperature. A sharp increase in the storage modulus was observed at the time of the precipitation of calcium deficient hydroxyapatite (CDHA) crystals, representing the loss of paste workability. The PLGA-PEG-PLGA copolymer demonstrates the desired pseudoplastic rheological behaviour with a small decrease in shear stress and the rapid recovery of the viscous state once the shear is removed, thus preventing CPC phase separation and providing good cohesion. Preliminary cytocompatibility tests performed on human mesenchymal stem cells proved the suitability of the novel copolymer/-TCP for the purposes of mini-invasive surgery.

Published
2019

9. The Effect of the Thermosensitive Biodegradable PLGA–PEG–PLGA Copolymer on the Rheological, Structural and Mechanical Properties of Thixotropic Self-Hardening Tricalcium Phosphate Cement

Abstract

The current limitations of calcium phosphate cements (CPCs) used in the field of bone regeneration consist of their brittleness, low injectability, disintegration in body fluids and low biodegradability. Moreover, no method is currently available to measure the setting time of CPCs in correlation with the evolution of the setting reaction. The study proposes that it is possible to improve and tune the properties of CPCs via the addition of a thermosensitive, biodegradable, thixotropic copolymer based on poly(lactic acid), poly(glycolic acid) and poly(ethylene glycol) (PLGA-PEG-PLGA) which undergoes gelation under physiological conditions. The setting times of alpha-tricalcium phosphate (-TCP) mixed with aqueous solutions of PLGA-PEG-PLGA determined by means of time-sweep curves revealed a lag phase during the dissolution of the -TCP particles. The magnitude of the storage modulus at lag phase depends on the liquid to powder ratio, the copolymer concentration and temperature. A sharp increase in the storage modulus was observed at the time of the precipitation of calcium deficient hydroxyapatite (CDHA) crystals, representing the loss of paste workability. The PLGA-PEG-PLGA copolymer demonstrates the desired pseudoplastic rheological behaviour with a small decrease in shear stress and the rapid recovery of the viscous state once the shear is removed, thus preventing CPC phase separation and providing good cohesion. Preliminary cytocompatibility tests performed on human mesenchymal stem cells proved the suitability of the novel copolymer/-TCP for the purposes of mini-invasive surgery.

Published
2019

10. The effect of the thermosensitive biodegradable PLGA–PEG–PLGA copolymer on the rheological, structural and mechanical properties of thixotropic self-hardening tricalcium phosphate cement

Author

Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. Departament de Ciència dels Materials i Enginyeria Metal·lúrgica, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. BBT - Biomaterials, Biomecànica i Enginyeria de Teixits, Vysoké učení technické v Brně, České vysoké učení technické v Praze, Fakultní nemocnice Brno, Akademie věd České republiky, Vojtova, Lucy, Michlovska, Lenka, Valova, Kristyna, Ginebra Molins, Maria Pau, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. Departament de Ciència dels Materials i Enginyeria Metal·lúrgica, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. BBT - Biomaterials, Biomecànica i Enginyeria de Teixits, Vysoké učení technické v Brně, České vysoké učení technické v Praze, Fakultní nemocnice Brno, Akademie věd České republiky, Vojtova, Lucy, Michlovska, Lenka, Valova, Kristyna, and Ginebra Molins, Maria Pau

Abstract

The current limitations of calcium phosphate cements (CPCs) used in the field of bone regeneration consist of their brittleness, low injectability, disintegration in body fluids and low biodegradability. Moreover, no method is currently available to measure the setting time of CPCs in correlation with the evolution of the setting reaction. The study proposes that it is possible to improve and tune the properties of CPCs via the addition of a thermosensitive, biodegradable, thixotropic copolymer based on poly(lactic acid), poly(glycolic acid) and poly(ethylene glycol) (PLGA–PEG–PLGA) which undergoes gelation under physiological conditions. The setting times of alpha-tricalcium phosphate (a-TCP) mixed with aqueous solutions of PLGA–PEG–PLGA determined by means of time-sweep curves revealed a lag phase during the dissolution of the a-TCP particles. The magnitude of the storage modulus at lag phase depends on the liquid to powder ratio, the copolymer concentration and temperature. A sharp increase in the storage modulus was observed at the time of the precipitation of calcium deficient hydroxyapatite (CDHA) crystals, representing the loss of paste workability. The PLGA–PEG–PLGA copolymer demonstrates the desired pseudoplastic rheological behaviour with a small decrease in shear stress and the rapid recovery of the viscous state once the shear is removed, thus preventing CPC phase separation and providing good cohesion. Preliminary cytocompatibility tests performed on human mesenchymal stem cells proved the suitability of the novel copolymer/a-TCP for the purposes of mini-invasive surgery., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)

Published
2019

11. The Effect of the Thermosensitive Biodegradable PLGA–PEG–PLGA Copolymer on the Rheological, Structural and Mechanical Properties of Thixotropic Self-Hardening Tricalcium Phosphate Cement

Abstract

The current limitations of calcium phosphate cements (CPCs) used in the field of bone regeneration consist of their brittleness, low injectability, disintegration in body fluids and low biodegradability. Moreover, no method is currently available to measure the setting time of CPCs in correlation with the evolution of the setting reaction. The study proposes that it is possible to improve and tune the properties of CPCs via the addition of a thermosensitive, biodegradable, thixotropic copolymer based on poly(lactic acid), poly(glycolic acid) and poly(ethylene glycol) (PLGA-PEG-PLGA) which undergoes gelation under physiological conditions. The setting times of alpha-tricalcium phosphate (-TCP) mixed with aqueous solutions of PLGA-PEG-PLGA determined by means of time-sweep curves revealed a lag phase during the dissolution of the -TCP particles. The magnitude of the storage modulus at lag phase depends on the liquid to powder ratio, the copolymer concentration and temperature. A sharp increase in the storage modulus was observed at the time of the precipitation of calcium deficient hydroxyapatite (CDHA) crystals, representing the loss of paste workability. The PLGA-PEG-PLGA copolymer demonstrates the desired pseudoplastic rheological behaviour with a small decrease in shear stress and the rapid recovery of the viscous state once the shear is removed, thus preventing CPC phase separation and providing good cohesion. Preliminary cytocompatibility tests performed on human mesenchymal stem cells proved the suitability of the novel copolymer/-TCP for the purposes of mini-invasive surgery.

Published
2019

12. The Effect of the Thermosensitive Biodegradable PLGA–PEG–PLGA Copolymer on the Rheological, Structural and Mechanical Properties of Thixotropic Self-Hardening Tricalcium Phosphate Cement

Author

Matej Dzurov, Marek Zboncak, Lucy Vojtová, Milan Krtička, Petr Polacek, Klara Castkova, Lenka Michlovská, Edgar B. Montufar, Veronika Pavlinakova, Kristyna Valova, Martin Trunec, Vera Lukasova, Michala Rampichová, Maria-Pau Ginebra, Tomas Suchy, Radek Sedlacek, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. Departament de Ciència dels Materials i Enginyeria Metal·lúrgica, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. BBT - Biomaterials, Biomecànica i Enginyeria de Teixits, Vysoké učení technické v Brně, České vysoké učení technické v Praze, Fakultní nemocnice Brno, and Akademie věd České republiky

Subjects
Calcium Phosphates, Biocompatibilitat, Biocompatible Materials, 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, Polyethylene Glycols, Polymerization, lcsh:Chemistry, chemistry.chemical_compound, Phase (matter), Materials Testing, morphology, Copolymer, lcsh:QH301-705.5, Polyglactin 910, Spectroscopy, Glycolic acid, Cells, Cultured, Shear thinning, Molecular Structure, Bone Cements, General Medicine, Dynamic mechanical analysis, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Computer Science Applications, rheology, 0210 nano-technology, Thixotropy, Materials science, Cell Survival, Polyesters, Enginyeria biomèdica::Biomaterials [Àrees temàtiques de la UPC], macromolecular substances, 010402 general chemistry, Catalysis, Bone cements, Article, Inorganic Chemistry, biocompatibility, Humans, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Bone regeneration, Molecular Biology, Mechanical Phenomena, Organic Chemistry, technology, industry, and agriculture, 0104 chemical sciences, thixotropic, chemistry, Chemical engineering, lcsh:Biology (General), lcsh:QD1-999, injectable bone cements, kinetics, Ciments ossis, Ethylene glycol
Abstract

The current limitations of calcium phosphate cements (CPCs) used in the field of bone regeneration consist of their brittleness, low injectability, disintegration in body fluids and low biodegradability. Moreover, no method is currently available to measure the setting time of CPCs in correlation with the evolution of the setting reaction. The study proposes that it is possible to improve and tune the properties of CPCs via the addition of a thermosensitive, biodegradable, thixotropic copolymer based on poly(lactic acid), poly(glycolic acid) and poly(ethylene glycol) (PLGA&ndash, PEG&ndash, PLGA) which undergoes gelation under physiological conditions. The setting times of alpha-tricalcium phosphate (&alpha, TCP) mixed with aqueous solutions of PLGA&ndash, PLGA determined by means of time-sweep curves revealed a lag phase during the dissolution of the &alpha, TCP particles. The magnitude of the storage modulus at lag phase depends on the liquid to powder ratio, the copolymer concentration and temperature. A sharp increase in the storage modulus was observed at the time of the precipitation of calcium deficient hydroxyapatite (CDHA) crystals, representing the loss of paste workability. The PLGA&ndash, PLGA copolymer demonstrates the desired pseudoplastic rheological behaviour with a small decrease in shear stress and the rapid recovery of the viscous state once the shear is removed, thus preventing CPC phase separation and providing good cohesion. Preliminary cytocompatibility tests performed on human mesenchymal stem cells proved the suitability of the novel copolymer/&alpha, TCP for the purposes of mini-invasive surgery.

Published
2019
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13. The Effect of the Thermosensitive Biodegradable PLGA⁻PEG⁻PLGA Copolymer on the Rheological, Structural and Mechanical Properties of Thixotropic Self-Hardening Tricalcium Phosphate Cement.

Author

Vojtova L, Michlovska L, Valova K, Zboncak M, Trunec M, Castkova K, Krticka M, Pavlinakova V, Polacek P, Dzurov M, Lukasova V, Rampichova M, Suchy T, Sedlacek R, Ginebra MP, and Montufar EB

Subjects
Biocompatible Materials chemistry, Cell Survival, Cells, Cultured, Humans, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Materials Testing, Mechanical Phenomena, Molecular Structure, Polyethylene Glycols chemical synthesis, Polyglactin 910 chemical synthesis, Polymerization, Rheology, Bone Cements chemistry, Calcium Phosphates chemistry, Polyesters chemistry, Polyethylene Glycols chemistry, Polyglactin 910 chemistry
Abstract

The current limitations of calcium phosphate cements (CPCs) used in the field of bone regeneration consist of their brittleness, low injectability, disintegration in body fluids and low biodegradability. Moreover, no method is currently available to measure the setting time of CPCs in correlation with the evolution of the setting reaction. The study proposes that it is possible to improve and tune the properties of CPCs via the addition of a thermosensitive, biodegradable, thixotropic copolymer based on poly(lactic acid), poly(glycolic acid) and poly(ethylene glycol) (PLGA⁻PEG⁻PLGA) which undergoes gelation under physiological conditions. The setting times of alpha-tricalcium phosphate (α-TCP) mixed with aqueous solutions of PLGA⁻PEG⁻PLGA determined by means of time-sweep curves revealed a lag phase during the dissolution of the α-TCP particles. The magnitude of the storage modulus at lag phase depends on the liquid to powder ratio, the copolymer concentration and temperature. A sharp increase in the storage modulus was observed at the time of the precipitation of calcium deficient hydroxyapatite (CDHA) crystals, representing the loss of paste workability. The PLGA⁻PEG⁻PLGA copolymer demonstrates the desired pseudoplastic rheological behaviour with a small decrease in shear stress and the rapid recovery of the viscous state once the shear is removed, thus preventing CPC phase separation and providing good cohesion. Preliminary cytocompatibility tests performed on human mesenchymal stem cells proved the suitability of the novel copolymer/α-TCP for the purposes of mini-invasive surgery.

Published
2019
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