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1. Long-Term Kinetics of SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies and Impact of Inactivated Vaccine on SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies Based on a COVID-19 Patients Cohort.

Author

Zhang, Shihan, Xu, Ke, Li, Chuchu, Zhou, Lu, Kong, Xiaoxiao, Peng, Jiefu, Zhu, Fengcai, Bao, Changjun, Jin, Hui, Gao, Qiang, Zhao, Xing, and Zhu, Liguo

Subjects
COVID-19 vaccines, COVID-19, IMMUNOGLOBULINS, VACCINATION status, SARS-CoV-2
Abstract

Background: Understanding the long-term kinetic characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and the impact of inactivated vaccines on SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in convalescent patients can provide information for developing and improving vaccination strategies in such populations. Methods: In this cohort, 402 convalescent patients who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR from 1 January to 22 June 2020 in Jiangsu, China, were enrolled. The epidemiological data included demographics, symptom onset, and vaccination history. Blood samples were collected and tested for antibody levels of specific IgG, IgM, RBD-IgG, S-IgG, and neutralizing antibodies using a the commercial magnetic chemiluminescence enzyme immunoassay. Results: The median follow-up time after symptom onset was 15.6 months (IQR, 14.6 to 15.8). Of the 402 convalescent patients, 44 (13.84%) received an inactivated vaccine against COVID-19. A total of 255 (80.19%) patients were IgG-positive and 65 (20.44%) were IgM-positive. The neutralizing antibody was 83.02%. Compared with non-vaccinated individuals, the IgG antibody levels in vaccinated people were higher (P=0.007). Similarly, antibody levels for RBD-IgG, S-IgG, and neutralizing antibodies were all highly increased in vaccinated individuals (P<0.05). IgG levels were significantly higher after vaccination than before vaccination in the same population. IgG levels in those who received 'single dose and ≥14d' were similar to those with two doses (P>0.05). Similar conclusions were drawn for RBD-IgG and the neutralizing antibody. Conclusion: 15.6 months after symptom onset, the majority of participants remained positive for serum-specific IgG, RBD-IgG, S-IgG, and neutralizing antibodies. For convalescent patients, a single dose of inactivated vaccine against COVID-19 can further boost antibody titres. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2022
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2. Long-Term Kinetics of SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies and Impact of Inactivated Vaccine on SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies Based on a COVID-19 Patients Cohort

Author

Shihan Zhang, Ke Xu, Chuchu Li, Lu Zhou, Xiaoxiao Kong, Jiefu Peng, Fengcai Zhu, Changjun Bao, Hui Jin, Qiang Gao, Xing Zhao, and Liguo Zhu

Subjects
SARS-CoV-2, antibody responses, natural infection, vaccination, long-term kinetics, Immunologic diseases. Allergy, RC581-607
Abstract

BackgroundUnderstanding the long-term kinetic characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and the impact of inactivated vaccines on SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in convalescent patients can provide information for developing and improving vaccination strategies in such populations.MethodsIn this cohort, 402 convalescent patients who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR from 1 January to 22 June 2020 in Jiangsu, China, were enrolled. The epidemiological data included demographics, symptom onset, and vaccination history. Blood samples were collected and tested for antibody levels of specific IgG, IgM, RBD-IgG, S-IgG, and neutralizing antibodies using a the commercial magnetic chemiluminescence enzyme immunoassay.ResultsThe median follow-up time after symptom onset was 15.6 months (IQR, 14.6 to 15.8). Of the 402 convalescent patients, 44 (13.84%) received an inactivated vaccine against COVID-19. A total of 255 (80.19%) patients were IgG-positive and 65 (20.44%) were IgM-positive. The neutralizing antibody was 83.02%. Compared with non-vaccinated individuals, the IgG antibody levels in vaccinated people were higher (P=0.007). Similarly, antibody levels for RBD-IgG, S-IgG, and neutralizing antibodies were all highly increased in vaccinated individuals (P0.05). Similar conclusions were drawn for RBD-IgG and the neutralizing antibody.Conclusion15.6 months after symptom onset, the majority of participants remained positive for serum-specific IgG, RBD-IgG, S-IgG, and neutralizing antibodies. For convalescent patients, a single dose of inactivated vaccine against COVID-19 can further boost antibody titres.

Published
2022
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3. Neutralizing Antibodies in COVID-19 Patients and Vaccine Recipients after Two Doses of BNT162b2

Author

Julien Favresse, Constant Gillot, Laura Di Chiaro, Christine Eucher, Marc Elsen, Sandrine Van Eeckhoudt, Clara David, Laure Morimont, Jean-Michel Dogné, and Jonathan Douxfils

Subjects
COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, neutralizing antibodies, humoral response, long-term kinetics, Microbiology, QR1-502
Abstract

The evaluation of the neutralizing capacity of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies is important because they represent real protective immunity. In this study we aimed to measure and compare the neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) in COVID-19 patients and in vaccinated individuals. One-hundred and fifty long-term samples from 75 COVID-19 patients were analyzed with a surrogate virus neutralization test (sVNT) and compared to six different SARS-CoV-2 serology assays. The agreement between the sVNT and pseudovirus VNT (pVNT) results was found to be excellent (i.e., 97.2%). The NAb response was also assessed in 90 individuals who had received the complete dose regimen of BNT162b2. In COVID-19 patients, a stronger response was observed in moderate–severe versus mild patients (p-value = 0.0006). A slow decay in NAbs was noted in samples for up to 300 days after diagnosis, especially in moderate–severe patients (r = −0.35, p-value = 0.03). In the vaccinated population, 83.3% of COVID-19-naive individuals had positive NAbs 14 days after the first dose and all were positive 7 days after the second dose, i.e., at day 28. In previously infected individuals, all were already positive for NAbs at day 14. At each time point, a stronger response was observed for previously infected individuals (p-value < 0.05). The NAb response remained stable for up to 56 days in all participants. Vaccinated participants had significantly higher NAb titers compared to COVID patients. In previously infected vaccine recipients, one dose might be sufficient to generate sufficient neutralizing antibodies.

Published
2021
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4. Long-Term Kinetics of SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies and Impact of Inactivated Vaccine on SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies Based on a COVID-19 Patients Cohort

Author

Shihan Zhang, Ke Xu, Chuchu Li, Lu Zhou, Xiaoxiao Kong, Jiefu Peng, Fengcai Zhu, Changjun Bao, Hui Jin, Qiang Gao, Xing Zhao, and Liguo Zhu

Subjects
Adult, Male, China, COVID-19 Vaccines, Adolescent, Immunology, Antibodies, Viral, Cohort Studies, Young Adult, Immunology and Allergy, Humans, antibody responses, Child, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, long-term kinetics, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, RC581-607, Middle Aged, vaccination, natural infection, Antibodies, Neutralizing, Immunoglobulin M, Vaccines, Inactivated, Immunoglobulin G, Female, Immunologic diseases. Allergy
Abstract

BackgroundUnderstanding the long-term kinetic characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and the impact of inactivated vaccines on SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in convalescent patients can provide information for developing and improving vaccination strategies in such populations.MethodsIn this cohort, 402 convalescent patients who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR from 1 January to 22 June 2020 in Jiangsu, China, were enrolled. The epidemiological data included demographics, symptom onset, and vaccination history. Blood samples were collected and tested for antibody levels of specific IgG, IgM, RBD-IgG, S-IgG, and neutralizing antibodies using a the commercial magnetic chemiluminescence enzyme immunoassay.ResultsThe median follow-up time after symptom onset was 15.6 months (IQR, 14.6 to 15.8). Of the 402 convalescent patients, 44 (13.84%) received an inactivated vaccine against COVID-19. A total of 255 (80.19%) patients were IgG-positive and 65 (20.44%) were IgM-positive. The neutralizing antibody was 83.02%. Compared with non-vaccinated individuals, the IgG antibody levels in vaccinated people were higher (P=0.007). Similarly, antibody levels for RBD-IgG, S-IgG, and neutralizing antibodies were all highly increased in vaccinated individuals (P0.05). Similar conclusions were drawn for RBD-IgG and the neutralizing antibody.Conclusion15.6 months after symptom onset, the majority of participants remained positive for serum-specific IgG, RBD-IgG, S-IgG, and neutralizing antibodies. For convalescent patients, a single dose of inactivated vaccine against COVID-19 can further boost antibody titres.

Published
2021

5. Neutralizing Antibodies in COVID-19 Patients and Vaccine Recipients after Two Doses of BNT162b2

Author

Clara David, Laure Morimont, Julien Favresse, Christine Eucher, Jonathan Douxfils, Sandrine Van Eeckhoudt, Marc Elsen, Constant Gillot, Laura Di Chiaro, and Jean-Michel Dogné

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Adult, Male, COVID-19 Vaccines, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), 030106 microbiology, Population, Antibodies, Viral, Neutralizing antibodies, Microbiology, Article, Serology, COVID-19 Serological Testing, Long-term kinetics, 03 medical and health sciences, Young Adult, Neutralization Tests, Virology, Medicine, Humans, Serologic Tests, neutralizing antibodies, Humoral response, Young adult, education, BNT162 Vaccine, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, education.field_of_study, biology, long-term kinetics, business.industry, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, Middle Aged, Antibodies, Neutralizing, QR1-502, Titer, Regimen, 030104 developmental biology, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, biology.protein, Female, Antibody, business, humoral response
Abstract

The evaluation of the neutralizing capacity of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies is important because they represent real protective immunity. In this study we aimed to measure and compare the neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) in COVID-19 patients and in vaccinated individuals. One-hundred and fifty long-term samples from 75 COVID-19 patients were analyzed with a surrogate virus neutralization test (sVNT) and compared to six different SARS-CoV-2 serology assays. The agreement between the sVNT and pseudovirus VNT (pVNT) results was found to be excellent (i.e., 97.2%). The NAb response was also assessed in 90 individuals who had received the complete dose regimen of BNT162b2. In COVID-19 patients, a stronger response was observed in moderate–severe versus mild patients (p-value = 0.0006). A slow decay in NAbs was noted in samples for up to 300 days after diagnosis, especially in moderate–severe patients (r = −0.35, p-value = 0.03). In the vaccinated population, 83.3% of COVID-19-naive individuals had positive NAbs 14 days after the first dose and all were positive 7 days after the second dose, i.e., at day 28. In previously infected individuals, all were already positive for NAbs at day 14. At each time point, a stronger response was observed for previously infected individuals (p-value &lt, 0.05). The NAb response remained stable for up to 56 days in all participants. Vaccinated participants had significantly higher NAb titers compared to COVID patients. In previously infected vaccine recipients, one dose might be sufficient to generate sufficient neutralizing antibodies.

Published
2021
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6. Long-term kinetics of AA amyloidosis and effects of inflammatory restimulation after disappearance of amyloid depositions in mice.

Author

Muhammad, N., Murakami, T., Inoshima, Y., and Ishiguro, N.

Subjects
*AMYLOIDOSIS, *AMYLOID, *AMYLOID beta-protein, *INFLAMMATORY mediators, *LABORATORY mice, *ANTI-inflammatory agents, *INTERLEUKINS, *REGRESSION analysis
Abstract

Amyloid A (AA) amyloidosis is characterized by extracellular pathogenic deposition of insoluble fibril protein in various body organs. Deposited amyloid generally remains in a variety of organs for long periods, but its disappearance has been reported after the precursor protein is diminished. The kinetics of AA deposition are not completely understood and, in particular, the roles of cells and cytokines in the deposition and clearance of amyloid remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the disappearance of amyloid depositions in mice over a 1-year period. AA amyloidosis was induced experimentally in mice by injecting amyloid-enhancing factor (AEF) and silver nitrate. Mice were killed at different time-points to examine the occurrence and disappearance of amyloid depositions. Maximum levels of amyloid depositions were observed at 20 days after inoculation. Clearance of amyloid depositions was observed from the 40th day onwards, with only minute traces of amyloid present by 240 days. A second inflammatory stimulus consisting of AEF and silver nitrate was given at 330 or 430 days, after amyloid depositions had disappeared almost completely. After that, serum amyloid A was overproduced and redeposition of amyloid was observed, indicating that all mice were primed for aggressive amyloid depositions. After administration of the inflammatory stimuli, the proinflammatory environment was found to have increased levels of interleukin (IL)-6, while anti-inflammatory conditions were established by IL-10 as regression of amyloid deposition occurred. These results suggest that the proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory status have key roles in both amyloid deposition and clearance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2015
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7. Assay dependence of long-term kinetics of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies

Author

Dirk De Bruyne, Anneleen Schallier, Pedro Couck, Kenny Dauwe, Margaux Herpol, and Sarah De Baets

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Microbiology (medical), Time Factors, Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), viruses, 030106 microbiology, medicine.disease_cause, Antibodies, Viral, Sensitivity and Specificity, Serology, COVID-19 Serological Testing, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, medicine, Humans, 030212 general & internal medicine, immunoassay, skin and connective tissue diseases, Coronavirus, medicine.diagnostic_test, biology, long-term kinetics, business.industry, SARS-CoV-2, fungi, Antibody titer, Outbreak, virus diseases, COVID-19, General Medicine, Virology, body regions, Titer, Infectious Diseases, Immunoassay, Immunoglobulin G, biology.protein, Original Article, Antibody, business
Abstract

Since the worldwide outbreak of the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), the question raised whether infected patients would elicit long-lasting protective immunity. Several companies developed serological assays for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. In this study, we compared four different serology assays in convalescents up to seven months post-infection. Both Abbott assays showed a significative decrease of IgG antibodies over time. Whereas the Elecsys Anti‑SARS‑CoV‑2 N assay (Roche) initially showed a significant increase, antibody titers significantly decreased at the latest timepoint. Although not significant, the Elecsys Anti‑SARS‑CoV‑2 S assay (Roche) showed tendency towards increasing titers overtime. Our data showed that results of SARS-CoV-2 serology should be interpreted with caution.

Published
2021

8. Clinical experience with the new long-acting injectable testosterone undecanoate. Report on the educational symposium on the occasion of the 5th World Congress on the Aging Male, 9–12 February 2006, Salzburg, Austria.

Author

Morales, A., Nieschlag, E., Schubert, M., Yassin, A. A., Zitzmann, M., and Oettel, M.

Subjects
*TESTOSTERONE, *HYPOGONADISM, *SEXUAL dysfunction, *IMPOTENCE, *ANDROGENS, *DEFICIENCY diseases
Abstract

This symposium report summarizes first extensive clinical findings with injectable testosterone undecanoate (Nebido®) in hypogonadal patients showing clinical symptoms of androgen deficiency with or without erectile dysfunction (ED). This new testosterone formulation (1000 mg testosterone undecanoate in 4 ml castor oil) possesses nearly ideal long-term kinetics, i.e. sustained close mimicking of eugonadal testosterone serum levels without supra- or sub-physiological serum concentrations. The generally accepted administration scheme recommends the second injection 6 weeks after the first one followed by further injections every 12 weeks. Applying this regimen, administration intervals are drastically reduced in comparison to conventional i.m. testosterone preparations (e.g. about 16 injections of testosterone enanthate vs. 4–5 injections of testosterone undecanoate per year). Depending on the testosterone serum levels, individualized therapy is possible by shortening (every 10 weeks) or prolonging (every 14 weeks) the injection intervals. In hypogonadal patients with ED 58% respond to testosterone undecanoate alone. Best results are seen in diabetic hypogonadal patients. The regimen of injectable testosterone undecanoate administration ideally fits recommendations regarding pharmacokinetics, efficacy and safety monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2006
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9. Assay dependence of long-term kinetics of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies.

Author

Schallier, Anneleen, De Baets, Sarah, De Bruyne, Dirk, Dauwe, Kenny, Herpol, Margaux, and Couck, Pedro

Subjects
*SARS-CoV-2, *COVID-19 pandemic, *IMMUNOGLOBULIN G, *ANTIBODY titer, *TITERS, *COVID-19
Abstract

Since the worldwide outbreak of the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), the question raised whether infected patients would elicit long-lasting protective immunity. Several companies developed serological assays for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. In this study, we compared 4 different serology assays in convalescents up to 7 months post-infection. Both Abbott assays showed a significative decrease of IgG antibodies over time. Whereas the Elecsys Anti‑SARS‑CoV‑2 N assay (Roche) initially showed a significant increase, antibody titers significantly decreased at the latest timepoint. Although not significant, the Elecsys Anti‑SARS‑CoV‑2 S assay (Roche) showed tendency towards increasing titers overtime. Our data showed that results of SARS-CoV-2 serology should be interpreted with caution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2021
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10. Neutralizing Antibodies in COVID-19 Patients and Vaccine Recipients after Two Doses of BNT162b2.

Author

Favresse, Julien, Gillot, Constant, Di Chiaro, Laura, Eucher, Christine, Elsen, Marc, Van Eeckhoudt, Sandrine, David, Clara, Morimont, Laure, Dogné, Jean-Michel, and Douxfils, Jonathan

Subjects
*COVID-19, *COVID-19 vaccines, *IMMUNOGLOBULINS, *VACCINATION, *SARS-CoV-2
Abstract

The evaluation of the neutralizing capacity of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies is important because they represent real protective immunity. In this study we aimed to measure and compare the neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) in COVID-19 patients and in vaccinated individuals. One-hundred and fifty long-term samples from 75 COVID-19 patients were analyzed with a surrogate virus neutralization test (sVNT) and compared to six different SARS-CoV-2 serology assays. The agreement between the sVNT and pseudovirus VNT (pVNT) results was found to be excellent (i.e., 97.2%). The NAb response was also assessed in 90 individuals who had received the complete dose regimen of BNT162b2. In COVID-19 patients, a stronger response was observed in moderate–severe versus mild patients (p-value = 0.0006). A slow decay in NAbs was noted in samples for up to 300 days after diagnosis, especially in moderate–severe patients (r = −0.35, p-value = 0.03). In the vaccinated population, 83.3% of COVID-19-naive individuals had positive NAbs 14 days after the first dose and all were positive 7 days after the second dose, i.e., at day 28. In previously infected individuals, all were already positive for NAbs at day 14. At each time point, a stronger response was observed for previously infected individuals (p-value < 0.05). The NAb response remained stable for up to 56 days in all participants. Vaccinated participants had significantly higher NAb titers compared to COVID patients. In previously infected vaccine recipients, one dose might be sufficient to generate sufficient neutralizing antibodies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2021
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11. Model vyhořívání jaderného paliva v průběhu palivové kampaně

Author

Katovský, Karel, ČEZ,, Ondřej Zlámal, Katovský, Karel, and ČEZ,, Ondřej Zlámal

Abstract

Hlavním cílem této bakalářské práce je tvorba modelu dlouhodobé kinetiky jaderného reaktoru – tedy modelu, který simuluje změny v jaderném palivu uvnitř aktivní zóny za provozu reaktoru. Dlouhodobá kinetika znamená, že jsou sledovány především změny v horizontu celé pětileté palivové kampaně, tedy změny koncentrace izotopů obsažených v původním palivu a vznik nových (se zaměřením na vyšší aktinoidy a plutonium). Tento matematický model je vytvořen v programu MAPLE 14. Výstupy z tohoto modelu jsou přehledným způsobem graficky zpracovány a podrobeny důkladné analýze, aby bylo možno vyvodit ucelené závěry celé problematiky. Práce samozřejmě zahrnuje i veškeré teoretické a informační podklady, přispívající k pochopení všech aspektů řešeného modelu – historický vývoj jaderných reaktorů, jejich základní rozdělení, popis paliva jaderných reaktorů se zaměřením na palivo pro tlakovodní reaktor typu VVER (pro které je model vytvořen), možnosti využití MOX paliva a vybrané pojmy z jaderné fyziky., The main goal of this Bachelor’s thesis is to create a long-term kinetics model of a nuclear reactor – model, which simulates changes in nuclear fuel inside the reactor core during reactor operation. As the term long-term suggests, primarily the changes in whole five-year fuel cycle horizon are studied, which stands for changes in concentration of elements contained within fresh fuel as well as origination of new ones (with special focus on higher actinides and plutonium). This mathematical model is created using the MAPLE 14 software. Outputs from the model are displayed graphically and thoroughly analysed, so that comprehensive conclusions of problems can be made. Furthermore, the thesis contains theoretical and informational background that is necessary for understanding all the aspects of the model – historical development of nuclear reactors, their basic types, nuclear fuel description focusing on fuel for pressurized light-water reactors VVER (for which the model is primarily designed), MOX fuel and possibilities of its utilization, and last but not least – selected topics from nuclear physics.

12. Model vyhořívání jaderného paliva v průběhu palivové kampaně

Author

Katovský, Karel, ČEZ,, Ondřej Zlámal, Katovský, Karel, and ČEZ,, Ondřej Zlámal

Abstract

Hlavním cílem této bakalářské práce je tvorba modelu dlouhodobé kinetiky jaderného reaktoru – tedy modelu, který simuluje změny v jaderném palivu uvnitř aktivní zóny za provozu reaktoru. Dlouhodobá kinetika znamená, že jsou sledovány především změny v horizontu celé pětileté palivové kampaně, tedy změny koncentrace izotopů obsažených v původním palivu a vznik nových (se zaměřením na vyšší aktinoidy a plutonium). Tento matematický model je vytvořen v programu MAPLE 14. Výstupy z tohoto modelu jsou přehledným způsobem graficky zpracovány a podrobeny důkladné analýze, aby bylo možno vyvodit ucelené závěry celé problematiky. Práce samozřejmě zahrnuje i veškeré teoretické a informační podklady, přispívající k pochopení všech aspektů řešeného modelu – historický vývoj jaderných reaktorů, jejich základní rozdělení, popis paliva jaderných reaktorů se zaměřením na palivo pro tlakovodní reaktor typu VVER (pro které je model vytvořen), možnosti využití MOX paliva a vybrané pojmy z jaderné fyziky., The main goal of this Bachelor’s thesis is to create a long-term kinetics model of a nuclear reactor – model, which simulates changes in nuclear fuel inside the reactor core during reactor operation. As the term long-term suggests, primarily the changes in whole five-year fuel cycle horizon are studied, which stands for changes in concentration of elements contained within fresh fuel as well as origination of new ones (with special focus on higher actinides and plutonium). This mathematical model is created using the MAPLE 14 software. Outputs from the model are displayed graphically and thoroughly analysed, so that comprehensive conclusions of problems can be made. Furthermore, the thesis contains theoretical and informational background that is necessary for understanding all the aspects of the model – historical development of nuclear reactors, their basic types, nuclear fuel description focusing on fuel for pressurized light-water reactors VVER (for which the model is primarily designed), MOX fuel and possibilities of its utilization, and last but not least – selected topics from nuclear physics.

13. Model vyhořívání jaderného paliva v průběhu palivové kampaně

Author

Katovský, Karel, ČEZ,, Ondřej Zlámal, Katovský, Karel, and ČEZ,, Ondřej Zlámal

Abstract

Hlavním cílem této bakalářské práce je tvorba modelu dlouhodobé kinetiky jaderného reaktoru – tedy modelu, který simuluje změny v jaderném palivu uvnitř aktivní zóny za provozu reaktoru. Dlouhodobá kinetika znamená, že jsou sledovány především změny v horizontu celé pětileté palivové kampaně, tedy změny koncentrace izotopů obsažených v původním palivu a vznik nových (se zaměřením na vyšší aktinoidy a plutonium). Tento matematický model je vytvořen v programu MAPLE 14. Výstupy z tohoto modelu jsou přehledným způsobem graficky zpracovány a podrobeny důkladné analýze, aby bylo možno vyvodit ucelené závěry celé problematiky. Práce samozřejmě zahrnuje i veškeré teoretické a informační podklady, přispívající k pochopení všech aspektů řešeného modelu – historický vývoj jaderných reaktorů, jejich základní rozdělení, popis paliva jaderných reaktorů se zaměřením na palivo pro tlakovodní reaktor typu VVER (pro které je model vytvořen), možnosti využití MOX paliva a vybrané pojmy z jaderné fyziky., The main goal of this Bachelor’s thesis is to create a long-term kinetics model of a nuclear reactor – model, which simulates changes in nuclear fuel inside the reactor core during reactor operation. As the term long-term suggests, primarily the changes in whole five-year fuel cycle horizon are studied, which stands for changes in concentration of elements contained within fresh fuel as well as origination of new ones (with special focus on higher actinides and plutonium). This mathematical model is created using the MAPLE 14 software. Outputs from the model are displayed graphically and thoroughly analysed, so that comprehensive conclusions of problems can be made. Furthermore, the thesis contains theoretical and informational background that is necessary for understanding all the aspects of the model – historical development of nuclear reactors, their basic types, nuclear fuel description focusing on fuel for pressurized light-water reactors VVER (for which the model is primarily designed), MOX fuel and possibilities of its utilization, and last but not least – selected topics from nuclear physics.

14. Model vyhořívání jaderného paliva v průběhu palivové kampaně

Author

Katovský, Karel, ČEZ,, Ondřej Zlámal, Katovský, Karel, and ČEZ,, Ondřej Zlámal

Abstract

Hlavním cílem této bakalářské práce je tvorba modelu dlouhodobé kinetiky jaderného reaktoru – tedy modelu, který simuluje změny v jaderném palivu uvnitř aktivní zóny za provozu reaktoru. Dlouhodobá kinetika znamená, že jsou sledovány především změny v horizontu celé pětileté palivové kampaně, tedy změny koncentrace izotopů obsažených v původním palivu a vznik nových (se zaměřením na vyšší aktinoidy a plutonium). Tento matematický model je vytvořen v programu MAPLE 14. Výstupy z tohoto modelu jsou přehledným způsobem graficky zpracovány a podrobeny důkladné analýze, aby bylo možno vyvodit ucelené závěry celé problematiky. Práce samozřejmě zahrnuje i veškeré teoretické a informační podklady, přispívající k pochopení všech aspektů řešeného modelu – historický vývoj jaderných reaktorů, jejich základní rozdělení, popis paliva jaderných reaktorů se zaměřením na palivo pro tlakovodní reaktor typu VVER (pro které je model vytvořen), možnosti využití MOX paliva a vybrané pojmy z jaderné fyziky., The main goal of this Bachelor’s thesis is to create a long-term kinetics model of a nuclear reactor – model, which simulates changes in nuclear fuel inside the reactor core during reactor operation. As the term long-term suggests, primarily the changes in whole five-year fuel cycle horizon are studied, which stands for changes in concentration of elements contained within fresh fuel as well as origination of new ones (with special focus on higher actinides and plutonium). This mathematical model is created using the MAPLE 14 software. Outputs from the model are displayed graphically and thoroughly analysed, so that comprehensive conclusions of problems can be made. Furthermore, the thesis contains theoretical and informational background that is necessary for understanding all the aspects of the model – historical development of nuclear reactors, their basic types, nuclear fuel description focusing on fuel for pressurized light-water reactors VVER (for which the model is primarily designed), MOX fuel and possibilities of its utilization, and last but not least – selected topics from nuclear physics.

15. Model vyhořívání jaderného paliva v průběhu palivové kampaně

Author

Katovský, Karel, ČEZ,, Ondřej Zlámal, Smola, Luděk, Katovský, Karel, ČEZ,, Ondřej Zlámal, and Smola, Luděk

Abstract

Hlavním cílem této bakalářské práce je tvorba modelu dlouhodobé kinetiky jaderného reaktoru – tedy modelu, který simuluje změny v jaderném palivu uvnitř aktivní zóny za provozu reaktoru. Dlouhodobá kinetika znamená, že jsou sledovány především změny v horizontu celé pětileté palivové kampaně, tedy změny koncentrace izotopů obsažených v původním palivu a vznik nových (se zaměřením na vyšší aktinoidy a plutonium). Tento matematický model je vytvořen v programu MAPLE 14. Výstupy z tohoto modelu jsou přehledným způsobem graficky zpracovány a podrobeny důkladné analýze, aby bylo možno vyvodit ucelené závěry celé problematiky. Práce samozřejmě zahrnuje i veškeré teoretické a informační podklady, přispívající k pochopení všech aspektů řešeného modelu – historický vývoj jaderných reaktorů, jejich základní rozdělení, popis paliva jaderných reaktorů se zaměřením na palivo pro tlakovodní reaktor typu VVER (pro které je model vytvořen), možnosti využití MOX paliva a vybrané pojmy z jaderné fyziky., The main goal of this Bachelor’s thesis is to create a long-term kinetics model of a nuclear reactor – model, which simulates changes in nuclear fuel inside the reactor core during reactor operation. As the term long-term suggests, primarily the changes in whole five-year fuel cycle horizon are studied, which stands for changes in concentration of elements contained within fresh fuel as well as origination of new ones (with special focus on higher actinides and plutonium). This mathematical model is created using the MAPLE 14 software. Outputs from the model are displayed graphically and thoroughly analysed, so that comprehensive conclusions of problems can be made. Furthermore, the thesis contains theoretical and informational background that is necessary for understanding all the aspects of the model – historical development of nuclear reactors, their basic types, nuclear fuel description focusing on fuel for pressurized light-water reactors VVER (for which the model is primarily designed), MOX fuel and possibilities of its utilization, and last but not least – selected topics from nuclear physics.

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