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Background: Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are the leading cause of death around the world. The Dietary Quality Index-International (DQI-I) is one of the indicators that shows changes in diet and its association with NCDs. The aim of this study is to measure the association between the DQI-I and major metabolic risk factors. Methods: This study is a cross-sectional study based on data collected in the first phase of the prospective cohort study on Ravansar non-communicable diseases (RaNCD). To perform clinical and biochemical tests such as lipid profile, blood glucose and liver enzymes, blood samples were collected using standard vacutainer blood collection techniques. Information from the food frequency questionnaire containing 118 food items was used to score each person's DQI-I. Binary logistic regression was used to determine the association between the DQI-I tertile and the metabolic risk factors. Linear regression was also used for the association between subgroups of DQI-I score and the metabolic risk factors. Results: The total number of subjects in this study was 7,115, with a mean age of 47.14 ± 8.29 years. Dietary quality was generally poor, with 37.03% in the lowest tertile. Men had better dietary quality than women. Anthropometric measures, blood pressure, triglycerides and blood glucose were lower in the lowest tertile of dietary quality. A one-unit increase in the total DQI-I resulted in a 0.19 decrease in total cholesterol. Higher dietary quality was associated with a 22% increased risk of high triglycerides, a 19% increased risk of low high-density density lipoprotein, a 5% decreased risk of elevated low-density lipoprotein, a 42% increased risk of high blood pressure, and a 99% increased risk of high fasting blood glucose. Higher dietary quality was also associated with a 33% increased risk of overweight/obesity. Conclusion: The study found that participants had poor dietary quality, with some favorable metabolic outcomes in the lowest tertile, but concerning associations in the highest tertile, including increased risk for high triglycerides, blood pressure, and obesity. The complex associations suggest that balanced, multifaceted interventions are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Over the last decade (2014–2024), the global prevalence of metabolic risk factors such as dyslipidemia (5-8%), hypertension (5-10%), obesity (10-15%) and elevated blood glucose levels (10-15%) has been steadily increasing. Objectives: To determine the correlation among the dietary consumption, lifestyle factors, and metabolic risk factors among the respondent of age 18-65 years. Methods: The respondent (n=419) were enrolled from August 2023 to February 2024 in Coimbatore, India. The sociodemographic characteristics, dietary intake, stress levels, and physical activity were measured using questionnaires. The respondent’s anthropometry, HbA1c level, blood pressure, and liver function tests were examined, and those with abnormal liver enzymes underwent abdominal ultrasonography for fatty liver diagnosis. The descriptive, Chi square and Kendall’s tau correlation coefficient were performed for statistical analysis. Results: This research showed a weak correlation among protein intake of the respondent and obesity (r=0.084 and p-value=0.026). A significant association was observed among blood pressure range and the consumption of fat (r=0.079, p-value=0.039), protein (r=0.158, p-value

Abstract Background Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are the leading cause of death around the world. The Dietary Quality Index-International (DQI-I) is one of the indicators that shows changes in diet and its association with NCDs. The aim of this study is to measure the association between the DQI-I and major metabolic risk factors. Methods This study is a cross-sectional study based on data collected in the first phase of the prospective cohort study on Ravansar non-communicable diseases (RaNCD). To perform clinical and biochemical tests such as lipid profile, blood glucose and liver enzymes, blood samples were collected using standard vacutainer blood collection techniques. Information from the food frequency questionnaire containing 118 food items was used to score each person’s DQI-I. Binary logistic regression was used to determine the association between the DQI-I tertile and the metabolic risk factors. Linear regression was also used for the association between subgroups of DQI-I score and the metabolic risk factors. Results The total number of subjects in this study was 7,115, with a mean age of 47.14 ± 8.29 years. Dietary quality was generally poor, with 37.03% in the lowest tertile. Men had better dietary quality than women. Anthropometric measures, blood pressure, triglycerides and blood glucose were lower in the lowest tertile of dietary quality. A one-unit increase in the total DQI-I resulted in a 0.19 decrease in total cholesterol. Higher dietary quality was associated with a 22% increased risk of high triglycerides, a 19% increased risk of low high-density density lipoprotein, a 5% decreased risk of elevated low-density lipoprotein, a 42% increased risk of high blood pressure, and a 99% increased risk of high fasting blood glucose. Higher dietary quality was also associated with a 33% increased risk of overweight/obesity. Conclusion The study found that participants had poor dietary quality, with some favorable metabolic outcomes in the lowest tertile, but concerning associations in the highest tertile, including increased risk for high triglycerides, blood pressure, and obesity. The complex associations suggest that balanced, multifaceted interventions are needed.

Objective To examine cardiovascular risk factors in 40-year-old participants in the health screening program targeted health dialogues (THDs).Design Cross-sectional study.Setting 99 Swedish healthcare centers.Intervention Metabolic risk factors and health behaviors were assessed. THDs were provided.Subjects 1831 (62.3%) THD participants that consented to take part in the research project.Main outcome measures (1) Prevalence of metabolic risk factors (blood pressure, LDL cholesterol, fasting plasma glucose, BMI, waist-hip ratio) and unhealthy behaviors (tobacco, alcohol, diet, physical activity) by sex, education, and place of birth. (2) Associations between different health behaviors and between the number of unhealthy behaviors and prevalence of metabolic risk factors. (3) THD participation by sociodemographics compared to age-matched controls.Results Men had a higher prevalence of all metabolic risk factors, excessive alcohol use and tobacco use than women. Lower educated individuals had a higher prevalence of metabolic risk factors (except for LDL cholesterol) and tobacco use than highly educated. Participants born outside Sweden had a higher prevalence of obesity, high waist-hip ratio, and tobacco use. Participants with 3–4 unhealthy behaviors had significantly higher prevalence of each of the metabolic risk factors except BMI. Women, highly educated and Swedish-born participants were slightly over-represented in the THDs.Conclusion Considering the associations between unhealthy behaviors and metabolic risk factors, the THD method, covering lifestyle as well as objective health measures, may be an appropriate method for early identification of individuals at risk for future non-communicable diseases in the whole population with a specific focus on certain groups.ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04912739

Background: Obesity-induced metabolic dysfunction increases the risk of developing tumors, however, the relationship between metabolic obesity phenotypes and prostate cancer (PCa) remains unclear. Methods: The term metabolic obesity phenotypes was introduced based on metabolic status and BMI categories. Participants were categorized into four groups: metabolically healthy nonobesity (MHNO), metabolically healthy obesity (MHO), metabolically unhealthy nonobesity (MUNO), and metabolically unhealthy obesity (MUO). Propensity score matching was conducted based on age, ethnicity, marriage, etc. Univariate and multivariate conditional logistic regression analyses were used to assess the relationship between metabolic obesity phenotypes, metabolic risk factors, and PCa. Sensitivity analysis was performed to verify the robustness of the results. Results: After propensity score matching among 564 PCa patients and 1418 healthy individuals, 209 were selected for each of the case and control groups. There were no statistically significant differences in the basic characteristics between the two groups. Univariate and multivariate conditional logistic regression suggested that the risk of developing PCa in both MHO and MUO individuals was higher than in MHNO individuals. Specifically, the risk of developing PCa in MHO individuals was 2.166 times higher than in MHNO individuals (OR=2.166, 95%CI: 1.133-4.139), and the risk in MUO individuals was is 2.398 times higher than in MHNO individuals(OR=2.398, 95%CI:1.271-4.523). Individuals with hyperglycemia and elevated triglycerides also had a higher risk of developing PCa (hyperglycemia:OR=1.488, 95%CI: 1.001-2.210; elevated triglycerides: OR=2.292, 95%CI: 1.419-3.702). Those with more than or equal to three metabolic risk factors had an increased risk of PCa (OR=1.990, 95%CI: 1.166-3.396). Sensitivity analysis indicated an increased risk of PCa in MUO individuals compared to MHNO individuals. Conclusion: In this retrospective study, individuals with MHO and MUO had a higher risk of developing PCa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractObjectiveDesignSettingInterventionSubjectsMain outcome measuresResultsConclusionClinicalTrials.gov\nKEY POINTSTo examine cardiovascular risk factors in 40-year-old participants in the health screening program targeted health dialogues (THDs).Cross-sectional study.99 Swedish healthcare centers.Metabolic risk factors and health behaviors were assessed. THDs were provided.1831 (62.3%) THD participants that consented to take part in the research project.(1) Prevalence of metabolic risk factors (blood pressure, LDL cholesterol, fasting plasma glucose, BMI, waist-hip ratio) and unhealthy behaviors (tobacco, alcohol, diet, physical activity) by sex, education, and place of birth. (2) Associations between different health behaviors and between the number of unhealthy behaviors and prevalence of metabolic risk factors. (3) THD participation by sociodemographics compared to age-matched controls.Men had a higher prevalence of all metabolic risk factors, excessive alcohol use and tobacco use than women. Lower educated individuals had a higher prevalence of metabolic risk factors (except for LDL cholesterol) and tobacco use than highly educated. Participants born outside Sweden had a higher prevalence of obesity, high waist-hip ratio, and tobacco use. Participants with 3–4 unhealthy behaviors had significantly higher prevalence of each of the metabolic risk factors except BMI. Women, highly educated and Swedish-born participants were slightly over-represented in the THDs.Considering the associations between unhealthy behaviors and metabolic risk factors, the THD method, covering lifestyle as well as objective health measures, may be an appropriate method for early identification of individuals at risk for future non-communicable diseases in the whole population with a specific focus on certain groups.NCT04912739The study presents health determinants in 40-year-old targeted health dialogue (THD) participants in a Swedish metropolitan, multi-ethnic region.Only half of the men had normal blood pressure and less than 40% had a BMI < 25 kg/m2.Having 3–4 unhealthy behaviors was associated with significantly higher prevalence of all metabolic risk factors (except BMI) compared to zero unhealthy behaviors.The predominance of female, highly educated and Swedish-born participants in THDs calls for a targeted outreach to certain population groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Observational investigations recommend that mineral supplements were associated with a higher risk of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and its risk factors (insulin resistance, hyperandrogenism, and obesity), but the relationship with risk of PCOS, hyperandrogenism, obesity, and insulin resistance was unclear. This study was to investigate the potential causal impact of genetically predicted levels of magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), selenium (Se), zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), and omega-3 (ω-3) on polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and its associated risk factors. A two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis was conducted. The genetic variations obtained from GWAS of individuals with European ancestry were found to be associated with the genetically predicted levels of Ca, Mg, Zn, Se, Fe, or ω-3. The data obtained from the FinnGen Consortium and MAGIC were utilized for the outcome of GWAS. The study found that there was a correlation between genetically predicted higher levels of Se and a reduced risk of insulin resistance, with a decrease of 2.2% according to random-effect IVW (OR 0.978, 95% CI 0.960–0.996, p = 0.015). The association between genetically determined mineral levels and PCOS was found to be limited, with an odds ratio (OR) ranging from 0.875 (95% CI: 0.637–1.202, p value = 0.411) for Ca. Limited scientific proof was found for the efficacy of other genetically determined mineral levels on hyperandrogenism, obesity, and insulin resistance. These findings suggested a causal relationship between genetically predicted higher levels of Se and a reduced risk of insulin resistance. Nonetheless, there is limited evidence supporting a causal association between various genetically determined mineral levels and the risk factors associated with PCOS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metabolic factors are major and controllable risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (CVD), and few studies have described this burden. We aim to assess it from 1990 to 2019 and predict the trends through 2034. Global Burden of Disease (GBD) provides data on sex, age, and socio-demographic index (SDI) levels. Numbers, age-standardized death rates (ASDR) and estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) were used. Future trends were estimated by NORDPRED model. The deaths cases of metabolic-related CVD increased from 8.61 million (95% UI: 7.91–9.29) to 13.71 million (95% UI: 12.24–14.94) globally. The ASDR continued to decline globally (EAPC = −1.36). The burden was heavier in male and middle-aged people and elderly people. CVD-related ASDR caused by high systolic blood pressure (SBP) had a downward trend globally (EAPC = −1.45), while trends of high body mass index (BMI) (EAPC = 1.29, 1.97, 0.92) and fasting plasma glucose (FPG) (EAPC = 0.95, 1.08, 0.46) were increasing in the middle, low-middle, and low SDI regions, respectively. Compared to 2015–2019, cumulative deaths will increase by 27.85% from 2030 to 2034, while ASDR will decrease 10.47%. The metabolic-related CVD burden remained high globally and deaths will continue to rise in the future. Men, middle-aged and elderly people were focus of concern. High SBP was globally well-managed over the past 30 years, but the CVD burden due to high BMI and FPG remained high. Exceptional initiatives are needed to regarding interventions targeting high BMI and FPG in middle and lower SDI regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Myocardial infarction (MI) sets off a complex inflammatory cascade that is crucial for effective cardiac healing and scar formation. Yet, if this response becomes excessive or uncontrolled, it can lead to cardiovascular complications. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the tightly regulated local inflammatory response triggered in the early post-MI phase involving cardiomyocytes, (myo)fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and infiltrating immune cells. Next, we explore how the bone marrow and extramedullary hematopoiesis (such as in the spleen) contribute to sustaining immune cell supply at a cardiac level. Lastly, we discuss recent findings on how metabolic cardiovascular risk factors, including hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, diabetes, and hypertension, disrupt this immunological response and explore the potential modulatory effects of lifestyle habits and pharmacological interventions. Understanding how different metabolic risk factors influence the inflammatory response triggered by MI and unraveling the underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms may pave the way for developing personalized therapeutic approaches based on the patient's metabolic profile. Similarly, delving deeper into the impact of lifestyle modifications on the inflammatory response post-MI is crucial. These insights may enable the adoption of more effective strategies to manage post-MI inflammation and improve cardiovascular health outcomes in a holistic manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Abstract To estimate the rate of death, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and project the disease burden of ischemic stroke due to relevant risk factors in young adults age 20–49 years by sex in China. Data from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 were used. The age-standardized mortality (ASMR), age-standardized DALYs rate (ASDR), and estimated annual percentage changes (EAPC) were calculated to evaluate the temporal trends from 1990 to 2019. We also used the NORDPRED model to predict ASMR for ischemic stroke due to related risk factors in Chinese young adults over the next 10 years. From 1990 to 2019, the general age-standardized mortality [from 2.39 (1.97 to 2.99) in 1990 to 1.8 (1.41 to 2.18) in 2019, EAPC = − 1.23] and DALYs rates (from 171.7 (140.34 to 212.36) in 1990 to 144.4 (114.29 to 177.37) in 2019, EAPC = − 0.86) decreased for ischemic stroke in young adults in China. ASMR and ASDR decreased for all level 1 risk factors (including behavioral, environmental/occupational, and metabolic) from 1990 to 2019, with the slightest decrease for metabolic risks [ASMR from 1.86 (1.39 to 2.41) in 1990 to 1.53 (1.15 to 1.92) in 2019, ASDR from 133.68 (99.96 to 173.89) in 1990 to 123.54 (92.96 to 156.98) in 2019] and the largest decrease for environmental/occupational risks [ASMR from 1.57 (1.26 to 1.98) in 1990 to 1.03 (0.78 to 1.29) in 2019, ASDR from 110.91 (88.44 to 138.34) in 1990 to 80.03 (61.87 to 100.33) in 2019]. In general, high body-mass index, high red meat intake, and ambient particulate matter pollution contributed to the large increase in ASMR and ASDR between 1990 and 2019. Significant reductions in ASMR and ASDR were observed in low vegetables intake, household air pollution from solid fuels, lead exposure, and low fiber intake. In addition, there were sex differences in the ranking of ASMR attributable to risks in ischemic stroke. The disease burden of ischemic stroke attributable to relevant risk factors in young adults in China is greater and has a faster growth trend or a slower decline trend in males than in females (except for secondhand smoke). The apparent increasing trend of ASMR attributable to high fasting plasma glucose, high systolic blood pressure, high body-mass index, and high red meat intake was observed in males but not in females. The projected analysis showed an increasing trend in ASMR between 1990 and 2030 for all specific metabolic risks for males, but a decreasing trend for females. ASMR attributable to ambient particulate matter pollution showed an increasing trend from 1990 to 2030 for both males and females. The burden of ischemic stroke in young adults in China showed a downward trend from 1990 to 2019. Specific risk factors associated with the burden of ischemic stroke varied between the sexes. Corresponding measures need to be developed in China to reduce the disease burden of ischemic stroke among young adults.

Abstract Background While postpartum weight changes may affect the levels of metabolic parameters, the direct effects of weight changes in the postpartum period on changes in the prevalence rates of metabolic syndrome and its components remain unstudied. This study aimed to investigate the effects of postpartum weight changes between 6 weeks and 6 months on changes in the prevalence rates of metabolic syndrome and its components in women who have recently experienced gestational diabetes mellitus. Methods This prospective cohort study included 171 postpartum women with recent gestational diabetes mellitus, who underwent serial weight and metabolic risk factor assessments at 6 weeks and 6 months postpartum. Weight changes between these time points were classified as weight loss (> 2 kg), weight stability (± 2 kg), or weight gain (> 2 kg). Metabolic syndrome comprised the following metabolic risk factors: large waist circumference, elevated blood pressure, elevated fasting plasma glucose levels, high triglyceride levels, and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Results Of the 171 women in our cohort, 30 women (17.5%) lost > 2 kg of body weight, while 85 (49.7%) maintained a stable weight and 56 (32.8%) gained > 2 kg. The weight loss group experienced significant changes in the prevalence rates of the following metabolic risk factors compared to the weight stability and weight gain groups: large waist circumference (% change: − 26.7 vs − 5.9 vs 5.4, respectively; p = 0.004), elevated fasting plasma glucose levels (% change: − 3.4 vs 18.9 vs 26.8, respectively; p = 0.022), and high triglyceride levels (% change: − 30.0 vs 0 vs − 7.2, respectively; p = 0.024). A significantly greater decrease in the prevalence of metabolic syndrome was also found in the weight loss group than in the other two groups (% change: − 20.0 vs 11.8 vs 14.2, respectively; p = 0.002). Conclusions Weight changes from 6 weeks to 6 months postpartum significantly altered the prevalence rates of metabolic syndrome and its components in women with recent gestational diabetes mellitus. Early postpartum weight loss can reverse metabolic risk factors and reduce the prevalence of metabolic syndrome. Trial registration Thai Clinical Trials Registry: Registration no. TCTR20200903001. Date of registration: September 3, 2020. Date of initial participant enrolment: September 7, 2020.

Introduction: The Hispanic population in the US faces a higher risk of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Multiple factors influence this risk, including genetics, environmental factors, and socioeconomic statuses. Inadequate access to nutritious foods, or food insecurity, is prevalent among Hispanic individuals and poses a metabolic risk for both the onset and development of NAFLD. Materials and Methods: We utilized the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2017–2020 pre-pandemic data to analyze the association between Hispanic ethnicity, hepatic steatosis, fibrosis, and food insecurity. Vibration-controlled transient elastography (VCTE) was employed to assess liver stiffness (LSM) and controlled attenuation parameter (CAP) scores to determine fibrosis and steatosis, respectively. Linear and ordinal logistic regression models were applied to their continuous, log-transformed, and categorical forms, adjusting for demographics, metabolic comorbidities, and socioeconomic factors. Models were subsequently stratified based on food security statuses. Results: A total of 7396 Hispanic participants were included in the study. Under multivariable analysis, Hispanic individuals had higher CAP scores (Beta-coefficient: 10.2 dB/m, 95% CI: 6.1–14.4 dB/m, p = 0.001)) vs. non-Hispanic individuals, without statistically significant differences in fibrosis. Food-insecure participants exhibited higher CAP scores than their food-secure counterparts. After stratification, a stronger association between Hispanic ethnicity and CAP scores was evident in the food-insecure group (Beta-coefficient: 11.8 dB/m, 95% CI: 4.4–19.3 dB/m, p = 0.003). Discussion: This study demonstrates the heightened risk of hepatic steatosis among individuals with Hispanic ancestry in the US. The risk is exacerbated by food insecurity, particularly for Hispanic individuals. The contribution is linked to the dietary habits in this population that lead to metabolic risk factors associated with hepatic steatosis. Considering the rising prevalence of NAFLD and food insecurity, interventions focusing on nutritional support and healthcare access among this population could mitigate these burdens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) may disproportionately suffer the adverse cardiovascular effects of air pollution, but relevant evidence on microvascular outcome is lacking. We aimed to examine the association between air pollution exposure and the risk of microvascular complications among patients with T2D. Methods This prospective study included 17 995 participants with T2D who were free of macro- and micro-vascular complications at baseline from the UK Biobank. Annual average concentrations of particulate matter (PM) with diameters <2.5 μm (PM2.5), <10 μm (PM10), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) were assessed using land use regression models. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to estimate the associations of air pollution exposure with incident diabetic microvascular complications. The joint effects of the air pollutant mixture were examined using quantile-based g-computation in a survival setting. Results In single-pollutant models, the adjusted hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) for composite diabetic microvascular complications per interquartile range increase in PM2.5, PM10, NO2 and NOx were 1.09 (1.04–1.14), 1.06 (1.01–1.11), 1.07 (1.02–1.12) and 1.04 (1.00–1.08), respectively. Similar significant results were found for diabetic nephropathy and diabetic neuropathy, but not for diabetic retinopathy. The associations of certain air pollutants with composite microvascular complications and diabetic nephropathy were present even at concentrations below the World Health Organization limit values. Multi-pollutant analyses demonstrated that PM2.5 contributed most to the elevated risk associated with the air pollutant mixture. In addition, we found no interactions between air pollution and metabolic risk factor control on the risk of diabetic microvascular complications. Conclusions Long-term individual and joint exposure to PM2.5, PM10, NO2 and NOx, even at low levels, was associated with an increased risk of diabetic microvascular complications, with PM2.5 potentially being the main contributor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To diagnose, treat, and prevent stone recurrence, it is important to determine the metabolic risk factors that play a role in developing urinary system stone disease in children. This study assessed children with urinary system stones’ clinical, radiological, and metabolic characteristics. Material And Methods: A retrospective study was conducted on the records of pediatric patients who applied to our pediatric outpatient nephrology clinic for various reasons between February 2018 and December 2023 and were diagnosed with urinary system stones. Results: Of the 122 patients with a mean age of 4.40±4.16 years (1 month-17 years), 63 (51.6%) were boys and 59 (48.4%) were girls. In 61.4% of the children, a family history was identified. The most common presenting symptom was abdominal/flank pain or restlessness (47.5%). In 25.4% of the patients, the stones were ≤3 mm (microlithiasis), and most stones were in the upper system. One or more metabolic abnormalities have been detected during urine analysis for 58.2% of patients. The most frequent metabolic abnormalities were hypercalciuria (20.5%) and hypocitraturia (17.2%). In 74.6% of patients, the size of stones decreased or completely disappeared with medical treatment based on underlying metabolic abnormalities, and in 17.2%, they did not change at all. Only eight (6.6%) patients required interventional procedures. Conclusion: Metabolic causes should be investigated first in all children with urinary tract stones. Special medical treatments designed to alter metabolism reduce the need for invasive stone procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: We investigated associations between body mass index (BMI) z‐scores for children aged 0–2 years and the BMI z‐scores, body fat percentage and metabolic risk factors at 3 years of age. Methods: This was a secondary analysis of the Lifestyle in Pregnancy and Offspring randomised controlled trial, carried out at two university hospitals in Denmark. It comprised 149 mothers with BMI ≥30 kg/m2 who did or did not receive a lifestyle intervention during pregnancy and a reference group of 97 mothers with normal‐weight, with follow‐up of their 3‐year‐old offspring. The children in these three groups were pooled for the data analyses, due to similar characteristics between groups. The BMI z‐scores were calculated at 5 weeks, 5 months and 1, 2 and 3 years, using Danish reference groups. Their anthropometrics and metabolic outcomes were examined at 3 years of age. Results: BMI z‐scores at 5 months to 2 years were associated with BMI z‐scores and body fat percentage at 3 years of age and BMI z‐scores were not associated with metabolic risk factors at 3 years. Conclusion: BMI z‐scores from 5 weeks of age were associated with adverse anthropometric outcomes but not with metabolic risk factors at 3 years of age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: While postpartum weight changes may affect the levels of metabolic parameters, the direct effects of weight changes in the postpartum period on changes in the prevalence rates of metabolic syndrome and its components remain unstudied. This study aimed to investigate the effects of postpartum weight changes between 6 weeks and 6 months on changes in the prevalence rates of metabolic syndrome and its components in women who have recently experienced gestational diabetes mellitus. Methods: This prospective cohort study included 171 postpartum women with recent gestational diabetes mellitus, who underwent serial weight and metabolic risk factor assessments at 6 weeks and 6 months postpartum. Weight changes between these time points were classified as weight loss (> 2 kg), weight stability (± 2 kg), or weight gain (> 2 kg). Metabolic syndrome comprised the following metabolic risk factors: large waist circumference, elevated blood pressure, elevated fasting plasma glucose levels, high triglyceride levels, and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Results: Of the 171 women in our cohort, 30 women (17.5%) lost > 2 kg of body weight, while 85 (49.7%) maintained a stable weight and 56 (32.8%) gained > 2 kg. The weight loss group experienced significant changes in the prevalence rates of the following metabolic risk factors compared to the weight stability and weight gain groups: large waist circumference (% change: − 26.7 vs − 5.9 vs 5.4, respectively; p = 0.004), elevated fasting plasma glucose levels (% change: − 3.4 vs 18.9 vs 26.8, respectively; p = 0.022), and high triglyceride levels (% change: − 30.0 vs 0 vs − 7.2, respectively; p = 0.024). A significantly greater decrease in the prevalence of metabolic syndrome was also found in the weight loss group than in the other two groups (% change: − 20.0 vs 11.8 vs 14.2, respectively; p = 0.002). Conclusions: Weight changes from 6 weeks to 6 months postpartum significantly altered the prevalence rates of metabolic syndrome and its components in women with recent gestational diabetes mellitus. Early postpartum weight loss can reverse metabolic risk factors and reduce the prevalence of metabolic syndrome. Trial registration: Thai Clinical Trials Registry: Registration no. TCTR20200903001. Date of registration: September 3, 2020. Date of initial participant enrolment: September 7, 2020. Plain language summary: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a frequent diagnosis with consequences for the occurrence of cardiovascular diseases. Women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) are especially vulnerable to the development of MetS. In this study, we investigated how postpartum weight changes, specifically between 6 weeks and 6 months postpartum, impact MetS and its components in women who have recently experienced GDM. The results of our study showed that women who lost > 2 kg of body weight between 6 weeks and 6 months postpartum had significant decreases in the prevalence rates of metabolic risk factors, leading to a lower prevalence of MetS, compared to women who maintained a stable weight (± 2 kg) or gained > 2 kg. Our findings suggest that such weight loss is beneficial for preventing MetS; thus, strategies should be developed to support women with GDM in achieving postpartum weight loss. These strategies may include personalized dietary counseling, exercise programs, and behavioral support tailored to the specific needs and challenges faced by this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of leading causes of vision loss in adults with increasing prevalence worldwide. Increasing evidence has emphasized the importance of gut microbiome in the aetiology and development of DR. However, the causal relationship between gut microbes and DR remains largely unknown. To investigate the causal associations of DR with gut microbes and DR risk factors, we employed two‐sample Mendelian Randomization (MR) analyses to estimate the causal effects of 207 gut microbes on DR outcomes. Inputs for MR included Genome‐wide Association Study (GWAS) summary statistics of 207 taxa of gut microbes (the Dutch Microbiome Project) and 21 risk factors for DR. The GWAS summary statistics data of DR was from the FinnGen Research Project. Data analysis was performed in May 2023. We identified eight bacterial taxa that exhibited significant causal associations with DR (FDR < 0.05). Among them, genus Collinsella and species Collinsella aerofaciens were associated with increased risk of DR, while the species Bacteroides faecis, Burkholderiales bacterium_1_1_47, Ruminococcus torques, Streptococcus salivarius, genus Burkholderiales_noname and family Burkholderiales_noname showed protective effects against DR. Notably, we found that the causal effect of species Streptococcus salivarius on DR was mediated through the level of host fasting glucose, a well‐established risk factor for DR. Our results reveal that specific gut microbes may be causally linked to DR via mediating host metabolic risk factors, highlighting potential novel therapeutic or preventive targets for DR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) are the leading causes of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This study aimed to explore the impact of baseline MASLD on the risk of HCC development in patients with CHB receiving antiviral treatment. Methods: We consecutively recruited 535 patients with CHB who initiated antiviral treatment between January 2007 and January 2023. The exclusion criteria included coexisting HDV, HCV, or HIV infection; other chronic liver diseases; extrahepatic malignancies; prior HCC; and HCC development within one year. A baseline liver biopsy was performed in 467 patients (87 %). MASLD was defined as hepatic steatosis diagnosed histologically or by imaging, combined with one cardiometabolic risk factor. The cumulative incidence of HCC and its associated factors was analyzed in patients with CHB, with and without MASLD. Results: In total, 535 treatment-naïve patients with CHB were included, with a median follow-up of 6.05 years. MASLD was not associated with an increased incidence of HCC in patients with CHB (HR: 1.17; 95 % CI: 0.77–1.79; p = 0.466). The cumulative incidence of HCC increased with the number of fulfilled cardiometabolic criteria (0–2 criteria vs. ≥ 3 criteria) (HR: 3.93; 95 % CI: 1.89–8.19; p

Objective: Targeted Health Dialogues (THD) is a public health intervention program that aims at preventing cardiovascular disease. THDs were implemented in the Swedish region Scania, in 2020, with the novelty of being conducted in a metropolitan area with a multiethnic population.This study investigated the prevalence of obesity among 40-year-old THD participants in Scania by region of birth, and its associations with self-efficacy and additional metabolic risk factors. Methods: Cross-sectional data were retrieved from measurements in the THDs. Study participants included 1831 40-year-olds. Differences in characteristics by region of birth were assessed using chi-squared and ANOVA tests. The associations between overweight, obesity, and high waist-hip ratio (WHR) and self-efficacy and metabolic risk factors (blood pressure, LDL cholesterol, plasma glucose) were assessed using binominal and ordinal logistic regression, adjusted for sex and education and tested for interactions by region of birth. Results: 35.1 % of the participants were overweight (BMI 25–29.9), and 18.7 % were obese (BMI ≥30) with the highest levels among participants born outside Sweden (p = 0.005). Abdominal obesity was also more prevalent among participants born outside Sweden (p = 0.002). Obesity was associated with increased odds of having low self-efficacy (OR per BMI-level: 1.48 (CI 1.24–1.76) and additional metabolic risk factors. No interactions with region of birth were detected. Conclusions: The prevalence of obesity differed between region of birth and obesity was associated with having low self-efficacy. These findings underline the need to customise lifestyle interventions in a multiethnic population to increase health equity.

Introduction: Obesity is a global health concern, and recent research has shown that it can cause kidney problems, especially in non diabetics. Obesity-related dyslipidemia, characterised by aberrant lipid profiles, may contribute to kidney damage. Aim: The purpose of the present cross-sectional study was to shed light on the complex interaction between dyslipidemia and renal health by examining the relationship between dyslipidemia and urine albumin excretion in non diabetic obese adults. Materials and Methods: The cross-sectional investigation was conducted in the Outpatient Obesity Clinic of the Endocrinology Department at a Tertiary Hospital in Kerala, India. A total of 144 non diabetic obese individuals between the ages of 18 and 65 years. All subjects provided informed consent, and ethical approval was obtained. The primary inclusion criteria were a Body Mass Index (BMI) of less than 25.0, the absence of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM), and the absence of proteinuria. Urine and blood samples were collected for laboratory testing, and statistical analysis was conducted using International Business Machines (IBM) Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Statistics 20.0. R esults: Dyslipidemia was found to be common, with low High-Density Lipoproteins (HDL) levels in 41.4% of participants, high Low-Density Lipoproteins (LDL) levels in 49.6%, high Triglycerides (TG) levels in 29.7%, and high Total Cholesterol (TC) levels in 43%. The study revealed that obese individuals with dyslipidemia excrete albumin at a significantly higher rate than obese individuals without dyslipidemia. Furthermore, a weak correlation between TG levels and the Urine Albumin Creatinine Ratio (UACR) was discovered. However, UACR did not significantly correlate with metabolic risk markers such as Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG), serum insulin, blood pressure, HDL, LDL, TC, and systolic/Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP). C onclusion: The results of the present study demonstrate that dyslipidemia significantly contributes to kidney damage in non diabetic obese individuals. The presence of dyslipidemia in obese then could serve as an early warning sign of potential renal problems. Further research is needed to fully understand the complex interactions between obesity, dyslipidemia, and renal health. These insights could be crucial for developing effective preventative and intervention methods in this context.

Introduction: the majority of studies in Ethiopia determine the prevalence of glycemic control employed by fasting blood sugar (FBS), which is impacted by a variety of factors. Hence, the purpose of this study was to assess the status of glycemic control using HbA1c and its correlates in patients with type 2 diabetes in Southwest Ethiopia. Methods: a cross-sectional study was employed among 124 T2 diabetes mellitus (DM) patients at Jimma Medical Center (JMC), Southwest Ethiopia. HbA1c and FBS were estimated using the Cobas 6000 analyzer. The body mass index (BMI) and waist-to-hip ratio were calculated as the standard formula. Data were analyzed by SPSS version 25. Logistic regression analysis was employed to identify independent risk factors associated with poor glycemic control of DM patients. Results: males comprised 63.7% (n=79) of the total respondents. The mean age of aOR: 2.21, 95% CI 1.13, 4.34; p = 0.01f participants was 51.84 ± 11.6 years; 60.5% (n=75) of T2 DM patients were in poor glycemic control (HbA1c = 7%). In multivariate logistic regression analysis, BMI of = 30, (aOR: 2.21, 95% CI 1.13, 4.34) increased waist-to-hip ratio (aOR: 1.63, 95% CI 0.82, 2.18), high systolic blood pressure (aOR: 1.52, 95% CI 1.11, 6.23), high FBS (aOR: 1.61, 95% CI 1.00, 4.12), and longer duration of DM (aOR: 1.23, 95% CI 0.87, 1.88) were associated with poor glycemic control. Conclusion: the level of poor glycemic control in the study population is high. Obesity and/or overweight, central obesity, systolic hypertension, and fasting blood sugar levels were all associated with poor glycemic control in T2 DM patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2023, the American Heart Association for the first time formally defined cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic (CKM) syndrome as a systemic disease characterized by pathophysiological interactions between metabolic risk factors, chronic kidney disease (CKD), and cardiovascular system, leading to multiple organ dysfunction and a common adverse cardiovascular outcomes. Data are presented based on the pathophysiological mechanisms and clinical manifestations that made it possible to define this syndrome through the interaction between metabolic risk factors, CKD and the cardiovascular system, leading to multiple organ dysfunction and a high level of adverse cardiovascular outcomes. A classification of this syndrome into stages has been determined, for each of which approaches to the diagnosis and management of patients have been defined. CKM syndrome reflects the influence of multisystem pathophysiological relationships embedded in a multi-level socially and clinically determined community of manifestations, the fusion of which specifies clinical outcomes.

Background: Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading causes of global mortality and disability. Several studies demonstrated that metabolic risk factors increase cardiovascular mortality. The aim of this study is to examine CVDs deaths and population attributable fractions (PAFs) of their metabolic risk factors in Iran. Methods: This is a study on 8621 participants aged 45–75 years and older, recruited in the repeated measurement phase of the Golestan cohort study (GCS) in northeast of Iran. The Cox proportional hazards model was used to determine the adjusted hazard ratios (HRs). PAFs were calculated to enumerate CVDs mortality avoidable in the population if metabolic risk factors were eliminated. Results: The mortality of CVDs was attributable to metabolic factors, including high waist circumference (PAF, 28 %, [95 % CI: 16%–38 %]), high fasting blood sugar (FBS) (20 %, [15%–24 %]), overweight and obesity (19 %, [8%–28 %]), high blood pressure (16 %, [11%–21 %]), high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (8 %, [1%–15 %]), and high triglyceride (TG) (7 %, [3%–11 %]). Collectively, these metabolic risk factors accounted for 50 % of CVDs deaths. Females (67 %, [50%–78 %]) had a higher joint PAF of metabolic risk factors compared to males (43 %, [27%–55 %]). Conclusions: The pattern of CVDs mortality attributable to metabolic risk factors in this study is not the same as similar studies in other parts of the world and previous studies in Iran. It is imperative that CVDs risk factors be specifically evaluated and addressed in various populations due to variety in geographical and temporal patterns in contribution of metabolic risk factors to CVD mortality.

Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) accounted for 51% of total deaths in South Africa in 2016. Adolescents demonstrating unfavorable body composition and low levels of physical activity are more susceptible to additional risk factors associated with NCDs. This study aims to compare adolescents at risk and those not at-risk regarding body composition and physical activity in the Eastern Cape, South Africa, utilizing a cross-sectional design with a stratified random sample of 257 adolescents aged 10–19 years. Participants were categorized as either “at risk” (displaying one or more metabolic risk factors) or “not at risk” (no risk factors). BMI and body fat percentage were measured, and the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) was employed to indirectly assess their physical activity levels. Data analysis included descriptive statistics, independent samples t-tests, Chi-square tests, and logistic regression. Among the 257 adolescents studied, 131 (50.9%) exhibited one or more metabolic risk factors. The at-risk group displayed a higher mean BMI value (25.49 ± 6.11), while higher mean body fat percentages were observed among female participants (30.80 ± 6.82). Notably, both groups met the minimum physical activity requirements recommended by the World Health Organization. Adolescents with a higher sum of skinfolds (indicative of adiposity) were found to be 1.13 times more likely to develop NCDs. These findings underscore the significance of body fat as a prominent risk factor for NCDs in adolescents. Moreover, the study suggests that physical inactivity may not be a primary risk factor for NCDs among adolescents in the Eastern Cape, South Africa.

This comprehensive study delves into the potential link between Neuromedin U (NmU) serum levels and the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), a condition of increasing global prevalence and significant public health concern. The research provides a nuanced understanding of the disease's etiology by examining a cohort of 112 participants, including individuals with and without NAFLD. The study meticulously considers a spectrum of variables such as demographic factors, body composition metrics, and blood parameters. Advanced diagnostic tools like Fibroscan® are employed to ascertain NAFLD presence, ensuring accurate and reliable results.The investigation reveals a noteworthy correlation between NAFLD and several risk factors, notably obesity, increased waist and neck circumferences, hypertriglyceridemia, and insulin resistance. These findings underscore the multifactorial nature of NAFLD and its intricate connection with metabolic syndromes. Intriguingly, the study observes lower NmU levels in individuals diagnosed with NAFLD. However, the role of NmU as an independent risk factor for NAFLD remains inconclusive, warranting further investigation. Although triglyceride level was observed to be an independent risk factor for NAFLD, this relationship was not associated with NmU.This research contributes significantly to the existing knowledge on NAFLD, highlighting the disease's complexity and the interplay of various risk factors. It also opens up new avenues for future research, particularly in exploring the role of NmU within the metabolic pathways associated with NAFLD. The insights gained from this study could guide the development of novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for NAFLD, addressing a crucial need in contemporary healthcare.In conclusion, the findings of this study not only enhance the understanding of NAFLD's pathophysiology but also emphasize the importance of comprehensive risk factor analysis in the management and prevention of this growing health concern.

Objectives: Periodontitis is a non-communicable disease (NCD) that may be linked to other NCDs through shared risk factors. Accordingly, we analyzed the relationship between periodontitis and behavioral and metabolic risks common to NCDs in Brazilian adults over three decades. Methods: Indicators of periodontitis, behavioral risks (smoking, alcohol use, sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB), and physical activity), and metabolic risks (overweight/obesity, dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, and hypertension) in Brazilian adults (25–49 y-old) between 1990 to 2019 were obtained from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Data were adjusted for Gini index. Fixed-effects and Prais-Winsten regressions were performed (p < 0.05). Results: The prevalence of periodontitis has increased among Brazilians since 2005. High-SSB diet, alcohol use, and metabolic risks increased between 1990–2019, whereas smoking decreased. In crude models, periodontitis prevalence increased with alcohol use (2545.1; 95%CI: 2307.9–2782.3), high-SSB diet (365.5; 95%CI: 322.5–408.4), low physical activity (1784.4; 95%CI: 763.7–2805.0), overweight/obesity (172.3; 95%CI: 156.3–188.4), dyslipidemia (734.5; 95%CI: 624.7–844.2), and hyperglycemia (1774.3; 95%CI: 1555.9–1992.7). After adjustment for the Gini index, periodontitis prevalence raised with a high-SBB diet (1416.0; 95%CI: 1120.2–1711.8), overweight/obesity (629.9; 95%CI: 573.1–686.8), dyslipidemia (2035.8; 95%CI: 1728.1–2343.5), and hyperglycemia (8918.1; 95%CI: 7979.8–9856.3). Conclusions: Periodontitis has increased in Brazil since 2005, despite the smoking reduction. Sugar-sweetened beverage was the behavioral risk that mostly accompanied the periodontal trend. Clinical relevance: Our results support upstream strategies targeting commercial, social, political, and structural determinants to tackle NCDs and reduce oral health inequities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rotator cuff injury is the most common shoulder disease. From the pathogenetic point of view, extrinsic and intrinsic causes are distinguished, among these always more frequent reports are in the literature about the importance of metabolic risk factors. We have reviewed retrospectively our case series of 286 reverse shoulder prosthesis surgeries due to rupture of the rotator cuff and we evaluated the importance of metabolic factors also comparing the group with prevailing post-traumatic extrinsic pathogenesis to the group with prevalent intrinsic degenerative pathogenesis. Is confirmed the the role that overweight - obesity, dyslipidemias, diabetes, smoking, in particular hypertension and thyroid diseases, they can assume in the determinism of the rotator cuff lesion, prospective studies are hoped for further study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Lei Sun,1 Hong Zhao,2 Xiao-Yan Ding,3 Kun Yang,1 Gui-Shuang Wang,4 Jia-Min Chen,1 Xiao-Yi Han,1 Gang Wan,5 Liang Zhang,1 Xin-Gang Zhou,1 Xiang-Mei Chen,1 Peng Wang,1 Wen Xie2 1Department of Pathology, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100015, People’s Republic of China; 2Center of Liver Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100015, People’s Republic of China; 3Department of Cancer Center, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100015, People’s Republic of China; 4Center of Medical Insurance, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100015, People’s Republic of China; 5Department of Medical Records and Statistics, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100015, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Wen Xie, Center of Liver Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 8 Jing Shun East Street, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100015, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86-10-84322818, Email xiewen6218@163.com Lei Sun, Department of Pathology, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 8 Jing Shun East Street, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100015, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86-10-84322536, Email slpumc@126.comObjective: This study aims to explore the pathological characteristics of metabolic-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and its correlation with metabolic factors.Methods: Fifty-one patients with liver cancer of unknown causes were enrolled. Biopsy of the liver and staining of the liver tissues with hematoxylin–eosin as well as special and immunohistochemical stains were performed. The histological subtypes of HCC were diagnosed based on the WHO Classification of Malignant Hepatocellular Tumors. The NAFLD activity score system was adopted for assessing the surrounding non-neoplastic liver tissues.Results: Of the total, 42 (82.4%) patients were diagnosed with HCC, 32 had metabolic risk factors, 20 patients met the diagnostic criteria of the metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD)-related HCC, and 40.6% (13/32) had liver cirrhosis. The incidence of cirrhosis (p = 0.033) and diabetes mellitus type 2 (p = 0.036) in patients with MAFLD-related HCC was notably higher than that in HCC patients with only metabolic risk factors. Among the 32 HCC cases with metabolic risk factors, trabecular type was the most prevalent, followed by steatohepatitis type, scirrhous type, solid type, pseudoglandular type, clear-cell type, and macrotrabecular type. The degree of tumor cells’ swelling and ballooning was found to be positively related to the degree of fibrosis in the surrounding liver tissues (p = 0.011) as well as the proportion of cirrhosis (p = 0.004). Moreover, the degree of fibrosis in the surrounding liver tissues showed a negative correlation with the levels of serum cholesterol (p = 0.002), low-density lipoprotein (p = 0.002), ApoA1 (p = 0.009), ApoB (p = 0.022), total protein (p = 0.015), WBC count (p = 0.006), and PLT count (p = 0.015).Conclusion: Pathological characteristics of the tumor and adjacent non-neoplastic liver tissues of HCC with metabolic risk factors were found to be correlated with metabolic abnormalities.Keywords: metabolic-associated fatty liver disease, MAFLD, hepatocellular carcinoma, metabolic risk factors, pathology

Abstract Background Both low‐carbohydrate (LC) and calorie-restricted (CR) diets have been shown to have metabolic benefits. However, the two regimens have yet to be thoroughly compared. We conducted a 12-week randomized trial to compare the effects of these diets separately and in combination on both weight loss and metabolic risk factors in overweight/obese individuals. Methods A total of 302 participants were randomized to LC diet (n = 76), CR diet (n = 75), LC + CR diet (n = 76), or normal control (NC) diet (n = 75) using a computer-based random number generator. The primary outcome was the change in body mass index (BMI). The secondary outcomes included body weight, waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, body fat, and metabolic risk factors. All participants attended health education sessions during the trial. Results A total of 298 participants were analyzed. BMI change over 12 weeks was − 0.6 (95% CI, − 0.8 to − 0.3) kg/m2 in NC, − 1.3 (95% CI, − 1.5 to − 1.1) kg/m2 in CR, − 2.3 (95% CI, − 2.6 to − 2.1) kg/m2 in LC, and − 2.9 (95% CI, − 3.2 to − 2.6) kg/m2 in LC + CR. LC + CR diet was more effective than LC or CR diet alone at reducing BMI (P = 0.001 and P

Myocardial infarction (MI) sets off a complex inflammatory cascade that is crucial for effective cardiac healing and scar formation. Yet, if this response becomes excessive or uncontrolled, it can lead to cardiovascular complications. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the tightly regulated local inflammatory response triggered in the early post-MI phase involving cardiomyocytes, (myo)fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and infiltrating immune cells. Next, we explore how the bone marrow and extramedullary hematopoiesis (such as in the spleen) contribute to sustaining immune cell supply at a cardiac level. Lastly, we discuss recent findings on how metabolic cardiovascular risk factors, including hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, diabetes, and hypertension, disrupt this immunological response and explore the potential modulatory effects of lifestyle habits and pharmacological interventions. Understanding how different metabolic risk factors influence the inflammatory response triggered by MI and unraveling the underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms may pave the way for developing personalized therapeutic approaches based on the patient’s metabolic profile. Similarly, delving deeper into the impact of lifestyle modifications on the inflammatory response post-MI is crucial. These insights may enable the adoption of more effective strategies to manage post-MI inflammation and improve cardiovascular health outcomes in a holistic manner.

childhood obesity and sleep disorders have a well-established cross-sectional association, but lifestyle interventions' effects on sleep quality remain under-researched. This study aimed to evaluate the sleep quality of 122 participants (7–16 years) with abdominal obesity after a 2-year necessary lifestyle intervention. participants were assigned to either the intervention group (moderate hypocaloric Mediterranean Diet) or the usual care group (standard recommendations on a healthy diet). Sleep was objectively assessed using triaxial accelerometry, and sleep parameters analyzed included latency, efficiency, wake after sleep onset, total time in bed, total sleep time, number of awakenings, and awakening duration. the results showed that the intervention group significantly improved sleep latency at 12 and 24 months and improved sleep efficiency at 2 and 12 months, compared to the usual care group. Wake after sleep onset and the number of awakenings were significantly reduced at 24 months in the intervention group. Wake after sleep onset and leptin levels were positively associated in all participants. Total time in bed was inversely associated with triglycerides and metabolic score, and total sleep time was inversely associated with leptin, triglycerides, and metabolic score after the 2-month intervention. Triglyceride levels were inversely associated with total time in bed and total sleep time at one year, while the metabolic score was directly associated with wake after sleep onset and the number of awakenings and inversely associated with efficiency. In conclusion, the multidisciplinary intervention in children and adolescents with abdominal obesity reduced anthropometric parameters and improved sleep habits. • Children in this study slept the recommended hours of sleep. • The intervention reduced anthropometric parameters and improved sleep quality. • Sleep latency and efficiency improved significantly in the intervention group. • WASO decreased significantly in the intervention group. • Metabolic score was associated to WASO and number of awakenings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Study objectives: To determine if metabolic risk factors are associated with poor sleep quality and obstructive sleep apnea–like symptoms (OSA symptoms) independent of psychosocial problems and demographic and lifestyle factors in older Indian adults. Methodology: We analyzed baseline data from adults (≥ 50 years) from a population-based cohort, the LoCARPoN study, in India. Variables were grouped as (a) demographic and lifestyle factors such as smoking, alcohol use, and physical activity; (b) psychosocial problems including symptoms of depression, anxiety, and perceived stress; and (c) metabolic risk factors including glycated hemoglobin, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, total cholesterol, body mass index, and hypertension. Variables were examined as predictors of poor sleep quality and OSA symptoms. Groups of variables were added stepwise to a logistic regression. Variance explained by nested models was quantified using McFadden's pseudo R2, and change was formally tested with the log-likelihood ratio test. Results: Among 7505 adults, the prevalence of poor sleep quality was 16.9% (95% CI: 16.0, 17.7), and OSA symptoms were present in 7.0% (95% CI: 6.4, 7.6). Psychosocial problems had a strong independent association with both poor sleep quality (pseudo R2 increased from 0.10 to 0.15, p < 0.001) and more OSA symptoms (pseudo R2 increased from 0.08 to 0.10, p < 0.001). Metabolic risk factors had a modest independent association with sleep quality (pseudo R2 increased from 0.14 to 0.15, p < 0.01), but a strong association with OSA symptoms (pseudo R2 increased from 0.08 to 0.10, p < 0.001). Conclusion: Psychosocial and metabolic risk factors were independently associated with sleep quality and OSA symptoms. This fact implied that OSA symptoms may affect both mental health and physical health. Our findings have public health implications because the number and proportion of the elderly in India is increasing, while the prevalence of metabolic risk factors and psychosocial problems is high already. These facts have the potential to exacerbate not only the burden of sleep disorders and OSA symptoms but also associated cardiovascular and neurologic sequelae, further stretching the Indian health-care system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we aimed to determine the association between health literacy and the development of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), among an older population. This cross-sectional study was conducted among Japanese health management specialists (N = 593). Higher levels (communicative and critical) of health literacy and CVD risk factors (diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and obesity) were measured. The mean patient age was 71.3 years. Logistic regression analyses showed statistically significant associations between higher levels of health literacy and the prevalence of CVDs (β coefficient = −.091, p <.05) and metabolic risk factors (β coefficient = −.084, p <.01). There was a statistically significant association between health literacy and the count of CVDs (and its risk factors) (β coefficients of Poisson regression = −.036, p <.05). The results show health literacy to be fundamentally related to low prevalence of cardiovascular diseases and their associated metabolic risk factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metabolic syndrome (MetS), a constellation of related metabolic risk factors, is a common comorbidity associated with cognitive difficulty in people living with HIV (PLWH). Neurobehavioral disturbances (e.g., behavioral manifestations of frontal-subcortical dysfunction) are also prevalent in HIV, yet the role MetS might play in HIV-associated neurobehavioral disturbances is unknown. Thus, we examined the link between MetS and neurobehavioral disturbances in PLWH. Participants included 215 adults (117 PLWH, 98 HIV-uninfected), aged 36 to 65 years, from a cohort study at the University of California San Diego. Using the Frontal Systems Behavior Scale, we captured neurobehavioral disturbances (apathy, disinhibition, and executive dysfunction). MetS was defined by the National Cholesterol Education Program's Adult Treatment Panel-III criteria. Covariates examined included demographic, neurocognitive impairment, and psychiatric characteristics. When controlling for relevant covariates, both HIV serostatus and MetS were independently associated with greater apathy and executive dysfunction. HIV, but not MetS, was associated with greater disinhibition. The present findings suggest an additive effect of HIV and MetS on specific neurobehavioral disturbances (apathy and executive dysfunction), underscoring the importance of identifying and treating both HIV and MetS to lessen central nervous system burden among PLWH.

Background: Both low‐carbohydrate (LC) and calorie-restricted (CR) diets have been shown to have metabolic benefits. However, the two regimens have yet to be thoroughly compared. We conducted a 12-week randomized trial to compare the effects of these diets separately and in combination on both weight loss and metabolic risk factors in overweight/obese individuals. Methods: A total of 302 participants were randomized to LC diet (n = 76), CR diet (n = 75), LC + CR diet (n = 76), or normal control (NC) diet (n = 75) using a computer-based random number generator. The primary outcome was the change in body mass index (BMI). The secondary outcomes included body weight, waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, body fat, and metabolic risk factors. All participants attended health education sessions during the trial. Results: A total of 298 participants were analyzed. BMI change over 12 weeks was − 0.6 (95% CI, − 0.8 to − 0.3) kg/m2 in NC, − 1.3 (95% CI, − 1.5 to − 1.1) kg/m2 in CR, − 2.3 (95% CI, − 2.6 to − 2.1) kg/m2 in LC, and − 2.9 (95% CI, − 3.2 to − 2.6) kg/m2 in LC + CR. LC + CR diet was more effective than LC or CR diet alone at reducing BMI (P = 0.001 and P < 0.001, respectively). Furthermore, compared with the CR diet, the LC + CR diet and LC diet further reduced body weight, waist circumference, and body fat. Serum triglycerides were significantly reduced in the LC + CR diet group compared with the LC or CR diet alone. Plasma glucose, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, and cholesterol concentrations (total, LDL, and HDL) did not change significantly between the groups during the 12-week intervention. Conclusions: The reduction of carbohydrate intake without restricting caloric intake is more potent to achieve weight loss over 12 weeks when compared to a calorie-restricted diet in overweight/obese adults. The combination of restricting carbohydrate and total calorie intake may augment the beneficial effects of reducing BMI, body weight, and metabolic risk factors among overweight/obese individuals. Trial registration: The study was approved by the institutional review board of Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University and registered at the China Clinical Trial Registration Center (registration number: ChiCTR1800015156). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rationale and objectives: Obesity, accumulation of adipose tissue, is a global disease that can lead to cardiovascular and metabolic complications. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between obesity indicators and metabolic risk factors in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients. Materials and methods: A total of 337 T2DM subjects were included in our study. The metabolic risk factors including diabetes duration, fast plasma glucose (FPG), height, weight, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), estimated average glucose (eAG), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-c), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-c), triglyceride (TG), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine (Scr), free fatty acid (FFA), uric acid (UA), cystatin c (cysc), albumin (Alb), urinary albumin creatinine ratio (UACR) were recorded. The obesity indicators included body surface area (BSA), body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), para-perirenal fat thickness (PRFT), total abdominal fat (TAF), subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT), visceral adipose tissue (VAT). The association between obesity indicators and metabolic risk factors was investigated by univariate and multivariate analysis. Results: HDL-c was independently associated with WHR and PRFT (β = −0.126 vs. −0.214, both p

Aim. To study dysfunctional types of eating behavior (EB) in relation to metabolic risk factors in workers in the Arctic, as well as to determine sex differences.Material and methods. In the polar village of Yamburg (680 21’ 40 "N), 99 men (M) and 81 women (W) with grade 1 and 2 hypertension (HTN) and normal blood pressure, comparable by age (p=0,450), length of service in the north (p=0,956), number of rotation work years (p=0,824), office systolic BP (p=0,251), diastolic BP (p=0,579). The Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ) and questionnaires on scales of general and occupational stress were used. We conducted daily monitoring of blood pressure, carotid artery (CA) ultrasound to determine plaques. Biochemical blood tests were carried out with the determination of lipid profile parameters, circulating markers of nonspecific inflammation, levels of homocysteine, C-peptide, insulin, and cortisol.Results. The body mass index in 77% of men and women was determined above the norm, while class 1 and 2 obesity was found in 46% of M and 42% of W and negatively correlated with impaired dietary control (DC) in M (r=-0,305, p=0,045). Men were less resistant to stress (p

ObjectivesThis study aimed to report the prevalence and identify potential risk factors of chronic conditions among West African migrants living in the greater Barcelona area, Spain, and explore the relationship between years of residence in Spain and chronic disease burden.MethodsThis cross-sectional study included 436 adult African migrants who participated in a community-based hepatitis B virus (HBV) screening and vaccination program (HBV-COMSAVA) in the greater Barcelona area from 21 November 2020 to 22 January 2022. Data were analyzed using standard descriptive statistics and bivariable and multivariable logistic regression.ResultsHBV, non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and metabolic risk factors, and multimorbidity prevalence were 9.17, 20.87, and 4.13%, respectively. Being male or having been previously tested for HBV were associated with higher odds of HBV positivity. Associated risk factors for NCDs and metabolic risk factors included living in Spain for >5 years, being female, and being aged ≥50 years.ConclusionThe high prevalence of chronic conditions in migrant populations supports a need for early detection strategies and tailored public health interventions that aim to reduce the disease burden imposed on migrants and on health systems in host countries.

Acne vulgaris is one of the most common inflammatory skin diseases, but there are few studies of adult acne and its association with general health. The aim of this study was to examine the prevalence and clinical characteristics of adult acne at the population level among 1,932 subjects belonging to the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 Study. In addition, cardiovascular and metabolic profiles of acne cases and their controls were analysed. The prevalence of adult acne was 7.9% (n = 150) with no statistical difference between the sexes. The majority of subjects presented with papulopustular acne (77.1%). Comedo acne (10.8% of all subjects) was more common in females than in males (p

Abstract Background The Kin-Antwerp project aimed at improving the quality of care provided to patients with diabetes in Kinshasa, the Democratic Republic of the Congo in Central Africa, including the digitalisation of routine clinical data to improve patients’ follow-up. We aim to analyse the data of a study population of Kin-Antwerp to characterise their demographic features, assess their achievement of glycemic target over time, and identify groups requiring prioritised attention. Methods We performed a secondary database analysis of routinely collected information from primary care patients with type 2 diabetes followed from 1991 to 2019. Data included demographics (age, sex), anthropometrics (weight, height), clinical parameters (blood pressure, plasma glucose), and anti-diabetic treatments. Achievement of glycemic target, defined as fasting plasma glucose 40 years), but not among younger patients (

Objectives: In acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients the focus is on major conventional risk factors - CRF [diabetes, hypertension, elevated low-density cholesterol (LDL-C) and smoking] whereas others - specific metabolic risk factors - MRF [high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), body-mass index (BMI), waist-hip ratio (WHR), and triglycerides, and HbA1c get less attention. Methods: This is a prospective case–control observational study from 15 tertiary care hospitals in India. CRF and MRF in patients presenting with first incidence of ACS (n = 2153) were compared with matched controls (n = 1210). Results: Propensity score matching (PSM) yielded 1193 cases and matched 1210 controls. Risk factor prevalence in cases vs. controls were CRF: hypertension - 39.4% vs 16.4% (p

Summary: Background: The objective of this study is to investigate the trends of exposure and burden attributable to the four main metabolic risk factors, including high systolic blood pressure (SBP), high fasting plasma glucose (FPG), high body-mass index (BMI), and high low-density lipoproteins cholesterol (LDL) in North Africa and the Middle East from 1990 to 2019. Methods: The data were retrieved from Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Summary exposure value (SEV) was used for risk factor exposure. Burden attributable to each risk factor was incorporated in the population attributable fraction to estimate the total attributable deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs). Findings: While age-standardized death rate (ASDR) attributable to high-LDL and high-SBP decreased by 26.5% (18.6–35.2) and 23.4% (15.9–31.5) over 1990–2019, respectively, high-BMI with 5.1% (−9.0–25.9) and high-FPG with 21.4% (7.0–37.4) change, grew in ASDR. Moreover, age-standardized DALY rate attributed to high-LDL and high-SBP declined by 30.2% (20.9–39.0) and 25.2% (16.8–33.9), respectively. The attributable age-standardized DALY rate of high-BMI with 8.3% (−6.5–28.8) and high-FPG with 27.0% (14.3–40.8) increase, had a growing trend. Age-standardized SEVs of high-FPG, high-BMI, high-SBP, and high-LDL increased by 92.4% (82.8–103.3), 76.0% (58.9–99.3), 10.4% (3.8–18.0), and 5.5% (4.3–7.1), respectively. Interpretation: The burden attributed to high-SBP and high-LDL decreased during the 1990–2019 period in the region, while the attributable burden of high-FPG and high-BMI increased. Alarmingly, exposure to all four risk factors increased in the past three decades. There has been significant heterogeneity among the countries in the region regarding the trends of exposure and attributable burden. Urgent action is required at the individual, community, and national levels in terms of introducing effective strategies for prevention and treatment that account for local and socioeconomic factors. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

ObjectiveThe aim of the study was to depict the global death burden of atrial fibrillation and/or flutter (AFF) between 1990 and 2019 and predict this burden in the next decade.MethodsWe retrieved annual death data on cases and rates of AFF between 1990 and 2019 from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2019 and projected the trends for 2020–2029 by developing the Bayesian age-period-cohort model.ResultsThe global number of deaths from AFF increased from 117,038.00 in 1990 to 315,336.80 in 2019. This number is projected to reach 404,593.40 by 2029. The age-standardized mortality rates (ASMRs) of AFF have increased significantly in low- to middle-sociodemographic index (SDI) regions, which will surpass that in high SDI regions and reach above 4.60 per 100,000 by 2029. Globally, women have a higher ASMR than men, which is largely attributed to disproportionately higher mortality in women than men in lower SDI regions. Notably, AFF-related premature mortality continues to worsen worldwide. A pandemic of high systolic blood pressure and high body mass index (BMI) largely contributes to AFF-associated death. In particular, low- to middle-SDI regions and younger populations are increasingly affected by the rapidly growing current and future risk of high BMI.ConclusionThe global death burden of AFF in low-income countries and younger generations have not been sufficiently controlled in the past and will continue growing in the future, which is largely attributed to metabolic risks, particularly for high BMI. There is an urgent need to implement effective measures to control AFF-related mortality.

BackgroundMetabolic disorders are the most important risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). The purpose of this study was to systematically analyze and summarize the most recent data by age, sex, region, and time, and to forecast the future burden of diseases.MethodsData on the burden of CVDs associated with metabolic risk factors were obtained from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2019; and then the burden of disease was assessed using the numbers and age-standardized rates (ASR) of deaths, years of life lost (YLLs), years of life lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) and analyzed for temporal changes, differences in age, region, sex, and socioeconomic aspects; finally, the burden of disease was predicted using an autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model.ResultsFrom 1990 to 2019, the numbers of deaths, DALYs, YLDs, and YLLs attributed to metabolic risk factors increased by 59.3%, 51.0%, 104.6%, and 47.8%, respectively. The ASR decreased significantly. The burden of metabolic risk factor-associated CVDs was closely related to socioeconomic position and there were major geographical variations; additionally, men had a significantly greater disease burden than women, and the peak shifted later based on the age group. We predicted that the numbers of deaths and DALYs would reach 16.5 million and 324.8 million, respectively, by 2029.ConclusionsThe global burden of CVDs associated with metabolic risk factors is considerable and still rising, and more effort is needed to intervene in metabolic disorders.