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O feijão-caupi ou feijão-macassar [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] é conhecido por ser excelente fonte de proteínas, carboidratos, vitaminas e minerais, além de fibras dietéticas e baixa quantidade de gordura. Uma das alternativas para a redução do uso de fertilizantes minerais é a utilização de fungos micorrízicos arbusculares inoculados na semeadura das sementes.O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos do fungo micorrízico arbuscular, Gigaspora margarita, no crescimento e desenvolvimento do feijão-caupi em resposta a doses de fósforo. O experimento, constituído de sete tratamentos (dois sem inoculação e cinco inoculados e com doses de fósforo), foi desenvolvido entre os meses de março e junho de 2021, no Instituto Federal da Paraíba, Campus Cabedelo. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados e quatro repetições por tratamento. As variáveis analisadas foram altura e diâmetro dos caules, número de lançamentos foliares, matéria seca de parte aérea, raízes e vagens, teores de nutrientes nos grãos e nas folhas, além de análise microscópica da colonização radicular. Constatou-se a contribuição do Gigaspora margarita em promover o crescimento e desenvolvimento do feijão-caupi quando as plantas foram adubadas com 50% da dose de fósforo recomendada, o que pode significar economia em termos de adubação fosfatada para o pequeno agricultor.

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La producción de café es de gran importancia económica a nivel mundial por su alta contribución a los agricultores. Sin embargo, su rendimiento aún es bajo debido a la falta de programas de fertilización adecuados a las diferentes etapas fenológicas. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el efecto de diferentes estrategias de nutrición en los parámetros productivos de dos variedades de café. Para tal efecto, se ejecutó un ensayo en las variedades Borboun Sidra y SL28 de 2,5 años de edad en etapa productiva en Malacatos, al sur del Ecuador. Se estableció un diseño completamente al azar con cuatro tratamientos de nutrición: manejo del productor (testigo), manejo alternativo (fertilización inorgánica y aplicación de bioestimulantes de forma edáfica y foliar) y dos combinaciones entre estos (manejo del productor más manejo alternativo). La nutrición se aplicó cada 15, 30 y 90 días durante cinco meses después de la floración de acuerdo al tratamiento. Se evaluó la fenología, número de frutos por rama y planta, peso y tamaño del fruto, crecimiento del fruto, producción por planta y rendimiento del café en cereza. La estrategia de manejo alternativo 2 (fertilización edáfica a base de N, P, K, Ca, S, micorrizas y ácidos húmicos aplicados mensualmente y aplicaciones foliares cada 15 días de N, P, K, S, Zn, Fe y aminoácidos) presentó un efecto positivo y significativo en el número, tamaño y peso de frutos. El rendimiento se incrementó en un 71% en promedio en comparación con el testigo. Una adecuada estrategia de nutrición en la etapa productiva del café podría estimular los procesos fisiológicos, e incidir en los parámetros productivos y el rendimiento.

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Resumo A doença em plantas é considerada como um dos principais fatores limitantes na produção agrícola como a mancha das glumelas causada por Curvularia lunata. Na cultura do arroz, ela contribui na redução da produção e na qualidade dos grãos. As formas de controle disponíveis para esse patógeno são de alto custo para a maioria dos produtores. Os fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (FMA) podem auxiliar as plantas a tolerarem ataques de patógenos e desenvolverem mecanismos de resistência. Diante disso, este estudo objetivou avaliar o controle de C. lunata na cultura do arroz inoculado com FMA, bem como seus benefícios no crescimento e fatores de produção. O experimento foi realizado em casa de vegetação com delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado considerando os tratamentos: T1 - Testemunha; T2 - Solo + Rhizophagus clarus; T3 - Solo + Claroideoglomus etunicatum; T4 - Solo + Gigaspora margarita; T5 - Solo + R. clarus + C. etunicatum; T6 - Solo + C. etunicatum + G. margarita; T7 - Solo + R. clarus + G. margarita e T8 - Solo + R. clarus + C. etunicatum + G. margarita. Avaliaram-se os parâmetros severidade da doença, altura da parte aérea (ALT), massa seca da parte aérea (MSPA), quantidade de grãos (cheios e chochos), comprimento de panículas e colonização micorrízica. A MSPA apenas Solo + Rhizophagus clarus e Solo + R. clarus + C. etunicatum diferiram da testemunha e apresentaram maiores médias. Nos fatores de produção, todos os parâmetros foram significativos, exceto grãos cheios. Os FMA apresentam potencial na redução dos efeitos causados por C. lunata, porém é necessita de pesquisas complementares sobre o mecanismo de ação do patógeno, FMA e da planta hospedeira.

El cacao es uno de los principales productos de exportación del Ecuador, siendo la variedad Nacional la que dio a conocer al país en el mercado mundial por su aroma. Sin embargo, el manejo agronómico actual del cultivo no ha permitido que se desarrolle adecuadamente y que se obtenga el rendimiento potencial de la variedad. La utilización de inóculo de hongos micorrízicos arbusculares (HMA) podría ayudar a la absorción de nutrientes indispensables para las plantas, a proporcionar mayor resistencia a plagas y a reducir la toxicidad de metales pesados. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo probar dos cantidades de esporas de HMA (17 600 y 35 200) en diferentes momentos de aplicación (una sola aplicación, aplicaciones mensuales y aplicaciones trimestrales) sobre las plantas de cacao Nacional en etapa productiva en la provincia de Zamora Chinchipe, Ecuador. Se estableció un diseño completamente al azar, con 7 tratamientos (en la que se incluye un control) y 4 repeticiones por tratamiento. Se evaluó: número de flores y cuajado, frutos por planta, característica de frutos y semillas, sanidad del fruto, producción y rendimiento. No se encontró una influencia de los tratamientos en el número de flores por planta, porcentaje de cuajado del fruto, número de frutos e índice de mazorca, pero sí en el peso de frutos y semillas, longitud y diámetro de frutos, número de semillas por fruto, producción y rendimiento. Las aplicaciones mensuales de 17 600 esporas de HMA presentaron los valores más altos en todas las variables. Por lo tanto, la aplicación de HMA podría contribuir a mejorar la producción de cacao en la Amazonía ecuatoriana, y ser utilizada como estrategia de manejo orgánico del cultivo.

The aim of the study was to determine the effect of magnetically treated water (ATM) with a stationary magnetic field on the yield of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) inoculated with three strains of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) infested with the nematode Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White) Chitwood. The investigation began in a soft brown soil without carbonate, in the "Campo Antena" Protected Cultivation Unit, belonging to "América Libre" Socialist State Enterprise; between November 2018 and February 2019. The inoculation of the microorganisms was carried out at the time of the transplant, in a proportion of 10% with respect to the volume of the root ball. The experimental design was completely randomized blocks, with 8 treatments and four replicas, with a control without AMF inoculation, a treatment without AMF inoculation and irrigation with magnetically treated water, 3 treatments with inoculation with Glomus cubense, Rhizophagus irregularis, Fummeliformis mosseae, and 3 treatments with the inoculation of these 3 AMF species combined with irrigation with magnetically treated water with an induction of 0.07 T. The data obtained were processed in the statistical package R Commander by means of a simple analysis of variance, applying Duncan's Test of mean multiple comparison for p= 5. The results obtained showed the efficiency of the treatments applied in tomato yield, highlighting the treatment with G. cubense and ATM, which yielded 112.9 t·ha-1 and provided greater protection to the plant against the nematode attack by reducing the galling index to 1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni is a perennial species of high commercial value for its medicinal properties. In order to determine the effect of the inoculation of efficient strains of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in stevia cuttings, this research was carried out under semi-controlled conditions at the National Institute of Agricultural Sciences. Disease-free cuttings were used, with a length of 10 cm and with five pairs of leaves for each one. Three AMF strains were studied: Rhizoglomus irregulare, Funneliformis mosseae and Glomus cubense, in addition to a control without inoculation, in the first experiment. For the second experiment, the strain with the best performance from the previous test was used, in addition to two combinations of substrate (soil+organic fertilizer). Treatments were distributed in a completely randomized design with three repetitions and 20 plants for each one. Evaluations were carried out at the end of the nursery stage of the crop and variables related to the fungal function and the growth and development of plants were analyzed. Results demonstrated the AMF inoculation effectiveness on the variables related to the growth and development of stevia cuttings at 40 days after planting. Rhizoglomus irregulare strain showed a better performance under the experimental conditions evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biochar (BC) is presented as an amendment based on biomass pyrolysis residue that promotes an increase in the amount of beneficial bacterial and mycorrhizal communities and the quantity of elemental nutrients for plant fertility; in addition, by its characteristics, it provides recalcitrant carbon, generates physicochemical changes, such as an increase in pH, increase in water retention in soil and cation exchange capacity. Most studies about BC focus on evaluating the results in physicochemical variables into soils, however, few studies show and explain reasons because BC increases beneficial bacterial and mycorrhizal communities to plant growth, for this reason is necessary to selectively analysis to define the mechanisms between BC and microorganisms. This review examines publications of the last 12 years of research on BC in different databases (ScienceDirect, Scopus, Springerlink, SciELO, Google Scholar), focusing on the years (2020-2022), to elucidate the underlying mechanisms that let the interaction between BC-soil microbial communities and its benefits as an agricultural amendment. An accepted hypothesis is the high porosity into BC that serves as a “microhabitat” since it allows ideal conditions of space, temperature, humidity, air, and food growing levels of rhizobacteria and mycorrhizal fungus involved in the solubilization of nutrients such as N, P and K increasing the exo-enzymatic activity of dehydrogenase, β-glucosidase, urease between others improving soil fertility and plant growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Beneficial microorganisms tend to promote growth and development of Carica papaya at different levels. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of Rhizophagus irregularis and Trichoderma viride on C. papaya growth under greenhouse conditions for 28 days. C. papaya plantlets obtained through micropropagation were used after acclimation. Each plantlet received a treatment with 500 R. irregularis spores and/or 5x107 T. viride spores randomly. The plants were cultured under greenhouse conditions and watered with an 15-15-15 NPK solution for 28 days. The results demonstrate that the treatments with R. irregularis and the coinoculation with R. irregularis and T. viride promoted the vegetative growth of papaya plants by increasing shoot length, shoot diameter, number of leaves and leaf area. Treatment with T. viride did not induce significant changes. It is concluded that the use of beneficial microorganisms such as R. irregularis and T. viride increases the growth parameters of C. papaya in the first days of culture under greenhouse conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paraguay an ecosystems are home to a great diversity of organisms in urban trees that include fungus-plant interactions, commonly called mycorrhizae. These mycorrhizaes present a number of subterranean hyphae that are difficult to visually appreciate and basidiocarps that grow together with certain forest species. Therefore, the objective of this research was to identify mycorrhizal associations between macrofungi and forest species that interact with each other in the urban trees of Asunción, Paraguay. For this, two squares (De las Américas and Infante Rivarola) and the Carlos Antonio López Park were selected as reference points. A tour was carried out to identify the floristic composition of urban trees in the aforementioned green spaces, and the observation of the existence of microrhizal fungi. The fruiting bodies of the macrofungi found were collected and taken to the Biology Laboratory of the Faculty of Agrarian Sciences of the National University of Asunción, they were dried for microscopic observation and identification. The forest species were identified using taxonomic keys, taking into account the size of the tree, the stem, the wood, the bark and the leaves. Three specimens of macrofungi of the genus Phlebopus were found associated with the trees of the Bignoniaceae and Fabaceae families in Asuncion green spaces. Two native forest species Handroanthus heptaphyllus (Vell.) Mattos, Jacaranda mimosifolia D. Don and one exotic Bauhinia variegata L. associated with the fungus Phlebopus sp.

Resumen Se evaluó el efecto de cepas micorrízicas en la efectividad de la simbiosis y productividad del cultivo del maní (Arachis hypogaea, L.) cultivar Cascajal rosado, se establecieron dos experimentos de junio-diciembre 2016; uno en la fase de aclimatización de la Facultad de Ciencias Técnicas y Agropecuarias y el otro en la Finca “Mahanain” de la CCS “José Santiago Ercilla”, en un suelo pardo grisáceo ócrico en la zona norte del municipio Las Tunas. Los tratamientos utilizados fueron: testigo, aplicación de NPK y el uso de cuatro cepas de micorrizas (Rhizophagus intraradices, Funneliformis mosseae, Glomus cubense y Claroideoglomus claroideum). Se determinó: largo de la raíz, altura de la planta, número de vainas·plantas-1, biomasa de 100 granos, porcentaje de micorrización y de aceite e índice de acidez del aceite. Se calculó el rendimiento agrícola. Los datos se sometieron a análisis de varianza y comparación de medias. Las aplicaciones de las cepas de micorrizas provocaron una respuesta positiva de las producciones de maní. La cepa que mejores resultados obtuvo, en la mayoría de las variables estudiadas fue R. intraradices seguida por G. cubense y F. mosseae. Las mayores ganancias y los menores costos por ganancia de biomasa se obtuvieron con el uso R. intraradices.

Introducción: En Colombia la panela es un alimento ancestral obtenido por concentración a partir de extracción de jugos de la caña azucarera. Los Hongos Formadores de Micorrizas Arbusculares (HFMA) ayudan al intercambio y movilidad de nutrientes al asociarse con plantas, mejorando la calidad y rendimiento en diferentes sistemas productivos. Objetivo: Evaluar el efecto de la inoculación con HFMA en el cultivo de la caña de azúcar sobre el rendimiento y la calidad en panela. Materiales y Métodos: El estudio se desarrolló en Suaita, Santander, bajo un diseño de bloques completos al azar, por triplicado con cuatro tratamientos (T1: Acaulospora mellea, T2: Rhizophagus irregularis, T3: Control 50% y T4: Control 100% de fertilización). Las variables en caña fueron índices de madurez y toneladas por hectárea, y en panela se determinaron rendimiento, toneladas por hectárea, conversión a panela, azúcares reductores, sólidos totales, pH, humedad, sacarosa y fósforo soluble. Resultados y Discusión: Se presentaron diferencias significativas (P>0,05) en el índice de madurez con el T2 y mayor contenido de azúcares reductores en panela con el T1, en las demás variables se observó un beneficio de la inoculación respecto los controles, siendo T2 el tratamiento con valores altos en producción de tallos.ha-1, toneladas caña.ha-1; y T1 en conversión a panela, azúcares reductores, fósforo soluble y sólidos totales. Conclusiones: Se encontró interacción de R. irregularis y A. mellea con la calidad y rendimiento en panela, obteniéndose resultados prometedores del uso de estos microorganismos para potencializar la sostenibilidad y competitividad de la caña azucarera para panela.

The research was carried out on a soft brown soil without carbonate at the Protected Cultivation Unit "Campo Antena" of the Socialist State Enterprise "América Libre", Santiago de Cuba, Cuba, from November 2019 to February 2020. The objective was to determine the effect of three strains of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and magnetically treated water (MTW) with a stationary magnetic field on populations of Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White) Chitwood and cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) yield. AMF inoculation was carried out at planting in a proportion of 10 % of the weight of the inoculum with respect to the weight of seeds. The experimental design was completely randomized blocks, with 12 treatments and four replicates, with a control without AMF inoculation, a treatment without AMF inoculation and irrigation with MTW with magnetic induction (MI) of 0.05 - 0.07 T, a treatment without inoculation of AMF and MTW with MI of 0.10 - 0.12 T, inoculation with Rhizophagus irregularis, inoculation with Fummeliformis mosseae, inoculation with Glomus cubense and 6 treatments with inoculation of each of these AMF strains with irrigation with MTW with the two MIs under study. The variables analyzed were galling index (GI); root colonization percentage; plant height; fruit length, diameter, average weight and yield, starting from a natural infestation with a GI of 1. The data obtained were processed in the statistical package R Commander by means of a simple analysis of variance. The Tukey test for p≤ 0.05 was applied to estimate the significant differences between treatments. The results showed how effective were the treatments for the yield of cucumber, with outstanding results of the treatment with G. cubense and ATM with induction of 0.05 - 0.07 T, which reached 46.1 t.ha-1, giving the plants a greater protection against the attack of nematodes, with a final GI of 1.5. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of BIOAGRO is the property of Revista BIOAGRO and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Botrytis cinerea, el agente causal de la enfermedad del moho gris, es uno de los patógenos más destructivos del cultivo de fresa, tanto en el desarrollo vegetativo como en poscosecha. El control de este patógeno es complejo, debido a su agresividad y capacidad de atacar e infectar diversos tejidos de la planta y se basa, principalmente, en el control químico; sin embargo, el uso incorrecto de plaguicidas, principalmente por sobredosificación, provoca la presencia de trazas de estos agroquímicos en los frutos, así como la selección de resistencia del patógeno a los fungicidas, convirtiéndolo en un riesgo para la salud humana y el ambiente. El objetivo del estudio fue utilizar estrategias de regulación biológica, con la aplicación de consorcios microbianos, conformados por hongos micorrícicos, bacterias antagonistas y Trichoderma harzianum, como alternativa para el manejo del moho gris, en cultivos de fresa (variedad Monterey), en condiciones de campo. Los tratamientos T4 (hongos micorrízicos), T8 (hongos micorrízicos, bacterias antagonistas y T. harzianum) y T2 (T. harzianum) presentaron la menor incidencia del patógeno, con 2,6, 3,1 y 3,6 %, respectivamente, en comparación con las plantas control, con 16,6 %. La influencia de todos los tratamientos biológicos en la regulación de B. cinerea fue mayor respecto al control.

The existing issues of climate change and population growth have driven to a rising awareness of the need to innovate in sustainable agricultural practices, such as intercropping, Enhancing the efficiency of intercropping systems by applying beneficial microorganisms (rhizobacteria, mycorrhizae or both) is a valuable approach. Two experiments were conducted to assess the effect of inoculation with beneficial microorganisms: rhizobacteria (B), mycorrhizae (M), and a rhizobacteria-mycorrhizae consortium (B+M) compared to a control of uninoculated plants (C) on a vetch-oat-triticale intercropping system. Growth, physiological traits, forage yield and qualities were determined at two harvesting periods (74 and 142 days after seeding, das). Overall, the different studied intercrops varied in terms of inoculation effects. Mycorrhizal inoculation had a significant positive effect on SPAD, total nitrogen and leaf to stem ratio for vetch, oat and triticale, respectively. Bacteria inoculation promoted leaf area and plant height for vetch and oat crops, but only plant height for triticale. The dual bacteria and mycorrhizae inoculum significantly improved the yield dry matter (YDM) by 41.2 % ensuring an increase of 2.1 and 1.67 Mg ha-1 at 74 and 142 das respectively, compared to the control. Further data analysis revealed an improvement of calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) status after mycorrhizae inoculation. This study highlighted the potential applications of the dual biofertilizers on vetchoat-triticale intercropping as a way to increase forage yield and qualities in semi-arid regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the aim to evaluate the response to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi inoculation in different lines of spring wheat this research was developed under controlled conditions. Seeds from five spring wheat (Triticum durum L.) lines (AW-774, AC Carberry, HY-162, Major and AAC Scotia), with 98 % germination, were used and disinfected before sowing. The INCAM-4 strain: Glomus cubense (in solid and liquid formulation), the Canadian commercial inoculant MYKE®PRO (Rhizoglomus irregulare) and a control without inoculation were used. Treatments were distributed with an arrangement of divided plots under a completely randomized design, the main plot being the inoculation of AMF and the five lines of spring wheat as sub-plot. The evaluations were carried out at 120 days after sowing and variables related to mycorrhizal functioning (frequency and intensity of colonization), with the growth and development of the plants and the crop yield were determined. The results showed a positive effect of Glomus cubense inoculation in both formulations (solid and liquid). A differential response in AMF inoculation was observed among spring wheat lines. The Major and AW-774 lines showed significant increases in the variables studied compared to the rest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El biochar (BC) se presenta como una enmienda para suelos a partir del residuo de pirólisis de biomasa, que promueve el incremento de las comunidades bacterianas y micorrícicas benéficas y de nutrientes elementales para la fertilidad vegetal; por sus características, aporta carbono recalcitrante, genera cambios fisicoquímicos positivos como el incremento del pH, el aumento de la retención de agua en suelo y en la capacidad de intercambio catiónico. La mayoría de los artículos sobre BC se enfocan en evaluar los resultados de variables fisicoquímicas del suelo, sin embargo, son escasos los estudios que expliquen cómo y porqué el BC incrementa las comunidades microbianas benéficas para el crecimiento vegetal, razón por la cual es necesario analizarlos selectivamente para definir las causas y los efectos de la interacción entre el BC y los microorganismos del suelo. Esta revisión examina publicaciones de los últimos 12 años de investigación sobre el BC en diferentes bases de datos (ScienceDirect, Scopus, Springerlink, SciELO, Google Scholar), enfocándose en los años (2020-2022), con el fin de elucidar los mecanismos subyacentes que permiten la interacción entre BC-comunidades microbianas del suelo y sus beneficios como enmienda agrícola. La hipótesis aceptada es que la alta porosidad del BC que puede servir como “microhábitat” permite las condiciones ideales de espacio, temperatura, humedad y alimento para alterar los niveles de rizobacterias y hongos micorrícicos involucrados en la solubilización de nutrientes como N, P y K aumentando los niveles exo-enzimáticos de deshidrogenasa, β-glucosidasa, ureasa entre otras, mejorando la fertilidad del suelo y el crecimiento de plantas.

The production of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) still does not meet the needs of population consumption, given the limitations and low distribution of the technological package that includes several products of international origin that guarantee the management and health of the crop, among which the nutritional requirements are of great importance. The combined effect of different bioactive products on the growth and yield of common bean seeds cultivar 'Buenaventura', was evaluated. The experiment was conducted at the Jucaibama Experimental Station, belonging to the Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias "Jorge Dimitrov", Bayamo municipality, Granma province, during the months of December to March 2015-2016, on a poorly differentiated Fluvisol soil. Four treatments were evaluated (Mycorrhizae, and the combinations QuitoMax + Mycorrhizae and Bayfolan Forte + Mycorrhizae). A randomized block experimental design with three replications was used. The following indicators were evaluated: plant height (cm), stem diameter (cm), root length (cm), number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, seed mass (g), 100-seed mass (g) and yield (t ha-1). The data obtained were processed by a double ranked analysis of variance. Multiple comparison of means was performed through Duncan's test for p=0.05. The statistical package Statistica, version 8.0 for Windows was used. The results showed that the combination of Mycorrhiza + QuitoMax increased growth, yield in common bean plants cultivar 'Buenaventura'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tomato is one of the agricultural products with the highest economic value in the world, for its production agrochemicals are generally used, however, their excessive use has caused environmental problems. A commercial sargassum extract was evaluated as a fertilizer for tomato cultivation, it was applied at 2 (N2), 5 (N5) and 8% (N8), with and without inoculation (400 spores) of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi; mineral fertilization (C+) and no fertilization (C-) were used as controls. With C+ the highest number and weight of tomatoes were obtained, but the fruits were mostly small in diameter; with organic fertilization, medium-sized fruits were obtained, and they surpassed those of C- in all the parameters evaluated. The highest content of carotenoids was found in the tomatoes from N2, N5, N8 and NM8, the highest amount of sugar in the fruits from N5, N8 and NM8, the highest maturity and flavor indices in all organically fertilized with and without arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi except NM5. The use of sargassum as a fertilizer is a good alternative to avoid the problems caused by its excessive arrival on the coasts, and it is given added value since a biofertilizer is obtained that helps production and improves the quality of tomatoes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: In Colombia, panela is an ancestral food obtained by concentration from the extraction of sugarcane juice. Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) help the exchange and mobility of nutrients by associating with plants, improving quality and yield in different production systems. Objective: To evaluate the effect of AMF inoculation in sugarcane cultivation on panela yield and quality. Materials and Methods: The study was carried out in Suaita, Santander, under a randomized complete block design, in triplicate with four treatments (T1: Acaulospora mellea, T2: Rhizophagus irregularis, T3: control 50% and T4: control 100% fertilization). The variables in sugarcane were maturity indexes and tons per hectare, and in panela yield, tons per hectare, conversion to panela, reducing sugars, total solids, pH, moisture, sucrose, and soluble phosphorus were determined. Results and Discussion: There were significant differences (P>0.05) in the maturity index with T2 and a higher content of reducing sugars in panela with T1, in the other variables, a benefit of the inoculation with respect to the controls was observed, being T2 the treatment with the highest values in production of stems.ha-1, tons of cane.ha-1 ; and T1 in conversion to panela, reducing sugars, soluble phosphorus and total solids. Conclusions: Interaction of R. irregularis and A. mellea with panela quality and yield was found, obtaining promising results for the use of these microorganisms to enhance the sustainability and competitiveness of sugarcane for panela. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arbuscular mycorrhizae have been widely described as favoring plant growth and making physical, biochemical and physiological changes in roots that lead to a better general condition of the plant and contribute to alleviate abiotic and biotic stress situations. As a result of their multiple benefits, their use in Cuban agriculture has been gradually increasing. INCA's generalist strain recommendation system is based, fundamentally, on the soil type and its associated fertility. Knowing how the bioprotection effect of different strains is integrated with pH can contribute to elucidate whether the effect is associated with a strain "per se" or depends on the effectiveness of the strains. For this purpose, an experiment was designed using a red-yellowish Argissolo soil, adjusting the Ca2+ and Mg2+ concentrations to a single level and three pH values (5.5; 6.5 and 7.2) with the aim of finding out whether differences in pH also influence the bioprotection exerted by these strains. Rhizophagus irregularis, Glomus cúbense and Rizophagus clarus strains recommended for different pH ranges were used and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. phaseoli was inoculated on 21-day-old bean plants as pathogen. Strains originated differentiated pH-dependent responses in the intensity of colonization, bioprotection exerted and active induction of peroxidases, indicating that the bioprotection effect was associated with the effectiveness of each strain at one or another pH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El cultivo de banano en el Urabá Antioqueño viene presentando disminución en los rendimientos, lo que exige la búsqueda de alternativas para incrementar o mantener la producción actual, entre las cuales, se encuentra el aumento en la proporción de fertilizantes inorgánicos, conllevando a sobrecostos y problemas ambientales. En vista de esta situación, se ha generado un interés por el uso de biofertilizantes, como el caso de las micorrizas (HFM), con las que se han demostrado beneficios al sistema suelo-planta. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar el efecto de los HFM con la disminución de la dosis fosforada en el clon de banano Valery, en un sistema de alta densidad, bajo condiciones edafoclimáticas de Apartadó-Antioquia. Para ello, en los tratamientos, al momento de la siembra, se realizaron inoculaciones de 100 g de HFM comercial con 5 dosis de fósforo, que correspondieron a: 0, 25, 50, 75 y 100 kg*ha-1. Se midieron variables morfológicas, rendimiento y simbiosis micorrízica. El diseño experimental fue completamente al azar, con 3 repeticiones; cada unidad experimental estuvo constituida por 10 plantas contenidas en 5 sitios. La información se procesó con el programa estadístico SAS 9.1, se obtuvo el análisis de varianza y una prueba de comparación de medias (Tukey), con un nivel de significancia del 95 %. No se encontraron diferencias significativas en las variables morfológicas, pero sí en las variables productivas, siendo el tratamiento HFM + 50 kg P2O5*ha-1 el de mejor resultado y, además, presentó el mayor porcentaje de colonización micorrízica, con 59,5 %.

Masdevallia coccinea es una orquídea llamativa, endémica de Colombia, empleada en la generación de híbridos ornamentales con más de una década, clasificada como una especie en peligro de extinción. Entre las técnicas usadas para la propagación in vitro y ex situ de especies de la familia Orchidaceae, se estudia la simbiosis micorrízica, debido a que esta familia micoheterótrofa depende de una correlación con estos hongos para subsistir en las primeras etapas de desarrollo en estado silvestre. Con el objetivo de caracterizar e identificar los hongos asociados a las raíces de M. coccinea, se realizó un estudio histológico en raíces y, a partir de micropreparados, se caracterizó morfológicamente micro, macroscópica y molecularmente diez aislamientos. Se identificó a M. coccinea como una orquídea que presenta diferentes patrones de colonización micorrízicos y con posibles efectos endófitos de los géneros Aspergillus, Scopulariopsis, Trichoderma, Ilyonectria y del orden Xylariales en condiciones ex situ

Paraguay an ecosystems are home to a great diversity of organisms in urban trees that include fungus-plant interactions, commonly called mycorrhizae. These mycorrhizaes present a number of subterranean hyphae that are difficult to visually appreciate and basidiocarps that grow together with certain forest species. Therefore, the objective of this research was to identify mycorrhizal associations between macrofungi and forest species that interact with each other in the urban trees of Asunción, Paraguay. For this, two squares (De las Américas and Infante Rivarola) and the Carlos Antonio López Park were selected as reference points. A tour was carried out to identify the floristic composition of urban trees in the aforementioned green spaces, and the observation of the existence of microrhizal fungi. The fruiting bodies of the macrofungi found were collected and taken to the Biology Laboratory of the Faculty of Agrarian Sciences of the National University of Asunción, they were dried for microscopic observation and identification. The forest species were identified using taxonomic keys, taking into account the size of the tree, the stem, the wood, the bark and the leaves. Three specimens of macrofungi of the genus Phlebopus were found associated with the trees of the Bignoniaceae and Fabaceae families in Asuncion green spaces. Two native forest species Handroanthus heptaphyllus (Vell.) Mattos, Jacaranda mimosifolia D. Don and one exotic Bauhinia variegata L. associated with the fungus Phlebopus sp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Los hongos micorrízicos arbusculares pueden contribuir significativamente en la nutrición vegetal, en especial en la asimilación de fósforo (P). Los agaves silvestres son sobreexplotados debido a la producción intensiva de mezcal, ocasionando la disminución de sus poblaciones naturales. Se evaluó el efecto de la inoculación con hongos micorrízicos arbusculares comerciales y la aplicación de diferentes dosis de P sobre el crecimiento y contenido de sólidos solubles totales (SST) de dos agaves silvestres: agave tobalá (Agave potatorum Zucc) y agave coyote (Agave spp.) en condiciones protegidas. Los productos micorrízicos comerciales utilizados fueron Glomus cubense (M1) y Glumix (M2) y cuatro dosis de P: 0, 14.4, 29 y 43.5 mg kg-1. El ensayo se estableció en un experimento bifactorial 3 × 4 en un diseño completamente al azar. Las variables respuesta fueron altura de planta (AP), número de hojas (NH), diámetro de tallo (DT), volumen radicular (VR), densidad de raíces (DR), peso fresco de hoja (PFH), peso fresco de tallo (PFT), peso fresco de raíz (PFR) y SST. Con referencia al control, M2 incrementó 18.2% el NH, 53.5% el PFH, 38.1% el PFT y 36% el DT en agave tobalá; mientras en agave coyote, la AP aumentó 12% y el SST 21.3%. En agave tobalá la dosis de 43.5 mg kg-1 de P mejoró 13.2% la AP, 34.9% el PFH, 36.1% el PFT, 21.5% el DT y 20.4% el VR. En agave coyote la dosis de 29 mg kg-1 de P aumentó 16.4% la AP, 44.4% el PFT y 18.6% el DT; el SST incrementó 40% con 43.5 mg kg-1 de P y el PFH 51% con 14.4 mg kg-1 de P. En agave tobalá, M2 + 43.5 mg kg-1 de P favoreció el PFH, PFT y DT. En agave coyote, M2 + 14.4 mg kg-1 de P, M2 + 29 mg kg-1 de P y M2 + 43.5 mg kg-1 de P promovieron la AP, DT y SST. La promoción en el crecimiento de ambos agaves se debió a la aplicación individual de micorrizas y P más que a la interacción de ambos factores.

La popularidad del girasol como planta ornamental se incrementó dramáticamente en la última década. Algunos estudios muestran que hongos micorrízicos arbusculares (HMA) aumentaron el diámetro del capítulo floral y un adelanto en la floración de gerbera; sin embargo, esto depende tanto de la especie de HMA, como de la planta hospedera. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el efecto de diferentes inóculos de HMA en el crecimiento de variedades ornamentales de girasol. Se estableció un experimento en Zapopan durante 2017 en bloques al azar con seis repeticiones por tratamiento con dos factores: HMA con cinco niveles: Rhizophagus intraradices (Ri), Funneliformis mosseae (Fm), consorcios: Cerro del Metate (CM) y Las Campesinas (LC) y sin HMA; variedad de girasol ornamental con cuatro niveles: belleza de otoño (BO), gigante simple amarillo (GSA), doble enana (DE) y doble gigante (DG). Setenta días después de establecido el experimento se evaluaron variables de crecimiento y colonización micorrízica. Los resultados mostraron que GSA-CM fue superior en variables de crecimiento respecto a los otros tratamientos (Tukey, P ≤ 0.05). El consorcio CM estimuló el crecimiento de GSA con respecto al girasol no inoculado en un 31%. Sin embargo, la variedad BO mostró 60% de decremento del crecimiento con todos los inóculos de HMA respecto al control sin HMA. Con el inóculo Fm, se tuvo la menor colonización micorrízica (28%); sin embargo, mostró efectos significativos en el crecimiento del girasol. Estos resultados sugieren una diversidad de respuesta al crecimiento dependiendo de la variedad de girasol y el tipo de HMA.

El garbanzo (Cicer arietinum L.), es una de las leguminosas más importantes del mundo con una producción que ronda los 9 millones de toneladas. El cultivo es sensible a varios estreses abióticos como son: la salinidad, las temperaturas extremas y el exceso o deficiencia de humedad en el suelo; además, puede ser afectado por varias plagas y enfermedades. Los efectos adversos del uso indiscriminado de productos químicos en la agricultura, ha propiciado el uso de diversos bioestimulantes en el garbanzo como alternativa segura al empleo de los mismos, ya sea para el aporte de nutrientes a las plantas como para el control y manejo de plagas y enfermedades; así como para la inducción de tolerancia a estreses abióticos. El uso de bacterias promotoras del crecimiento vegetal (BPCV) como biofertilizantes, ha sido una de las prácticas más utilizadas en este cultivo, aunque también se han empleado los hongos micorrízicos arbusculares, la coinoculación de bacterias de diferentes géneros y de bacterias y hongos. Además, se ha informado el empleo de otros bioestimulantes como los productos a base de algas o quitosano, para incrementar el rendimiento y la calidad de los granos. El objetivo de esta revisión bibliográfica es dar una visión actualizada sobre el uso de bioestimulantes en el cultivo del garbanzo, haciendo énfasis en aquellos basados en microorganismos benéficos, extractos de algas y quitosano. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Tomato" Solanum lycopersicum L. (Solanaceae) is a vegetable with a high demand for human consumption. However, it is susceptible to salinity, which causes reduction in growth and development in this crop. One of the agronomical practices that alleviates salt stress is inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi. The objective of this research was to determine the effect of NaCl and Rhizophagus irregularis on the growth of tomato under greenhouse conditions. For that purpose, tomato plantlets were treated with three inoculum concentrations (0; 1.5; 3g) and then submitted to three NaCl concentrations (0, 100 y 200mM) for 30 days. Then the growth variables were evaluated. Results show that treatments induced significant differences in tomato growth. Increasing levels of salinity induced reduction of all variables measured with the exception of root length. Meanwhile, inoculum concentrations induced growth on stem length, stem diameter, number of leaves, number of internodes, stem fresh weight and root fresh weight. Inoculation with mycorrhiza induced a reduction in the growth arrest caused by salinity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of Scleroderma verrucosum (Vaill) Pers and Rhizopogon luteolus Fr. & Nordh. was evaluated on the morphological and biological quality of Pinus radiata D. Don plants in a nursery in Vilcashuaman, Ayacucho, Peru. Treatments: (1) Mycorrhization with Scleroderma verrucosum, (2) Mycorrhization with Rhizopogon luteolus, (3) Mixture of both fungi, and (4) Control, in a completely randomized design with 10 repetitions per treatment. The fungi came from local Pinus radiata and Eucalyptus globulus forests. The inoculation was carried out in the peal at 30 days of sowing and the evaluation at 7.5 months after the peal. The mycorrhizal pines outperformed the control with significant differences in all the variables evaluated. In the stem neck diameter and dry matter of the aerial part, the inoculated treatments did not present significant differences; however, in the height, dry matter of the root, and total dry matter, the Mixture treatment stood out. In the biological quality, a greater number of mycorrhizae was observed in the inoculated, with significant differences compared to the control without mycorrhizae. A higher percentage of monopodial mycorrhizae (91%) was evidenced in relation to dichotomous (8.5%) and coralloid (0.6%) types. Significant positive relationships were determined between the morphological variables, but these on P. radiata presented non-significant associations with the number of mycorrhizae. The individual and in mixture use of wild ectomycorrhizal fungi increased the morphological and biological quality of P. radiata; therefore, the application of these fungi is recommended for the production of seedlings in nurseries in Vilcashuaman and other high-Andean areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Atualmente, as espécies do gênero Eucalyptus figuram nas espécies mais importantes nas plantações florestais. Estas espécies apresentam dependência de associação micorrízica para o crescimento em condições de campo. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a adaptabilidade de diferentes clones de eucalipto sob inoculação de fungos micorrízicos na região de Marabá, sudeste do estado do Pará, Brasil. O experimento foi instalado em delineamento de blocos ao acaso com três repetições (três blocos), com 12 tratamentos e seis clones. O espaçamento das mudas foi de 3,0 x 3,0 metros, cada parcela com 56 árvores, sendo a metade inoculada com fungos micorrízicos (endomicorrízico e ectomicorrízico). A outra metade das mudas não foi inoculada e funcionou como controle. Cada clone continha 168 indivíduos, totalizando 1008 mudas de clones de eucalipto. A inoculação com isolados micorrízicos não promoveu o maior crescimento em diâmetro e altura dos clones. Os clones VM01 E. urocan, 373 E. platyphylla e 1250 E. urograndis apresentaram as menores taxas de mortalidade. Portanto, os clones mais recomendados para a região de estudo foram VM01 E. urocan, A 2017 E. urograndis, 373 E. platyphylla e 1250 E. urograndis devido aos seus maiores valores em diâmetro, altura e menor taxa de mortalidade.

El cultivo de caña de azúcar para panela en Colombia presenta limitaciones nutricionales relacionadas especialmente con la eficiencia baja de la fertilización química. El uso de hongos micorrízicos arbusculares (HMA) optimiza la fertilización haciéndola más eficiente y puede reducir la aplicación de fertilizantes químicos. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la asociación de HMA con plantas de caña de azúcar para la producción de panela en etapa de vivero. Se realizó una caracterización de suelos en las regiones de Cundinamarca y la Hoya del Río Suárez (Boyacá y Santander), caracterizadas como las productoras principales de caña de azúcar para panela en Colombia y se encontró que las plantas de caña de azúcar establecen de forma natural una asociación con los HMA. Los HMA con mayor predominio fueron Glomus microcarpum, Glomus fasciculatum, Glomus sinuosum, cuatro morfotipos de Glomus sp., dos de Acaulospora sp. y uno de Funneliformis sp. Se evaluó el efecto de la inoculación con HMA en la etapa de vivero utilizando tres variedades de caña de azúcar ampliamente cultivadas en la Hoya del Río Suárez, CC93-7711 (Pierna Bella), CC93-714 y CC93-7510 (Vende Finca). Se evaluaron 11 tratamientos (T1 a T8 inoculación con diferentes comunidades de HMA; T9, T10 y T11 corresponden a testigos con fertilizaciones de 10, 50 y 100% de fertilización química) en un diseño experimental de bloques completos al azar con tres repeticiones. Se evaluaron altura de planta y diámetro del tallo, cuantificación de esporas y porcentaje de colonización. Los resultados mostraron que las tres variedades respondieron al efecto benéfico de la asociación planta-HMA, al obtener plantas con rendimiento mayor con respecto a los testigos sin inocular. Las variedades CC93-7711 (Pierna Bella) y CC93-7510 (Vende Finca) mostraron un porcentaje mayor de colonización de HMA en respuesta a la inoculación de Glomus sp.

En condiciones de huertos intensivos, ubicados en el municipio San Antonio del Sur, Cuba, entre septiembre y noviembre de 2017 se evalúo la respuesta de Vigna unguiculata (L) Walp var. Alina (habichuela) a la aplicación foliar de bioproductos. En un diseño experimental de bloques al azar con tres repeticiones fueron evaluados los tratamientos: 5 y 10 mL/L por ha de Lebame, 1.5 y 3.5 kg/ha de Spiruvinas, y una aplicación uniforme por tratamiento de Rhizophagus irregularis, más dos tratamientos de materia orgánica (M.O.) consistentes en 5 y 10 kg/m2 (testigo) sin rizobio. Las variables evaluadas fueron altura de planta, diámetro del tallo, número de vainas y rendimiento. Los mayores rendimientos y desarrollo del cultivo se encontraron con los tratamientos combinados de Lebame y Spiruvinas, especialmente con la dosis de 3.5 mL/L por ha de este último más la cepa comercial EcoMic® de Rhizophagus irregularis con rendimiento de 4.17 kg/m2.

Beneficial microorganisms tend to promote growth and development of Carica papaya at different levels. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of Rhizophagus irregularis and Trichoderma viride on C. papaya (Caricaceae) growth under greenhouse conditions for 28 days. C. papaya plantlets obtained through micropropagation were used after acclimation. Each plantlet received a treatment with 500 R. irregularis spores and/or 5x107 T. viride spores randomly. The plants were cultured under greenhouse conditions and watered with an 15-15-15 NPK solution for 28 days. The results demonstrate that the treatments with R. irregularis and the coinoculation with R. irregularis and T. viride promoted the vegetative growth of papaya plants by increasing shoot length, shoot diameter, number of leaves and leaf area. Treatment with T. viride did not induce significant changes. It is concluded that the use of beneficial microorganisms such as R. irregularis and T. viride increases the growth parameters of C. papaya in the first days of culture under greenhouse conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Revista de Ciencias Agricolas is the property of University of Narino, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

El cultivo de nogal pecanero en el estado de Chihuahua es una actividad en crecimiento. Las zonas donde se cultiva el nogal presentan una serie de problemas, como son falta de agua, alta salinidad y alto contenido de sodio, baja nutrición en los suelos, bajo contenido de materia orgánica, entre otras, lo que provoca una disminución de la producción de nuez pecanera. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar las aplicaciones al suelo de enmiendas cálcicas, orgánicas y microorganismos para los componentes del rendimiento y contenido de macronutrientes en el nogal pecanero. Los factores que se aplicaron y que influyeron en todas las variables de respuesta de los componentes de rendimiento y contenido de macronutrientes son: Ca/CaCO3 75.0 y 147.4 kg ha-1, Hongos Micorrízicos 20.7 y 17.2 kg ha-1, Humus Liquida (Hu_Liq) 750 y 1083.1 L ha-1, Humus Solida (Hu_sol) 1671.2 y 1632.6 kg ha-1. Las variables de respuesta que se evaluaron y fueron las más importantes para los componentes del rendimiento son: porcentaje de nuez comestible, nueces por kilogramo y peso promedio de nuez. Mientras que para el contenido de macronutrientes del suelo en nogal fueron: calcio/porcentaje de saturación de bases, calcio/(potasio+magnesio) y sodio.

The objective of this study was to evaluate changes in microbiological attributes of soils under different growing systems. Three cropping systems were evaluated (1) no-tillage system (NTS); (2) conventional tillage system (CTS); and (3) newly scarified no-tillage system (SNTS). The three systems were maintained for 20 years. In addition, a primary forest (PF) fragment was used as a reference. Soil samples were collected at depths of 0.0-0.1 m, 0.1-0.2 m, and 0.2-0.3 m. The following variables were measured: microbial biomass carbon (MBC); soil respirometry (RESP) using the fumigation and incubation method; microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN) using fumigation and extraction; metabolic quotient (qCO2) using the RESP-MBC ratio; and number of spores (NS) of mycorrhizal fungi by plate counting of spores extracted from the soil by wet sieving. Treatments were arranged in a completely randomized block design with five replicates. The different management systems affected the soil microbiota, especially in the superficial layer of 0.0-0.1 m. At a depth of 0.0-0.2 m, the PF presented significantly higher values for all analyzed attributes, except for NS. There were no significant differences in the studied characteristics between the NTS and SNTS at the three depths, indicating that scarification performed only once in the NTS was not sufficient to produce changes in soil microbiological attributes. However, the adoption of the CTS for 20 years promoted a decrease in MBC and MBN. RESP and NS were not significantly different between the cropping systems. Principal component analysis indicated a significant difference in microbiological characteristics between the PF and the areas under management. Therefore, different growing systems change the soil microbiota, and the lower the degree of tilling (NTS and SNTS), the smaller the changes in soil microbiological attributes. Soil preparation practices used in conventional tilling negatively affect soil microbial biomass, decreasing the levels of MBC and MBN.

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Teniendo en cuenta la importancia del cultivo de la soya en el mundo y en particular en Cuba, así como la necesidad de validar bioproductos que permitan incrementar sus rendimientos y conservar nuestro medioambiente, se desarrolló este trabajo con el objetivo de evaluar el efecto de la aplicación de tres bioestimulantes (Azofert-S®, EcoMic® y QuitoMax®) en el crecimiento y el rendimiento del cultivo de soya cv. Incasoy-27. El experimento se condujo en áreas experimentales del Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Agrícolas, en un suelo Ferralítico Rojo Lixiviado Agrogénico. Se empleó un diseño de bloques al azar con ocho tratamientos y cuatro réplicas, que consistieron en la siembra de semillas sin aplicación de bioestimulantes como control, con la aplicación sola o combinada de los bioproductos y un tratamiento con fertilización mineral. Los biofertilizantes se aplicaron por recubrimiento a la semilla y el QuitoMax® mediante su imbibición durante 15 min. En la fase de floración se determinaron variables del crecimiento y de la simbiosis y en el momento de la cosecha se evaluó el rendimiento agrícola y sus componentes. Los resultados mostraron que la aplicación de Azofert®, EcoMic® y QuitoMax® estimuló las variables de nodulación, colonización micorrízica y el crecimiento del cultivo. El rendimiento agrícola del cultivo se incrementó en un 66 %. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Mining results in major landscape changes. Restoring areas after exploitation of natural resources can be accomplished through adopting techniques used to optimize the restoration process. Among such techniques, planting seedlings of species adapted to adverse edaphoclimatic conditions and which have interspecific associations with microorganisms stand out. One of these indigenous species which occur in the Southern Espinhaço Mountain Range with potential for use in restoring degraded areas is Kielmeyera rubriflora (Spreng) Mart. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of inoculating arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on the survival and growth of Kielmeyera rubriflora Cambess. on two substrates from iron mining. The experiment was carried out in a nursery of the UFVJM Plant Species Propagation Center (CIPEF) in a randomized block design and treatments arranged in a 2 x 2 factorial design, using two iron mining substrates and inoculated and uninoculated plants with five repetitions. The seedlings received 25 g of the soil-inoculum mixture of Paraglomus occultum (C. Walker) JB Morton & D. Redecker and Claroideoglomus etunicatum (WN Becker & Gerd) C. Walker & A. Schüßler at the transplantation time to 17 dm3 pots. Stem diameter and leaf number were influenced only by the main effects of substrate and inoculation, while plant height was influenced by the interaction between substrate and inoculation. Inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi in Kielmeyera rubriflora ensures survival, species growth and root development on both iron mining substrates and is a suggested strategy for planting in areas degraded by iron mining. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]