Search

Background: Mushroom poisoning is a significant food safety issue in Guizhou Province, China. Studies on this topic are essential for its prevention and control. We aimed to analyze the epidemiological characteristics of mushroom poisoning and study the correlation between its cases and meteorological factors in Guizhou Province. Methods: We collected data on mushroom poisoning and meteorological factors in Guizhou Province in 2023. A descriptive analysis was conducted on the epidemiological features of mushroom poisoning and meteorological factors. We used Spearman correlation analysis and the generalized additive model to examine the relationship between meteorological factors and the number of mushroom poisoning cases. Results: In 2023, mushroom poisoning cases in Guizhou Province were concentrated among individuals aged 20–59. Clinical symptoms were primarily gastrointestinal symptoms and occurrences peaked from June to October, mainly in the northeastern region of the province. Most incidents occurred in households. In 72 mushroom poisoning incidents where species were identified, 33 poisonous mushrooms were found. The number of mushroom poisoning cases in Guizhou Province was positively correlated with each meteorological factor(P < 0.05). The generalized additive model showed a significant nonlinear relationship between DGT, PRE, RHU, SSD, and the number of mushroom poisoning cases (P < 0.05). Interaction analysis showed that the risk of mushroom poisoning in Guizhou Province increased with the rising values of any two of these four meteorological factors. Conclusion: Mushroom poisoning incidents in Guizhou Province are characterized by high-risk groups, seasonality, and specific high-incidence regions and places. Public awareness for high-risk groups and early warnings for high-incidence regions and places should be strengthened every summer and fall. There is a correlation between meteorological factors and the number of mushroom poisoning cases, suggesting that these factors could serve as early warning indicators for the prevention and control of mushroom poisoning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractObjectiveMethodsResultsDiscussionConclusionAmatoxin-containing mushroom poisoning is a significant threat to public health worldwide. We report a mass poisoning of Galerina sulciceps-like mushrooms (Galerina cf. sulciceps) in Luzhou, Sichuan Province, China, aiming to offer insights for future prevention and treatment strategies.We performed a retrospective survey of mass mushroom poisoning patients admitted to our hospital. The demographic data, clinical presentations, laboratory findings, therapeutic measures and prognostic information were collected and analyzed. We used the 2020 Chinese consensus on the clinical diagnosis and treatment of amatoxin-containing mushroom poisoning to assess the severity of poisoning. Mushrooms were examined through morphological analysis, molecular biology identification, and toxin detection.Our patient cohort consisted of nine males and six females, with mean (±SD) age of 34.9 ± 13.0 years. Gastrointestinal symptoms were the first to manifest, with mean (±SD) latency period of 13.4 ± 3.9 h. The majority of patients (86.7%) experienced nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Liver dysfunction was noted in 66.7% of patients, and thrombocytopenia was present in 26.7% of patients. In terms of the severity of poisoning, there were 10 mild cases and 5 severe cases. The mushrooms were provisionally labeled as Galerina cf. sulciceps, containing the toxins α-amanitin, β-amanitin, and γ-amanitin. All patients eventually recovered.We report what appears to be a new type of mushroom that is morphologically and phylogenetically similar to the known Galerina sulciceps, but further study is required to determine if it represents a distinct species.This poisoning event was caused by unintentional ingestion of Galerina cf. sulciceps, an amatoxin-containing mushroom. Early symptoms are primarily gastrointestinal, with acute liver damage and coagulopathy being the main toxic effects. Thrombocytopenia is also prominent, particularly in severe cases. Accurate assessment and prompt, individualized, and intensive treatment are crucial for managing patients with acute Galerina cf. sulciceps poisoning effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Mushroom poisoning is a significant food safety issue in Guizhou Province, China. Studies on this topic are essential for its prevention and control. We aimed to analyze the epidemiological characteristics of mushroom poisoning and study the correlation between its cases and meteorological factors in Guizhou Province. Methods We collected data on mushroom poisoning and meteorological factors in Guizhou Province in 2023. A descriptive analysis was conducted on the epidemiological features of mushroom poisoning and meteorological factors. We used Spearman correlation analysis and the generalized additive model to examine the relationship between meteorological factors and the number of mushroom poisoning cases. Results In 2023, mushroom poisoning cases in Guizhou Province were concentrated among individuals aged 20–59. Clinical symptoms were primarily gastrointestinal symptoms and occurrences peaked from June to October, mainly in the northeastern region of the province. Most incidents occurred in households. In 72 mushroom poisoning incidents where species were identified, 33 poisonous mushrooms were found. The number of mushroom poisoning cases in Guizhou Province was positively correlated with each meteorological factor(P

Le syndrome phalloïdien est le toxidrome mycotoxique survenant après l'ingestion de certaines espèces de macromycètes, des genres Amanita , Lepiota et Galerina. Amanita phalloides est l'espèce la plus souvent en cause, responsable de plus de 90 % des décès dus à la consommation de champignons. L'α-amanitine est responsable de la plupart des effets observés. La présentation clinique est caractérisée par un tableau digestif sévère et de survenue tardive (plus de six heures après l'ingestion). Le foie étant le principal organe cible, l'évolution est marquée par une hépatite aiguë souvent sévère pouvant évoluer vers l'insuffisance hépatique terminale justifiant le recours à la transplantation hépatique orthotopique. Une insuffisance rénale aiguë est souvent observée. Le diagnostic de syndrome phalloïdien repose avant tout sur les données cliniques ; il peut être confirmé biologiquement par la mise en évidence des amatoxines, notamment sur prélèvement urinaire. En l'absence d'antidote, la prise en charge hospitalière précoce est indispensable. Elle repose sur la compensation précoce des pertes hydroélectrolytiques, la décontamination digestive, des traitements épurateurs, et des traitements médicamenteux. La thérapie combinée associant silibinine et N-acétylcystéine est recommandée afin de limiter le transport intra-hépatocytaire des amatoxines et à visée hépatoprotectrice. Le pronostic de cette intoxication grave a grandement profité de l'amélioration des techniques de réanimation. La létalité en France est actuellement inférieure à 10 %. Lors d'un cas suspecté ou avéré, le recours à un centre antipoison est recommandé, afin de pouvoir asseoir le diagnostic et guider la prise en charge médicale des patients de façon précoce et adaptée. Amatoxin-containing mushroom poisoning occurs after consumption of certain mushroom species, of the genera Amanita , Lepiota and Galerina. Amanita phalloides is the most implicated species, responsible for over more than 90% of mushroom-related deaths. The α-amanitin is responsible for most of the observed effects. Symptoms are characterized by severe delayed gastrointestinal disorders (more than six hours after ingestion). The liver being the main target organ, outcome is marked by an often severe hepatitis which can evolve towards terminal liver failure, justifying orthotopic liver transplantation. Acute renal failure is common. Diagnosis of amatoxin-containing mushroom poisoning is based primarily on clinical data; it can be biologically confirmed using detection of amatoxins, especially from urine samples. In the absence of an antidote, early hospital management is essential. It is based on supportive care (early compensation of hydroelectrolytic losses), gastrointestinal digestive decontamination, elimination enhancement, amatoxin uptake inhibitors and antioxidant therapy. Combined therapy associating silibinin and N-acetylcysteine is recommended. Prognosis of this severe poisoning has greatly benefited from improved resuscitation techniques. Mortality is currently less than 10%. In the event of a suspected or confirmed case, referral to a Poison Control Center is warranted in order to establish the diagnosis and guide the medical management of patients in an early and appropriate way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Mushroom poisoning caused by the ingestion of Russula subnigricans has been reported to cause rhabdomyolysis and cardiac dysfunction, leading to death. There have been few reports of cardiogenic shock induced by mushroom poisoning that was successfully treated using mechanical circulatory support devices. Case Summary A 38-year-old man presented with gastrointestinal symptoms a day after consuming a curry made with forest-collected mushrooms and was admitted with a diagnosis of rhabdomyolysis. Despite appropriate fluid management for severe rhabdomyolysis, the patient experienced anuria and cardiogenic shock with a remarkably reduced left ventricular ejection function, followed by the development of ventricular fibrillation. Mechanical support using Impella CP, veno-arterial extracorporeal membranous oxygenation (VA-ECMO), and continuous haemodiafiltration were administered for cardiogenic shock and severe rhabdomyolysis. His cardiac and renal function gradually improved, and the patient was successfully weaned off VA-ECMO on day 4, Impella CP on day 5, and renal replacement therapy on day 23. The left ventricular ejection fraction returned to normal without any neurological, respiratory, or renal sequelae. The remaining mushroom samples were identified as R. subnigricans by polymerase chain reaction testing. Discussion This is the first reported case of cardiogenic shock caused by R. subnigricans poisoning, successfully treated with Impella CP and VA-ECMO. The optimal use of mechanical circulatory support devices plays an important role in the treatment of cardiogenic shock caused by mushroom toxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2023, two fatalities attributed to the ingestion of uncooked morels (Morchella spp.) were reported in the United States; both patients developed severe gastrointestinal symptoms. Morel-induced gastrointestinal toxicity is well recognized, but no deaths had been reported until 2023, suggesting a potential shift in the severity of morel poisoning. Using the Poisoning Severity Score, we analyzed the severity of symptomatic cases of morel ingestion recorded in the French National Database of Poisonings from 2010 to 2020. We found 446 cases of exposure in which morels were the sole mushroom species involved. Of these, 83.6 per cent and 53.3 per cent developed gastrointestinal and neurological symptoms, respectively. Eight patients developed shock attributed to severe gastrointestinal symptoms, resulting in two deaths. Morel ingestion can lead to severe complications. As in the United States, the deaths reported in this study were attributed to imported cultivated morels. The shift, since 2006, towards a predominance of cultivated over wild morel sales may have played a role in the reporting of severe cases of morel poisoning. Reports of severe morel poisoning highlight the need for cautious consumption, particularly of raw or undercooked preparations. Emerging complications signal potential changes in toxicity. Surveillance and awareness are key to reducing the risks of consuming morels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Mycosystema is the property of Mycosystema Editorial Board and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Mycosystema is the property of Mycosystema Editorial Board and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract Background Mushroom poisoning causes common gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea and vomiting and is a well-known reason for acute hepatic failure. Acute kidney injury is a less common clinical presentation in mushroom poisoning. Recently, nephrotoxicity called Amanita nephrotoxic syndrome has been defined, caused by several Amanita mushrooms. It is characterized by moderate hepatotoxicity and oligoanuric acute kidney injury, which may require hemodialysis. Case presentation Case 1 was a 51-year-old female patient who was hospitalized with oliguria, nausea, and vomiting after eating mushrooms, required hemodialysis due to acute kidney injury, and developed pulmonary hemorrhage during her follow-up. Case 2 was a 55-year-old male patient who was hospitalized with anuria, nausea, and vomiting after eating mushrooms, required hemodialysis due to acute kidney injury, and developed acute coronary syndrome during his follow-up. Case 3 was a 59-year-old male patient who was hospitalized with oliguria, nausea, and vomiting after eating mushrooms, required hemodialysis due to acute kidney injury, and developed moderate hepatotoxicity during his follow-up. All cases were hospitalized at the same time interval with similar clinical features. Acute kidney injury was the initial presentation of all the cases, and they had only mild transaminase elevation with normal INR levels. They all required hemodialysis, and kidney injury was fully recovered. Conclusions Mushroom consumption must be questioned in acute kidney injury patients of unknown etiology where mushrooms are habitual despite deleterious consequences.

Mushroom poisoning is a severe problem of public health, however, information about its epidemiology and management is still limited. This is the first study focused on Sardinia that investigates data about mushroom poisoning describing epidemiology, clinical presentation, seasonality, and the most common involved species. In this retrospective study, we analyzed data recovered from the database of Mycological Inspectorates during a 10‐year period (2011–2021). Overall, 164 cases of mushroom poisoning have been identified, with significant peaks in autumn. The highest number of episodes of intoxication were recorded in Cagliari (64), followed by Carbonia (55) and Sanluri (45), although the annual distribution of cases among the provinces varied considerably in the study period. Thanks to the expertise of the Mycological Inspectorate service, the implicated species have been identified in 162 cases (98.78%); 81 cases were caused by toxic species, 60 by edible, and 45 by not edible species. Omphalotus olearius and Agaricus xanthodermus were the most represented toxic species (22% and 18%, respectively); Boletus aereus (18%) was the most frequent edible species, while Boletaceae were the prevalent not edible mushrooms. The data collected in South Sardinia over a period of 10‐years demonstrate how a correct and rapid recognition of mushroom poisoning is important to improve the prognosis of patients, however, there are still problems of lack of knowledge, on the part of the population, on the existence of the consultancy services. Because most illnesses from poisonous mushroom ingestion are preventable, increased public awareness about the potential dangers of mushroom poisoning is mandatory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the increasing visibility of mushrooms and fungal ingredients in scientific literature, popular media, and the consumer market, with a growing fascination leading to more reporting and clinical trials on both psychedelic and non-psychoactive medicinal species.

Abstract Background Mushroom poisoning is a major public health issue in China. The integration of medical resources from different institutes of different levels is crucial in reducing the harm of mushroom poisoning. However, few studies have provided comprehensive implementation procedures and postimplementation effectiveness evaluations. To reduce the harm caused by mushroom poisoning, a network system for the prevention and treatment of mushroom poisoning (NSPTMP) was established in Chuxiong, Yunnan Province, a high-risk area for mushroom poisoning. Methods The NSPTMP consists of three types of institutions, namely, centers for disease prevention, hospitals, and health administration departments, with each kind of institution comprising prefecture, county/city, town, and village levels. After three years of implementation, the network was evaluated by comparing the indices before and after network implementation using data from the “Foodborne Disease Outbreak Surveillance System” and 17 hospitals in Chuxiong. The indices included the fatalities caused by mushroom poisoning, the composition ratios of different types of mushrooms for both outpatients and inpatients and the hospitalization rates. Results Compared to the average fatality rate of mushroom poisoning from 2015 to 2017, the average fatality rate from 2018 to 2020 significantly decreased from 0.57 to 0.06% (P

Background: Mushroom poisoning is a major public health issue in China. The integration of medical resources from different institutes of different levels is crucial in reducing the harm of mushroom poisoning. However, few studies have provided comprehensive implementation procedures and postimplementation effectiveness evaluations. To reduce the harm caused by mushroom poisoning, a network system for the prevention and treatment of mushroom poisoning (NSPTMP) was established in Chuxiong, Yunnan Province, a high-risk area for mushroom poisoning. Methods: The NSPTMP consists of three types of institutions, namely, centers for disease prevention, hospitals, and health administration departments, with each kind of institution comprising prefecture, county/city, town, and village levels. After three years of implementation, the network was evaluated by comparing the indices before and after network implementation using data from the "Foodborne Disease Outbreak Surveillance System" and 17 hospitals in Chuxiong. The indices included the fatalities caused by mushroom poisoning, the composition ratios of different types of mushrooms for both outpatients and inpatients and the hospitalization rates. Results: Compared to the average fatality rate of mushroom poisoning from 2015 to 2017, the average fatality rate from 2018 to 2020 significantly decreased from 0.57 to 0.06% (P < 0.001). Regarding the poisonous genus containing lethal mushrooms, the outpatient and inpatient composition ratios significantly decreased for Amanita (9.36–2.91% and 57.23–17.68%, respectively) and Russula (15.27–8.41%) (P < 0.05). Regarding poisonous mushrooms that caused mild symptoms, the outpatient and inpatient composition ratios significantly increased for Scleroderma (5.13–13.90% and 2.89–18.90%, respectively) and Boletaceae (19.08–31.71%) (P < 0.05), and the hospitalization rates significantly increased for Scleroderma (6.33–18.02%) and Boletaceae (5.65–12.71%) (P < 0.05). Conclusions: These findings suggest that the NSPTMP effectively reduced the harm caused by mushroom poisoning. In addition to the integration of medical resources, the development of poisonous mushroom identification, hierarchical treatment systems in hospitals, public education, and professional training also played important roles in improving the system's effectiveness. The establishment and evaluation of the NSPTMP in Chuxiong Prefecture can provide valuable insights and serve as a model for other regions facing similar challenges in managing mushroom poisoning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To explore the spatio - temporal distribution characteristic's of mushroom poisoning outbreaks in Guizhou Province; from 2012 to 2021, and to provide a reference basis for organizing and implementing regional prevention and control strategies for mushroom poisoning in Guizhou Province. Methods Descriptive analysis and spatio - temporal clustering analysis were conducted on the; data of mushroom poisoning outbreaks in Guizhou Province; from 2012 to 2021 in the; Foodbornc; Disease; Outbreak Surveillance; System. Results A total of 1 509 mushroom poisoning outbreaks were; reporter! in Guizhou Province; from 2012 to 2021, with 5 221 c;asc;s and an average; annual reported incidence; rate; of 0. 14/100 000. Mushroom poisoning outbreaks in Guizhou Province; was clustering (Moran / = 0.286, P <0.05). There; were; 19 spatial clusters, including 6 "high - high" clusters, 1 "high-low" cluster, and 12"low-low" clusters. Further analysis revealed three; spatio - temporal clusters in mushroom poisoning outbreaks. Among them, there; were; 24 counties (districts) in type; 1 spatio - temporal clustering, 1 county (district) in type; 2 spatio - temporal clustering, and 6 counties? (districts) in type; 3 spatio - temporal clustering, and the; differences were; statistically significant (P < 0. 05). Conclusion There is spatio - temporal clustering in mushroom poisoning outbreaks in Guizhou Province; from 2012 to 2021, and precise; prevention and control should be; carried out in each spatio - temporal clustering arc;a. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the association of characteristics and clinical outcomes of patients who presented with mushroom intoxication. We conducted a retrospective study of mushroom intoxication cases using national registry data (representative of the period 01 January 2011 to 31 December 2019). Specifically, we analyzed the demographics, vital signs, mental status, intoxication related factors, and clinical presentations of the patients. The outcomes were assessed based on general ward admission, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, length of hospitalization, and mortality. The t-test or chisquare test were used to compare the emergency department (ED) discharge group and admission group. Logistic regressions were used to predict patients that were high-risk with regards to being admitted. A total of 393 patients with mushroom intoxication were presented at the ED, and the highest number of visits occurred in the month of September. Overall, 277 (70.5%) patients were discharged from the ED and 116 (29.5%) patients were admitted. Of these, 25 (6.4%) patients were admitted to the ICU, and 3 (2.6%) patients died. Patients are more likely to be admitted to the general ward or ICU when symptoms presented after 6 h: 6 to 24 h (Odds ratio (OR) 2.158; 95% Confidence interval (CI), 1.218-3.816) or >24 h (OR: 3.382; 95% CI, 1.438-8.050). Additionally, when the patients presented with diarrhea, they were more likely to be discharged with favorable outcomes with a less likelihood for admission (OR: 0.237; 95% CI, 0.093-0.523). Most cases of mushroom intoxication presented with gastrointestinal symptoms and followed a benign course. The longer time to onset of symptoms increased the likelihood of hospitalization. Clinicians should evaluate more carefully, observe, or admit those with delayed symptom onset. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ObjectiveTo analyze the epidemiological characteristics of foodborne disease outbreaks in Zhejiang Province during COVID-19 pandemic.MethodsThe data of foodborne disease outbreaks reported in 11 cities in Zhejiang Province in 2020 were collected and analyzed by descriptive epidemiological method.ResultsIn 2020， 201 outbreaks were reported through the foodborne disease outbreak surveillance system in 11 cities of Zhejiang Province， including 1 765 cases， 138 hospitalizations and 1 death. Due to the impact of COVID-19， there were two outbreak peaks in June and August respectively. The outbreak sites were mainly families （47.76%， 96/201）， hotels and restaurants （12.94%， 26/201）， dining halls （12.44%， 25/201）， school canteens （8.46%， 17/201） and small restaurants （7.96%， 16/201）， and the proportion of hotels and restaurants decreased compared with previous years. Pathogenic bacteria were the primary pathogenic factors of foodborne disease outbreaks， and the main pathogenic bacteria were Vibrio parahaemolyticus （37.88%， 25/66） and Salmonella （28.79%， 19/66）. In 2020， the proportion of Vibrio parahaemolyticus decreased and was the lowest in the recent five years. A total of 40 outbreaks of mushroom poisoning were reported without death， and the main type of poisoning was gastroenteritis.ConclusionFood safety supervision and health education should be strengthened， and targeted prevention and control measures should be taken according to the epidemiological characteristics of different pathogenic factors to reduce the burden of foodborne diseases.

Mushroom poisonings may present with early findings in the first 2 hours and late findings between 6 hours and 20 days. In this article, it was aimed to emphasize that mushroom poisoning should be considered in the differential diagnosis of renal failure and coma, as in the patient whose history was learned to have eaten mushrooms 10 days ago. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Predicting acute liver damage caused by mushroom poisoning from hemogram parameters at first admission to hospital. Methods: This retrospective study involved adults =18 years old who presented to the emergency room with mushroom poisoning from January 2011 to January 2017. Diagnosis of mushroom poisoning was made by a recent history of eating mushrooms, the onset of gastrointestinal symptoms such as diarrhea, vomiting, or abdominal pain after eating mushrooms, and excluding other possible causes of acute liver damage. Acute liver injury was defined as a 5-fold or greater increase in liver enzymes or the development of moderate coagulopathy (international normalized ratio > 2.0). First admission hemogram parameters of those who had liver damage and those who did not develop liver damage in the emergency department were compared. Results: Acute liver injury developed in ten of 136 patients (68 women (50%), 68 men (50%), and mean age 39.5 years) included in the study. Three of them died (in-hospital mortality - 30% and mushroom poisoning overall mortality - 2.2%). Among the hemogram parameters, hemoglobin (13.9±1.7 g/dL vs. 15.4±1.7 g/dL, p=0.013), mean platelet volume (MPV) (7.6±1.02 fl versus 8.8±1.1 fl, p<0.05), and red cell distribution width (RDW) (16.5±4.8% vs 24.3±13.7%, p=0.034) in those who developed acute liver injury were significantly higher than those that did not develop. Discussion and Conclusion: The high levels of MPV and RDW in the hemogram examination of the patients presented to the emergency department with mushroom poisoning may help to predict the progression of acute liver injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of this research is to examine the characteristics of mushroom poisoning (MP) seen in Turkey and to evaluate the results of clinical studies conducted on this subject in the last 20 years. Methods: Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct and Scopus databases were scanned with the phrases "mushroom poisoning, mushroom poisoning in Turkey". 17 studies including sample volume, gender distribution, age average, complaint to the health institution, transplantation and full recovery rates were included in the analysis. In statistical data, random effects model was used. Results: 17 different studies have been identified which give the average age of MP cases, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and abdominal pain symptoms, liver and kidney failure, complete recovery and transpantation rates. The average age in studies involving MP cases was 38.2 years (95Cl% 36.1-40.3). The average age determined as to whether the family members are adults, elderly or childhood is as expected. Conclusions: Although the rates of admission to hospital according to gender distribution of MP patients are similar, the signs and symptoms at admission, the distribution of liver and kidney failure, and the rates of complete remission after transplantation vary significantly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cyclopeptide mushroom poisoning is responsible for 90%–95% of deaths from macrofungi ingestion. The main objectives of this study are to describe cases of cyclopeptide mushroom poisoning and to determine risk factors that may influence the severity/mortality of poisoned patients. We included all cases of amatoxin toxicity reported to two French Poison Centers from 2013 through 2019. We compared the severity with the Poison Severity Score (PSS) and the outcomes of patients using simple logistic regression and multinomial logistic regression. We included 204 cases of amatoxin toxicity. More than three‐quarters developed an increase in AST and/or ALT (78.1%), and over half developed a decrease in prothrombin ratio (<70%: 53%) and/or Factor V (<70%: 54%). One‐third developed an acute renal injury (AKI). Twelve patients (5.9%) developed post‐poisoning sequelae (persistent kidney injury more than 1 month after ingestion and liver transplant). Five patients (2.5%) received a liver transplant, and nine died (4.4%). The mean time to onset of digestive disorders was shorter in PSS2 and PSS3–4 patients (10.9 ± 3.9/11.3 ± 6.3 h) than in PSS1 patients (14 ± 6.5 h; p < 0.05). Patients who died or developed post‐poisoning sequelae had more frequent cardiovascular comorbidities compared with recovered patients (60.0% versus 29.5%; p < 0.01). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Globally, mushroom poisonings cause about 100 human deaths each year, with thousands of people requiring medical assistance. Dogs are also susceptible to mushroom poisonings and require medical assistance. Cyclopeptides, and more specifically amanitins (or amatoxins, here), are the mushroom poison that causes the majority of these deaths. Current methods (predominantly chromatographic, as well as antibody-based) of detecting amatoxins are time-consuming and require expensive equipment. In this work, we demonstrate the utility of the lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) for the rapid detection of amatoxins in urine samples. The LFIA detects as little as 10 ng/mL of α-amanitin (α-AMA) or γ-AMA, and 100 ng/mL of β-AMA in urine matrices. To demonstrate application of this LFIA for urine analysis, this study examined fortified human urine samples and urine collected from exposed dogs. Urine is sampled directly without the need for any pretreatment, detection from urine is completed in 10 min, and the results are read by eye, without the need for specialized equipment. Analysis of both fortified human urine samples and urine samples collected from intoxicated dogs using the LFIA correlated well with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) methods.

Background: Mushroom poisoning is a major health condition with a wide range of clinical and paraclinical features. This study aimed at evaluating the frequency of clinical and paraclinical manifestations of mushroom poisoning in patients referred to Shahid Rahimi Hospital in Khorramabad, Iran, over a one-year period (2018-2019). Methods: The data collected were associated with the clinical manifestations, age, sex, seasons, type of mushrooms, patients’ residence, latent phase, clinical and laboratory findings, length of hospital stay, interventions and the treatments. The underlying diseases were also recorded. After data collection, they were entered into SPSS software, version 18 and analyzed statistically. Results: 124 patients with a mean age of 36.65 years old were recruited into the study, 73 of whom were male and 51 female. The mean duration of the hospital stay was 2.19 days. The mean time elapsed between the consumption and the symptoms development was 4.42 hours. Similarly, the duration between the consumption and referral to the hospital was 4.72 hours. Most cases occurred in the spring (91.1%). The most common clinical signs in the poisoned subjects were nausea and vomiting (81.5%). The most therapeutic medications were Livergol (48.4%) and Atropin (33.1%), and most subjects had consumed mushrooms grown in the nature (79.8%). One person died because of the poisoning (0.8%). Conclusion: A large majority of the patients developed nausea and vomiting, whom were treated with drugs, but one patient died. People should be aware of, warned againt, and educated about the types of mushrooms before consumption.

Abstract Fungi are an integral part of the earth's biosphere. They are broadly distributed in all continents and ecosystems and play a diversity of roles. Here, I review our current understanding of fungal threats to humans and describe the major factors that contribute to various threats. Among the 140,000 or so known species out of the estimated six million fungal species on Earth, about 10% directly or indirectly threaten human health and welfare. Major threats include mushroom poisoning, fungal allergies, infections of crop plants, food contamination by mycotoxins, and mycoses in humans. A growing number of factors have been identified to impact various fungal threats, including human demographics, crop distributions, anthropogenic activities, pathogen dispersals, global climate change, and/or the applications of antifungal drugs and agricultural fungicides. However, while models have been developed for analyzing various processes of individual threats and threat managements, current data are primarily descriptive and incomplete, and there are significant obstacles to integration of the diverse factors into accurate quantitative assessments of fungal threats. With increasing technological advances and concerted efforts to track the spatial and temporal data on climate and environmental variables; mycotoxins in the feed and food supply chains; fungal population dynamics in crop fields, human and animal populations, and the environment; human population demographics; and the prevalence and severities of fungal allergies and diseases, our ability to accurately assess fungal threats will improve. Such improvements should help us develop holistic strategies to manage fungal threats in the future.

Abstract Background Mushroom poisoning can cause gastrointestinal, renal, and hepatic symptoms and even death. This descriptive study examined the demographic, clinical, and laboratory findings of patients with fungal poisoning, a type of fungus causing the poisoning, and the incidence and mortality rates of fungal poisoning in Kermanshah province, western Iran, from 2014 to 2018. Methods The medical records of 193 patients with mushroom poisoning from 2014 to 2018 were evaluated. The liver and kidney function tests, electrolytes, abdominal and pelvic ultrasound, chest x-ray, coagulation tests, and coagulation factors (fibrinogen, prothrombin) were assessed. Data were collected from the medical records of patients admitted to the Poisoning Center of Imam Khomeini Hospital in Kermanshah, Iran using a researcher-made checklist. Data were analyzed by SPSS (version 16) using descriptive statistics, including mean, standard deviation, and frequency distribution tables. Trend analysis for proportion was done by chi-square statistics in STATA-14 software (ptrend command). Results Of cases, ‌51.3% were male, 92.6% were city dwellers, 38.3% were aged 21–40 years, and 92.5% were poisoned during the spring. The fungus that caused poisoning was Amanita virosa. The gastrointestinal, nervous, and visual systems were the most common systems involved. The most common gastrointestinal symptoms included nausea and vomiting (72.0%) and abdominal pain (71.0%). Vertigo (11.9%) and headache (9.3%) were the most common neurological symptoms. The most common visual manifestation was blurred vision (7.8%). Of cases, 23.7% had metabolic acidosis. The increased alkaline phosphatase level was the most common liver disorder in 98.7% of the cases. Increased blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels were also reported in 21.0% and 17.7% of the cases, respectively. The serum lactic dehydrogenase and creatine phosphokinase levels also increased in 99.3% and 30.2% of the patients, respectively. The mortality rate was 1.6% (n = 3). Conclusion The fungal poisoning diagnosis should always be considered in young patients referred to the emergency department with gastrointestinal complaints, a history of consuming wild self-picked mushrooms, and high liver and kidney test values. Since most fungal poisonings occur in the spring, it is necessary to inform the community of the dangers of consuming self-picked wild mushrooms, especially in this season.

Food, like air and water, is one of the essential elements for human life. High-quality nutrition rich in protein, fat, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals is the basis of the body"s development, immune system, intellectual and reproductive activity. However, in addition to the amount and chemical composition of food, its microbiological indicators should also be under strict control. That is, the fali of various disease-causing agents, toxic chemical and biological substances into food products can cause mass iliness. Most acute intestinal infections - shigellosis, salmonellosis, typhoid-paratyphoid diseases, hepatitis (A) and diarrhea viruses are transmitted to humans through food products. Food products are mainly contaminated with microbes and their toxins during production, processing, canning and storage. Pathogenic and conditionaliy pathogenic, endoand exotoxin-containing bacteria, some viruses, which are widespread in nature, multipiy rapidiy in protein and creamy food products, and often cause food toxicoinfections (FTİ) that occur in groups. Although they are short-term and mild, in the initia period, they can hardiy be distingutshed from terrible somatic, surgical, gynecological diseases, poisoning mushrooms, chemicals, and acute intestinal infections. We denied it in 18 (24%) of 76 patients sent to the hospital with a diagnosis of FTİ. Botulism, the dreaded form of FTJ has a mortality rate of 20-30%. However, if FTİs are detected early, their successful treatment is possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This study aims to investigate the 90-day and 1-year mortality and the affecting factors of mortality in patients who have started dialysis treatment for the first time. Methods: Patients who started intermittent hemodialysis for the first time in the hemodialysis unit were evaluated. Patients who received hemodialysis treatment for any reason before, patients who underwent hemodialysis due to methyl alcohol, lithium, or mushroom poisoning, and patients who started dialysis in the intensive care unit were excluded from the study. The clinical and laboratory data were obtained from the patients, at admission time, from the electronic data record system and patients' charts. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to identify predictive factors for 90-days and 1-year mortality-dependent variables. Results: 229 patients were included in this study. 133(58.8%) of the patients were male, 96(41.9%) were female, and the median age was 64 years. While 166 patients had pre-existing renal disease, 63 patients had no prior renal disease. The number of patients who died within 90 days, which refers to short-term mortality, was 49 (21.4%). 73 patients (31.9%) died in one year (long-term mortality). At the end of one year, 38% of the whole group of patients continued receiving renal replacement therapy, while 10% of all CKD patients had not a requirement of dialysis, and only 9.17% of the patients had renal recovery. In the multivariate analysis established for short-term mortality, the following parameters showed significant predictive features: ejection fraction (OR = 3.80, 95% CI: 1.05-13.72, p=0.042), CRP (OR = 0.20, 95% CI: 0.04-0.92, p= 0.039), age (OR = 0.21, 95% CI: 0.05-0.91, p= 0.038), and diastolic blood pressure (OR = 0.08, 95% CI: 0.02-0.28, p< 0.001). The multivariate analysis for long-term mortality indicated that systolic blood pressure (OR = 0.26, 95% CI: 0.08-0.82, p= 0.022), diastolic blood pressure (OR = 0.21, 95% CI: 0.68-0.66, p= 0.008), and potassium (OR = 0.27, 95% CI: 0.10-0.70, p= 0.007) were independent predictive markers. Conclusion: Patients with CKD who have not yet started hemodialysis treatment should be followed closely, as hypervolemia, hypotension, and hemodynamic instability increase the risk of death, according to our study. In addition, we recommend that clinical conditions such as hemodynamic instability or sepsis, which may cause hypotension in AKI-D, should be addressed as soon as possible, and optimizing the fluid-electrolyte balance carefully in those patients we determined to be at risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A patient presented to our hospital with myocarditis caused by mushroom poisoning. The early ECG changes in this patient were very similar to the ECG of hyperacute ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction or hyperkalemia, but further tests eliminated these options. The patient was fully treated by timely hemodialysis treatment, confirming the diagnosis of mushroom poisoning‐induced myocarditis. Although not specific to mushroom poisoning myocarditis, our experience shows that the observed ECG changes. Our findings have the potential to help diagnose and manage this potentially fatal disease in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diagnosing mushroom poisoning in dogs can be difficult and often includes identification of suspect mushrooms. Visual identification may be hindered by mastication, oral medications, or poor quality of environmental mushroom samples. Other analytical techniques may thus be necessary to aid in mushroom identification. A 5-y-old neutered male Labrador Retriever dog developed acute onset of vomiting, diarrhea, tremors, seizures, and somnolence. The dog was treated at a veterinary clinic and was briefly stabilized, but died during transport to an emergency clinic. On postmortem examination at the University of Kentucky Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, the dog's stomach was full of mushrooms covered with activated charcoal. Mushrooms were damaged, fragmented, and discolored, precluding accurate visual identification. Mushroom pieces were sent to the Department of Plant Pathology at the University of California-Davis for PCR identification; the neurotoxic mushroom Amanita muscaria was identified. A qualitative liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) method was developed to detect ibotenic acid and muscimol, the toxic compounds present in A. muscaria. Mushrooms, stomach contents, and urine were analyzed by LC-MS; ibotenic acid and muscimol were detected in all samples. Because identification of ingested mushrooms is sometimes necessary to confirm mushroom poisoning, PCR can identify ingested mushrooms when visual identification is unreliable.

Background In this study, we investigated the effect of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on emergency department admissions with mushroom poisoning in a tertiary hospital in Turkey. Materials and Methods This study was conducted as a retrospective cohort study to evaluate the data of patients admitted to the emergency department between January 1, 2018, and December 31, 2020. The patients diagnosed with the International Classification of Diseases-10 code T62.0 concerning the toxic effect of ingested mushrooms were identified through the computerized medical and laboratory record system of the hospital. The patients' demographic data, presentation seasons, laboratory findings, emergency department outcomes, and mortality due to mushroom poisoning were obtained. To reveal the effect of COVID-19 pandemic on emergency department presentations with mushroom poisoning, the means of the pre-pandemic period (2018–2019) and the pandemic period (2020) were compared. Results The data of a total of 171 patients were included in the final analysis. The number of patients diagnosed with the toxic effect of ingested mushrooms was 96 in 2018, 61 in 2019, and 14 in 2020. There was a 5.6-fold decrease during pandemic period in the number of patients presenting to the emergency department with mushroom poisoning. Conclusion The decrease in mushroom poisoning cases may be related to the changes in the eating habits of individuals during the pandemic and our study being conducted in a metropolitan city. We recommend that multicenter studies be performed to verify the data obtained from our study and increase their generalizability.

Abstract A patient presented to our hospital with myocarditis caused by mushroom poisoning. The early ECG changes in this patient were very similar to the ECG of hyperacute ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction or hyperkalemia, but further tests eliminated these options. The patient was fully treated by timely hemodialysis treatment, confirming the diagnosis of mushroom poisoning‐induced myocarditis. Although not specific to mushroom poisoning myocarditis, our experience shows that the observed ECG changes. Our findings have the potential to help diagnose and manage this potentially fatal disease in the future.

Elevated liver enzymes are a laboratory finding that we frequently encounter, especially in patients who apply to the internal medicine outpatient clinic with complaints of nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain. When the etiological reasons are examined in patients living in rural areas in our country, it is understood that liver enzyme elevations due to mushroom eating and consumption of raw milk products are seen more. Coexistence of rare brucella and mushroom poisoning will be explained in our case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Gümüshane Üniversitesi Saglik Bilimleri Dergisi is the property of Gumushane University, Faculty of Health Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: To describe the rapid diagnosis, treatment, and clinical course of a dog that ingested an amanitin-containing mushroom. Case Summary:A2-month-old female intactAustralian Shepherd presentedwith diarrhea and vomiting, along with a possible mushroom exposure. Upon presentation, the dog's urine was collected and tested positive by a point-of-care rapid diagnostic test specific for detecting amanitins, the causative agents of amatoxicosis. New or Unique Information Provided: This is the first reported case of amatoxicosis that was diagnosed using a point-of-care test prior to starting treatment. An early diagnosis helps to guide early treatment decisions in this frequently fatal toxicosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ObjectiveTo analyze the epidemiological characteristics of mushroom poisoning events in Changsha to provide reference to map out intervention strategies.MethodsThe epidemiological characteristics of mushroom poisoning events in Changsha reported through “Foodborne Disease Event Reporting System” from 2016 to 2020 was described.ResultsA total of 203 mushroom poisoning events were included with 618 poisoning cases and 15 deaths in Changsha from 2016 to 2020. The mushroom poisoning events mainly occurred during June to Sepetember， in rural areas and home sittings. The high-incidence areas were Ningxiang City， Changsha County and Liuyang City. From 2016 to 2020， the number of mushroom poisoning events that occurred in the central city area of Changsha （Furong District， Kaifu District， Yuelu District， Tianxin District and Yvhua District） was lower than that occurred in the surrounding counties and cities of Changsha （Wangcheng District， Changsha County， Ningxiang City and Liuyang City）（χ2=17.117， P=0.002）. In 2017， the number of mushroom poisoning events in Changsha was the biggest， and the number in other years was similar， and the number of deaths showed a decreasing trend.ConclusionThe mushroom poisoning events in Changsha has seasonal and regional high-incidence characteristics. The measures of publicity intervention for residents over 50 years old in rural areas of surrounding counties and cities should be improved to reduce the occurrence of mushroom poisoning events.

Abstract Background Geopolitical and climate changes form the background of the current migration crisis. It has many faces. One of them are the tragic cases of poisoning of refugees due to eating wild forest mushrooms for socioeconomic reasons in the Western and Northern European countries. The most serious food poisonings in Europe, but not only, are caused by lamellar mushrooms, the most dangerous being Amanita phalloides. Its poisonous properties can be attributed to α-amanitin, an RNA polymerase II inhibitor. Unfortunately, as it is characterized by a delayed onset of symptoms, A. phalloides poisoning has a high risk of complications. Case presentation Our article presents a case of A. phalloides poisoning in a 28-year-old man, in which the responding medical emergency unit made errors in diagnosis and treatment. Since the correct diagnosis was made too late, the typical treatment of A. phalloides poisoning was ineffective. The patient suffered a life-threatening liver failure and needed liver transplant from a deceased donor. Conclusions Mushroom poisoning is a particularly important problem not only in countries with a mushroom picking tradition, but also—due to the inflow of refugees—in countries where mushroom poisoning was very rare until recently. In such cases it is crucial to quickly implement the correct procedure, as this can prevent the need for liver transplant or even death. This is a particularly important consideration for the first medical professionals to contact the patient, especially in cases where the patient reports mushrooms consumption and presents alarming symptoms of the gastrointestinal tract. Such situations cannot be underestimated and ignored.

α-Amanitin and β-amanitin, two of the most toxic amatoxin compounds, typically coexist in the majority of Amanita mushrooms. The aim of this study was to use a newly developed ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method to determine the toxicokinetics and tissue distribution of α- and β-amanitin following single or combined oral (po) administration in mice. α-Amanitin and β-amanitin administered at 2 or 10 mg/kg doses showed similar toxicokinetic profiles, except for peak concentration (Cmax). The elimination half-life (t 1/2) values of α-amanitin and β-amanitin in mice were 2.4–2.8 h and 2.5−2.7 h, respectively. Both α- and β-amanitin were rapidly absorbed into the body, with times to reach peak concentration (Tmax) between 1.0 and 1.5 h. Following single oral administration at 10 mg/kg, the Cmax was significantly lower for α-amanitin (91.1 μg/L) than for β-amanitin (143.1 μg/L) (p < 0.05). The toxicokinetic parameters of α-amanitin, such as t 1/2 , mean residence time (MRT), and volume of distribution (Vz/F) and of β-amanitin, such as Vz/F, were significantly different (p < 0.05) when combined administration was compared to single administration. Tissues collected at 24 h after po administration revealed decreasing tissue distributions for α- and β-amanitin of intestine > stomach > kidney > lung > spleen > liver > heart. The substantial distribution of toxins in the kidney corresponds to the known target organs of amatoxin poisoning. The content in the stomach, liver, and kidney was significantly higher for of β-amanitin than for α-amanitin at 24 h following oral administration of a 10 mg/kg dose. No significant difference was detected in the tissue distribution of either amatoxin following single or combined administration. After po administration, both amatoxins were primarily excreted through the feces. Our data suggest the possibility of differences in the toxicokinetics in patients poisoned by mushrooms containing both α- and β-amanitin than containing a single amatoxin. Continuous monitoring of toxin concentrations in patients' blood and urine samples is necessary in clinical practice. [Display omitted] • Single and combined administration of α- and β-amanitin showed significant differences in toxicokinetic parameters. • The Cmax value was significantly higher for β-amanitin than for α-amanitin (P < 0.05). • Tissue distribution: Intestine > stomach > kidney > lung > spleen > liver > heart. • Amatoxins are excreted mainly in the feces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ObjectiveA descriptive analysis of the epidemiological characteristics of mushroom poisoning incidents in Chenzhou city from 2016 to 2020 was carried out to provide a reference for the formulation of prevention and control measures.MethodsThe data of mushroom poisoning incidents reported by "Food-borne Disease Incident Reporting System" in Chenzhou city from 2016 to 2020 were collected and sorted out, and the time, region, population characteristics, sources and species of toadstool were descriptive analyzed.ResultsFrom 2016 to 2020, a total of 131 cases of mushroom poisoning incidents were reported in Chenzhou city with 461 cases of disease and 6 deaths, and the case fatality rate was 1.3%. The number of mushroom poisoning incidents were the highest in 2020, and the poisoning peak occurred from May to October. Jiahe county, Beihu district and Yizhang county ranked the top three in the number of incidents and cases of mushroom poisoning, and most of them occurred in rural areas. Families was the high-incidence places of mushroom poisoning, the major sources of poisonous mushroom were picked by citizens themselves, and some were bought from the market. Among the poisoning incidents caused by known poisonous mushroom species, the top three in the number of incidents and cases were russula emetica, chlorophyllum molybdites, and entoloma omiense. The death cases were caused by poisoning of amanita fuliginea and russula subnigricans.ConclusionThe publicity and education should be carried out for specific time, places and population. At the same time, the supervision of wild mushroom market sales should be strengthened, and relevant research on mushroom poisoning should be carried out to prevent the occurrence of mushroom poisoning.

ObjectiveTo analyze the epidemiological characteristics and spatial correlation distribution of mushroom poisoning in Yunnan Province from 2005 to 2019, and provide scientific evidence for the control and prevention strategy.MethodsData of mushroom poisoning incidents from 2005 to 2019 was collected from the China Information System for public health emergency report and management. The epidemiological characteristics of time, place of occurrence, spatial correlation, and types of poisonous mushrooms were described.ResultsFrom 2005 to 2019, Yunnan Province reported a total of 316 events of mushroom poisoning, the number of cases was 2 009, the number of deaths was 472, and the case fatality rate was 23.49%(472/2 009). The peak of poisoning incidents was from June to August each year, accounting for 83.86%(265/316) of the total number of incidents. Mushroom poisoning incidents occurred in all 16 prefectures in Yunnan Province. Wenshan, Chuxiong, Lincangy and Honghe were high-incidence areas. Among 129 counties, 91 counties reported mushroom poisoning incidents. Homes were the main place where mushroom poisoning occured, accounting for 84.49%(267/316) of the total number of poisoning incidents. The incidence of mushroom poisoning in rural areas was higher than that in urban areas, accounting for 87.97%(278/316). Picking and eating by mistake (78.80%, 249/316) was the main cause of poisonous mushroom poisoning. The main types of poisoning were Amanita exitialis (27.53%, 87/316), Russula subnigricans Hongo (17.09%, 54/316) and Heimioporus retisporus (13.29%, 42/316).ConclusionMushroom poisoning was the main cause of death from food poisoning incidents in Yunnan Province. In the "hot spot" areas where mushroom poisoning incidents occurred, prior to the high-incidence season, various forms of food safety and health education and food safety supervision of mushroom poisoning should be focused on rural areas and high risk mushroom species. Meantime, the ability of rural primary medical institutions should be improved to treat poisonous mushroom poisoning.

We report a case of a woman presenting with acute onset of delirium following ingestion of Amanita muscaria mushrooms for anxiolytic effect. Immediate diagnosis was obtained after taking a detailed history and confirmation with online poison database images. She fully recovered with supportive treatment and was discharged 24 hours after presentation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case report on A muscaria mushroom poisoning in the UK. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Mushroom poisoning can cause gastrointestinal, renal, and hepatic symptoms and even death. This descriptive study examined the demographic, clinical, and laboratory findings of patients with fungal poisoning, a type of fungus causing the poisoning, and the incidence and mortality rates of fungal poisoning in Kermanshah province, western Iran, from 2014 to 2018. Methods: The medical records of 193 patients with mushroom poisoning from 2014 to 2018 were evaluated. The liver and kidney function tests, electrolytes, abdominal and pelvic ultrasound, chest x-ray, coagulation tests, and coagulation factors (fibrinogen, prothrombin) were assessed. Data were collected from the medical records of patients admitted to the Poisoning Center of Imam Khomeini Hospital in Kermanshah, Iran using a researcher-made checklist. Data were analyzed by SPSS (version 16) using descriptive statistics, including mean, standard deviation, and frequency distribution tables. Trend analysis for proportion was done by chi-square statistics in STATA-14 software (ptrend command). Results: Of cases, ‌51.3% were male, 92.6% were city dwellers, 38.3% were aged 21–40 years, and 92.5% were poisoned during the spring. The fungus that caused poisoning was Amanita virosa. The gastrointestinal, nervous, and visual systems were the most common systems involved. The most common gastrointestinal symptoms included nausea and vomiting (72.0%) and abdominal pain (71.0%). Vertigo (11.9%) and headache (9.3%) were the most common neurological symptoms. The most common visual manifestation was blurred vision (7.8%). Of cases, 23.7% had metabolic acidosis. The increased alkaline phosphatase level was the most common liver disorder in 98.7% of the cases. Increased blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels were also reported in 21.0% and 17.7% of the cases, respectively. The serum lactic dehydrogenase and creatine phosphokinase levels also increased in 99.3% and 30.2% of the patients, respectively. The mortality rate was 1.6% (n = 3). Conclusion: The fungal poisoning diagnosis should always be considered in young patients referred to the emergency department with gastrointestinal complaints, a history of consuming wild self-picked mushrooms, and high liver and kidney test values. Since most fungal poisonings occur in the spring, it is necessary to inform the community of the dangers of consuming self-picked wild mushrooms, especially in this season. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Mycosystema is the property of Mycosystema Editorial Board and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

l-(+)-Muscarine (1)-producing mushrooms pose a severe threat to human health as ingestion can result in circulatory collapse or even death. However, their metabolic profile is surprisingly poorly understood, including knowledge of poison release and potentially toxic congeners. In the mycelium of the 1-producing fool's funnel mushroom Clitocybe rivulosa, we identified 4'-phosphomuscarine (2) as the major natural product. Its structure was elucidated by high-resolution mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and by comparison with a synthesized reference. We also detected this previously overlooked phosphorylated compound in the fiber cap mushrooms Pseudosperma spectrale and Inocybe nitidiuscula. Studies on the activation of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3 indicate only weak affinity of 2 to this target. Furthermore, we present biological evidence that muscaridine (3), a quaternary amine congener related to and co-occurring with 1, does not activate the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3 on human embryonic kidney cells. Our work provides important insight into the metabolic profile and the pharmacology of some of the most poisonous mushrooms. As the harmless 2 can liberate the potentially fatal 1 by unspecific enzymatic ester cleavage, these results are highly relevant for emergency medicine to estimate the true toxicity of these mushrooms., (© 2024 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

Russula subnigricans is the only deadly species in the genus Russula with a mortality rate of more than 50%, and Russula japonica is the most common poisonous species, making rapid species identification in mushroom poisoning incidents extremely important. The main objective of this study was to develop a rapid, specific, sensitive, and simple loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay for the detection of R. subnigricans and R. japonica. Two sets of species-specific LAMP primers targeting internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions were designed to identify R. subnigricans and R. japonica. The results demonstrated that while LAMP could specifically detect R. subnigricans and R. japonica, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) could not distinguish R. subnigricans from Russula nigricans. In addition, the results demonstrated that, compared to electrophoresis-LAMP and real-time quantitative LAMP (RT-qLAMP), the detection sensitivity of HNB-LAMP (a mixture of LAMP with hydroxy naphthol blue (HNB) dye) for R. subnigricans could reach 0.5 pg/μl and was 100-fold higher than that of PCR. The LAMP reaction could be completed in 45 min, which is much faster than the conventional PCR. In the future, LAMP can be used a quick, specific, and sensitive detection tool in various fields.

Mushroom poisoning is a deeply concerning food safety problem that affects the public in China every year. Although there are statistics on the number of poisonings and incidents, there is a lack of data on the types of toxic mushrooms, clinical manifestations and toxins. A case of wild mushroom poisoning occurred in Xiamen. Descriptive epidemiological investigation, toxins detection, and morphological and phylogenetic identification were immediately performed. The patients exhibited typical neurotoxic symptoms after consuming wild mushrooms, including chills, vertigo, drowsiness, salivation and coma. The average incubation period was 30 min. Treatments that were adopted included fluid infusion, gastric lavage, catharsis, and liver protection treatment. All patients recovered within 10 days. The species was identified as Amanita pseudosychnopyramis , and its contents of muscarine, muscimol and ibotenic acid were 170.3 ± 5.9 mg/kg, 835.4 ± 43.1 mg/kg and 637.9 ± 54.8 mg/kg in dry weight, respectively, as detected by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC–MS/MS). To our knowledge, this is the first report of Amanita pseudosychnopyramis poisoning worldwide. [Display omitted] • This is the first report of Amanita pseudosychnopyramis poisoning worldwide. • Muscarine, ibotenic acid and muscimol were identified in Amanita pseudopsycnopyramis. • The detailed case information about critically ill patients was collected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Questions on poisoning by plants are a common reason for inquiries to poison information centers (PIC). Over the years 2011--2020, plant poisoning was the subject of 15% of all inquiries to the joint poison information center in Erfurt, Germany (Gemeinsames Giftinformationszentrum Erfurt, GGIZ) that concerned poisoning in children (2.3% in adults). In this patient collective, plant poisoning occupied third place after medical drugs (32%) and chemical substances (24%), and was a more common subject of inquiry than mushroom poisoning (1.5%). Methods: This review is based on pertinent publications retrieved by a selective literature search in PubMed/TOXLINE on plant poisoning and on 12 epidemiologically and toxicologically relevant domestic species of poisonous plants in risk categories 2 and 3 (up to 2021). Results: Medical personnel should have basic toxicological knowledge of the following highly poisonous plants: wolfsbane (aconitum), belladonna, angel's trumpet, cowbane (cicuta virosa), autumn crocus, hemlock, jimson weed, henbane, castor bean (ricinus), false hellebore, foxglove (digitalis), and European yew. The intoxication is evaluated on the basis of a structured history (the "w" questions) and the clinical manifestations (e.g., toxidromes). Special analysis is generally not readily available and often expensive and time-consuming. In case of poisoning, a poison information center should be contacted for plant identification, risk assessment, and treatment recommendations. Specimens of plant components and vomit should be obtained, if pos - sible, for further testing. Measures for the elimination of the poisonous substance may be indicated after a risk--benefit analysis. Specific antidotes are available for only a few types of plant poisoning, e.g., physostigmine for tropane alkaloid poisoning or digitalis antibodies for foxglove poisoning. The treatment is usually symptomatic and only rarely evidence-based. Individualized medical surveillance is recommended after the ingestion of large or unknown quantities of poisonous plant components. Conclusion: The clinician should be able to recognize dangerous domestic species of poisonous plants, take appropriate initial measures, and avoid overdiagnosis and overtreatment. To improve patient care, systematic epidemiological and clinical studies are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]