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Resumen Introducción. La piña (Ananas comosus (L.) Merr. var. comosus) representa uno de los sistemas productivos con mayor participación en el sector hortofrutícola en Colombia. Los recursos fitogenéticos son la base biológica de la seguridad alimentaria mundial y constituyen, además, la materia prima indispensable para el mejoramiento genético de los cultivos. En Colombia, la siembra de una variedad mejorada de piña supone un gran problema, debido a que desplaza el uso de cultivares nativos, los cuales poseen un arraigo cultural en cuanto a producción y consumo en cada sitio. Esta problemática podría resolverse mediante el conocimiento, caracterización, conservación y uso sostenible de los recursos genéticos, que son fuente de genes de interés y que podrían aprovecharse para iniciar un programa de mejoramiento para esta especie. Objetivo. Reconocer la importancia de los recursos genéticos como una estrategia para implementar un programa de mejoramiento genético de piña en Colombia. Desarrollo. Los recursos fitogenéticos constituyen la base de la seguridad alimentaria, de ahí que su conocimiento, conservación y uso sostenible son necesarios para garantizar la producción agrícola y satisfacer los crecientes desafíos ambientales y el cambio climático. Los recursos genéticos de la piña en Colombia podrían ser aprovechados, ya que se cuenta con diferentes variedades locales de piña, las cuales constituyen un acervo genético con genes y características de interés que podrían ser utilizados en programas de mejoramiento con miras a obtener nuevos cultivares para satisfacer las demandas actuales y abastecer mercados nacionales y de exportación. Conclusiones. Conocer la variabilidad genética en los recursos genéticos de la piña, permitiría una planeación de estrategias de conservación, su uso sostenibles en los sistemas agrícolas y en programas de fitomejoramiento del cultivo. Se requiere incorporar técnicas de biología molecular para acelerar los mejora genética de la piña. Abstract Introduction. Pineapple (Ananas comosus (L.) Merr. Var. comosus) represents one of the productive systems with the highest participation in the fruit and horticultural sector in Colombia. Plant genetic resources are the biological basis of world food security and are also the essential raw material for the genetic improvement of crops. In Colombia, the planting of an improved pineapple variety is a great problem, because it displaces the use of native cultivars, which are culturally rooted in terms of production and consumption in each location. This problem could be solved through the knowledge, characterization, conservation, and sustainable use of genetic resources, which are a source of genes of interest and that could be used to start a breeding program for this species. Objective. To recognize the importance of genetic resources as a strategy to implement a breeding program for pineapple in Colombia. Development. Plant genetic resources constitute the basis of food security; hence their knowledge, conservation, and sustainable use are necessary to guarantee agricultural production and meet the growing environmental challenges and climate change. Pineapple genetic resources in Colombia could be exploited, since there are different local varieties of pineapple, which constitute a gene pool with genes and characteristics of interest that could be used in breeding programs to obtain new cultivars to meet current demands and supply national and export markets. Conclusions. Knowing the genetic variability in pineapple genetic resources would allow planning conservation strategies, their sustainable use in agricultural systems and in crop breeding programs. It is necessary to incorporate molecular biology techniques to accelerate genetic improvement of pineapple.

En el Perú las papas con pulpa pigmentada tienen un gran valor científico y biológico, son cultivadas y preservadas en áreas muy localizadas por pequeños agricultores. Se analizó el comportamiento de clones de papa con pulpa pigmentada en Llama, Cajamarca, con el objetivo de obtener variedades de alta producción de minitubérculos denominadas como "papa baby". Para ello se seleccionaron veinte clones provenientes de las hibridaciones entre cultivares nativos de Cajamarca con ecotipos nativos. Respecto al número de tubérculos por planta, los mejores clones fueron: BN4-C-1 de color de piel y pulpa crema, BN14-C-8 de piel y pulpa crema, BN3-A-4 de piel roja y pulpa amarilla y BN14-V-2 color de piel y pulpa violeta, con 90,73, 42,9, 36,87 y 31,14 tubérculos por planta. Además, estos clones presentaron el mayor número de tubérculos no comerciales por planta con 57,50, 13,87, 13,07 y 10,07, número de tallos por planta con 3,33, 3,43, 2,40 y 2,93, respectivamente. Siendo estos clones las que obtuvieron mayor número de minitubérculos para la comercialización y consumo humano como papa baby. In Peru, potatoes with pigmented pulp have a great scientific and biological value, are cultivated and preserved in areas very localized by small farmers. The behavior of potato clones with pigmented pulp was analyzed in Llama, Cajamarca, in order to obtain high production varieties of minitubers called "baby potatoes". For this, twenty clones were selected from the hybridizations between native cultivars of Cajamarca with native ecotypes. Regarding the number of tubers per plant, the best clones were: BN4-C-1 skin color and cream pulp, BN14-C-8 skin and cream pulp, BN3-A-4 red skin and yellow flesh and BN14 -V-2 skin color and violet pulp, with 90.73, 42.9, 36.87 and 31.14 tubers per plant. In addition, these clones had the highest number of non-commercial tubers per plant with 57.50, 13.87, 13.07 and 10.07, number of stems per plant with 3.33, 3.43, 2.40 and 2.93, respectively. Being these clones those that obtained greater number of minitubers for the commercialization and human consumption like baby potato.

A study of the chemical composition, the antioxidant capacity and the sensory characteristics of three Bulgarian wines (vintage 2015) from the native cultivars Misket Vrachanski (white), Pamid (red) and Gamza (red), grown in the region of Pleven, Central Northern Bulgaria was carried out. The results showed that the wine composition was mainly determined by the cultivar and its peculiarities. Misket Vrachanski white wine had the lowest rate of sugar-free extract, glycerol, total phenolic compounds and the highest acid content. From the red wine samples, Pamid had lower rates for the above parameters compared to Gamza. The experimental wines were analyzed for total content of esters, aldehydes and higher alcohols. A correlation was found between the rates of the studied volatile components in the wines and their aromatic sensory characteristics. At the wine tasting, Misket Vrachanski that contained the most of esters and aldehydes, was the best evaluated, followed by Gamza and Pamid. There was no correlation between the amount of total phenolic compounds in the experimental samples and their antioxidant capacity, which according to ABTS and MRAP methods increased in the order of Pamid < Misket Vrachanski < Gamza.

El papel de los agricultores en sus sistemas tradicionales de producción ha sido crucial en el origen y mantenimiento de la agrobiodiversidad. En este trabajo se estudia la contribución que han realizado los agricultores del municipio de Cumbal (Nariño) a la conservación in situ de los cultivares nativos y el conocimiento tradicional asociado. Este municipio se caracteriza por poseer una gran tradición local representada en prácticas ancestrales y una amplia diversidad de cultivares. Los resultados de esta investigación confirman la existencia de una red informal de intercambio de semillas en la zona de estudio y los aportes de dicha red a la conservación de la agrobiodiversidad. Se encontró que existe una asociación entre el desempeño de cada actor dentro de la red y la conservación de cultivares nativos de papa. Se identificaron 99 cultivares diferentes pertenecientes a 35 géneros y 20 familias, y 122 cultivares nativos de papa reportados por los agricultores con sus nombres comunes en los huertos familiares visitados. La caracterización de las prácticas de uso y manejo de los cultivares nativos de papa mostró que aún se conservan diversas prácticas de manejo ancestrales y que los usos son los mayores determinantes en la conservación de estos materiales. Además, los cultivares nativos hacen parte de la identidad cultural de los agricultores, contribuyen en la seguridad alimentaria de sus familias y son un sustento de los medios de vida. Sin embargo, son muchas las presiones que se están ejerciendo sobre la diversidad agrícola, por lo cual es necesario que se formulen estrategias de conservación para detener la pérdida de estos importantes recursos, y con ellos, el patrimonio cultural en la zona de estudio. Maestría

The wine industry in Croatia is largely based on native varieties. Although their typicality is very intriguing for wine market, sensory attributes are very poorly studied. Genetic relatedness among native varieties in large part can impact their very similar sensory profiles. In this study three native Croatian varieties that are genetically very closely related as parents (Dobričić and Crljenak kaštelanski) and offspring (Plavac mali) were included. Plavac mali is a major variety in the Croatian coastal area and has great importance for the production of Croatian red wines, the other two varieties are very poorly represented in domestic production. Descriptive sensory analysis seems very appropriate for assessing the characteristics of these three varieties in order to evaluate their overall quality and potential. Monovarietal wines are produced in 2011 vintage in the experimental conditions from grapes of Plavac mali, Dobričić and Crljenak kaštelanski. The varieties were grown under equal cultivation and climatic condition in a vineyard established in 2005. The wines were examined by sensory descriptive analysis. The basic chemical composition of wines was determined. Wines were evaluated by panel of trained wine expert tasters: four female and five male. Eight sensory attributes that describe the aroma of the studied wines were highlighted. Aromas of investigated wines were characterized by attributes of berry fruits: blackcurrant, blueberry, cherry and raspberry. Attributes of raisin, dried prune, black pepper and tobacco were also determined by experts. None of the aromatic attributes was significantly different among varieties (p

Literature data about nutritional characteristics of linseed cultivars from some specific geographical area or country is scarce. For that very reason, following paper is presenting fatty acid (FA) compositions and antioxidant capacity of lipid-soluble (ACL) components of ten native linseed cultivars from Serbia. These characteristics can be interesting, especially due to the increasing trend of linseed usage in human diet. Presented results show that there were statistically significant (p

A high number of Grapevine varieties have been grown traditionally in Croatia, most of them considered as autochthonous. Because of lack of systematic selection within them so far, it is supposed that high level of intravarietal variability is present. Namely, long-term growing of grapevine and vegetative propagation without systematic selection is resulted by high level of intravarietal variability. It is mostly caused by mutations, which can positively or negatively influence on growing characteristics of grapevine varieties. Clonal selectin is a process of genotypes (mutants) selection within variety populations, which are modified on some important variety characteristics. Clonal selection process is required in quality plant material production, with improved variety characteristics and guaranteed healthy conditions. Scientific researches of intravarietal variability and clonal selection methods improvement can highly contribute viticulture production development, and also, they are indirectly important for genetic resources preservation. It is of essential importance for countries with high number of autochthonous varieties, because of their revitalizationprocessencouraging. In this paper we give an overview of methods and recent research of intravarietal variability, as well as grape varieties improvement through clonal selection processes. A special attention is paid on Croatian grapevines research in last ten years, results point out on high level of intravarietal variability, and necessity of clonal selection procedure for most of them. Clonal and sanitary selection of 13 most important native cultivars is in progress. Cultivars under selection are: Graševina, Plavac mali, Plavina, Žlahtina, Kraljevina, Škrlet, Moslavac, Pošip, Vugava, Debit, Maraština, Grk and Klešćec. The main goals of this process are: to ensure the source of healthy and high quality planting material of native varieties which are currently showing a high level of intravarietal variability and virus infections, especially in coastal part of Croatia and to select clones vith stabile and positive changes of some economicaly important characteristics.

INTRODUCTION – Before Philloxera crisis in Croatia were more than 400 grape varieties under cultivation, but today their number is drastically decreased. Recently, many efforts in the preservation of grapevine biodiversity have been undertaken: detailed inventory of wine-growing regions, establishing of National and regional collections and their systematic ampelographic and genetic characterisation. Recent genetic research resulted in revealing synonyms and homonyms, as well as genetic relationship within Croatian native cultivars, as well as with cultivars from other regions. Evaluation of quality traits of native cultivars has also started. AIMS AND SCOPES – The main goals of this research are: to determine the number of Croatian native grapevine cultivars based on inventarisation of viticultural areas, ampelographic and genetic characterization ; to perform detailed ampelographic characterization using OIV descriptors ; to perform the genetic characterization of Croatian native grapevine cultivars using SSR markers and to determine the level of genetic variability within Croatian native grapevine cultivars. MATERIALS AND METHODS – Vines of a potentially native cultivars ware selected and marked and used as a source of propagating material for establishment of a National collection of Croatian grapevine cultivars located at experimental station Jazbina, at Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb. In this process more than 140 accessions were introduced to this collection. Phenotyping of collected accessions was performed using 47 OIV descriptors for grapevine cultivars and Vitis species that were selected within the GrapeGen 06 and used for cultivars description in European Vitis database. SSR genotyping was performed using a total of nine markers. Six SSR markers (VVS2, VVMD5, VVMD7, VVMD27, VrZAG62, VrZAG79) recommended by OIV and three additional ones (VVMD25, VVMD28, VVMD32) selected during the Grapegen06 project. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS – Based on results of inventarisation, ampelographic characterization and genetic characterization the list of 103 Croatian native grapevine cultivars is defined together with their synonyms and population status/vulnerability evaluation. Based on presented information on population status of Croatian native grapevine cultivars we can conclude that more than 50% of cultivars are critically endangered, endangered or vulnerable. The results of ampelographic characterization of Croatian native cultivars are showing the high level of variability. Comparison of Croatian cultivars SSR profiles with the results of the other cultivars in EU- vitis database confirmed that majority of them are unique and exist only in Croatia. Since most of them are duplicated in grapevine germplasm collections throughout Croatia they are considered as “saved”. Ongoing genetic studies with increased number of SSR loci (>30) as well as use of SNP markers will allow us more detail analysis of genetic structure and relatedness of Croatian native cultivars. CONCLUSIONS AND POSSIBLE APPLICATIONS – The preserved native cultivars are presenting a good base for future development of Croatian viticulture and because of high genetic variability, as well as some traits that are detected within Croatian native cultivars they could be of interest to other countries for production as well as for breeding.

The national collection of Croatian autochthonous grapevine cultivars was established in 2001. It contains 120 autochthonous grapevine cultivars from all over Croatia, although most of them come from Dalmatia region. So far 95 varieties have been described by using 39 OIV descriptors determining their ampelographic and basic commercial features. r to estimate ampelografic variability and mutual difference between varieties In orde in collection comparison of OIV descriptor results has been made by using cluster analysis plus a dendrogram. A high degree of similarity has been found between some varieties, such as: Tanetova loza and Vlaška white ; Prć & Žumić and Palagružonka while & Stradunska, as well as some others. The varieties which are in the dendrogram shown to have a high degree of similarity will be additionally tested by using genetic methods in order to determine if they are also genetically related or are even synonymous.

Until now we have been thoroughly exploring the Croatian vine-growing regions in order to locate all the remaining native cultivars, paying special attention to the Dalmatian region. In Dalmatia, viticulture and winemaking are based mainly on native cultivars, which make up more than 85% of all cultivars growing in the region. Croatia’ s continental region mainly grows introduced cultivars, originating from Western Europe (‘ Welsch Riesling’ , ‘ Riesling’ , ‘ Sauvignon blanc’ , ‘ Chardonnay’ , ‘ Cabernet Sauvignon’ , ‘ Traminer’ , etc.), and there are only a few cultivars considered indigenous. The situation in Dalmatia was caused by the isolation and remoteness of the region from the rest of Croatia. The geographic separation has had a profound impact on viticulture, and as a consequence, the cultivars developed there remain locally specific and differ from the rest of those in Europe. Our work shows that it is still possible to find large numbers of native cultivars in Croatia, many more than we expected when initiating this study. However, many of the cultivars have no economic importance, and some are endangered, with only a few stocks left in old mixed vineyards. By exploring and working in these neglected vineyards, we provide what may be a last chance for saving a valuable natural heritage which would otherwise be lost ; and this work needs to be done with a sense of its urgency. Every identified cultivar which we considered to be native has been assigned a unique number. In order to preserve them, they were planted in a collection in 2001 at the Experimental Station “ Jazbina” , which serves for viticulture and oenology research at the Faculty of Agriculture in Zagreb. We planted rootstocks at the collection site (Berlandieri x Riparia SO4) and each year a certain number of genotypes are green-grafted. Every genotype is represented in the collection with six vines, which originated from previously documented and ampelographically determined mother stocks. In order to avoid possible mistakes, as well as unforeseen variables within the cultivar, cuttings are collected from single vines whenever possible. Despite the ever-present issues of damage caused by low winter temperatures and drought, to date we have managed to collect and graft more than 70 cultivars in the collection. We are hoping to establish all the indigenous cultivars in our collection at the end of this project, and we plan to establish another one or two collections in coastal regions where it will be possible to carry out other research programmes, such as economic evaluations. Upon completion of the project, it is our intention to achieve the preservation of the existing genetic diversity of grapevines in Croatia ; this is of the utmost importance, especially for endangered genotypes. Thus far, more than 40 cultivars have been described using OIV descriptors (OIV 1983), and we have taken photographs of about 130 cultivars – shoot tip, mature leaf and cluster. Furthermore, genetic analyses of 57 cultivars have been completed. Comparisons of genetic profiles of the most analyzed cultivars with data from two big Vitis databases (UC Davis and ZAG) proves their genetic uniqueness and their status as indigenous cultivars. In some cases their Croatian origins were further supported by the parentage analysis results. Specifically, in the population of analyzed cultivars we have been able to find parents of the two most economically important cultivars from the Primorska Hrvatska region, ‘ Pošip’ and ‘ Plavac mali’ (Pejić et al. 2000 ; Piljac et al. 2002). DNA markers have been useful in determining cultivars with the same genotype and different names (synonyms), and in one case we also solved a supposed homonymy. For some Istrian cultivars, which were considered to be indigenous (‘ Teran bijeli’ and ‘ Muškat ruža porečki’ ), we found they had the same profile as some foreign cultivars. In the case of ‘ Hrvatica’ and ‘ Croatina’ , which it was suggested might be the same cultivar, genetic analysis has shown that they are in fact two distinct cultivars (Maletić et al. 1999). All ampelographic and genetic data of the analyzed cultivars, together with their photos, will be placed into an Internet-accessible electronic database.

Existe evidencia que indica que algunos cultivares de maíz colombianos poseen contenidos de aceite similares a germoplasmas elite conocidos. Para conocer su uso potencial en las industrias del aceite y de los concentrados animales, y como base para programas de mejoramiento vegetal, es preciso analizar el germoplasma disponible mediante estudios genéticos y fenotípicos. A tal fin se evaluó la diversidad genética y el contenido de aceite de 22 genotipos de maíz que incluyeron cultivares criollos colombianos y germoplasma elite; la caracterización molecular se llevó a cabo con marcadores del tipo microsatélites (Simple Sequence Repeats, SSR) y análisis bioquímico. Los resultados de este estudio mostraron amplia variabilidad genética entre los genotipos, lo cual podría representar un potencial de uso en programas de mejoramiento, especialmente por las altas probabilidades de encontrar heterosis. Así mismo, la evaluación bioquímica permitió identificar aquellos materiales con los mayores contenidos de aceite, los cuales fueron evaluados adicionalmente para el perfil de ácidos grasos. Los resultados del estudio muestran la utilidad de los SSR para profundizar en el conocimiento y asignación de grupos heteróticos y revelar la relación de parentesco. Así mismo, aporta evidencia adicional a favor que la caracterización molecular permite la estimación de la variabilidad genética, la cual, combinada con caracteres fenotípicos de interés, puede convertirse en una herramienta útil que apoye el mejoramiento genético convencional. Evaluating germplasm by DNA fingerprinting or phenotyping represent necessary, commonly-used practices in improvement programmes. Molecular characterisation using microsatellite molecular markers, such as simple sequence repeats (SSR), and biochemical analysis allowed genetic diversity and oil content to be evaluated in 22 maize genotypes, including Colombian inbred germplasm and elite lines. The results presented broad genetic variability amongst genotypes, representing great potential for using the Colombian Maize germplasm bank in improvement programmes, especially in terms of generating a good hybrid. Biochemical evaluation allowed material having greater oil content to be identified and then evaluated regarding fatty acid profile. This study illustrated the use of SSR in gaining knowledge about heterotic groups, allocating them and revealing ancestral relationships among genotypes having known characteristics or pedigree. This further indicates that molecular characterisation allows genetic variability to be estimated and that it can be a useful tool for supporting conventional genetic improvement when combined with phenotypical characteristics of interest.

The aims of this study were to achieve correct cultivar classification of leaf samples by using phyllometric parameters to determine the performance of parameters applied as the discriminant criteria and to determine the minimal number of leaf parameters needed to accurately classify leaf samples within cultivars. Seventy-nine phyllometric parameters were measured/calculated on 360 leaf samples from eleven grapevine cultivars, gathered during several years, from different growing conditions and with some differences in the sampling methods applied. Stepwise discriminant analysis was used to rank the phyllometric parameters according to their efficiency in the discrimination of cultivars. A series of discriminant analyses was performed with successive introduction of new parameters as discriminatory elements until 100 % correct classification of leaf samples into the correct cultivar was achieved. This was achieved using only the seven highest ranking phyllometric parameters from the stepwise discriminant analysis. Additionally, canonical discriminant analysis was performed to evaluate the differences between cultivars in the same parameters. This study represents a model for analysis of the efficiency of different ampelometric parameters for discrimination of V. vinifera cultivars., VITIS - Journal of Grapevine Research, Vol. 53 No. 4 (2014): Vitis

The aim of the study is to determine genetic diversity and relationships among olive cultivars native to Croatia and Turkey. A total of twenty olive (Olea europaea L.) cultivars including fourteen from Croatia and six common cultivars from Turkey were analyzed for genetic diversity and relationships by using six microsatellite markers (DCA05, DCA09, DCA18, GAPU71B, GAPU101, UDO43). The number of polymorphic alleles ranged from 2 (UDO43) to 5 (DCA09), with an average of 3.6 fragments per marker. UPGMA cluster analysis based on simple matching similarity matrix grouped cultivars into three main clusters. Two pairs of cultivars from Croatia ("Buža muška" and "Levantinka" ; "VLMD6" and "Drobnica") were thought to be different, although they produced identical SSR profiles. Cluster analysis points to some genetic relationships between Croatian and Turkish olive cultivars. The results also indicate efficiency of SSR markers to evaluate genetic diversity in olive and identify misnamed or synonym individuals.