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Video recordings of Brown-headed Cowbirds (Molothrus ater) at the nests of grassland birds are of interest because relatively few such observations exist. We documented 7 events where cowbirds removed nest contents at 6 active nests and 1 empty nest. Among 6 attended nests, cowbirds arrived at the nest an average of 3.8 min (range 0.7-11.6 min) after the host species left. Cowbirds removed nest contents during the early morning (mean = 3.9 h after sunrise, SE = 0.3 h, n = 4) or late afternoon (mean= 13.1 h after sunrise, SE = 0.4 h, n = 3), taking an average of 0.7 min (range 0.4-1.1 min) to remove nest contents. Cowbirds sequentially moved nest contents away from the nest in 4 of the 7 events taking an average of 3 trips (range 2-4) to do so. Among 6 attended nests, cowbirds left the nest an average of 3.4 min (range 0.5-10.7 min) before the host species arrived back at the nest. Of the 6 active nests, cowbird damage of nest contents directly resulted in the failure of only 1 nest. Three nests went on to fledge the remaining host young, while 2 failed due to other causes. Our observations add to a growing number of video-recorded behaviors of brood parasites that can provide data for better testing hypotheses about nest destruction behavior. Received October 2023. Accepted 4 March 2024. Key words: brood parasite, cowbird, digital files, egg removal, grasslands, nestling removal, parasitism rate. (Spanish)--Video grabaciones de tordo Molothrus ater en nidos de aves de praderas son de interes ya que existen relativamente pocas observaciones de este tipo. Documentamos 7 eventos donde los tordos removieron el contenido de nidos de 6 nidos activos y 1 nido vacio. Entre los 6 nidos ocupados, los tordos llegaron en promedio 3.8 min (rango 0.7-11.6 min) despues de que la especie hospedera se fuera. Los tordos removieron los contenido de los nidos durante el inicio de la manana (promedio = 3-9 h despues del amanecer, SE = 0.3 h, n = 4) o al final de la tarde (promedio= 13.1 h despues del atardecer, SE = 0.4 h, w = 3), tardando en promedio 0.7 min (rango 0.4-1.1 min) en remover el contenido de los nidos. Los tordos movieron secuencialmente el contenido de los nidos lejos de los nidos en 4 de los 7 eventos, lo que les tomo un promedio de 3 viajes (rango 2-4). Entre los 6 nidos ocupados, los tordos dejaron el nido en promedio 3.4 min (rango 0.5-10.7 min) antes de que la especie hospedera regresara al nido. De los 6 nidos activos, el dano del contenido del nido por los tordos resulto directamente en el fallo de anidacion de solo 1 nido. Tres nidos llegaron a emancipar el polluelo joven del hospedero, mientras 2 fallaron por otras causas. Nuestras observaciones suman al numero creciente de comportamientos video grabados de parasitos de nidos que pueden brindar datos para probar hipotesis acerca del comportamiento de destruccion de nidos. Palabras clave: archivos digitales, parasito de nido, praderas, remocion de huevo, remocion de polluelo, tasa de parasitismo, tordo Molothrus ater., To reproduce, interspecific obligate brood parasites must locate the nests of target species in a time window appropriate for their eggs to be incubated successfully. While searching for nests, brood [...]

Novel strategies against parasitic infections are of great importance. Here, we describe a G4 DNA ligand with subnanomolar antiparasitic activity against T. brucei and a remarkable selectivity index (IC50 MRC-5/T. brucei) of 2285-fold. We also correlate the impact of small structural changes to G4 binding activity and antiparasitic activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Echinococcus granulosus, known as cystic echinococcosis, is a prominent zoonotic parasitic disease of significant global concern. The definitive hosts serves as the primary reservoir for the transmission of echinococcosis, as well as a main factor in the prevention and control of the disease. Unfortunately, there is currently no commercially available vaccine for these hosts. Nevertheless, DNA vaccines show potential as a feasible strategy for the control and management of parasitic diseases. Methods: In this study, the EgM123 antigen was selected for its well-documented immunogenic properties to develop a DNA vaccine aimed at combating E. granulosus infection in canines. Results: The results showed a marked increase in IgG levels in the group vaccinated with pVAX1-EgM123 DNA compared to the PBS group. Additionally, the cytokines IL-1, IFN-γ, IL-4, and IL-6 were significantly upregulated in the pVAX1-EgM123 DNA vaccine group. Furthermore, in comparison to the PBS control group, the EgM123 DNA vaccine group exhibited a notable 87.85% reduction in worm burden and a 65.00% inhibition in segment development. Discussion: These findings indicate that the pVAX1-EgM123 DNA vaccine shows promising immunogenicity, successfully eliciting a targeted immune response in canines. Moreover, it significantly diminishes the worm burden and hinders the progression of tapeworms in the pVAX1-EgM123 DNA vaccine group. These findings suggest that the pVAX1-EgM123 DNA vaccine holds promise as a potential candidate vaccine for combating E. granulosus infection in dogs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Strongyloidiasis is a neglected tropical disease estimated to affect more than 600 million people worldwide. Recently, the World Health Organization road map on neglected tropical diseases 2021–2030 has put the focus on strongyloidiasis, including this disease within its mass drug administration campaigns. With the use of ivermectin in extensive treatment of all populations at-risk, identifying effective therapeutic alternatives is crucial in case ivermectin resistance arises. The objective of the present study was the development of a larval migration inhibition assay to evaluate the anthelmintic efficacy of commercial drugs and diamine and aminoalcohol derivatives against infective Strongyloides ratti third stage larvae. Through this technique, we successfully screened and estimated the in vitro anthelmintic efficacy of six commercial drugs, seven diamine derivatives and eight aminoalcohol derivatives. Unexpectedly, the half-maximal effective concentration of ivermectin and moxidectin (2.21 and 2.34 μM, respectively) were observed as the highest value obtained among all commercial drugs tested by this in vitro technique. Moreover, some diamine and aminoalcohol derivatives showed superior efficacy inhibiting S. ratti motility compared to ivermectin, with five compounds (AA23, AA34, AO2 AO7 and AO14b) also displaying selectivity indexes on HepG2 and Caco2 higher than 1. These findings underscore the potential of these derivatives as promising alternatives for strongyloidiasis treatment, warranting further investigation and in vivo efficacy assessment. Author summary: Strongyloidiasis, a parasitic infection affecting over 600 million people worldwide, is increasingly recognized in global health initiatives. Caused by the nematode Strongyloides stercoralis, it predominantly occurs in tropical and subtropical regions. Transmission results through contact with soil contaminated by infectious larvae, leading to a spectrum of clinical symptoms from mild gastrointestinal discomfort to potentially life-threatening complications, especially in individuals with weakened immune systems. Despite its designation as a neglected tropical disease, concerns regarding the development of drug resistance highlight the need to explore alternative treatment strategies. In our study, we employed innovative methods to evaluate the in vitro efficacy of various drug candidates against Strongyloides ratti larvae, representing a crucial step in identifying novel therapies for human strongyloidiasis. Our findings revealed that some of the novel compounds tested, showed superior efficacy in inhibiting parasite motility, suggesting potential benefits for patient treatment outcomes. Our study underscores the urgent need for diversified treatment approaches in combating strongyloidiasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The common opossum (Didelphis marsupialis) is a generalist species that hosts several parasites. Nevertheless, no information is available on the specific parasites that this species may host when it inhabits urban areas. Objective: To evaluate the presence and frequency of gastrointestinal parasites of urban opossums in the Aburrá Valley, Antioquia, Colombia. Methods: A total of 70 opossums were captured in six protected urban areas using Tomahawk traps during six months. From these animals we obtained 65 fecal samples which were fixed wit SAF solution and analyzed with direct smear and sedimentation techniques. Results: Sixty-one samples were positive for, at least, one parasite (93.9%) and 60 were positive for two or more parasites, averaging five parasites per animal. We observed nematodes in 58 samples (89.2%), protozoa in 46 samples (70.7%), acanthocephalans in 29 samples (44.6%), and cestodes in eight samples (12.3%). The most frequent parasite was Aspidodera spp. in 80% of the samples. In addition, this is the first study reporting the presence of eggs of Toxocara spp., Hymenolepis spp., an Oxyuridae parasite, and coccidians Eimeria didelphidis, E. caluromydis, and E. marmosopos in D. marsupialis. The latter is also reported in Colombia for the first time. Toxacara spp. is common to dogs and cats, while Hymenolepis and Oxiuridae are common to rodents. We found no association between parasites and sex or life stage of opossums, nor to the urban area of origin. Conclusions: Urban opossums in the Aburrá Valley host a high frequency and diversity of gastrointestinal parasites compared to other areas in Latin America. Some parasites are reported here for the first time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

African animal trypanosomosis (AAT) affects the livestock industry, impacting protein intake and herders' livelihoods. Despite the presence of vector flies, livestock owners often rely solely on chemotherapy, with diminazene aceturate being a common choice, particularly among non-elite herders. Cattle herds were sampled during an outbreak and re-sampled 8 weeks post-treatment with diminazene aceturate (Nonazin®) in Ogun and Osun states, Nigeria. Initial sampling was conducted in October 2019 and January 2020 for farms A and B, respectively. A total of 316 cattle, comprising 20 males and 296 females, were sampled through convenient sampling of the entire herd. Nzi traps were deployed to capture Trypanosoma-transmitting vectors. Haematological parameters, microscopic, and molecular assessments were conducted. The total transmitting vectors captured averaged 3.74 fly/trap/day, with Stomoxys niger being the most captured biting fly. Post-treatment prevalence rates were 21.5% and 2.5% with PCR and thin blood smear, respectively, with Trypanosoma congolense and T. vivax being the species detected by both diagnostic methods. The average parasitaemia before treatment was recorded at 1.95 × 104 ± 1.3 × 104, signifying a high parasitic infection, while post-treatment parasitaemia was 1.5 × 102 ± 1.4 × 102. The PCV, Hb, and RBC counts decreased, causing macrocytic normocytic anaemia before treatment, while post-treatment values suggested lower haemoglobin and MCH values with less-characteristic anaemia. Post-treatment trypanosome prevalence suggests the existence of Trypanosoma-resistant strains, potentially widespread in southwest Nigeria. The situation may be exacerbated by the abundance of biting flies during the dry season, leading to a high T. vivax prevalence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a severe parasitic disease transmitted by phlebotomine sandflies. VL is endemic in West Pokot County, Kenya, where effective strategies to interrupt transmission are impeded by the limited understanding of VL risk factors. Therefore, this case–control study aimed to explore environmental, behavioural and household determinants of VL in West Pokot. Methods: From November 2022 to January 2023, a structured questionnaire was administered to 36 symptomatic primary VL cases attending Kacheliba Sub‐County Hospital in West Pokot and to 50 healthy controls from local villages. The VL status of all participants was confirmed using an rK39 rapid diagnostic test. Associations between questioned determinants and VL were investigated by means of age‐corrected univariate logistic regression analysis. Results: Significant associations were found between VL and housing characteristics, such as window presence and floor type. VL cases more frequently reported the presence of cattle, dogs and sheep in their house yards. VL was also associated with cutting down trees in the house yard and house proximity to several Acacia tree species. Furthermore, outdoor activities, including travelling outside the residence for more than 2 weeks, activities near termite mounds, and forest activities during the rainy season, increased the risk of VL. Conclusions: This work reports a number of previously undescribed risk factors for VL in the understudied West Pokot focus. The results suggest VL transmission occurs both peri‐domestically at night and outdoors during the day, particularly when sandfly resting sites are disturbed. Our findings warrant further research into sandfly ecology and potential zoonotic parasite reservoirs in West Pokot. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Malaria disease is one of the most dangerous protozoan parasitic infections with a high mortality rate in developing countries. Malaria is a public health issue, especially in Hormozgan province, and is highly affected by foreign immigrants (Pakistani and Afghani); thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the effect of an intervention based on the health belief model (HBM) on the promotion of malaria prevention behaviors in Afghani immigrants over the age of 18. The participants resided in Persian city in Hormozgan province. Methods: The present quasi-experimental study was conducted on 200 Afghans immigrants over 18 years of age who visited four comprehensive health service centers in Parsian city, south of Iran in June until December 2023. Sampling was by cluster method. In this way, the health centers were considered as clusters, and then 4 centers were randomly selected from among them (two centers of the control group and two centers of the intervention group) and participants were selected by a systematic random method by list of records in the National Integrated Health Record System (called SIB) (100participants control group, 100 participants intervention group). The data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire based on the HBM before and after the educational intervention An educational program was designed and implemented to promote preventive behaviors against malaria in five sessions using different strategies and based on the HBM for the intervention group. The data were analyzed using independent-samples T-test, paired-samples T-test, Pearson's correlation coefficient, analysis of covariance and linear regression. All statistical analyses and hypothesis testing were done in IBM SPSS version 25, at a significance level of 0.05. Results: In the intervention group, there was a significant difference in the mean scores of knowledge (6.48, 95% CI: 5.9,7.05), perceived susceptibility (10.57, 95% CI: 10.03, 11.1), perceived severity (16.61, 95% CI: 15.83, 16.83), perceived self-efficacy (18.26, 95% CI: 17.55, 18.96), perceived benefits (15.43, 95% CI: 14.68, 16.17), perceived barriers (-22.49, 95% CI: -23.63, -21.30), cues to action (15.06, 95% CI: 14.36, 15.75), and preventive behaviors (20.05, 95% CI: 19.44, 20.65), before and after the educational intervention. P-value < 0.001. The regression analysis showed that the constructs of perceived susceptibility (T = 4.72, P < 0.001), cues to action (T = 5.30, P < 0.001)and perceived self-efficacy (T = 4.93, P < 0.001) led to the greatest change in malaria prevention behaviors(R-Square = 0.549). Conclusion: The present findings showed that the HBM -based intervention was effective in preventive behaviors against malaria in Afghans. It is recommended to design suitable educational interventions in order to increase the perceived susceptibility, cues to action and self-efficacy in order to improve preventive behaviors against malaria in Afghans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malaria, a persistent and ancient adversary, continues to impact vast regions worldwide, afflicting millions and severely affecting human health and well‐being. Recently, despite significant progress in combating this parasitic disease, malaria remains a major global health concern, especially in areas with limited resources and vulnerable populations. Consequently, identifying and developing effective agents to combat malaria and its associated dysfunctions is essential therefore the two new Schiff base ligands incorporated Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) ions were synthesized and thoroughly characterized. The synthesized compounds were assessed for in vitro anti‐malarial and antimicrobial efficacy, compounds (9, 10) demonstrated highest potential with IC50=1.08±0.09 to 1.18±0.04 μM against P. falciparum and MIC=0.0058 μmol/mL against C. albicans and E. coli, respectively. The complexes (5, 6) were effectively reduce mitigate oxidative stress with lowest IC50 value of 2.69±0.12 to 2.87±0.09 μM. Moreover, the biological findings were reinforced by a molecular docking investigation involving the potential compounds (2, 7–10) against dihydroorotate dehydrogenase and sterol 14‐alpha demethylase proteins which exposed complex's excellent biological response than their parent ligands. ADMET profiling was used to confirm the compounds' oral drug‐like features. This research offers promising prospects for future multi‐functional drug innovations targeting malaria, pathogenic infections, and oxidative stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Trypanosomatids are the etiologic agents of numerous parasitic diseases that cause significant morbidity and mortality in millions of people and animals around the world. Approved antitrypanosomatid agents are limited by several drawbacks, such as severe toxicity, lengthy treatment, need for hospitalization, and susceptibility to drug resistance. Consequently, parasitic diseases remain a substantial public health problem, and new drugs are required, especially drugs suitable for rural health systems that have limited resources. In an attempt to find antitrypanosomatid agents to address this problem, we report here on the synthesis and biological efficacy of ferrocene derivatives of nifuroxazide and nitrofurazone, which were designed by replacing the nitrofuran scaffold within their structures with the ferrocene moiety. The 1,2‐disubstituted ferrocene intermediates 8 and 9, featuring amine and carboxaldehyde groups, exhibited the best in vitro antiamastigote activity against Leishmania major strain NIH S and Leishmania donovani strain 9515, respectively. Ferroxazide derivative 15 was revealed as a mammalian cell nontoxic hit compound against Trypanosoma congolense strain IL3000 trypomastigotes; however, no in vivo treatment efficacy was observed against T. congolense strain IL3000‐infected BALB/c mice during a preliminary animal study. The synthesized ferrocene derivatives were poorly soluble in the in vitro and in vivo testing media, hindering uniform sampling and dosing. This study's outcome indicates that replacing the 5‐nitrofuran moiety with ferrocene did not increase antitrypanosomatid activity compared to the nitrofuran parent drugs nifuroxazide and nitrofurazone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ivermectin has been used since the 1980s as an anthelmintic and antiectoparasite agent worldwide. Currently, the only available oral formulation is tablets designed for adult patients. A patient‐friendly orodispersible tablet formulation designed for pediatric use (CHILD‐IVITAB) has been developed and is entering early phase clinical trials. To inform the pediatric program of CHILD‐IVITAB, 16 healthy adults were enrolled in a phase I, single‐center, open‐label, randomized, 2‐period, crossover, single‐dose trial which aimed to compare palatability, tolerability, and bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of CHILD‐IVITAB and their variability against the marketed ivermectin tablets (STROMECTOL) at a single dose of 12 mg in a fasting state. Palatability with CHILD‐IVITAB was considerably enhanced as compared to STROMECTOL. Both ivermectin formulations were well tolerated and safe. Relative bioavailability of CHILD‐IVITAB compared to STROMECTOL was estimated as the ratios of geometric means for Cmax, AUC 0‐∞, and AUC0‐last, which were 1.52 [90% CI: 1.13‐2.04], 1.27 [0.99‐1.62], and 1.29 [1.00‐1.66], respectively. Maximum drug concentrations occurred earlier with the CHILD‐IVITAB formulation, with a median Tmax at 3.0 h [range 2.0‐4.0 h] versus 4.0 h [range 2.0‐5.0 h] with STROMECTOL (P =.004). With CHILD‐IVITAB, variability in exposure was cut in half (coefficient of variation: 37% vs 70%) compared to STROMECTOL. Consistent with a more controlled absorption process, CHILD‐IVITAB was associated with reduced variability in drug exposure as compared to STROMECTOL. Together with a favorable palatability and tolerability profile, these findings motivate for further clinical studies to evaluate benefits of such a patient‐friendly ODT formulation in pediatric patients with a parasitic disease, including infants and young children <15 kg. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Globalisation and population movement have led to an increasing number of migrant children residing in areas non-endemic for schistosomiasis. However, diagnosing and managing schistosomiasis in children remain controversial. This study aims to investigate the prevalence of schistosomiasis in migrant children and to describe the diagnostic approach and management strategies, including long-term follow-up, to explore the potential role of serological tests in evaluating treatment response. We conducted a retrospective descriptive study spanning from January 2014–July 2021 at a referral unit for Paediatric Tropical Diseases in Madrid (Spain). The study included patients under 18 years diagnosed with schistosomiasis. Of 679 children screened for schistosomiasis, 73 (10.8%) tested positive. The median age was 16.3 years [IQR 9–17.6], 74% male. The majority originated from Sub-Saharan Africa (47%) and Asia (47%). Only 40% presented with symptoms, with gastrointestinal (18%) and cutaneous (17%) manifestations being the most common. Eosinophilia was observed in 43% (median [IQR]: 1103/mm3 [671–1536]), and ova were visualised in the urine of 2/50 (4.0%). Praziquantel treatment was administered to 92%, and 5 patients required retreatment. Follow-up data were available for 58 (80%) over a median period of 9 months [IQR 6–19.8], revealing a progressive decline in eosinophil count, IgE titres, and ELISA optical density. Conclusion: In this series, the prevalence of schistosomiasis among migrant children was significant (10%), highlighting the importance of including serological tests in migrant health screening. The disease is largely asymptomatic, eosinophilia is often absent, and visualisation of ova in urine is exceedingly rare. Eosinophil count, IgE titres, and ELISA optical density could prove valuable as an initial approach for monitoring inflammation during follow-up assessments. What is Known: • The burden of disease related to schistosomiasis is significant, particulary in children, and it is advisable to screen this vulnerable population. What is New: • Eosinophilia may not be present in parasitic infections, so serological tests are crucial for screening migrant children. • Serological monitoring facilitates long-term management of migrant children with schistosomiasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Imaging evaluation for lower extremity infections can be complicated, especially in the setting of underlying conditions and with atypical infections. Predisposing conditions are discussed, including diabetes mellitus, peripheral arterial disease, neuropathic arthropathy, and intravenous drug abuse, as well as differentiating features of infectious versus non-infectious disease. Atypical infections such as viral, mycobacterial, fungal, and parasitic infections and their imaging features are also reviewed. Potential mimics of lower extremity infection including chronic nonbacterial osteomyelitis, foreign body granuloma, gout, inflammatory arthropathies, lymphedema, and Morel-Lavallée lesions, and their differentiating features are also explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present review, the ethnomedicinal uses, the phytochemistry, and the pharmacological effects of established cytotoxic plants of the flora of Africa have been reported. The best botanical source of potential anticancer agents, as well as the best cytotoxic phytochemicals, were also identified and highlighted. The relationship between various health conditions in association with cancer was also given. It was shown that few evidenced cytotoxic are used to treat cancer as well as diseases with cancer-related symptoms, such as inflammatory diseases, parasitic infections, microbial and viral infections, cardiovascular diseases, central nervous system disorders, diabetes, and digestive system disorders. A total of 111 cytotoxic African medicinal plants belonging to 46 families are reported. Up to 50 potent African medicinal plants were identified as potentially suitable to fight at least one type of cancer. A total of 20 plants were identified to be suitable to fight the drug resistance of at least one type of cancer. One hundred and eight phytochemicals from African medicinal plants were identified as potentially suitable to fight at least one type of cancer. Phytochemicals identified as potent cytotoxic agents included 48 phenolics, 28 terpenoids, 26 alkaloids, 4 carbohydrates, and 2 fatty acids. A total of 42 phytoconstituents were identified to be suitable to fight the drug resistance of at least one type of cancer. This review constitutes a good collection for scientists, especially since it identifies new botanicals and phytochemicals that could undergo further in-depth studies to discover novel and powerful anti-cancer drugs. It also identifies the best classes of plant cytotoxic molecules, which could better guide scientists in the search for new anticancer agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This review investigates the different zoonotic infections transmitted from fish to humans, focusing on microorganisms such as bacteria, parasites, viruses, and fungi. The study aims to elucidate the pathways through which these infections occur, the severity of the diseases in humans, and the clinical manifestations in fish and humans. The primary transmission methods include ingesting undercooked fish, contact with contaminated water, and exposure through open wounds. Notably, zoonotic bacteria, such as Vibrio, Mycobacterium, Streptococcus, and Aeromonas, present significant health risks and economic impacts on aquaculture. Parasitic infections, such as those caused by Anisakis and liver flukes, often result from consuming raw or undercooked fish, leading to gastrointestinal and systemic diseases. Viral pathogens like noroviruses and hepatitis A virus are primarily transmitted via contaminated seafood. Though less common, fungal infections can occur through direct contact with infected fish or the environment. This review emphasizes the importance of molecular diagnostic techniques for detecting zoonotic agents and highlights preventive measures to mitigate the risks. Effective management strategies include educating those in fish handling, ensuring proper cooking and handling practices, and implementing robust monitoring and quality control systems within aquaculture settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study updates the knowledge of current canine and feline endoparasitic prevalence in Finland. The previous studies reported intestinal worm prevalence of 5.9% in dogs and 7.1% in cats. We also determined the anthelmintic regime and background data of dogs and cats concerning Toxocara spp. infection. Altogether 664 canine and 379 feline (including 46 shelter cats') fecal samples from over six-month-old animals were examined with quantitative Mini-FLOTAC method using zinc sulfate with a specific gravity of 1.35. Of these samples, 396 canine and 89 feline samples were analyzed using the Baermann method for nematode larvae. A fenbendazole efficacy study was conducted with 12 animals positive for Toxocara spp. Results: Endoparasites were found in the feces of 3.5% of dogs, 3.6% of pet cats, and 41.3% of shelter cats. The most common findings in dogs were strongylid (1.7%) and Toxocara canis (0.9%) eggs. Trematode (0.4%), Eucoleus spp. (0.3%), taeniid (0.2%), and Trichuris vulpis (0.2%) eggs, and Cystoisospora spp. oocysts (0.2%) were also detected. One dog (0.2%) was positive for Crenosoma vulpis based on the Baermann method. Toxocara cati (3.3%), taeniid (0.6%), and trematode (0.3%) eggs were found in pet cats' samples. The findings in shelter cat samples were T. cati (34.8%), Eucoleus spp. (13.0%), Cystoisospora spp. oocysts (10.9%), taeniids (8.7%), and Toxoplasma gondii/Hammondia hammondii oocysts (2.2%). Fenbendazole efficacy was adequate in all treated animals, except one cat. The background data revealed 31.2% of dogs being dewormed less than once a year or never. Under twelve-month-old dogs and dogs that were dewormed twice a year were most likely to be T. canis- infected. Shelter cats, male cats, mixed-breed cats, cats that were dewormed two to four times a year, and cats with a history of parasitic infections were most likely to be T. cati infected. Conclusions: The prevalence of pet canine and feline intestinal parasites in Finland is low, particularly the Toxocara spp. prevalence. In free-roaming cats Eucoleus spp. is surprisingly prevalent. The parasite control strategies reported do not follow the ESCCAP guidelines. Typically, owners deworm their pets only once a year or less frequently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malaria pathogenesis and parasite multiplication depend on the ability of Plasmodium merozoites to invade human erythrocytes. Invasion is a complex multi-step process involving multiple parasite proteins which can differ between species and has been most extensively studied in P. falciparum. However, dissecting the precise role of individual proteins has to date been limited by the availability of quantifiable phenotypic assays. In this study, we apply a new approach to assigning function to invasion proteins by using optical tweezers to directly manipulate recently egressed P. falciparum merozoites and erythrocytes and quantify the strength of attachment between them, as well as the frequency with which such attachments occur. Using a range of inhibitors, antibodies, and genetically modified strains including some generated specifically for this work, we quantitated the contribution of individual P. falciparum proteins to these merozoite-erythrocyte attachment interactions. Conditional deletion of the major P. falciparum merozoite surface protein PfMSP1, long thought to play a central role in initial attachment, had no impact on the force needed to pull merozoites and erythrocytes apart, whereas interventions that disrupted the function of several members of the EBA-175 like Antigen (PfEBA) family and Reticulocyte Binding Protein Homologue (PfRH) invasion ligand families did have a significant negative impact on attachment. Deletion of individual PfEBA and PfRH ligands reinforced the known redundancy within these families, with the deletion of some ligands impacting detachment force while others did not. By comparing over 4000 individual merozoite-erythrocyte interactions in a range of conditions and strains, we establish that the PfEBA/PfRH families play a central role in P. falciparum merozoite attachment, not the major merozoite surface protein PfMSP1. Author summary: Malaria is a devastating disease caused by a parasitic infection. The deadliest species is Plasmodium falciparum, which causes more than 600,000 deaths annually. The Plasmodium life cycle is complex, but all the symptoms of malaria are caused when the parasites replicate in human red blood cells. Replication depends on the invasion of the red blood cells by the parasites, a process involving multiple molecular interactions and multiple steps. Invasion begins with the attachment of the parasite to the red blood cell, making this step of particular interest in the development of new therapeutics. We used an optical tweezer assay to directly measure the binding force between individual parasites and red blood cells, and combined this assay with a range of molecular and genetic tools that target specific interactions known to have a role in invasion. This approach showed that loss of a protein commonly thought to be critical to the early stages of invasion, PfMSP1, had no effect on attachment strength, whereas disruptions of several members from two families of proteins (the Erythrocyte Binding Like protein family and the Reticulocyte Binding-like protein family) did affect attachment strength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Rare disease Background: Parasitic leiomyoma refers to leiomyomas outside the uterus, with a prevalence of 0.07%. Patients are initially asymptomatic and may later develop abdominal pain and abdominal distension. Parasitic leiomyomas at a trocar site are extremely rare and lack detailed reporting. Here, we report 2 cases of parasitic leiomyoma at trocar sites. Case Reports: Case 1. The patient was a 47-year-old woman with parasitic leiomyomas at a left trocar site 4 years after laparoscopic total hysterectomy. After being diagnosed with 3 masses on the surface of the sigmoid colon and 2 in the pelvic cavity, the patient underwent laparoscopic removal of a pelvic lesion and 3 lesions on the surface of the colon, combined with excision of abdominal wall masses. The pathology result indicated that the masses at the left trocar site were multiple leiomyomas, the intestinal mass was multiple leiomyomas with abundant cells, and the pelvic mass was fibrous capsule parietal tissue. This patient received 3 months of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRH-a) treatment, and was followed up for 9 months without recurrence. Case 2. The patient was a 50-year-old woman with parasitic leiomyoma at the right trocar site 15 years after laparoscopic removal of the right ovarian cyst. At admission, she underwent transabdominal total hysterectomy, bilateral fallopian tube resection, and abdominal wall lesion resection. The pathology report showed multiple leiomyomas of the uterus, and the cell-rich parasitic leiomyoma at right trocar site with unclear boundary. She received 3 months of GnRH-a treatment, and was followed up for 6 months without recurrence. Conclusions: For patients with a history of laparoscopy, gynecologists should be alert to the occurrence of parasitic leiomyoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The virulence of Magnaporthe oryzae largely hinges on its secretory effectors. Therefore, identification and thorough understanding of the effector functionality is crucial for unravelling the pathogenicity of the pathogen. In the present study, we employed a modified computational pipeline with deep machine learning techniques with an integration of Magnaporthe effector reference datasets (MOED) that predicted 434 M. oryzae candidate secretory effector proteins (MoCSEPs) from the genomic data. The reliability of the modified CSEP prediction workflow through utilization of precise parametric filtering is considered valid as it predicted 100 functional effectors (97.08%) out of 103 previously identified effector proteins within the Magnaporthe genus. Insights into secretion patterns and subcellular localization elucidated the role of these proteins in host cell recognition. Furthermore, structural classification of MoCSEPs, based on conserved motifs, combined with an exploration of their biological functions, revealed their significance in host adaptability and localization. Experimental validation done through examining expression of the MoCSEPs revealed varied secretion patterns in the resistant (40 expressed) and susceptible (92 expressed) rice cultivars at different time intervals after pathogen inoculation owing to different degrees of resistance by the host cultivars. The present work thus provides the strategic model of canonical parametric evaluation within the MOED and deepens the understanding on the role of secretory proteins of M. oryzae in establishing successful parasitic infection in rice. The predicted MoCSEPs could be used as biomarkers for disease diagnosis and tracking evolutionary shifts in M. oryzae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dictyocaulosis is a parasitic disease caused by pulmonary nematodes from genus Dictyocaulus affecting various ungulate hosts. It can cause verminous bronchopneumonia and for heavily infected individuals, fatal outcomes can occur. Case presentation: The study describes the case of a male European bison which died three months after relocation from Slovakia to one of the reintroduction areas in Nucșoara village, Făgăraș Mountains, Romania. Necropsy revealed the presence of pulmonary nematodes in the respiratory tract. Morphology and molecular diagnosis was performed and Dictyocaulus viviparus was identified. Conclusion: Rigorous health monitoring is essential to assure the success of reintroduction programs, understanding and preventing infectious diseases and limiting their impact on population health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Freshwater snails are the first obligatory intermediate hosts in the trematode life cycle. Several parasitic diseases transmitted by these snails are endemic in Africa, and their distribution closely follows that of the intermediate hosts. These diseases represent a major public health problem and cause significant socio-economic losses in Africa, particularly schistosomiasis and fascioliasis. In this review, we will describe the main roles of freshwater snails in the life cycle of trematode parasites, and the geographical distribution of these diseases in Africa. We will also discuss the different techniques for detecting parasitic infections in snails, as well as the various methods of controlling snails and the larval stages of parasites. Methods: We carried out a literature search for articles dealing with parasitic diseases transmitted by freshwater snail hosts in Africa. The search was conducted in databases such as PubMed, Web of Science and Google Scholar using various search terms combined by Boolean operators. Our search was limited to peer-reviewed articles less than 10 years old. Articles published to date in the fields of control of parasitic diseases transmitted by freshwater snails were included. Results were presented in narrative and in table format. Results: The results of the database search identified 1007 records. We included 84 studies in this review. These studies generally focused on freshwater snails and the diseases they transmit. We described the geographical distribution of 43 freshwater species belonging to nine snail families, as well as the parasites that infect them. Several methods for diagnosing parasites in their snail hosts have been described, including microscopic and molecular methods, as well as antibody and protein barcode-based techniques. Molluscicides have been described as the main strategy for snail control. Conclusion: This study highlights several elements of knowledge about diseases transmitted by freshwater snails and their distribution. A good understanding of snail infection detection techniques and existing control methods is an essential component in adapting control strategies for these diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The urease-producing Helicobacter pylori increase the likelihood that pathogenic intestinal protozoa will use the stomach's increased hydrogen potential to propagate the disease. Coinfections exacerbate the onset and severity of gastrointestinal symptoms. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of intestinal parasites/Helicobacter pylori coinfection and contributing factors in patients with gastrointestinal symptoms at Addis Zemen Primary Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. Methods: From April to July 2023, patients with gastrointestinal problems participated in a cross-sectional study carried out in a hospital. To collect the clinical and sociodemographic data, a questionnaire was employed. Intestinal parasites and Helicobacter pylori were detected using the saline stool wet mount and Helicobacter pylori stool antigen tests, respectively. SPSS version 20 was used to analyze the data and variables with p-values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Result: The study included 384 participants in total, of which 47.3% (182/384) were farmers and 50.3% (193/384) were women. Of the study subjects, 69/384 or approximately 18%, had intestinal parasitic infections. In 12% of cases (46/384), Helicobacter pylori were detected. A coinfection of Helicobacter pylori and intestinal parasites was found in 5.5% (21/384) of the subjects. Multiple logistic regression revealed increased risk of coinfection of Helicobacter pylori and intestinal parasites in patients who drink surface water (AOR: 10.7, p = 0.03) family history of Helicobacter pylori (AOR: 3.3, p = 0.024) and those with untrimmed fingers (AOR: 4.9, p = 0.031). Conclusions: Giardia lamblia and Entamoeba histolytica/dispar/ moshkovskii/ bangladeshi complex are the most common protozoans that cause coinfection with Helicobacter pylori. Drinking surface water, family history of Helicobacter pylori and untrimmed fingers are the contributing factors to intestinal parasites/Helicobacter pylori coinfection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Schistosomiasis, a highly prevalent parasitic disease, affects more than 200 million people worldwide. Current diagnostics based on parasite egg detection in stool detect infection only at a late stage, and current antibody-based tests cannot distinguish past from current infection. Here, we developed and used a multiplexed antibody profiling platform to obtain a comprehensive repertoire of antihelminth humoral profiles including isotype, subclass, Fc receptor (FcR) binding, and glycosylation profiles of antigen-specific antibodies. Using Essential Regression (ER) and SLIDE, interpretable machine learning methods, we identified latent factors (context-specific groups) that move beyond biomarkers and provide insights into the pathophysiology of different stages of schistosome infection. By comparing profiles of infected and healthy individuals, we identified modules with unique humoral signatures of active disease, including hallmark signatures of parasitic infection such as elevated immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4). However, we also captured previously uncharacterized humoral responses including elevated FcR binding and specific antibody glycoforms in patients with active infection, helping distinguish them from those without active infection but with equivalent antibody titers. This signature was validated in an independent cohort. Our approach also uncovered two distinct endotypes, nonpatent infection and prior infection, in those who were not actively infected. Higher amounts of IgG1 and FcR1/FcR3A binding were also found to be likely protective of the transition from nonpatent to active infection. Overall, we unveiled markers for antibody-based diagnostics and latent factors underlying the pathogenesis of schistosome infection. Our results suggest that selective antigen targeting could be useful in early detection, thus controlling infection severity. Editor's summary: Schistosomiasis is a parasitic flatworm infection, and diagnosis is based on egg detection in stool. Current tests cannot distinguish between active and past infections. Saha and Chakraborty et al. developed a multiplexed antibody approach that used interpretable machine learning to distinguish different stages of disease. Comparing healthy and infected individuals across two human cohorts from Brazil and Kenya revealed previously uncharacterized signatures of active disease, including increased Fc receptor binding and specific antibody glycoforms. These signatures helped to separate individuals with active infection from those with past infection as well as to establish two distinct endotypes, those with low intensity or early infection and those with cleared prior infections, in those without active infection. These data suggest that profiling of humoral immune responses could be used to diagnose cases of schistosomiasis with higher precision. —Brandon Berry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cestodes are etiological agents of neglected diseases such as echinococcosis and cysticercosis, which are major public health problems. Antiparasitic treatment relies on a small number of approved drugs, which are often only partially effective, poorly tolerated and require prolonged administration. Thus, the discovery of novel potential treatments is critical. The Stevia genus (Asteraceae) includes species that are recognized as a source of bioactive compounds, with many species associated with medicinal uses. In this study, the cestocidal activity of four South American Stevia species that previously showed antiprotozoal activity was analyzed using a motility assay on the laboratory cestode model, Mesocestoides vogae. The four Stevia extracts showed cestocidal activity, with S. alpina var. alpina as the most active. The sesquiterpene lactones estafietin and eupatoriopicrin were purified from S. alpina var. alpina and S. maimarensis, respectively, and tested on M. vogae. Estafietin showed cestocidal activity, inhibiting parasite viability in a dose-dependent manner, even from the first day of incubation. Consistent with the motility effects, the extract of S. alpina var. alpina and estafietin induced marked alterations in the morphology of the parasite. The results of this report show that Stevia species represent a source of new molecules with potential for the treatment of neglected tropical diseases caused by cestodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Schistosomiasis, a parasitic disease caused by Schistosoma spp., affects more than 250 million people worldwide. S. mansoni in particular affects the gastrointestinal tract and, through its eggs, induces a Th2 immune response leading to granuloma formation. The relationship between egg load and immune response is poorly understood. We investigated whether the quantity of parasitic eggs influences the immune response in S. mansoni-infected hamsters. The hepatic and intestinal egg load was assessed, and cytokine expression as well as the expression of three major egg-derived proteins were analyzed in monosex- and bisex-infected animals by qRT-PCR. Statistical correlations between egg load or egg-derived factors Ipse/alpha-1, kappa-5, and omega-1, and the immune response were analyzed in liver and colon tissue. Surprisingly, no correlation of the Th1 cytokines with the hepatic egg load was observed, while the Th2 cytokines Il4, Il5, and Il13 showed an inverse correlation in the liver but not in the colon. A longer embryogenesis of the parasitic eggs in the liver could explain this correlation. This conclusion is supported by the lack of any correlation with immune response in the colon, as the intestinal passage of the eggs is limited to a few days. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Coccidiosis is an intestinal parasitic disease caused by Eimeria protozoa, which endangers the health and growth of animals. However, little is known about the intestinal resident microbiota of chickens with different resistance to Eimeria tenella (E. tenella) infection and the changes in the microbiota from infection to recovery periods. The metagenomic sequencing analyses show that many potential differential microbial taxa were identified in different resistant chickens, respectively. Through the comparative analysis from infection to recovery periods, the number of microorganisms with the same trend of change between the control and resistant groups was greater than that between the control and susceptible groups. These findings provide a reference for further research into how E. tenella infection affects the intestinal microbiota and thus the growth, development, and health of chickens. To investigate the effect of Eimeria tenella (E. tenella) infection on the cecal microbiota, resistant and susceptible families were screened out based on the coccidiosis resistance evaluation indexes after E. tenella infection. Subsequently, a comparative analysis of cecal microorganisms among control, resistant, and susceptible groups as well as between different periods following the E. tenella challenge was conducted using metagenomic sequencing technology. The results showed that the abundance of opportunistic pathogens, such as Pantoea, Sporomusa, and Pasteurella in the susceptible group and Helicobacter and Sutterella in the resistant group, was significantly higher on day 27 post-inoculation (PI) (the recovery period) than on day 5 PI (the infection period). Additionally, the abundance of Alistipes, Butyricicoccus, and Eubacterium in the susceptible group and Coprococcus, Roseburia, Butyricicoccus, and Lactobacillus in the resistant group showed a significant upward trend during the infection period compared with that in the recovery period. On day 5 PI, the abundance of Faecalibacterium and Lactobacillus was decreased in both the resistant and susceptible groups when compared with that in the control group and was greater in the resistant group than in the susceptible group, while Alistipes in the susceptible group had a relatively higher abundance than that in other groups. A total of 49 biomarker taxa were identified using the linear discriminant analysis (LDA) effect size (LEfSe) method. Of these, the relative abundance of Lactobacillus aviarius, Lactobacillus salivarius, Roseburia, and Ruminococcus gauvreauii was increased in the resistant group, while Bacteroides _AGMB03916, Fusobacterium_mortiferum, Alistipes _An31A, and Alistipes _Marseille_P5061 were enriched in the susceptible group. On day 27 PI, LDA scores identified 43 biomarkers, among which the relative abundance of Elusimicrobium _An273 and Desulfovibrio _An276 was increased in the resistant group, while that of Bacteroides _43_108, Chlamydiia, Chlamydiales, and Sutterella _AM11 39 was augmented in the susceptible group. Our results indicated that E. tenella infection affects the structure of the cecal microbiota during both the challenge and recovery periods. These findings will enhance the understanding of the effects of changes in the cecal microbiota on chickens after coccidia infection and provide a reference for further research on the mechanisms underlying how the intestinal microbiota influence the growth and health of chickens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Schistosomiasis, a tropical parasitic disease, affects 779 million people globally, with 85% of cases in Africa. The interplay between schistosomiasis and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) can exacerbate health burdens, but most attention has focused on interactions with HIV, neglecting coinfections with other STIs. This systematic review and metaanalysis aims to understand the role Schistosoma infections play in STIs within schistosomiasis-endemic populations. Methods: The study is a systematic review and meta-analysis investigating the link between Schistosoma infections and STIs in endemic regions. It uses PRISMA guidelines, electronic databases, and Google Scholar to assess prevalence, associations, and heterogeneity, reducing bias using a Meta-Mar statistical tool. Results: A quantitative synthesis of 33 articles from 1975-2024 involved 22,587 participants from 13 countries, including regions in Africa, France, and China, examining coinfections of schistosomiasis and STIs, including HIV. The pooled estimates showed a significant risk association between schistosomiasis and STIs [RR (95% CI) = 1.18, (1.13-1.24); z/t = 7.55, p<0.0001] using a fixed effect model. Cochran's Q test (Tau2 = 0.5061, Chi2 = 476.65, df = 32, p<0.01) indicated significant heterogeneity. The Higgins I2 statistic of 93.0% (91.5%-94.7%), H = 3.86 (3.43-4.33), highlighted substantial variance between studies. Subgroup analysis showed West Africa [Weight IV = 1.7%, RR (95% CI) = 1.78 (1.28-2.47), I2 = 59%], East Africa [Weight IV = 10.5%, RR (95% CI) = 0.99 (0.86-1.13), I2 = 54%], and Southern Africa [Weight IV = 82.0%, RR (95% CI) = 1.16 (1.10-1.21), I2 = 97%] contributed significantly to the high heterogeneity in the pooled analysis. Females had a notably higher risk of STIs in the context of schistosomiasis (k = 17, RR: 1.30, 95% CI: 1.23-1.37, Q = 316.78, I2 = 94.9%), compared to males (k = 6, RR: 0.94, 95% CI: 0.77-1.15, Q = 53.44, I2 = 90.6%) and the combined group of females and males (k = 9, RR: 0.95, 95% CI: 0.88-1.02, Q = 16.38, I2 = 50.2%). Conclusion: The study found a high risk of coinfections between schistosomiasis and STIs, particularly in West and Southern Africa, confirming female genital schistosomiasis as a major risk for STIs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The trematodes that cause schistosomiasis in humans require aquatic snails as intermediate hosts. Identifying the genes in snails at which allelic variation controls resistance to infection by schistosomes could lead to novel ways to break the cycle of transmission. We therefore mapped genetic variation within the BS90 population of Biomphalaria glabrata snails that controls their resistance to infection by the SmLE population of Schistosoma mansoni. A marker in the PTC2 genomic region strongly associates with variation in resistance. The S-haplotype, which confers increased susceptibility, appears to be almost completely dominant to the R-haplotype, which confers increased resistance. This result suggests a model in which the parasite must match a molecule on the host side to successfully infect. The genomic region surrounding our marker shows high structural and sequence variability between haplotypes. It is also highly enriched for genes that code for single-pass transmembrane (TM1) genes. Several of the TM1 genes present on the S-haplotype lack orthologs on the R-haplotype, which makes them intriguing candidate genes in a model of dominant susceptibility. These results add to a growing body of work that suggests TM1 genes, especially those in this exceptionally diverse genomic region, may play an important role in snail-schistosome compatibility polymorphisms. Author summary: Schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease of humans that is caused by trematodes in the genus Schistosoma. Schistosomes require aquatic snails as an intermediate host. Infected snails shed parasites into water, which then infect people through their skin. Biomphalaria glabrata host snails show substantial genetic variation for susceptibility to infection by Schistosoma mansoni. Via genome-wide mapping we identified the general location of a gene in the B. glabrata genome at which different alleles control whether snails can be infected or not. The allele that causes susceptibility is dominant to the allele that causes resistance. This uncommon pattern suggests that an invading parasite must match some target on the host side to successfully establish an infection. The mapped snail genomic region contains multiple genes that code for proteins that span cell membranes. These proteins have an extracellular piece that can interact with molecules outside of cells. We hypothesize that these proteins are the targets of molecules produced by the schistosome. If so, then identifying the interacting molecules on the schistosome side, and how they interact with snail proteins, might reveal ways we could genetically modify snails to make them unable to transmit schistosomes to humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the Reserva Ecológica del Pedregal of San Ángel, located in the south of Mexico City, Mexico, free-roaming dogs and cats coexist with 148 bird, 33 of mammal, 23 of reptile and seven amphibian species, that represent a remnant of the original fauna of the Mexican Plateau. The negative impact that dogs and cats have on local fauna is unobjectionable, however, the role that these introduced vertebrates play as potential transmitters of infectious diseases for native fauna and humans, is much less understood. Information about parasitic infections in native and introduced animals in this location is scarce. In order to ameliorate this lack of information, the objective of this study is to characterize the helminth fauna of the free-ranging dogs and cats of the ecological reserve. Between 2018 and 2023, 36 Felis silvestris catus and 7 Canis lupus familiaris were studied from the helminthological perspective. Endoparasites were obtained from the digestive tract and were identified to the species level using morphological and molecular evidence. Hosts were parasitized by eight species of helminths: in cats the cestodes Hydatigera taeniaeformis, Mesocestoides sp., Taenia rileyi and the nematode Toxocara cati were recorded, while in dogs, the cestode Taenia pisiformis and the nematodes Ancylostoma caninum, and Uncinaria stenocephala were found. The only species shared between cats and dogs was the cestode Dipylidium caninum. These free-ranging animals act as definitive hosts of 5 species known to have zoonotic potential; their presence in the area may generate a public and animal health problem if programs of dog and cat population control are not continued. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review article describes the roles of ultrasound in assessing thoracic and abdominal infectious diseases, mainly bacterial and parasitic ones that affect farm animals, including cattle, camels, sheep, and goats. Ultrasonography is a non-invasive imaging technique used to diagnose infectious diseases affecting the cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and hepatobiliary systems. In cases of thoracic and abdominal infections, ultrasound typically reveals abnormalities in echogenicity and echotexture, the presence of unusual artifacts, and mass formation exerting pressure on surrounding structures. Inflammatory and degenerative changes within the viscera can be identified ultrasonographically by comparing the echogenicity of affected areas with that of the surrounding normal parenchyma, such as in fascioliasis. Bacterial and parasitic infections often result in capsular mass lesions with anechoic contents, as observed in hydatid cysts and cysticercosis, or varying echogenic contents, as observed in liver abscesses. Effusions within the pericardium, pleura, and peritoneum are common ultrasonographic findings in infectious thoracic and abdominal diseases. However, these effusions’ echogenicity does not always allow for clear differentiation between transudates and exudates. The routine use of ultrasonography in the evaluation of the chest and abdomen in affected or suspected ruminants is highly beneficial for detection, guiding therapeutic decisions, assessing prognosis, and aiding in the eradication of highly contagious diseases that cause significant economic losses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Parasitic diseases remain a serious public health problem in China. Health education aimed at disseminating health-related knowledge and promoting healthy behaviours, plays a crucial role in the prevention and control of parasitic diseases. This study aims to develop a tool to measure the parasitic disease health literacy of residents in China. Methods: Scale development was based on qualitative and quantitative methods. Qualitative method included focus group discussions and Delphi consultations. A methodological design with multistage sampling and a pilot study was used to evaluate the questionnaire. The scale's reliability was tested using Cronbach's α and split-half reliability, while its construct validity was assessed using confirmatory factor analysis. The scale's passing score was determined using the receiver operating characteristic curve. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in six districts of the prefecture of Jiangsu and residents aged 14–69 years in the participating townships were randomly selected based on their location. Results: The health literacy indicator system for parasitic diseases included 3 first-level, 9 s-level and 23 third-level indicators. The 23-item questionnaire demonstrated good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.774) and split-half reliability (Spearman-Brown coefficient = 0.778). The questionnaire's passing score was 60. A total of 990 valid questionnaires were collected from participants in three cities. The percentage of participants with health literacy regarding parasitic diseases was 15.8%. Their scores were influenced by age, income, employment, and educational level. Conclusions: Health literacy of parasitic diseases is an integrated indicator rather than just knowledge or behavior information. The correlation between knowledge and behavior is weak. The capacity for healthy behavior of parasitic disease is associated with the location and culture of the city. For neglected diseases, it is important for people to talk positively about their behaviors with a doctor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Schistosomiasis, also known as bilharzia or snail fever, is a tropical parasitic disease resulting from flatworms of the Schistosoma genus. This often overlooked disease has significant impacts in affected regions, causing enduring morbidity, hindering child development, reducing productivity, and creating economic burdens. Praziquantel (PZQ) is currently the only treatment option for schistosomiasis. Given the potential rise of drug resistance and the limited treatment choices available, there is a need to develop more effective inhibitors for this neglected tropical disease (NTD). In view of this, quantitative structure-activity relationship studies (QSAR), molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulations, drug-likeness, and ADMET predictions were applied to 31 inhibitors of Schistosoma mansoni Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (SmDHODH). The designed QSAR model demonstrated robust statistical parameters including an R2 of 0.911, R2adj of 0.890, Q2cv of 0.686, R2pred of 0.807, and cR2p of 0.825, confirming its robustness. Compound 26, identified as the most active derivative, emerged as a lead candidate for new potential inhibitors through ligand-based drug design. Subsequently, 12 novel compounds (26A-26L) were designed with enhanced inhibition activity and binding affinity. Molecular docking studies revealed strong and stable interactions, including hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions, between the designed compounds and the target receptor. Molecular dynamics simulations over 100 nanoseconds and MM-PBSA free binding energy (ΔGbind) calculations validated the stability of the two best-designed molecules (26A and 26L). Furthermore, drug-likeness and ADMET prediction analyses affirmed the potential of these designed compounds, suggesting their promise as innovative agents for treating schistosomiasis. Author summary: In an innovative effort to combat schistosomiasis, we have employed a computational drug innovation approach to design a potential treatment options. Schistosomiasis, a parasitic disease affecting millions worldwide, has been a persistent global health challenge. The study, nestled within the broader realm of life sciences, sought to identify a more effective drug using computational methods that analyze highly effective derivatives targeting SmDHODH. This pioneering approach not only accelerates the drug discovery process but also offers a promising avenue for developing targeted treatments. By harnessing computational power, we systematically explored chemical databases to pinpoint compounds with the potential to combat schistosomiasis. The findings hold significant implications for both scientists and non-scientists, as they represent a step forward in addressing a major public health concern. For scientists, this work exemplifies the integration of in silico techniques in drug development, while non-scientists can appreciate the tangible impact on improving global health and the well-being of communities affected by schistosomiasis. This research underscores the power of interdisciplinary efforts in advancing our ability to tackle complex health challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Malaria is the parasitic disease with the highest morbimortality worldwide. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that there were approximately 249 million cases in 2022, of which 3.4% were in Angola. Diagnosis is based on parasite identification by microscopy examination, antigen detection, and/or molecular tests, such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR). This study aimed to evaluate the usefulness of real-time PCR as a diagnostic method for malaria in an endemic area (Cubal, Angola). Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out at the Hospital Nossa Senhora da Paz in Cubal, Angola, including 200 patients who consulted for febrile syndrome between May and July 2022. From each patient, a capillary blood sample was obtained by finger prick for malaria field diagnosis [microscopy and rapid diagnostic test (RDT)] and venous blood sample for real-time PCR performed at the Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron in Barcelona, Spain. Any participant with a positive result from at least one of these three methods was diagnosed with malaria. Results: Of the 200 participants included, 54% were female and the median age was 7 years. Malaria was diagnosed by at least one of the three techniques (microscopy, RDT, and/or real-time PCR) in 58% of the participants, with RDT having the highest percentage of positivity (49%), followed by real-time PCR (39.5%) and microscopy (33.5%). Of the 61 discordant samples, 4 were only positive by microscopy, 13 by real-time PCR, and 26 by RDT. Plasmodium falciparum was the most frequent species detected (90.63%), followed by P. malariae (17.19%) and P. ovale (9.38%). Coinfections were detected in ten participants (15.63%): six (60%) were caused by P. falciparum and P. malariae, three (30%) by P. falciparum and P. ovale, and one (10%) triple infection with these three species. In addition, it was observed that P. falciparum and P. malariae coinfection significantly increased the parasite density of the latter. Conclusions: RDT was the technique with the highest positivity rate, followed by real-time PCR and microscopy. The results of the real-time PCR may have been underestimated due to suboptimal storage conditions during the transportation of the DNA eluates. However, real-time PCR techniques have an important role in the surveillance of circulating Plasmodium species, given the epidemiological importance of the increase in non-falciparum species in the country, and can provide an estimate of the intensity of infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glycerol, a versatile and ubiquitous compound, plays a vital role in a plethora of metabolic pathways in both prokaryotes and eukarotyes. Relatively few glycerol analogues have previously been explored for their use as glycerol kinase inhibitors, in addition to their therapeutic potential, however their use as (pro)‐drugs in the context of parasitic diseases such as trypanosomiasis is unreported. The literature on glycerol metabolism and particular its synergic anti‐profilation behaviour with salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM) in Trypanosoma brucei is extensive. However, utiliation of glycerol analogues has not been explored as possible superior combinatory compounds. This report describes the synthesis of various glycerol analogues and their subsequent biochemical pheotypic analysis for their effect on lipid metabolism and their possible synergic activity with SHAM on Trypanosoma brucei. The glycerol analogues caused morphological changes;, including detached flagella, cytokinesis defects and ‘big‐eye’ phenotype. All four compounds either matched or marginally increased the toxicity of SHAM when used in combination against Trypanosoma brucei. However, the compounds exhibited mostly an antagonistic relationship with SHAM rather than synergistic. This research highlights the potential of small molecule glycerol analogues for their combination use with SHAM for the treatment of parasitic disease, such as trypanosomiasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dirofilariasis, caused by the nematode Dirofilaria spp., poses significant challenges in diagnosis due to its diverse clinical manifestations and complex life cycle. This comprehensive literature review focuses on the evolution of diagnostic methodologies, spanning from traditional morphological analyses to modern emerging techniques in the context of dirofilariasis diagnosis. The review traces the historical progression of diagnostic modalities, encompassing traditional approaches such as microscopic examination, serological tests (including ELISA and IFA), radiographic imaging, ultrasonography, and necropsy, which laid the foundation for subsequent advancements. The integration of molecular diagnostics marks a significant turning point in dirofilariasis diagnosis with the adoption of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays and real-time PCR (qPCR) facilitating enhanced sensitivity and specificity. Furthermore, recent strides in nextgeneration sequencing (NGS) technologies, including whole-genome sequencing (WGS), targeted sequencing (TS), metagenomic sequencing (MS), and RNA sequencing (transcriptome sequencing), have revolutionized the landscape of dirofilariasis diagnostics. Emerging techniques such as loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), digital PCR (dPCR), and digital microfluidics are also explored for their potential to augment diagnostic accuracy. The review addresses challenges associated with standardizing molecular protocols, tackling false positives/negatives, and discusses the advantages and limitations of each technique. By providing a comprehensive overview of dirofilariasis diagnostic strategies, from traditional to cutting-edge methods, this review aims to enhance understanding of the disease's diagnostic landscape. The insights gained have implications for improved disease management and guide future research endeavors toward refining diagnostic protocols and advancing therapeutic interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Trypanosomiasis is an infectious disease caused by parasitic protozoa of the genus Trypanosome and primarily transmitted by tsetse flies. This study aimed to determine the density of tsetse flies and the rate of trypanosome infection in the Bedele and Dabo Hana districts of the Buno Bedele Zone in Ethiopia. Results: A cross-sectional study was conducted from January to February 2023 to catch tsetse flies, determine tsetse density, and estimate the trypanosome infection rate. We used 100 traps (40 NGU, 30 pyramidal, and 30 biconical) to catch the flies. The following standard procedures were followed to identify the specific trypanosome species in the collected tsetse flies: The flies were dissected, and the salivary glands were removed. We placed the salivary glands in a drop of saline solution on a microscope slide. A coverslip was placed over the salivary glands, the slide was examined under a microscope, and the trypanosomes were identified based on their morphology. A total of 3,740 tsetse flies were captured from 100 traps, resulting in an overall apparent density of 18.7 flies per trap per day. Within the study area, only one species of tsetse fly, Glossina tachinoides, was identified. Of the 1,320 dissected Glossina tachinoides, 1.82% were found to be infected with trypanosome parasites. Among these infections, 58.33% were attributed to Trypanosoma congolense, while the remaining 41.67% were caused by Trypanosoma brucei. The infection rate of trypanosomes was significantly higher in female tsetse flies (87.5%) as compared to male flies (12.5%). Furthermore, a significantly higher infection rate was observed in flies older than 20 days (83.33%) and in hunger stage 1 flies (58.33%) compared to hunger stages 2, 3, and 4. Conclusions: This study highlights the necessity of implementing control and suppression measures targeting the vector (tsetse flies) and the parasite (trypanosomes) to effectively manage and prevent pathogenic animal trypanosomiasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Canine reproduction differs from that of many other domestic animals, and increased knowledge on biochemical changes during canine pregnancy is important for investigations of infertility or subfertility. The total glycosylation pattern, i.e., the glycome, of body fluids reflects cellular status in health and disease. The aim of the present pilot study was to investigate pregnancy-related changes of the serum N-glycome in bitches. A method based on Rapifluor HILIC-UPLC-FLR-MS was optimized and applied for analysis and quantification of N-glycans in canine serum. Serum samples from six pregnant and five non-pregnant bitches, collected at four well-defined time points, were included. The levels of sialylated and galactosylated complex glycans were significantly elevated in serum from pregnant bitches, consistent with previous reports on human pregnancy. The levels of fucosylated and agalactosylated glycans decreased significantly in pregnant dogs. In non-pregnant dogs, the glycosylation pattern did not change during the cycle. Pregnancy is an inflammatory state, but our findings during canine pregnancy are quite the opposite to changes that have previously been described for dogs with a known parasitic infection. Evaluation of the canine glycome may thus be valuable in studies of canine pregnancy, possibly differing inflammatory changes related to pregnancy to those caused by an infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The common murre (Uria aalge) is a species of seabird particularly vulnerable to several environmental stressors, including parasitic infection and oil contamination. However, the molecular response to these stressors is severely understudied. This study investigated the common murre's transcriptomic responses to these stressors. Blood samples were collected from common murres undergoing rehabilitation at International Bird Rescue in Fairfield, CA. Total RNA was extracted from these samples, followed by library preparation and Illumina sequencing to generate whole transcriptome data. Differential gene expression analysis was conducted using DeSeq2 to identify genes significantly altered in response to oil contamination and parasitic infection. Differential gene expression analysis revealed 194 genes shared between oil-contaminated and infected birds, including key immune-related genes, such as ANXA2, LY96, and LY86. These genes play vital roles inmediating the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis indicated significant alterations in stress, immune, and inflammatory responses, with additional lipid metabolism changes in contaminated birds. Our findings highlight the detrimental effects that these stressors have on wild birds. These findings suggest a generalized stress response and specific metabolic adaptations to oil exposure, providing insights for seabird conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a zoonotic disease caused by the larval stage of the dog tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (E. granulosus), with a worldwide distribution. The current treatment strategy for CE is insufficient. Limited drug screening models severely hamper the discovery of effective anti-echinococcosis drugs. Methods: In the present study, using high-content screening technology, we developed a novel high-throughput screening (HTS) assay by counting the ratio of propidium iodide-stained dead protoscoleces (PSCs) to the total number of PSCs. In vitro and ex vivo cyst viability assays were utilized to determine the effect of drugs on cyst viability. Results: Using the newly established HTS assay, we screened approximately 12,000 clinical-stage or The Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved small molecules from the Repurposing, Focused Rescue, and Accelerated Medchem (ReFRAME) library, as well as the LOPAC1280 and SelleckChem libraries, as a strategic approach to facilitate the drug discovery process. Initial screening yielded 173 compounds with anti-echinococcal properties, 52 of which demonstrated dose–response efficacy against E. granulosus PSCs in vitro. Notably, two agents, omaveloxolone and niclosamide, showed complete inhibition upon further validation in cyst and microcyst viability assays in vitro after incubation for 3 days, and in an ex vivo cyst viability assay using cysts isolated from the livers of mice infected with E. granulosus, as determined by morphological assessment. Conclusions: Through the development of a novel HTS assay and by repurposing libraries, we identified omaveloxolone and niclosamide as potent inhibitors against E. granulosus. These compounds show promise as potential anti-echinococcal drugs, and our strategic approach has the potential to promote drug discovery for parasitic infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]