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Photosensitive quantum dot light‐emitting diodes (PSQLEDs) possess the dual capabilities of generating and detecting light signals, which is of significant importance for the development of miniaturized and integrated optoelectronic devices. However, the state‐of‐the‐art PSQLEDs can only detect light signals within a certain wavelength range, and require switching between the two functions under different bias voltage directions. In this work, The use of a ZnO/quantum dots (QDs)/ZnO multilayer (ZQZ ML) architecture as both the electron transport layer and the photosensitive layer is pioneered. The QDs in this structure are composed of narrow‐bandgap lead sulfide QDs and wide‐bandgap cadmium selenide QDs, successfully realizing a unique PSQLED device with C photosensitive characteristics. As a result, the as‐fabricated device can respond to illumination from 365 to 1300 nm, and the device achieves a photoresponse rate of 20.9 mA W−1 in self‐powered mode to UV light. After UV light irradiation, the maximum external quantum efficiency and maximum luminance of device reached 11.8% and 64,549 cd m−2, respectively. The device shows a record‐high luminance ON/OFF ratio of 5500%, which is beneficial for high contrast and accurate information display. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated the effect of heating rates during post-baking on the minimum resolution widths of film patterns prepared from positive-type photosensitive random-structure oligomeric silsesquioxanes (oligo-SQs) with only phenyl (Ph) or both Ph and methyl (Me) groups (Ph group content ≥50 mol%) as substituents. Previously, increasing the Me group content produced 20 μm minimum widths. This was attributed to flow, fusion, and wrinkling during post-baking at 60 °C/min, and partly attributed to enhanced silanol (Si-OH) group reactivity during early stages of post-baking. Here, film patterns for high-definition optical devices fabricated from oligo-SQs with only Ph groups, or with the highest Me group content, produced desired 10 μm widths when heated slowly at 6 °C/min or 3 °C/min, respectively. The decreased widths were attributed to reduced flowability because of enhanced Si-OH group reactivity during heating and the changes and bulkiness of the oligo-SQ molecular structure. The Si-OH reactivity may have been enhanced by the activation of molecular chain motions with increased Me group content and the lower weight-average molecular weight. Structural changes and substituent bulkiness may have also suppressed the chain motions. Highlights: Developed film patterns were obtained from sol-gel-derived positive-type photosensitive oligomeric silsesquioxanes with random structure, and were subjected to bleaching exposures and post-baking to form cured film patterns. Effects of heating rate for post-baking at 230 °C were investigated on the minimum resolution widths in the cured film patterns. Slow heating rates of 3 or 6 °C/min were found to realize desired widths of 10 μm for high-definition optical devices. The decreased widths were attributed to reduced flowability because of enhanced silanol group reactivity during heating and the changes and bulkiness of the silsesquioxane molecular structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Shenyang Pharmaceutical University is the property of Shenyang Pharmaceutical University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In order to improve the optical effect of LCD display device, the full‐silicon‐oxide structure of Buffer film is introduced into the actual product. However, the lack of silicon oxide film structure will lead to increased risk of product reliability. Different from the diffusion effect of alkaline cations from glass substrates in previous literature, this paper mainly analyzes the novel failure effect of thin film transistors (TFT) caused by the defects of silicon oxide film. The main reason for the device failure under the bias condition is that the photosensitive characteristics of the silicon oxide defect cause the TFT device threshold voltage shift and failure. The dynamic process of the defect, transport and actual action on the TFT device is further explained. Finally, the reliability of the device is improved by optimizing the parameters. This will provide a new reference for the actual failure analysis of display devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In electrospray deposition, a precursor solution, composed of a solute material in a volatile carrier solvent, is atomized into a spray of charged microdroplets under the influence of a strong electric field. As the droplets are in‐flight, the carrier solvent evaporates, leaving behind the solute material that can be delivered to a target surface to create a film. In this work, we employ electrospray deposition to create films of UV‐photosensitive polyimide. Films were deposited using in‐situ UV exposure, where the in‐flight droplets and deposited material were exposed to UV during deposition. The characteristics of these films were compared to films exposed to UV only after deposition (referred to as post‐UV exposure). The microstructure of the deposited films was notably different for the two exposure modes, in which the in‐situ UV exposed films have a wavy/dimpled surface, compared to the flat and smooth surface of the post‐UV exposed films. However, thermogravimetric analysis and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed that the UV activation of the in‐situ UV and post‐UV exposed films was nearly identical. Breakdown testing was conducted to evaluate the dielectric strength of the films. Overall, the in‐situ UV and post‐UV exposed films exhibited similar breakdown strengths of approx. 430–450 V/μm. The use of in‐situ UV exposure cuts in half the processing time for producing thin polyimide films. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the previous study, prebaked films are prepared from positive-type photosensitive oligomeric silsesquioxanes with phenyl (>50 mol%) and methyl substituents containing a diazonaphthoquinone derivative. Subsequently, forward-tapered patterns with <10-µm resolution widths are created from the films through mask exposure and alkali development. However, transparent insulating films used in optical devices require chemical and heat resistance together with gently forward-tapered shapes to prevent disconnection of the upper-layer wirings. In the present work, both prebaked and developed films are subjected to bleaching exposure and subsequent post-baking to clarify the effects of these treatments on the film properties. The treatments are found to complete the condensation reactions to form films with high visible-range transparency and good chemical and heat (230 °C) resistance. Notably, flow, fusion, and wrinkling occur during post-baking, resulting in desirable gentle-shaped patterns. The minimum pattern widths decrease from 40 to 20 µm with increasing methyl group content. Infrared absorption spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analyses reveal that the decrease in width is due to the increased fraction of regular ladder structures generated by condensation reactions during post-baking. The increase in highly reactive methyl-substituted silanol groups results in lower molecular chain motion at lower temperatures, leading to an increase in this fraction. Highlights: Cured films and patterns were formed via a transparent curing treatment of developed films and patterns obtained from sol-gel-derived positive-type photosensitive oligomeric silsesquioxanes. The films exhibited high visible-range transparency and good chemical and heat (230 °C) resistance, and all patterns had gently forward-tapered shapes. The minimum pattern widths decreased from 40 to 20 μm with increasing methyl group content in the oligomeric silsesquioxanes. The decrease in width was attributed to the lower molecular chain motion, which resulted from the increase in the fraction of regular ladder structures generated at low temperatures by condensation reactions during post-baking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate electroclinical phenotypes and long-term photosensitivity outcome in a large pediatric cohort of patients with epilepsy with photosensitivity. Patients with epilepsy with photosensitivity with four or more years of follow-up were included. Sustained terminal remission (STR) of photosensitivity (≥3.5 years) and seizure control were investigated, as well as the prognostic factors of photosensitivity. Furthermore, a cluster analysis was used to study the different subgroups of photoparoxysmal responses (PPR). We included 190 individuals with a median age at diagnosis of photosensitivity of 93.1 months (interquartile range [IQR] 62.8 to 120 months) and a median follow-up duration of 68.5 months (IQR 51.8 to 84 months). STR of photosensitivity was achieved in 97 (51.1%) patients, and the mean time from age at diagnosis of photosensitivity onset to STR was 16.5 months. Age at the last follow-up (9 to 18 years [ P = 0.001]), a history of photoconvulsive response (PCR) (P = 0.009), and posterior epileptiform discharges (EDs) of PPRs (P = 0.05) were significantly associated with a lower chance of entering STR according to a Cox proportional hazards model. The subgroup of generalized epilepsy syndrome exhibited 46.2% of eye closure sensitivity and 47.7% of PCR. The rates of focal epilepsy syndrome (cluster 1), generalized epilepsy syndrome (cluster 2), and unclassified epilepsy (cluster 3) were similar and not statistically different in photosensitive outcome (P = 0.527). Age nine to 18 years, a history of PCR, and posterior EDs of PPRs were the adverse factors affecting photosensitivity, suggesting the effect of age-related brain changes in STR. There was no difference in the prognosis of photosensitivity in different epileptic syndromes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photosensitive polyimides (PSPIs) have been widely developed in microelectronics, which is due to their excellent thermal properties and reasonable dielectric properties and can be directly patterned to simplify the processing steps. In this study, 3 μm~7 μm thick PSPI films were deposited on different substrates, including Si, 50 nm SiN, 50 nm SiO2, 100 nm Cu, and 100 nm Al, for the optimization of the process of integration with Cu films. In situ temperature-dependent resistance measurements were conducted by using a four-point probe system to study the changes in resistance of the 70 nm thick Cu films on different dielectrics with thick diffusion films of 30 nm Mn, Co, and W films in a N2 ambient. The lowest possible change in thickness due to annealing at the higher temperature ranges of 325 °C to 375 °C is displayed, which suggests the high stability of PSPI. The PSPI films show good adhesion with each Cu diffusion barrier up to 350 °C, and we believe that this will be helpful for new packaging applications, such as a 3D IC with a Cu interconnect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Brown carbon (BrC) is divided into five categories according to the chromophores. • Different chromophoric BrC shows unique forming processes. • BrC triggers the production of SOA precursors or promote SOA growth. • BrC exerts potential adverse health effects to some extent. • Sufficiently separated methods and machine learning should be used for BrC identification. Brown carbon (BrC) has attracted widespread attention because of its strong absorption of solar radiation in the ultraviolet-visible wavelength range, which causes adverse impacts on human health. Originally, BrC was a physically defined class of substances. However, current research has gradually shifted towards the identification of its chemical groups, because its light-absorbing capability, chemical properties and health effects mainly depend on the chemical composition of its chromophores. Therefore, this review mainly focuses on the chemical understanding of BrC based on chromophores, and the secondary formation mechanism of chromophores, photosensitized reactions, and human health effects of BrC were detailly summarized. Firstly, BrC chromophores are divided into five categories: nitrogen-heterocycles, nitrogen-chain, aromatic species, oligomers and sulfur-containing organic compounds. Different chromophore precursor species exhibit variations, and their formation mechanisms are also distinct. Secondly, BrC can trigger the production of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) precursors or cause SOA growth because BrC is an important component of light-absorbing particles formed during incomplete combustion of biomass and fossil fuels, potentially exerting adverse effects on human health. Finally, developing sufficiently separated methods for BrC and refining algorithms and machine learning can lead to a more effective understanding of the chemical composition of chromophores, thus enabling better evaluation of the atmospheric effects and health impacts of BrC. In all, this review provides new insights into the categories of BrC chromophores and new advance in secondary formation mechanisms, photosensitized reactions, and human health effects on the basis of chemical structures. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A library of β-enamino diketones was prepared via base-mediated, three-component reaction of 4-hydroxycoumarins with various aromatic/aliphatic amines and β-nitrostyrenes under microwave irradiation conditions to investigate their photochemical properties. Among the prepared compounds, a thiophene derived β-enamino diketone was found to be light-sensitive and to exhibit unique photochromic behavior, that is, positive photochromism in solution and negative photochromism in crystalline phase. In addition, this prepared photochromic compound was further covalently linked to a structure-related, piezochromic β-enamino diketone moiety to explore its potential multi-stimuli responsive properties.

Leaf color is directly related to altered photosynthesis. Hence, leaf yellowing mutants can be widely used for the researching plant physiology and functional genomes, for cultivating new varieties of popular horticultural plants, and for identifying hybrid purity (as markers). Here, we constructed a 60Co-γ F2 population from the leaf -yellowing mutant R24 via radiation mutation with the inbred line WT21 of pepper. Genetic analysis showed that the leaf-yellowing of the mutant was controlled by a single recessive gene. By applying the Bulk Segregation Analysis and Kompetitive Allele Specific PCR markers, the leaf-yellowing gene CaLY1 (Capsicum annuum Leaf yellow 1) was mapped on chromosome 9, SNP5791587–SNP6011215, with a size of 214.5 kb. One non-synonymous mutated gene Capana09g000166 was found in the interval. The gene encoded a PsbX, which is the core complex of PSII. Transcriptome analysis further showed that 2301 differentially expressed genes were identified under shading treatment for 24 h in R24. The Gene Ontology enrichment pathways were related to photosynthesis light harvesting, cell wall, activity of quercetin 3-O-glucosyltransferase and flavonoid metabolic process, which likely regulate the response of pepper leaves to different light levels. Functional enrichment analysis indicated that the most abundant pathways were photosynthesis antenna proteins and metabolic.

Copyright of Erzincan University Journal of Science & Technology is the property of Erzincan Binali Yildirim Universitesi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Agronomica Sinica is the property of Crop Science Society of China and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Forensic Science & Technology is the property of Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Public Security and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Photosensitive polyimides (PSPIs) have been widely developed in microelectronics, which is due to their excellent thermal properties and reasonable dielectric properties and can be directly patterned to simplify the processing steps. In this study, 3 μm~7 μm thick PSPI films were deposited on different substrates, including Si, 50 nm SiN, 50 nm SiO2, 100 nm Cu, and 100 nm Al, for the optimization of the process of integration with Cu films. In situ temperature-dependent resistance measurements were conducted by using a four-point probe system to study the changes in resistance of the 70 nm thick Cu films on different dielectrics with thick diffusion films of 30 nm Mn, Co, and W films in a N2 ambient. The lowest possible change in thickness due to annealing at the higher temperature ranges of 325 °C to 375 °C is displayed, which suggests the high stability of PSPI. The PSPI films show good adhesion with each Cu diffusion barrier up to 350 °C, and we believe that this will be helpful for new packaging applications, such as a 3D IC with a Cu interconnect.

Large skin defects caused by accidents or disease can cause fluid loss, water and electrolyte disorders, hypoproteinemia and serious infection and remain a difficult problem in clinical practice. In situ bioprinting is a promising, recently developed technology that involves timely, customized, and morphologically adapted bioprinting of bioink into tissue defects to promote the recovery of human tissues or organs. During this process, bioink is a key factor. In this study, we synthesized a biocompatible, photosensitive hydrogel material comprising gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) for robot-assisted in situ bioprinting of skin wounds. The results showed that GelMA demonstrated good printability of that supported the proliferation of skin-derived precursors (SKPs) and maintained their properties. Furthermore, in situ bioprinting of GelMA hydrogels with epidermal stem cells (Epi-SCs) and SKPs onto skin wounds showed complete wound healing and functional tissue skin regeneration. The regenerated skin contains epidermis, dermis, blood vessels, hair follicles, and sebaceous glands and resembling native skin. These results provide an effective strategy for skin repair through the combined application of GelMA hydrogels, Epi-SCs, SKPs and in situ bioprinting and its promising clinical translational potential for further applications.

The ability to drive expression of exogenous genes in different tissues and cell types, under the control of specific enhancers, has been crucial for discovery in biology. While many enhancers drive expression broadly, several genetic tools were developed to obtain access to isolated cell types. Studies of spatially organized neuropiles in the central nervous system of fruit flies have raised the need for a system that targets subsets of cells within a single neuronal type, a feat currently dependent on stochastic flip-out methods. To access the same cells within a given expression pattern consistently across fruit flies, we developed the light-gated expression system LOV-LexA. We combined the bacterial LexA transcription factor with the plant-derived light, oxygen, or voltage photosensitive domain and a fluorescent protein. Exposure to blue light uncages a nuclear localizing signal in the C-terminal of the light, oxygen, or voltage domain and leads to the translocation of LOV-LexA to the nucleus, with the subsequent initiation of transcription. LOV-LexA enables spatial and temporal control of expression of transgenes under LexAop sequences in larval fat body and pupal and adult neurons with blue light. The LOV-LexA tool is ready to use with GAL4 and Split-GAL4 drivers in its current form and constitutes another layer of intersectional genetics that provides lightcontrolled genetic access to specific cells across flies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photoluminescent metallopolymers displaying photo-stimuli-responsive properties are emerging as promising materials with versatile applications in photo-rewritable patterns, wearable UV sensors, and optical encryption anti-counterfeiting. However, integrating these materials into practical applications that require fast response times, lightweight qualities, fatigue resistance, and multiple encryption capabilities poses challenges. In this study, luminescent photochromic lanthanide (Ln) metallopolymers with rapid self-healing properties are developed by cross-linking terpyridine (Tpy)- and spiropyran (SP)- functionalized polyurethane chains through Ln-Tpy coordination bonds and H-bonds among polymer chains. The resulting products exhibit a range of intriguing features: i) photo-stimuli responsiveness using spiropyran monomers without additional dopants; ii) dual-emitting performance under UV-light due to Ln-Tpy and open-ring spiropyran moieties; iii) satisfactory mechanical properties and self-healing abilities from polymer chains; iv) multiple control switches for luminescence colors through photostimulation or feed ratio adjustments. Leveraging these attributes, the developed material introduces novel opportunities for light-writing applications, advanced information encryption, UV-sensing wearable devices, and insights into designing multifunctional intelligent materials for the future., (© 2024 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

With the development of facility agriculture, low-light stress is a prominent problem and a popular research topic currently. In this study, transcriptome analysis was used to analyze the genes in the fruit peel of photosensitive and nonphotosensitive eggplant and to explore the mechanism of changes in fruit color, texture, hormone content, aroma, and taste of these two different types of eggplant. We identified 51, 65, 66, and 66 genes involved in synthesizing anthocyanins, texture, hormone content, and aroma and flavor, respectively, in the two different types of eggplant based on the variation in gene expression trends in the fruit peel. These results provide a basis for further analysis of the molecular mechanism underlying the regulatory processes in eggplant fruits under low-light stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While resin-based materials meet the many requirements of a restorative material, they lack adequate, long-lasting antimicrobial power. This study investigated a zinc oxide nanoparticle (ZnO NP)-loaded resin-blend (RB) toward a new antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT)-based approach for managing dental caries. The results confirmed that up to 20 wt% ZnO NPs could be added without compromising the degree of conversion (DC) of the original blend. The DC achieved for the 20 wt% ZnO NP blend has been the highest reported. The effects on flexural strength (FS), shear bond strength to dentin (SBS), water sorption (WS), solubility (SL), and viability of Streptococcus mutans under 1.35 J/cm2 blue light or dark conditions were limited to ≤20 wt% ZnO NP loading. The addition of up to 20 wt% ZnO NPs had a minimal impact on FS or SBS, while a reduction in the bacteria count was observed. The maximum loading resulted in an increase in SL. Furthermore, 28-day aging in 37 °C water increased the FS for all groups, while it sustained the reduction in bacteria count for the 20 wt% resin blends. Overall, the ZnO NP-loaded resin-based restorative material presents significant potential for use in aPDT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The evaluation of biofilm formation is important, given the ubiquity and problematic nature of biofilms in industrial and medical settings, as well as in everyday life. Basically, biofilms are formed on substrates. Therefore, it is essential to consider the properties of the substrates during biofilm evaluation. The common dye staining method to evaluate biofilm formation requires a short evaluation time and enables the evaluation of a large area of the sample. Furthermore, it can be easily determined visually, and quantitative evaluation is possible by quantifying color adsorption. Meanwhile, the dye staining method has the problem of adsorption even on substrate surfaces where no biofilm has formed. Therefore, in this study, we focused on Ag+ reduction reaction to devise a novel biofilm evaluation method. Ag+ is highly reductive and selectively reacts with organic substances, such as saccharides, aldehydes, and proteins contained in biofilms, depositing as metallic Ag. First, to simply evaluate biofilm formation, we used a glass substrate as a smooth, transparent, and versatile oxide material. We observed that the amount of Ag deposited on the substrate was increased proportionally to the amount of biofilm formed under light irradiation. Upon comparing the Ag deposition behavior and adsorption behavior of crystal violet, we discovered that for short immersion times in AgNO3 solution, Ag deposition was insufficient to evaluate the amount of biofilm formation. This result suggests that the Ag reduction reaction is more insensitive than the crystal violet adsorption behavior. The results of the Ag deposition reaction for 24 h showed a similar trend to the crystal violet dye adsorption behavior. However, quantitative biofilm evaluation using the proposed method was difficult because of the Ag+ exchange with the alkali metal ions contained in the glass substrate. We addressed this issue by using the basic solution obtained by adding an ammonia solution to aqueous AgNO3. This can cause Ag+ to selectively react with the biofilm, thus enabling a more accurate quantitative evaluation. The optimum was determined at a ratio of distilled water to aqueous ammonia solution of 97:3 by weight. This biofilm was also evaluated for materials other than ceramics (glass substrate): organic material (polyethylene) and metal material (pure iron). In the case of polyethylene, a suitable response and evaluation of biofilm formation was successfully achieved using this method. Meanwhile, in the case of pure iron, a significantly large lumpy deposit of Ag was observed. The likely reason is that Ag precipitation occurred along with the elution of iron ions because of the difference in ionization tendency. It could be concluded that the detection of biofilm formation using this method was effective to evaluate biofilm formation on materials, in which the reduction reaction of [Ag(NH3)2]+ does not occur. Thus, a simple and relatively quantitative evaluation of biofilms formed on substrates is possible using this method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We developed photosensitive material for Mini/Micro LED display. The material is negative tone type and alkaline developable. Minimum resolution of the material is 10 μm with 10 μm thickness, and taper angle is approximately 80°. The material has high transparency and good heat resistance. Transparency of 10 μm thickness cured film is more than 90% at 400 nm, Tg of cured film is over 250°C. And the material has durability against blue light (405 nm). After radiation of blue light at 50°C for 400 hrs, the material has no transparency loss and no film thickness loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Capecitabine is a 5-fluorouracil basedchemotherapeutic drug widely used in the treatmentof solid tumors, especially colorectal and breast. Someof the most common side effects of capecitabine arecutaneous in nature, including hand-foot syndrome(palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia). Several reports inthe literature link capecitabine use with photosensitivelichenoid eruptions. Herein, we present a case ofcapecitabine-induced lichenoid eruption in an elderlyfemale with metastatic breast cancer and discuss ourfindings in relationship to previously reported cases ofthis and other capecitabine-induced skin pathologies.

The advancement of the information age has intensified the focus on photosensitive materials for information storage devices. To develop new photosensitive two azobenzene side-chain polymers i.e., poly(E)-3-(4-((4-nitrophenyl)diazenyl)phenoxy)propyl acrylate (polymer-1) and poly(E)-3-(4-((2-methoxy-4-nitrophenyl)diazenyl)phenoxy)propyl acrylate (polymer-2), were developed, and their diffraction efficiency was evaluated. The impact of ionic liquids (ILs) on the diffraction efficiency was evaluated by combining the polymers with imidazolium and ammonium families of ILs such as 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide [Bmim]Br, 1-ethyl-3-methyl-imidazolium-bromide [Emim]Br (imidazolium ILs), and triethylammonium methanesulfonate [TMEAS] (ammonium IL). The molecular interaction of both azobenzene side-chain polymers with the ILs was evaluated before the diffraction efficiency studies by employing UV–vis, FT-IR, and confocal Raman spectroscopies. The spectroscopic studies revealed the interaction of the polymers with the imidazolium and ammonium ILs. The mean diffraction efficiency of polymers-1 and −2 were ∼0.05 and ∼0.022%, respectively. After the addition of the ILs, the diffraction efficiency increased. The highest diffraction efficiency was achieved with the polymer-2 + [Emim]Br system of 3.5% and polymer-2 + TEMS combination of 4.03%. Therefore, although the diffraction efficiency of polymer-1 was higher than that of polymer-2, after adding the ILs, the diffraction efficiency of polymer-2 surpassed that of the polymer-1 + ILs system.

The eye, the pineal complex and the skin are important photosensitive organs. The African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis , senses light from the environment and adjusts skin color accordingly. For example, light reflected from the surface induces camouflage through background adaptation while light from above produces circadian variation in skin pigmentation. During embryogenesis, background adaptation, and circadian skin variation are segregated responses regulated by the secretion of α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) and melatonin through the photosensitivity of the eye and pineal complex, respectively. Changes in the color of skin pigmentation have been used as a readout of biochemical and physiological processes since the initial purification of pineal melatonin from pigs, and more recently have been employed to better understand the neuroendocrine circuit that regulates background adaptation. The identification of 37 type II opsin genes in the genome of the allotetraploid X. laevis , combined with analysis of their expression in the eye, pineal complex and skin, is contributing to the elucidation of the role of opsins in the different photosensitive organs, but also brings new questions and challenges. In this review, we analyze new findings regarding the anatomical localization and functions of type II opsins in sensing light. The contribution of X. laevis in revealing the neuroendocrine circuits that regulate background adaptation and circadian light variation through changes in skin pigmentation is discussed. Finally, the presence of opsins in X. laevis skin melanophores is presented and compared with the secretory melanocytes of birds and mammals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gap-type amorphous silicon (a-Si) thin-film transistor (TFT) can provide high photo current in simple device structure, which makes it suitable for large-area-sensing applications. The reason why the photo current is much higher when the device is operated in the on-region than that in the off-region is not well studied. In this article, we propose the mechanism to explain this special phenomenon for the gap-type a-Si TFT. The feature of potential well is supported by TCAD simulation. The mechanism is further verified from the perspective of temperature effect and time response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To improve the characteristics and quality of the photoalignment of liquid crystals has been a main goal of many relevant studies. We demonstrate in this work, following the general concept of composite materials, that the photoalignment of liquid crystal can substantially be improved when using alignment layers made from photoalignment composite materials. These composites contain at least one photoalignment material. The other components of the photoalignment composite material may or may be not photosensitive, as conventional polyimide materials, for instance. We show that by a proper choice of the components, the properties of the photoalignment materials, made by photoalignment composites, can be tailored in a broad range, resulting in higher sensitivity, and thus shorter exposure time, uniform and smooth photoalignment topography (without domains and sandy structures) resulting in high image contrast. High-quality photo-patterning of the liquid crystal alignment is demonstrated in this work with a photoalignment composite material containing one of our photoalignment materials and a conventional polyamide alignment material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Textile azo dyes are one of the pollutants in waste water that adversely affect human and environmental health. Removal of these chemicals from wastewater is important for eco-system and human health. In this study, Bi2O3 nanoflakes and ZnO were synthesized by the co-precipitation method. Adsorption and photocatalytic degradation reactions were carried out to remove dyes (Victoria blue (VB) and Malachite green (MG)) from wastewater with the photocatalysts. In order to improve the activity of catalysts, cetyltrimethylammoniumbromide (CTAB) was added as a surfactant to pure oxide structures, and Bi2O3-CTAB and ZnO-CTAB catalysts were prepared. The structural and morphological properties of these catalysts were determined by BET, XRD, DRS, FTIR, and SEM analysis. It was found that the activity of the catalyst was improved by adding surfactant to the Bi2O3. The total mineralization of VB dye was completed in 60 min under sunlight with Bi2O3-CTAB catalyst. However, the degradation of the MG dye with the same catalyst under UV-C irradiation could be completed in 120 min. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objectives] The aim of this study was to develop dCAPS molecular markers for photosensitivity of anthocyanin production in eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) based on high-throughput re-sequencing data. The molecular marker can be used for molecular assisted selection and gene mapping analysis. [Methods] In this study photosensitive eggplant variety Lanshanhexian non-photosensitive eggplant variety 145 and 60 F, population were used as materials. With reduced-representation sequencing and bulked segregant analysis (BSA), polymorphic dCAPS primers were designed. A further testing of markers was performed between 192 F, populations and 123 eggplant accessions to verify the accuracy. [Results] The photosensitivity of eggplant fruit color was dominant inheritance controlled by a single gene, and three candidate segments with a total length of 3.01 Mb were obtained by BSA-se and correlation analysis: 87.080-88.090 Mb,91.475-92.475 ML,92 785-93.785 Mb. A molecular marker dCAPS-9 was developed, which could be used to distinguish photosensitive and non-photosensitive eggplants. The further testing showed the selection accuracy of 98.4% and 91.9% between marker test and phenotype in 192 F, and 123 varieties of eggplant, respectively. [Conclusions dCAPS-9 had high accuracy both in the F, populations and eggplant varieties. The development of dCAPS-9 was of great significance for the photosensitive molecular marker-assisted breeding in eggplant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highly repeatable, photosensitive nonvolatile resistive random access memory (ReRAM) made of a Si/SiO2/Cu/PRPC/Ta stack with a photoresponsive polymer composite (PRPC) as the active medium is presented. The device shows errorless bipolar resistive switching with more than 100 cycles repeatability and stable SET and RESET voltages. It changes its resistive states in response to white light and recovers completely after removal of the light source. It also changes its state in response to heat and recovers randomly after the removal of the heat source. The phenomenon is explained by valance charge transfer along with a space‐charge‐limited conduction (SCLC) mechanism. The initial state of the device is low resistance state (LRS) because of electric‐field‐induced formation of valance charge transfer states. It switches to a high resistance state (HRS) due to electric‐field‐induced dissociation of the charge transfer states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, concerns have been raised about the safety of titanium dioxide (TiO 2), a commonly used component of pharmaceutical film coatings. The European Union has recently prohibited the application of this material in the food industry, and it is anticipated that the same will happen in the pharmaceutical industry. For this reason, pharmaceutical manufacturers have to consider the possible impact of removing TiO 2 from the film coating of tablets. In this paper, we present a case study of a commercially produced tablet where the film coating containing TiO 2 was replaced with a coating using calcium carbonate (CaCO 3) or with a transparent coating. The performance of the coatings was compared by measuring the moisture absorption rate and the dissolution profile of the tablets. In these regards, there were negligible differences between the coating types. The tablets contained a highly photosensitive drug, the ability of the coatings to protect the drug was evaluated through environmental stability and photostability measurements. The HPLC results showed that the inclusion of TiO 2 does not provide additional benefits, when humidity and thermal stress is applied, however its role was vital in protecting the drug from external light. There were several decomposition products which appeared in large quantities when TiO 2 was missing from the coating. These results imply that photosensitivity is an issue, replacing TiO 2 will be challenging, though its absence can be tolerated when the drug does not need to be protected from light. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Injectable materials have attracted great attention in the manufacture of in situ forming hydrogels for biomedical applications. In this study, a facile method to prepare methacrylic anhydride (MA)-modified sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as an injectable material for the fabrication of hydrogels with controllable properties is reported. The chemical structure of the series of MA-grafted CMC (CMCMAs) with different MA contents was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and the properties of CMCMAs were characterized. Then, the CMCMAs gel (CMCMAs-G) was fabricated by crosslinking of MA under blue light irradiation. The gelation performances, swelling behaviors, transmittance, surface porous structures and mechanical properties of CMCMAs-G can be controlled by varying the content of MA grafted on the CMC. The compressive strength of CMCMAs-G was measured by mechanical compressibility tests and up to 180 kPa. Furthermore, the in vitro cytocompatibility evaluation results suggest that the obtained CMCMAs-G exhibit good compatibility for cell proliferation. Hence, our strategy provides a facile approach for the preparation of light-sensitive and an injectable CMC-derived polymer to fabricate hydrogels for biomedical applications. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the development of facility agriculture, low-light stress is a prominent problem and a popular research topic currently. In this study, transcriptome analysis was used to analyze the genes in the fruit peel of photosensitive and nonphotosensitive eggplant and to explore the mechanism of changes in fruit color, texture, hormone content, aroma, and taste of these two different types of eggplant. We identified 51, 65, 66, and 66 genes involved in synthesizing anthocyanins, texture, hormone content, and aroma and flavor, respectively, in the two different types of eggplant based on the variation in gene expression trends in the fruit peel. These results provide a basis for further analysis of the molecular mechanism underlying the regulatory processes in eggplant fruits under low-light stress.

While resin-based materials meet the many requirements of a restorative material, they lack adequate, long-lasting antimicrobial power. This study investigated a zinc oxide nanoparticle (ZnO NP)-loaded resin-blend (RB) toward a new antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT)-based approach for managing dental caries. The results confirmed that up to 20 wt% ZnO NPs could be added without compromising the degree of conversion (DC) of the original blend. The DC achieved for the 20 wt% ZnO NP blend has been the highest reported. The effects on flexural strength (FS), shear bond strength to dentin (SBS), water sorption (WS), solubility (SL), and viability of Streptococcus mutans under 1.35 J/cm2 blue light or dark conditions were limited to ≤20 wt% ZnO NP loading. The addition of up to 20 wt% ZnO NPs had a minimal impact on FS or SBS, while a reduction in the bacteria count was observed. The maximum loading resulted in an increase in SL. Furthermore, 28-day aging in 37 °C water increased the FS for all groups, while it sustained the reduction in bacteria count for the 20 wt% resin blends. Overall, the ZnO NP-loaded resin-based restorative material presents significant potential for use in aPDT.

The photoelectric interconnection of matrix photodetectors in the medium-wave IR range of 320 × 256 elements with a step of 30 μm and 640 × 512 elements with a step of 15 μm based on indium antimonide is investigated. The dependence of the crosstalk value on the thickness of a thinned InSb bulk structure was determined. The interrelation of the elements of matrix photodetectors based on epitaxial indium antimonide is significantly less than the interrelation based on bulk indium antimonide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photosensitive nanofibers have been utilized in various applications such as everyday apparels, protective clothing, medical and sports wearables. Polyurethane (PU) electrospun nanofiber mats (ENMs) are considered as one of the strong, stretchable, breathable, hydrophobic and durable textile substrates having good coloration properties. The photosensitive spiropyran dye[1′-3′-dihydro-8-methoxy-1′,3′,3′-trimethyl-6-nitrospiro2H-1-benzopyran-2,2′-(2H)-Indole] (Ind) was successfully incorporated into PU and polystyrene (PS) nanofibers via electrospinning. The resultant ENMs were measured upon alternate irradiation with ultraviolet at wavelength of 365 nm for coloration and with visible light at (40 °C) for decoloration on a designed photomask of quick-response code at the minimum area (1 × 1 cm2) with multiple photo-switching. SEM images revealed smooth morphology of the Ind-PS ENM and Ind-PU ENM with a slight increase in fiber diameter. The results revealed that the Ind-PS ENM and Ind-PU ENM can potentially be considered for data recording/erasing or where such type of ENMs can be utilized. Photocoloration/Decoloration of PU-Ind and PS-Ind ENMs [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multifunctional stimuli‐responsive materials have attracted tremendous attention because of their great potential in a variety of applications. However, conventional stimuli‐responsive emitting materials are limited to single‐stimulus response with rare attention paid to triplet excitons controlling. Herein, a multi‐stimuli‐responsive molecule (SPh‐TP) with tuning of triplet excitons is reported. During illumination, the SPh‐TP crystals with unique twisted structure and loose packing have a high probability to contact with neighboring oxygen atoms, followed by the occurrence of triplet–triplet energy transfer, and thus showing a photosensitive property. Meanwhile, the photosensitive property is also observed for the crystalline sample in vacuum, which is associated with oxygens locked in crystal pores. Upon mechanical stress, the crystalline morphology is broken and the molecules become more planar with tighter stacking, revealing its mechanochromism. In comparison to the crystalline sample, the ground sample can respond to light with different rates depending on the ratio of oxygen. This multi‐stimuli‐responsive material shows potential applications in oxygen detection and double‐encryption of information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stimuli-responsive circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) materials show great promise in applying information encryption and anticounterfeiting. Herein, light-driven CPL sign inversion is achieved by combining a photoresponsive achiral negative dichroic dye (KG) and a static achiral positive dichroic dye (NR) as dopants at the 0.5:0.5 weight ratio into the cholesteric liquid crystal (CLC) host. The side chains of KG undergo trans/cis isomerization after 365 nm UV light irradiation, leading to the dichroism (S F ) decrease. The |g lum | value of CLC doping with KG (CLC-KG) weakens from 0.67 to 0.28 in response to the order degree change. Taking advantage of its unique CPL response property, the light-driven CPL sign inversion is achieved (from -0.20/0.14 to 0.02/-0.04) by incorporating NR (0.5:0.5) into the CLC-KG with helical superstructure static. Based on the synergistic use of circular polarization and responsiveness state as cryptographic primitives, the multidimensional information encryption CLC system can be realized., (© 2024 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

A new photosensitive and electroactive polyamide containing azobenzene in the side chain and triphenylamine unit in the main chain was prepared by reaction of 5-((4-(dimethylamino)phenyl)diazenyl)isophthalic acid (1) and 4-N-(4-aminophenyl)-4-N-phenyl benzene-1,4-diamine (2). A novel ternary (Mg–Zn–Al–) layered double hydroxide modified with calcon indicator (LDH-calcon) was prepared by a co-precipitation method. The solution intercalation technique was used to prepare nanocomposites from the polyamide and LDH-calcon in a solution of N,N-dimethylformamide. The LDH-calcon in polyamide 3 and 6 wt% was prepared. The photoisomerization of samples was monitored by 1H-NMR and UV–Vis spectroscopy. The absorption maxima (λmax) peak of 316 nm due to π–π∗ transition of trans-azobenzene chromophores modified to 254 nm UV irradiation. Cyclic voltammograms of the polyamide films on glassy carbon illustrated reversible redox around 0.6–0.86 V were enhanced by the addition of LDH-calcon. The thermal analysis exhibited enhanced T5 and T10 of polyamide with 3% LDH-calcon by about 76 °C and 174 °C, respectively, for nanocomposite containing 3 mass% of LDH-calcon and by about 26 °C and 15 °C for 6 mass%, respectively. Moreover, the char residues of nanocomposite increase as compared to neat polyamide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the photolysis of chlorothalonil on cabbage was investigated. The water extracts of the green and purple cabbage were used to investigate the effect of two cabbage leaves on the photolysis of chlorothalonil and the photodegradation of chlorothalonil under artificial light. The results showed that the photodegradation half-lifes of chlorothalonil in aqueous solution were 80.58 min and 70.71 min in the presence of the water extracts of green and purple cabbage leaves under the irradiation of xenon lamp. The degradation rates were increased by 7.17 times and 8.71 times respectively compared to those in the absence of the water extracts of two cabbage leaves. Chlorothalonil underwent photo-oxidation, photoredox, and photocatalytic hydrolysis reactions in the presence of two cabbage leaves water extract. The degradation of chlorothalonil on the leaves of two kinds of cabbages was in accordance with the first-order kinetic with the half-lives of 12.68 h and 11.25 h under UV lamp, respectively. The photolysis rate of chlorothalonil was higher on the traumatic cabbage leaves than that on the untraumatic cabbage leaves. The results could provide reference for the scientific use of chlorothalonil and its food safety risk assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review discusses recent achievements on grating fabrications in polymer optical fibers doped with photosensitive materials. First, different photosensitive dopants in polymer optical fibers (POFs) are summarized, and their refractive index change mechanisms are discussed. Then, several different doping methods to fabricate the photosensitive POFs are presented. Following that, the principles of gratings, including standard fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs), tilted fiber Bragg gratings (TFBGs), chirped fiber Bragg gratings (CFBGs), phase-shifted fiber Bragg gratings (PSFBGs), and long period fiber gratings (LPFGs), are reported. Finally, fabrications of different gratings based on photosensitive POFs in the last 20 years are reported. We present our article clearly and logically, so that it will be helpful for researchers to explore a broad perspective on this proposed topic. Overall, the content provides a comprehensive overview of photosensitive POF fabrications and grating inscriptions in photosensitive POFs, including previous breakthroughs and recent advancements.

The latest generation of solar cell that utilizes dye from plants as a photosensitizer is Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC). The dye from Solanum melongena L. is one of the potential photosensitizers due to its chemical and physical characteristics. This study aims to determine these characteristics as well as its efficiency value in DSSC. The dye was obtained by ultrasonic extraction in 1% HCl methanol solution. The crude extract of dye was treated in acid and basic condition and then separated by vacuum gravitation chromatography in a way that the polarity was increased. The results were a variety of dyes according to their polarity. The dye then applied in DSSC as the photosensitizers. The highest conversion value was 0.0211%, performed by the dye in pH 8 solution. The characteristic of this extract was identified by UV-Vis, FTIR, and GC-MS. All the spectral data indicated that the main component which responsible for this efficiency was pelargonidin.

Two series of novel four-arm azobenzene liquid crystal molecules were designed and synthesized, and their mesophase properties, photo-induced transition were studied. Two series of mesogenic arms were screened with different length of flexible chain (the carbon number n of flexible chain is 4, 6, 8, 10) using methoxy and nitro as terminal substituents R. The four-arm azobenzene LCs were synthesized by introducing the mesogenic arms into cholic acid. FACAE-O-n, FACAE-N-n all belonged to photosensitive thermotropic enantiotropicnematic LCs. For methoxyl series, melting transitions (Tm), liquid crystal-isotropic transitions (Ti) and mesogenic ranges decreased with the increase of carbon numbers in flexible chain both on heating and cooling. The mesophase performance of FACAE-O-4 was the most excellent. For nitro series, Tm and Ti on heating and cooling decreased with the increase of carbon numbers. Nevertheless, mesogenic ranges increased with the increase of carbon numbers only on heating. The cooling mesogenic ranges showed a trend of rising firstly and then falling, reaching the maximum 103.1oC (n=8). Under ultraviolet irradiation, there was no red shift. The intensity of maximum absorption has changed with the increase of ultraviolet irradiation time. After photo-induced, Tm and Ti on heating and cooling of the four-arm LCs decreased, and the mesogenic ranges became shorter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]