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Hamamelitannin (2′,5-di-O-galloyl-hamamelose) bears two-gallate moieties in its structure, and is a natural phenolic product in the leaves and the bark of Hamamelis virginiana. The antioxidant capacity of hamamelitannin was evaluated by a range of methods, with the following findings: the ability to reduce potassium ferric cyanide; the scavenging of N,N-dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine dihydrochloride radical (DMPD•+); the scavenging of 2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonate) radical (ABTS•+); the scavenging of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH•); and the ability to reduce cupric ions (Cu2+). Additionally, reference antioxidants of α-Tocopherol, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), Trolox, and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) were used for comparison. For DPPH radical scavenging, hamamelitannin had an IC50 value of 19.31 μg/mL, while the IC50 values for BHA, BHT, Trolox, and α-Tocopherol were 10.10, 25.95, 7.05, and 11.31 μg/mL, respectively. The study found that hamamelitannin functioned similarly to BHA, α-tocopherol, and Trolox in terms of DPPH• scavenging, but better than BHT. Additionally, as a polyphenolic secondary metabolite, the hamamelitannin inhibition capability of several metabolic enzymes was demonstrated, including acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), carbonic anhydrase I (CA I), carbonic anhydrase II (CA II) and α-glycosidase. The Ki values of hamamelitannin exhibited 7.40, 1.99, 10.18, 18.26, and 25.79 nM toward AChE, BChE, hCA I, hCA II, and α-glycosidase, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silybin (SIB) is a hepatoprotective drug known for its poor oral bioavailability, attributed to its classification as a class IV drug with significant metabolism during the first-pass effect. This study explored the potential of solid lipid nanoparticles with (SLN-SIB-U) or without (SLN-SIB) ursodeoxycholic acid and polymeric nanoparticles (PN-SIB) as delivery systems for SIB. The efficacy of these nanosystems was assessed through in vitro studies using the GRX and Caco-2 cell lines for permeability and proliferation assays, respectively, as well as in vivo experiments employing a murine model of Schistosomiasis mansoni infection in BALB/c mice. The mean diameter and encapsulation efficiency of the nanosystems were as follows: SLN-SIB (252.8 ± 4.4 nm, 90.28 ± 2.2%), SLN-SIB-U (252.9 ± 14.4 nm, 77.05 ± 2.8%), and PN-SIB (241.8 ± 4.1 nm, 98.0 ± 0.2%). In the proliferation assay with the GRX cell line, SLN-SIB and SLN-SIB-U exhibited inhibitory effects of 43.09 ± 5.74% and 38.78 ± 3.78%, respectively, compared to PN-SIB, which showed no inhibitory effect. Moreover, SLN-SIB-U demonstrated a greater apparent permeability coefficient (25.82 ± 2.2) than PN-SIB (20.76 ± 0.1), which was twice as high as that of SLN-SIB (11.32 ± 4.6) and pure SIB (11.28 ± 0.2). These findings suggest that solid lipid nanosystems hold promise for further in vivo investigations. In the murine model of acute-phase Schistosomiasis mansoni infection, both SLN-SIB and SLN-SIB-U displayed hepatoprotective effects, as evidenced by lower alanine amino transferase values (22.89 ± 1.6 and 23.93 ± 2.4 U/L, respectively) than those in control groups I (29.55 ± 0.7 U/L) and I+SIB (34.29 ± 0.3 U/L). Among the prepared nanosystems, SLN-SIB-U emerges as a promising candidate for enhancing the pharmacokinetic properties of SIB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the ever-evolving field of pharmaceutical research, the search for innovative drug delivery systems persists to meet the growing demand for more effective, targeted, and patient-friendly therapeutic interventions. Among the diverse compounds explored for drug delivery, tannic acid (TA)-based materials have emerged as a highly promising platform. TA, a polyphenolic compound abundant in various plant sources, has attracted attention due to its unique structural characteristics and versatile properties, rendering it a compelling candidate for drug delivery applications. Its versatility spans a wide range of pharmacological functions, including anti-toxicity, anti-cancer properties, anti-allergic and anti-inflammatory traits, anti-microbial and anti-viral effects, wound healing capabilities, and more. This article delves into the multifaceted world of TA, covering its structural attributes, properties, and its remarkable applications in biomedicine. Beyond its utility as a component in consumables, TA’s role in the green synthesis of nanosized metal particles and its potential in drug delivery are discussed. Throughout this exploration, we emphasize the innate capacity of TA-based supramolecular materials to craft intricate structures, offering a multitude of innovative medical prospects. This review aims to provide insights into TA’s potential in generating pioneering medical solutions to meet the ever-evolving demands of healthcare and biomedicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Momordica charantia and Ipomoea aquatica leaves are two green leafy vegetables in Bangladesh that are commonly consumed considering their characteristic taste and abundant availability in nature. The aim of this study was to determine the available bioactive phenolic constituents as well as total flavonoid content (TFC), tannin content (TTC), phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant activity (TAA) and DPPH radical scavenging activity (IC50) of the ethanolic extracts of M. charantia (MCE) and I. aquatica (IAE). HPLC–DAD and UV–visible spectrophotometer were used to determine the phenolic compounds and antioxidant properties, respectively. In this study, TFC, TTC, TPC, TAA and IC50 values were in the order of IAE (40.73 ± 1.0 mg QE/g) > MCE (34.60 ± 0.46 mg QE/g); MCE (40.93 ± 0.70 mg TAE/g) > IAE (31.13 ± 0.42 mg TAE/g); MCE (27.76 ± 0.58 mg GAE/g) > IAE (21.29 ± 0.43 mg GAE/g); MCE (52.03 ± 0.21 mg AAE/g) > IAE (40.77 ± 0.15 mg AAE/g) and MCE (333.22 ± 67.37 µg/mL) > IAE (560.74 ± 10.25 µg/mL). M. charantia ethanolic extracts contained five hydroxycinnamic acid: ferulic acid, chlorogenic acid, p-coumaric acid, rosmarinic acid and cinnamic acid; five flavonoids: epicatechin, quercetin, catechin, rutin hydrate and myricetin; two hydroxybenzoic acid: gallic acid and vanillic acid; and one phenolic aldehyde: vanillin. Whereas, I. aquatica extracts possessed four hydroxycinnamic acid: chlorogenic acid, p-coumaric acid, trans-ferulic acid and trans-cinnamic acid; four flavonoids: epicatechin, quercetin, catechin, and rutin hydrate; two hydroxybenzoic acid: gallic acid and vanillic acid; and one phenolic aldehyde:vanillin. These underutilised sources of leafy vegetables may be used to develop functional foods by emphasising their remarkable bioactive components. Graphical Abstract

Quercetin is one of the most promising natural polyphenolic radioprotective compounds. This property is based on its radical-scavenging activity and high antioxidant capacity, in the manifestation of which the products of oxidative degradation of quercetin play a significant role. The formation of specific metabolites during the oxidation of quercetin can determine not only its radioprotective properties, but also toxic manifestations. The purpose of this article is to summarize previously obtained data regarding the reaction pathways of oxidative transformation of quercetin. Materials and methods. We used publicly available scientific publications dedicated to the study of quercetin transformation processes. The method of analysis is descriptive. The discussion of the results. A review of scientific works dedicated to oxygen oxidation, radical-initiated oxidation, electrochemical and enzymatic oxidation is presented, possible transformation products of quercetin and the mechanisms of their formation are given. The most characteristic oxidation pathways of quercetin are determined by the chemical structure of the rings, which exhibit specific reactivity. The influence of the solvent composition on the oxidation products during the autoxidation of quercetin was revealed, while the radical and electrochemical models of oxidation differ in the presence of polymer adducts. Once in a living organism, quercetin can bind free radicals, thereby preventing the harmful effects of radiation, that is, it has the properties of a radioprotector. Conclusions. Quercetin can be considered as a potential radioprotector due to its ability to bind free radicals formed in the biological fluids of living organisms exposed to radiation.

Resveratrol is a polyphenolic compound that has gained considerable attention in the past decade due to its multifaceted therapeutic potential, including anti-inflammatory and anticancer properties. However, its anticancer efficacy is impeded by low water solubility, dose-limiting toxicity, low bioavailability, and rapid hepatic metabolism. To overcome these hurdles, various nanoparticles such as organic and inorganic nanoparticles, liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, dendrimers, solid lipid nanoparticles, gold nanoparticles, zinc oxide nanoparticles, zeolitic imidazolate frameworks, carbon nanotubes, bioactive glass nanoparticles, and mesoporous nanoparticles were employed to deliver resveratrol, enhancing its water solubility, bioavailability, and efficacy against various types of cancer. Resveratrol-loaded nanoparticle or resveratrol-conjugated nanoparticle administration exhibits excellent anticancer potency compared to free resveratrol. This review highlights the latest developments in nanoparticle-based delivery systems for resveratrol, focusing on the potential to overcome limitations associated with the compound's bioavailability and therapeutic effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review focuses on the potential ameliorative effects of polyphenolic compounds derived from human diet on hepatic diseases. It discusses the molecular mechanisms and recent advancements in clinical applications. Edible polyphenols have been found to play a therapeutic role, particularly in liver injury, liver fibrosis, NAFLD/NASH, and HCC. In the regulation of liver injury, polyphenols exhibit anti‐inflammatory and antioxidant effects, primarily targeting the TGF‐β, NF‐κB/TLR4, PI3K/AKT, and Nrf2/HO‐1 signaling pathways. In the regulation of liver fibrosis, polyphenolic compounds effectively reverse the fibrotic process by inhibiting the activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSC). Furthermore, polyphenolic compounds show efficacy against NAFLD/NASH by inhibiting lipid oxidation and accumulation, mediated through the AMPK, SIRT, and PPARγ pathways. Moreover, several polyphenolic compounds exhibit anti‐HCC activity by suppressing tumor cell proliferation and metastasis. This inhibition primarily involves blocking Akt and Wnt signaling, as well as inhibiting the epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT). Additionally, clinical trials and nutritional evidence support the notion that certain polyphenols can improve liver disease and associated metabolic disorders. However, further fundamental research and clinical trials are warranted to validate the efficacy of dietary polyphenols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indigenous people in Bangladesh's Chittagong hill regions use Curcuma longa and Zingiber officinale flowers in their traditional meals due to their vibrant color, exquisite flavor, and fragrant perfume. The induction time of soybean oil enriched with the ethanolic extract of the flower of Curcuma longa (CFE), Zingiber officinale (ZFE), and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) was compared to determine the effect on oxidation stability. The study also measured bioactive polyphenolic components, total flavonoid (TFC), total tannin (TTC), total phenolic (TPC), total antioxidant activity (TAA), and IC50 values of ZFE and CFE. The induction time was shorter for both 5 % of CFE (6.97 h) and ZFE (6.85 h) than 0.02 % BHT (7.18 h) but longer than 0.01 % BHT (6.49 h). TPC in CFE (37.57 mg GAE/g) was higher than in ZFE (26.14 mg GAE/g). TAA and IC50 values were not significantly different. TFC in ZFE (28.8 mg QE/g) was higher than in CFE (27.63 mg QE/g). The major polyphenols of CFE and ZFE were trans-cinnamic acid (12,209 and 678 μg/g); catechin hydrate (1758 and 1821 μg/g); p-coumaric acid (1186 and 126 μg/g); and quercetin (1309 and 1773 μg/g), respectively. This study demonstrated that antioxidants in flower extract improve fat and oil oxidation stability.

Silybin (SIB) is a hepatoprotective drug known for its poor oral bioavailability, attributed to its classification as a class IV drug with significant metabolism during the first-pass effect. This study explored the potential of solid lipid nanoparticles with (SLN-SIB-U) or without (SLN-SIB) ursodeoxycholic acid and polymeric nanoparticles (PN-SIB) as delivery systems for SIB. The efficacy of these nanosystems was assessed through in vitro studies using the GRX and Caco-2 cell lines for permeability and proliferation assays, respectively, as well as in vivo experiments employing a murine model of Schistosomiasis mansoni infection in BALB/c mice. The mean diameter and encapsulation efficiency of the nanosystems were as follows: SLN-SIB (252.8 ± 4.4 nm, 90.28 ± 2.2%), SLN-SIB-U (252.9 ± 14.4 nm, 77.05 ± 2.8%), and PN-SIB (241.8 ± 4.1 nm, 98.0 ± 0.2%). In the proliferation assay with the GRX cell line, SLN-SIB and SLN-SIB-U exhibited inhibitory effects of 43.09 ± 5.74% and 38.78 ± 3.78%, respectively, compared to PN-SIB, which showed no inhibitory effect. Moreover, SLN-SIB-U demonstrated a greater apparent permeability coefficient (25.82 ± 2.2) than PN-SIB (20.76 ± 0.1), which was twice as high as that of SLN-SIB (11.32 ± 4.6) and pure SIB (11.28 ± 0.2). These findings suggest that solid lipid nanosystems hold promise for further in vivo investigations. In the murine model of acute-phase Schistosomiasis mansoni infection, both SLN-SIB and SLN-SIB-U displayed hepatoprotective effects, as evidenced by lower alanine amino transferase values (22.89 ± 1.6 and 23.93 ± 2.4 U/L, respectively) than those in control groups I (29.55 ± 0.7 U/L) and I+SIB (34.29 ± 0.3 U/L). Among the prepared nanosystems, SLN-SIB-U emerges as a promising candidate for enhancing the pharmacokinetic properties of SIB.

This review provides an overview of the variety of occurrences, content, extraction and health effects of selected polyphenolic compounds associated with different parts of grapevine (seeds, peel, pulp and stems). The review provides a brief characterisation of grape parts, the content of polyphenolic compounds and their extraction together with their graphical forms of presentation and diversity as determined by different studies. The content of individual polyphenolic compounds differed with studies. Effects of different factors were evident in both growing style and geographical location of vineyards as well as extraction methods and analytical conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

为了对芝麻叶的开发提供参考，以芝麻叶超微粉为原料，以芝麻叶多酚提取率为指标，通过单因素实验和响应面实验优化超声微波协同辅助提取芝麻叶多酚的工艺条件。采用HPLC测定了芝麻叶多酚中绿原酸、咖啡酸、对香豆酸、阿魏酸、柚皮苷含量，并测定了芝麻叶多酚的DPPH·、ABTS+·清除能力和Fe3+还原力。结果表明：芝麻叶多酚最佳提取工艺条件为料液比1∶ 30、乙醇体积分数70%、浸提温度45 ℃、超声功率160 W、超声时间25 min、微波功率400 W、微波时间2 min，在此条件下芝麻叶多酚提取率为4.46%；芝麻叶多酚中阿魏酸含量最高，为2.068 mg/g，未检出对香豆酸；芝麻叶多酚能够有效清除DPPH·及ABTS+·，也具有一定的Fe3+还原力。综上，芝麻叶多酚具有一定的抗氧化活性，可以通过超声微波辅助的方法从芝麻叶中高效提取。 In order to provide a reference for the development of sesame leaves, the ultrafine powder of sesame leaves was used as raw material and the extraction rate of polyphenols was used as an indicator, and the technological parameters of ultrasonic-microwave synergistic extraction of polyphenols from sesame leaves were optimized by single factor experiment and response surface methodology. The contents of five phenolic substances (chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, naringin) in polyphenols were determined by HPLC, and the scavenging ability of DPPH·and ABTS+·, and Fe3+ reducing power were also determined. The results showed that the optimal conditions of extracting polyphenols from sesame leaves were as follows: solid-liquid ratio 1∶ 30, ethanol volume fraction 70%, extraction temperature 45 ℃, ultrasonic power 160 W, ultrasonic time 25 min, microwave power 400 W, microwave time 2 min. Under the optimal conditions, the extraction rate of polyphenols from sesame leaves was 4.46%. The content of ferulic acid in the polyphenols from sesame leaves was the highest, which was 2.068 mg/g, and no p-coumaric acid was detected. The polyphenols could effectively remove DPPH· and ABTS+·, and had certain Fe3+reducing ability. In conclusion, polyphenols from the sesame leaves have certain antioxidant activity and can be efficiently extracted from sesame leaves by ultrasonic microwave-assisted extraction method.

为了对我国油橄榄产业提供基础数据支持，采用国际油橄榄理事会推荐的HPLC法检测特级初榨橄榄油中的多酚含量，分析了我国不同产地的28份市售食用特级初榨橄榄油样品的多酚含量，并对不同生产年度和不同产地单果级特级初榨橄榄油中多酚含量变化规律进行了分析。结果表明：市售国产特级初榨橄榄油中均含有较为丰富的多酚类化合物，多酚含量范围为（63.885±2.345）mg/kg~（307.325±6.865）mg/kg；特级初榨橄榄油中多酚含量受贮存时间的影响较大，同时不同产地中适合生产高多酚含量特级初榨橄榄油的品种具有差异。不同特级初榨橄榄油样品之间多酚含量波动较大，需要通过多种方法来防止油脂中多酚类化合物的降解，以保证油品的质量，并因地制宜对油橄榄品种进行优化筛选。 In order to provide basic data support for Chinese olive industry, 28 commercial edible extra virgin olive oils produced in different origins of China was analyzed by the HPLC method recommended by the International Olive Council for the detection of polyphenol content in extra virgin olive oil.The variation law of polyphenol content in single-fruit grade extra virgin olive oil with different production years and different origins were analyzed. The result showed that the commercial extra virgin olive oils produced in China were rich in polyphenolic compounds, and the polyphenol content ranged from (63.885±2.345)mg/kg to (307.325±6.865) mg/kg.Moreover,the polyphenol content in extra virgin olive oil was greatly affected by the storage time. At the same time, the optimal varieties for the production of extra virgin olive oil with high polyphenol content were also different in various origins. The polyphenol content in different extra virgin olive oil samples fluctuated greatly.Various methods are needed to prevent the degradation of polyphenolic compound in the oil and ensure the quality of the oil, and olive varieties should be optimized and screened according to local conditions.

Resveratrol is a polyphenolic compound that has gained considerable attention in the past decade due to its multifaceted therapeutic potential, including anti-inflammatory and anticancer properties. However, its anticancer efficacy is impeded by low water solubility, dose-limiting toxicity, low bioavailability, and rapid hepatic metabolism. To overcome these hurdles, various nanoparticles such as organic and inorganic nanoparticles, liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, dendrimers, solid lipid nanoparticles, gold nanoparticles, zinc oxide nanoparticles, zeolitic imidazolate frameworks, carbon nanotubes, bioactive glass nanoparticles, and mesoporous nanoparticles were employed to deliver resveratrol, enhancing its water solubility, bioavailability, and efficacy against various types of cancer. Resveratrol-loaded nanoparticle or resveratrol-conjugated nanoparticle administration exhibits excellent anticancer potency compared to free resveratrol. This review highlights the latest developments in nanoparticle-based delivery systems for resveratrol, focusing on the potential to overcome limitations associated with the compound’s bioavailability and therapeutic effectiveness.

Morus plants played a pivotal role in ancient Chinese sericulture and silk production, which served as critical components of economy and culture. Besides, many parts of mulberry trees, including roots, leaves, stems, and fruits, hold various medicinal value, and have been utilized in traditional medicine for thousands of years. The chemical composition of mulberry has been reported in many literatures, while the characteristic compounds have not been systematically summarized. In this review, we focused on the polyphenolic compounds in mulberry, including flavonoids, 2-arylbenzofurans, and Diels–Alder (D–A) adducts, and summarized their structural features, structure-activity relationships, and potential biosynthetic pathways. The results revealed a characteristic class of 2′-hydroxylated flavonoids and stilbenes which played an important role in the biosynthesis of downstream 2-arylbenzofurans and D–A adducts in mulberry but had been overlooked by most studies. The prenylated modifications of different compounds were also discussed and their function as precursors of D–A adducts was emphasized. We also describe the effects of different modifications on biological activities. Besides, the chemical composition of Morus was most similar to that of Artocarpus in the Moraceae family in that they had almost identical characteristic compounds. Finally, a putative total biosynthetic pathway of D–A adducts in mulberry was proposed based on structure derivation and combination of verified reactions. This review contributes to the understanding of the biological activity and biosynthesis of the characteristic components of Morus plants. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Doxorubicin (DOX) is a most common anthracycline chemotherapeutic agent; however, its clinical efficacy is limited due to its severe and irreversible cardiotoxicity. Ferroptosis, characterized by iron overload and lipid peroxidation, plays a pivotal role in DOX-induced cardiotoxicity. Resveratrol (RSV) displays cardioprotective and anticancer effects, owing to its antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties. However, the role and mechanism of RSV in DOX-mediated ferroptosis in cardiomyocytes is unclear. This study showed that DOX decreased cell viability, increased iron accumulation and lipid peroxidation in H9c2 cells; however, these effects were reversed by RSV and ferroptosis inhibitor ferrostatin-1 (Fer-1) pre-treatment. Additionally, RSV significantly increased the cell viability of H9c2 cells treated with ferroptosis inducers Erastin (Era) and RSL3. Mechanistically, RSV inhibited mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS) overproduction and upregulated the p62-NRF2/HO-1 pathway. RSV-induced NRF2 activation was partially dependent on p62, and the selective inhibition of p62 (using p62-siRNA interference) or NRF2 (using NRF2 specific inhibitor, ML385) significantly abolished the anti-ferroptosis function of RSV. Furthermore, RSV treatment protected mice against DOX-induced cardiotoxicity, including significantly improving left ventricular function, ameliorating myocardial fibrosis and suppressing ferroptosis. Consistent with in vitro results, RSV also upregulated the p62-NRF2/HO-1 expression, which was inhibited by DOX, in the myocardium. Notably, the protective effect of RSV in DOX-mediated ferroptosis was similar to that of Fer-1 in vitro and in vivo. Thus, the p62-NRF2 axis plays a critical role in regulating DOX-induced ferroptosis in cardiomyocytes. RSV as a potent p62 activator has potential as a therapeutic target in preventing DOX-induced cardiotoxicity via ferroptosis modulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wound healing is an intricate process of tissue repair or remodeling that occurs in response to injury. Plants and plant-derived bioactive constituents are well explored in the treatment of various types of wounds. Curcumin is a natural polyphenolic substance that has been used since ancient times in Ayurveda for its healing properties, as it reduces inflammation and acts on several healing stages. Several research studies for curcumin delivery at the wound site reported the effectiveness of curcumin in eradicating reactive oxygen species and its ability to enhance the deposition of collagen, granulation tissue formation, and finally, expedite wound contraction. Curcumin has been widely investigated for its wound healing potential but its lower solubility and rapid metabolism, in addition to its shorter plasma half-life, have limited its applications in wound healing. As nanotechnology has proven to be an effective technique to accelerate wound healing by stimulating appropriate mobility through various healing phases, curcumin-loaded nanocarriers are used for targeted delivery at the wound sites. This review highlights the potential of curcumin and its nanoformulations, such as liposomes, nanoparticles, and nano-emulsions, etc. in wound healing. This paper emphasizes the numerous biomedical applications of curcumin which collectively prepare a base for its antibiofilm and wound-healing action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The removal of stems prior to maceration during red winemaking is generally associated with an improvement in wine quality. However, in recent years, increased interest in the use of stems in winemaking has been observed among winegrowers. Different advantages of this practice have been listed in the literature. In order to better understand their role during winemaking, stems of ten red grape varieties from different winegrowing regions of Switzerland were studied to determine which minerals, acids and polyphenols are extracted under simulated alcoholic fermentation. The composition of the extracts revealed differences between the grape varieties. In addition, the growing conditions and the terroir seem to have an influence on the compounds extracted from the stems, especially the mineral composition such as potassium and copper. Among the extracted polyphenols, phenolic acids and proanthocyanidins were mostly found in the stem extracts, especially caftaric acid, catechin and procyanidin B1. Their concentrations were significant compared to the average values found in wines.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary Allium mongolicum Regel powder (AMRP) supplementation on the growth performance, meat quality, antioxidant capacity and muscle fibre characteristics of fattening Angus calves. Growth performance data and longissimus thoracis (LT) samples were collected from four groups of fattening Angus, which were fed either a basal diet (CON) or a basal diet supplemented with an AMRP dose of 10 (LAMR), 15 (MAMR), or 20 g/animal/day AMRP (HAMR) for 120 days before slaughter. AMRP addition to the feed improved growth performance and meat quality and altered muscle fibre type. Some responses to AMRP supplementation were dose dependent, whereas others were not. Together, the results of this study demonstrated that dietary supplementation with 10 g/animal/day AMRP was the optimal dose in terms of fattening calf growth performance, while 20 g/animal/day AMRP supplementation was the optimal dose in terms of meat quality. • The role of AMRP in the growth performance of cattle were reported for the first time. • Dietary AMRP supplementation increased calf average daily gain and feed efficiency. • Dietary AMRP supplementation increased meat quality without affecting meat colour. • Dietary AMRP supplementation may manipulate the transformation of muscle fibre types. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Antimicrobial potential of rosmarinic acid confirmed towards 11 Candida strains and 13 bacterial pathogens. • Antibiofilm properties include inhibition of Candida attachment, eradication of established biofilms, moderate reduction of exopolysaccharide production. • Antimicrobial mechanisms include disturbance in mitochondria activity and cell membrane integrity, moderate reduction in protease production but not binding to ergosterol. Emerging antimicrobial resistance and side effects associated with antibiotics overuse are driving the need for the novel antimicrobial therapeutics with the natural compounds considered as an appealing alternative. Rosmarinic acid is abundantly present in medicinal plants. This study aimed to elucidate its possible role as an inhibitor of planktonic and biofilm microorganism growth, along with its antifungal mechanisms. In this study, rosmarinic acid showed promising anticandidal (MIC 0.1–0.2 mg/mL) and antibacterial (MIC 0.002->0.8 mg/mL) activity. To some extent it was able to prevent cell attachment and eradicate established biofilms. Rosmarinic acid antifungal mechanisms included reduction of mitochondrial activity, alteration in membrane integrity, and slight inhibition of protease production but not binding to ergosterol. Its antibiofilm activity was moderately linked to the reduction in exopolysaccharide production. Considering its wide antimicrobial and antibiofilm spectrum rosmarinic acid could be further explored as an antimicrobial agent along with range of medicinal plants with rosmarinic acid as the dominant compound. Nevertheless, rosmarinic acid could serve as the basis for the development of antimicrobials employing novel mechanisms of activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Ellagic acid (EA) exerts, neuroprotective, mitoprotective, anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects. We evaluated protective effect of EA on ethanol-induced fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD)., Methods: A total of 35 newborn male rats were used, divided into five groups, including; control (normal saline), ethanol (5.25 g/kg per day), ethanol (5.25 g/kg per day) + EA (10 mg/kg), ethanol (5.25 g/kg per day) + EA (20 mg/kg) and ethanol (5.25 g/kg per day) + EA (40 mg/kg). Thirty-six days after birth behavioral tests (Morris water maze and Elevated Plus Maze), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels, oxidative markers (malondialdehyde, glutathione and superoxide dismutase), mitochondrial examination such as succinate dehydrogenases (SDH) activity, mitochondrial swelling, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation were analyzed., Results: The results revealed that ethanol exposure adversely affected cognitive and mitochondrial functions and as well as induced oxidative stress and inflammation in brain tissue. However, EA (20 and 40 mg/kg) administration effectively prevented the toxic effects of ethanol in FASD model., Conclusions: These findings demonstrate that ethanol application significantly impairs the brain development via mitochondrial dysfunction and induction of oxidative stress. These data indicate that EA might be a useful compound for prevention of alcohol-induced FASD.

The contents of polyphenolic components (total polyphenols, flavonoids, and monomeric anthocyanins) and vitamin C, and the bioactive potential (antioxidant, antiproliferative, and antihyperglycemic activities) of wild cornelian cherry were determined. Samples were collected from four different locations in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Sample CC3 from Drinić had the highest monomeric anthocyanin content (1.40 mg CyGE/g FW) and the highest inhibition of free radicals (IC50DPPH = 262.19 mg/ml; IC50ABTS = 76.78 mg/ml; IC50OH˙ = 102.31 mg/ml) and inhibition of breast adenocarcinoma cell line growth (IC50MCF-7 = 1.37 mg/ml). Sample CC4 from Drvar showed the highest total polyphenol (55.92 mg GAE/g DW) and vitamin C (88.74 mg/g FW) contents. Sample CC4 significantly inhibited the growth of cervix epithelioid carcinoma (IC50HeLa = 0.62 mg/ml) and lung adenocarcinoma (IC50A549 = 0.48 mg/ml) cell lines, and α-glucosidase (IC50AGHA = 0.466 mg/ml). Wild cornelian cherry could be used as a functional food with beneficial pro-health properties.

Ellagic acid, a natural polyphenolic compound commonly present in vegetables, fruits, nuts, and other edible plants, exerts many pharmacological activities. The present project was designed to explore the hepatoprotective effect of ellagic acid against alcohol-induced liver disease (ALD) and the correlation among alcohol, oxidative stress, inflammation, and gut microbiota. Fifty percent (v/v) alcohol (10 mL/kg bw daily) was orally administrated for 4 weeks in mice along with ellagic acid (50 and 100 mg/kg bw). Alcohol administration significantly (p < 0.05) increased the activities of alanine aminotransferase and serum aspartate aminotransferase, levels of triglyceride, low density lipoprotein, free fatty acid, and total cholesterol, and decreased contents of the high-density lipoprotein in model group compared with the control group, which were further improved by ellagic acid (50 or 100 mg/kg bw). Furthermore, daily supplementation of ellagic acid alleviated hepatic antioxidant activities (glutathione peroxidase, catalase, malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione), proinflammatory cytokines levels (IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α), genes expressions (Tlr4, Myd88, Cd14, Cox2, Nos2, and Nfκb1), and histopathological features in alcohol-induced liver injured mice. Additionally, results also revealed that ellagic acid supplementation improved alcohol-induced gut microbiota dysbiosis. In conclusion, ellagic acid mitigated oxidative stress, inflammatory response, steatosis, and gut microbiota dysbiosis in ALD mice. Our results suggested that ellagic acid could be applied as an ideal dietary therapy against ALD.

The contents of polyphenolic components (total polyphenols, flavonoids, and monomeric anthocyanins) and vitamin C, and the bioactive potential (antioxidant, antiproliferative, and antihyperglycemic activities) of wild cornelian cherry were determined. Samples were collected from four different locations in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Sample CC3 from Drinić had the highest monomeric anthocyanin content (1.40 mg CyGE/g FW) and the highest inhibition of free radicals (IC50 DPPH = 262.19 mg/ml; IC50 ABTS = 76.78 mg/ml; IC50 OH˙ = 102.31 mg/ml) and inhibition of breast adenocarcinoma cell line growth (IC50 MCF-7 = 1.37 mg/ml). Sample CC4 from Drvar showed the highest total polyphenol (55.92 mg GAE/g DW) and vitamin C (88.74 mg/g FW) contents. Sample CC4 significantly inhibited the growth of cervix epithelioid carcinoma (IC50 HeLa = 0.62 mg/ml) and lung adenocarcinoma (IC50 A549 = 0.48 mg/ml) cell lines, and α-glucosidase (IC50 AGHA = 0.466 mg/ml). Wild cornelian cherry could be used as a functional food with beneficial pro-health properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Euphorbia umbellata is used for its anti‐inflammatory properties; however, there are limited data available regarding its effects on vascular function. Its bark is rich in polyphenolic compounds, which potentially improve endothelial dysfunction (ED). This study proposes to investigate the effects of E. umbellata bark extracts and its polyphenolic compounds on arginase (ARG) activity and nitric oxide (NO)‐related targets. Chromatographic procedures were used for the chemical characterisation of the extracts. Furthermore, in silico (molecular docking), in vitro (ARG inhibition), in vivo (streptozotocin‐induced hyperglycemia model), and ex vivo (l‐arginine metabolism, vascular reactivity, western blot, and biochemical) techniques were carried out. Quercetin, gallic acid, and ellagic acid were identified in the extracts. In silico screening predicted that gallic acid and quercetin would have the most promising interactions with ARG ‐identified cavities. This was confirmed in vitro as both compounds had a direct inhibitory effect on ARG, as was the case regarding the extracts. Oral treatment preserved endothelium‐dependent vasodilation through ARG inhibition together with an increase in l‐arginine bioavailability and endothelial NO synthase expression. Biochemical parameters determined the lack of toxicity for sub‐chronic treatment. E. umbellata bark extracts and its compounds can contribute to ED treatment, at least partly, through the inhibition of vascular ARG. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Propolis is proposed to possess antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties, which can be used in endodontic applications. However, evidence on its efficacy in comparison to chlorhexidine against Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) is controversial. The aim of the current study was to compare the antibacterial efficacy of Propolis and chlorhexidine as an intracanal medicament against E. faecalis in extracted human permanent teeth. The focused question was, "Does Propolis show better antibacterial efficacy than Chlorhexidine (CHX) as an intracanal medicament against E. faecalis in extracted human permanent teeth?". Databases including PubMed/Medline, Scopus, EMBASE, ISI-Web of Science were searched from 1990 to August 2020 using different combinations of the following keywords: "Propolis", "Intracanal medicament", "E. faecalis", "Antibacterial activity" and "Chlorhexidine". Ten studies fulfilling inclusion criteria were considered for qualitative analysis, followed by quantitative analysis of eight studies. Heterogeneity was calculated for colony forming units (CFU) of E. Faecalis using the Chi-square test and I2 statistics. Forest plots were computed reporting standard mean difference (SMD) of outcomes and 95% confidence intervals. The overall mean difference for CFU of E. faecalis showed a statistically significant difference between the antibacterial efficacy of Propolis and CHX (SMD = 3.20 [1.70, 4.69] Z = 4.20; p < 0.001). CHX showed superior antibacterial efficacy against E. faecalis compared to Propolis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) occurs via a pathophysiological process that includes inflammation-induced osteoblastic differentiation of aortic valvular interstitial cells (AVICs). Here, we investigated the role of the anti-inflammatory compound caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) in inhibiting CAVD. Human AVICs were isolated and cultured in osteogenic induction medium (OM) with or without 10 μM CAPE. Cell viability was assessed using CCK8 assays and calcified transformation of AVICs was evaluated by Alizarin Red staining and osteogenic gene/protein expression. RNA-sequencing was conducted to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and enrichment in associated pathways, as potential molecular targets through which CAPE inhibits osteogenic induction. The regulatory effects of CAPE on activation of the AKT/NF-κB and NLRP3 inflammasome were evaluated by Western blot analysis and immunofluorescent staining. CAPE slowed the growth of AVICs cultured in OM but did not show significant cytotoxicity. In addition, CAPE markedly suppressed calcified nodule formation and decreased gene/protein expression of RUNX2 and ALP in AVICs. Gene expression profiles of OM-induced AVICs cultured with or without CAPE revealed 518 common DEGs, which were highly enriched in the NOD-like receptor, PI3K-AKT, and NF-κB signaling pathways. Furthermore, CAPE inhibited phosphorylation of AKT, ERK1/2, and NF-κB, and suppressed NLRP3 inflammasome activation in AVICs cultured in OM. Thus, CAPE is implicated as a potent natural product for the prevention of CAVD by inhibiting activation of the AKT/NF-κB pathway and NLRP3 inflammasome.

Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) occurs via a pathophysiological process that includes inflammation-induced osteoblastic differentiation of aortic valvular interstitial cells (AVICs). Here, we investigated the role of the anti-inflammatory compound caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) in inhibiting CAVD. Human AVICs were isolated and cultured in osteogenic induction medium (OM) with or without 10 μM CAPE. Cell viability was assessed using CCK8 assays and calcified transformation of AVICs was evaluated by Alizarin Red staining and osteogenic gene/protein expression. RNA-sequencing was conducted to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and enrichment in associated pathways, as potential molecular targets through which CAPE inhibits osteogenic induction. The regulatory effects of CAPE on activation of the AKT/NF-κB and NLRP3 inflammasome were evaluated by Western blot analysis and immunofluorescent staining. CAPE slowed the growth of AVICs cultured in OM but did not show significant cytotoxicity. In addition, CAPE markedly suppressed calcified nodule formation and decreased gene/protein expression of RUNX2 and ALP in AVICs. Gene expression profiles of OM-induced AVICs cultured with or without CAPE revealed 518 common DEGs, which were highly enriched in the NOD-like receptor, PI3K-AKT, and NF-κB signaling pathways. Furthermore, CAPE inhibited phosphorylation of AKT, ERK1/2, and NF-κB, and suppressed NLRP3 inflammasome activation in AVICs cultured in OM. Thus, CAPE is implicated as a potent natural product for the prevention of CAVD by inhibiting activation of the AKT/NF-κB pathway and NLRP3 inflammasome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

α-Conidendrin is a polyphenolic compound found mainly in Taxus yunnanensis, as the source of chemotherapy drug paclitaxel, which has been used in traditional medicine for treatment of cancer. This study aimed to investigate the anticancer activity and molecular mechanisms of α-conidendrin on breast cancer cell lines. The results of the present study show that α-conidendrin possesses potent antiproliferative effects on breast cancer cell lines MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231. α-Conidendrin significantly induced apoptosis in breast cancer cells via reactive oxygen species generation, upregulation of p53 and Bax, downregulation of Bcl-2, depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), release of cytochrome c from mitochondria, and activation of caspases-3 and -9. α-Conidendrin remarkably inhibited the proliferation of breast cancer cells through induction of cell cycle arrest by upregulating p53 and p21 and downregulating cyclin D1 and CDK4. Unlike breast cancer cells, the antiproliferative effect of α-conidendrin on human foreskin fibroblast cells (normal cells) was very small. In normal cells, reactive oxygen species levels, loss of MMP, release of cytochrome c, mRNA expression of p53, p21, cyclin D1, CDK4, Bax, and Bcl-2 as well as mRNA expression and activity of caspases-3 and -9 were significantly less affected by α-conidendrin compared with cancer cells. These results suggest that α-conidendrin can be a promising agent for treatment of breast cancer with little or no toxicity against normal cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Propolis is proposed to possess antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties, which can be used in endodontic applications. However, evidence on its efficacy in comparison to chlorhexidine against Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) is controversial. The aim of the current study was to compare the antibacterial efficacy of Propolis and chlorhexidine as an intracanal medicament against E. faecalis in extracted human permanent teeth. The focused question was, “Does Propolis show better antibacterial efficacy than Chlorhexidine (CHX) as an intracanal medicament against E. faecalis in extracted human permanent teeth?”. Databases including PubMed/Medline, Scopus, EMBASE, ISI-Web of Science were searched from 1990 to August 2020 using different combinations of the following keywords: “Propolis”, “Intracanal medicament”, “E. faecalis”, “Antibacterial activity” and “Chlorhexidine”. Ten studies fulfilling inclusion criteria were considered for qualitative analysis, followed by quantitative analysis of eight studies. Heterogeneity was calculated for colony forming units (CFU) of E. Faecalis using the Chi-square test and I2 statistics. Forest plots were computed reporting standard mean difference (SMD) of outcomes and 95% confidence intervals. The overall mean difference for CFU of E. faecalis showed a statistically significant difference between the antibacterial efficacy of Propolis and CHX (SMD = 3.20 [1.70, 4.69] Z = 4.20; p < 0.001). CHX showed superior antibacterial efficacy against E. faecalis compared to Propolis.

Forsythia fruit (Forsythia suspensa Vahl (Oleaceae)) is a common component of Kampo medicines for treating the common cold, influenza, and allergies. The main polyphenolic compounds in the leaves of F. suspensa are pinoresinol β-d-glucoside, phillyrin and forsythiaside, and their levels are higher in the leaves of the plant than in the fruit. It is known that polyphenolic compounds stimulate lipid catabolism in the liver and suppress dyslipidemia, thereby attenuating diet-induced obesity and polyphenolic anti-oxidants might attenuate obesity in animals consuming high-fat diets. Recently, phillyrin was reported as a novel cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitor derived from forsythia fruit. It was expected that the leaves of F. suspensa might display anti-obesity effects and serve as a health food material. In this review, we summarized our studies on the biological effects of forsythia leaves containing phillyrin and other polyphenolic compounds, particularly against obesity, atopic dermatitis, and influenza A virus infection, and its potential as a phytoestrogen.

Several modern and most of the traditional drugs have been developed from natural sources. Flavonoids or bioflavonoids, most ubiquitous polyphenolic compounds, are secondary metabolites of plants and fungal origin. Apart from their biological functions in plants (protection against herbivores, ultraviolet radiation and pathogens), they perform myriads of pharmacological activities in humans as well. Though flavonoids are not acknowledged as nutrients still their intake on regular basis is considered fruitful for human health. Flavonoids are biosynthesized through phenylpropanoid pathway and contain a C6-C3-C6 carbon framework. The present review has reviewed the chemistry, structure and classification of flavonoids. Additionally, their occurrence and chemical properties have also been explored. Moreover, we discuss about the different mechanisms through which flavonoids act like direct radical scavenging, leukocyte immobilization and interaction with different enzymes. Flavonoids own a number of pharmacological activities such as anti-parkinson, anti-ulcer, spasmolytic, anti-depressant, anti-bacterial, anti-hypertensive, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer. This review intent to give healthy information for formation of new flavonoid based pharmaceutical formulation to act against various diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abeliophyllum distichum Nakai, commonly called white forsythia, is a monotypic genus endemic to Korea. Although A. distichum is mainly used as an ornamental plant because of its horticultural value, recent studies have demonstrated its bioactivities, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, prompting us to investigate the potential anticancer effect of A. distichum organ extracts (leaves, fruit, and branches) against human melanoma SK-MEL-2 cells. The methanol extract of A. distichum leaves (AL) exhibited dose- and time-dependent cytotoxicities against SK-MEL-2 cells but not against HDFa human dermal fibroblasts. Based on high-performance liquid chromatography analysis, we identified 18 polyphenolic compounds from A. distichum organ extracts and suggest that differences in anticancer activity between organ extracts should be caused by different compositions of polyphenolic compounds. Additionally, the Annexin V/propidium iodide staining assay and analysis of caspase activity and expression indicated that AL induced cell death, including early and late apoptosis, as well as necrosis, by inducing the extrinsic pathway. Furthermore, we analyzed the differentially expressed genes between mock- and AL-treated cells using RNA-seq technology, suggesting that the anti-melanoma action of AL is mediated by down-regulation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling pathway. Taken together, these results shed light on the potential use of A. distichum as a green resource with potent anti-melanoma activity.

Livestock animals are often exposed to various stress factors that stimulate oxidative processes in the tissues. Oxidative stress can cause cellular damage and often lead to the organs dysfunctions. Dietary antioxidants supplementation is helpful in the prevention of such disorders. Polyphenolic compounds belong to biologically active substances with anti-oxidative properties. Moreover, some polyphenols modulate immune functions and lipid metabolism. The aim of this paper was to present the aspects connected with polyphenolic compounds in swine nutrition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High performance countercurrent chromatography (HPCCC) was successfully applied for the separation of nostotrebin 6 from cultivated soil cyanobacteria in a two-step operation. A two-phase solvent system composed of n-hexane–ethyl acetate–methanol–water (4:5:4:5, v/v/v/v) was employed for the HPCCC separation. In the first-step operation, its neutral upper phase was used as stationary phase and its basic lower phase (1% NH3 in lower phase) was employed as mobile phase at a flow rate of 1 mL/min. In the second operation step, its neutral upper phase was used as stationary phase, whereas both its neutral lower phase and basic lower phase were employed as mobile phase with a linear gradient elution at a flow rate of 0.8 mL/min. The revolution speed and temperature of the separation column were 1,000 rpm and 30 °C, respectively. Using HPCCC followed by clean-up on Sephadex LH-20 gel, 4 mg of nostotrebin 6 with a purity of 99% as determined by HPLC/DAD-ESI-HRMS was obtained from 100 mg of crude extract. The chemical identity of the isolated compound was confirmed by comparing its spectroscopic data (UV, ESI-HRMS, ESI-HRMS2) with those of an authentic standard and data available in the literature.

Recent studies showed that Fatty Acid Synthase (FASN), a lipogenic enzyme overexpressed in several carcinomas, plays an important role in drug resistance. Furthermore, the enrichment of Breast Cancer Stem Cell (BCSC) features has been found in breast tumors that progressed after chemotherapy. Hence, we used the triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) cell line MDA-MB-231 (231) to evaluate the FASN and BCSC population role in resistance acquisition to chemotherapy. For this reason, parental cell line (231) and its derivatives resistant to doxorubicin (231DXR) and paclitaxel (231PTR) were used. The Mammosphere-Forming Assay and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) enzyme activity assay showed an increase in BCSCs in the doxorubicin-resistant model. Moreover, the expression of some transcription factors involved in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a process that confers BCSC characteristics, was upregulated after chemotherapy treatment. FASN inhibitors C75, (−)-Epigallocatechin 3-gallate (EGCG), and its synthetic derivatives G28, G56 and G37 were used to evaluate the effect of FASN inhibition on the BCSC-enriched population in our cell lines. G28 showed a noticeable antiproliferative effect in adherent conditions and, interestingly, a high mammosphere-forming inhibition capacity in all cell models. Our preliminary results highlight the importance of studying FASN inhibitors for the treatment of TNBC patients, especially those who progress after chemotherapy.

In the present work, protective effect of tetrahydrocurcumin (THC) against oxidative damages in cadmium (Cd)-induced toxicity in rats was evaluated. Cd is an important environmental and industrial toxicant that affects almost all the organs, especially liver. Liver is the major organ responsible for the metabolism and the primary target for many toxic chemicals and drugs. Effect of THC, the curcumin-derived polyphenolic compound on Cd-induced oxidative stress and hepatic damage was evaluated using male albino Wistar rats. In Cd-administered rats (5 mg/kg body weight (b.w.), orally for 4 weeks), activities of aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) were significantly increased in serum with the elevated level of bilirubin. Red blood cells (RBC), haemoglobin contents and haematocrit values were also significantly decreased in Cd-treated rats. In addition, the levels of lipid peroxidation markers like thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), lipid hydroperoxides (LHP), protein carbonyl contents (PCC) and conjugated dienes (CD) were significantly increased followed by the significant decrease in the levels of reduced glutathione (GSH), total sulphydryl groups (TSH), ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and vitamin E in liver of Cd-administered rats. Oral administration of THC (20, 40 and 80 mg/kg b.w.) followed by Cd for 4 weeks showed a significant restoration of the above changes to near normal. Histopathological changes observed in Cd intoxicated hepatic tissues were minimized on treatment with THC. This study suggests that THC at the dose of 80 mg/kg b.w. effectively subdues the Cd-induced toxicity and controls the free radical-induced liver damage in rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alternaria alternata is one of the main pathogens that causes black spot rot of apple fruit, mainly postharvest. Also, A. alternata can attack many other fruits and vegetables in most of the world's natural environments. In this study, the antifungal efficacy of tannic acid (TA) against A. alternata and its potential mechanisms were investigated. An in vitro bioassay suggested that 5.0 mg mL−1 TA significantly inhibited the mycelial growth and spore germination of A. alternata. The enzyme activities of hexokinase, phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase in glycolytic metabolism were decreased in A. alternata treated with TA. The accumulation of glucose content and the reduction of pyruvate content in A. alternata further confirmed that TA may block the glycolytic metabolism of this fungus, resulting in insufficient energy supply for cells. In addition, TA immersion treatment significantly reduced the development of lesion areas on apple fruits caused by A. alternata and delayed fruit softening during the storage period. The application of TA also increased the activity of chitinase, β-1,3-glucanase and phenylalanine ammonialyase and the contents of total phenolic compounds and flavonoids in apple fruit, indicating the activation of defense-related enzymes and phenylpropane metabolites. TA could potentially be used to prevent and control postharvest Alternaria rot by exerting antifungal activity on A. alternata and inducing resistance in apple fruit. • Tannic acid inhibited the mycelium growth and spore germination of A. alternata. • Tannic acid treatment significantly reduced the lesion area of apple fruit. • Tannic acid application delayed fruit softening of apple during the storage period. • The glycolytic metabolism of A. alternata was suppressed by tannic acid. • Tannic acid enhanced disease resistance in apple fruit against A. alternata. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A mammoth amount of tea pruning litter (TPL) is generated through the pruning of the tea plant and kept on the soil surface which makes the soil sick due to the accretion of allelochemicals from it. Therefore, appropriate management of TPL is very much crucial. This study was conducted to assess the role of tea pruning litter biochar (TPLBC) as a soil conditioner towards the growth and regulations of two popularly grown tea cultivars (TV23 and S.3A/3) in India. Altogether twenty-nine (29) parameters comprising functional groups, plant biomass, and physiological and biochemical properties have been reported in this study to understand the feasibility of TPLBC for tea cultivation. TPLBC amendment of 400 kg ha−1 was best suited for the used cultivars, leading to an increase in chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, and water use efficiency by 25.68%, 49.61%, 84.00%, 126.93%, and 3.87% respectively. The maximum increase in plant total biomass, shoot biomass, and root biomass was attended at 110%, 31%, and 117%, respectively at 400 kg TPLBC ha−1 over control. The results also revealed an increase in the content of sugar, starch, phenol, total polyphenol, and amino acids with an increasing dose of TPLBC up to 400 kg ha−1. However, with 500 kg ha−1 TPLBC, plant biomass, and polyphenol content were decreased but oxidative stress was increased. Considering all the 29 variables it can be concluded that the soil amendment with 400 kg TPLBC ha−1 was most promising for both TV23 and S.3A/3 clones. [Display omitted] • The first report of tea pruning litter biochar (TPLBC) in improving soil fertility. • TPLBC reduced soil sickness, thus impacting the growth and yield of tea plants. • 400 kg TPLBC ha−1 proved to be the best treatment based on 29 variables. • Application of more than 400 kg TPLBC ha−1 was found to be unsuitable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The complexity of natural products always leads to the co-elution of interfering compounds with bioactive compounds, which then has a detrimental effect on structural elucidation. Here, a new method, based on selective solid phase extraction combined with 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) spiking and high performance liquid chromatography–diode array detector–quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC–DAD–QTOF-MS/MS), is described for sensitive screening, selective extraction and identification of polyphenolic antioxidants in Polygonatum odoratum . First, 25 polyphenolic antioxidants ( 1 – 25 ) were screened by DPPH spiking with HPLC. Second, polydopamine coated Fe 3 O 4 microspheres (Fe 3 O 4 @PDA) were prepared to selectively extract target antioxidants with extraction efficiency from 55% to 100% when the amount of Fe 3 O 4 @PDA, extraction time, desorption solvent and time were 10 mg, 20 min, acetonitrile, and 5 min. Third, 25 antioxidants (10 cinnamides and 15 homoisoflavanones) were identified by HPLC–DAD–QTOF-MS/MS. Furthermore, the DPPH scavenging activities of purified compounds (IC 50 , 1.6–32.8 μg/mL) validated the method. Among the identified antioxidants, four of them ( 12 , 13 , 18 and 19 ) were new compounds, four of them ( 2 , 4 , 8 and 14 ) were first obtained from family Liliaceae, five of them ( 1 , 3 , 5 , 7 and 9 ) were first reported in genus Polygonatum , while one compound ( 24 ) was first identified in this species. The results indicated that the proposed method was an efficient and sensitive approach to explore polyphenolic antioxidants from complex natural products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: Brewers' rice, a mixture of broken rice, rice bran, and rice germ, is a rice by-product in the rice industry. The present study was designed to investigate the in vitro cytotoxicity of the water extract of brewers' rice (WBR) against colorectal cancer (HT-29) cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The cytotoxicity activity was determined using the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay. The morphological changes of the HT-29 cells were observed using inverted light and fluorescence microscope. Cell cycle and apoptotic cell death analyses were performed using flow cytometer. Besides that, the selected polyphenolic compounds in WBR were also analyzed using ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC). RESULTS: The cytotoxicity results showed that WBR was more cytotoxic (but not significantly different) in HT-29 cells compared to the MBR, with IC50 value of 21.88 ± 12.43 μg/mL and 34.50 ± 5.92 μg/mL for WBR and MBR, respectively (p > 0.05). WBR-treated HT-29 cells displayed the typical characteristics of apoptosis, as visualized using inverted light and fluorescence microscope. WBR also significantly increased the number of early and late apoptotic HT-29 cells compared to control cells (p < 0.05). Results from UPLC analysis demonstrated that ferulic acid (36.42 ± 2.97 μg/g) was found the highest level in WBR, followed by gallic acid (26.09 ± 2.01 μg/g) and p-coumaric acid (7.13 ± 0.36 μg/g). These phenolics are speculated to partially contribute to apoptotic cell death. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggested that WBR derived from natural sources might represent a potential chemopreventive agent against colon cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]