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This paper falls into the realm of critical discourse studies by exploring the relationship between particular discourse structures and their meaning as set against a particular socio-political context. To do that it takes the popular analytical tool of transitivity taken from Halliday’s systemic-functional grammar to examine particular configurations of process types as employed by three Polish daily newspapers: Trybuna Ludu [People’s Tribune] - the official voice of the communist authorities, Trybuna [Tribune] - Trybuna Ludu’s ideological successor, and Gazeta Wyborcza [Electoral Newspaper] - the opposition’s newspaper. The time period considered is that between 1944 and 1991, which encompasses a number of defining moments in Polish history, as well as the period of communism and the breakthrough period of political transformation. The analysis mainly looks at process types in headlines featured on the front pages of the three dailies, against a specific historical backdrop and considers their critical potential. As such, the analysis aimed at establishing how particular, dynamic historical/political circumstances were represented through the types of processes in headlines. The results show that the discourse patterns were not only motivated, but also related to social structures in the form of power relations or certain ideological effects. Thus, the analysis is not only revealing when it comes to the notions of agency and control within a specific local context, but also proves the constitutive power of discourse which can both reproduce or change the social world, thus being itself the ‘agent’ of change, but also, and oftentimes instrumental in preserving a status quo.

This paper falls into the realm of critical discourse studies by exploring the relationship between particular discourse structures and their meaning as set against a particular sociopolitical context. To do that it takes the popular analytical tool of transitivity taken from Halliday's systemic-functional grammar to examine particular configurations of process types as employed by three Polish daily newspapers: Trybuna Ludu [People's Tribune] - the official voice of the communist authorities, Trybuna [Tribune] - Trybuna Ludu's ideological successor, and Gazeta Wyborcza [Electoral Newspaper] - the opposition's newspaper. The time period considered is that between 1944 and 1991, which encompasses a number of defining moments in Polish history, as well as the period of communism and the breakthrough period of political transformation. The analysis mainly looks at process types in headlines featured on the front pages of the three dailies, against a specific historical backdrop and considers their critical potential. As such, the analysis aimed at establishing how particular, dynamic historical/political circumstances were represented through the types of processes in headlines. The results show that the discourse patterns were not only motivated, but also related to social structures in the form of power relations or certain ideological effects. Thus, the analysis is not only revealing when it comes to the notions of agency and control within a specific local context, but also proves the constitutive power of discourse which can both reproduce or change the social world, thus being itself the 'agent' of change, but also, and oftentimes instrumental in preserving a status quo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Helsinki Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) between the government of Indonesia (GoI) and the Free Aceh Movement (GAM) celebrated its 18th anniversary in 2023. However, its discursive aspect and efficacy are still under-researched. This article aims to analyze the process types in the Helsinki MoU text and explore the policy implementation of the agreement on the social changes in Aceh. The MoU document was retrieved from the United Nations peacemakers’ website. Mixed methods with descriptive statistics were used to identify, interpret, and explain the data. Hallidayan systemic linguistics was employed to identify the process types and the transitivity patterns. Critical discourse analysis (CDA) as an explanatory critique was applied to critical social analysis. The findings show that the material processes dominated the Helsinki MoU text (73%), followed by the relational processes (18%), and verbal processes (4%). The actors were generally in the form of concepts and sometimes obfuscated. Meanwhile, the goals were also mostly realized by concepts. Explanatory critique reveals that there was a vagueness and hidden power relation between the GoI and GAM in the peace deal. The GoI has also been inconsistent with some of the agendas. The Helsinki MoU has yet to produce comprehensive outcomes for Aceh’s development and has seemingly served as a bureaucratic means of control. The current study has limited itself to the single MoU text. Therefore, for deeper inquiries further research should focus on multiple similar texts and use a different research design, including intertextuality, questionnaires, and interviews.

The present research aims to explore the linguistic features and patterns of news reporting on crimes against women using a systemic functional approach. By analyzing the process types, the study seeks to shed light on the representation of such crimes in the media and its potential implications for society. The study draws on the theoretical framework of SFL, which focuses on how language functions in different contexts and its role in constructing meaning. To achieve the research objectives, a corpus of news articles covering crimes against women was collected from archives of Pakistani newspapers. The findings of this study provide valuable insights into the linguistic choices made in news reporting and their impact on the portrayal of incidents. Understanding the linguistic choices and their implications contribute to raising awareness about gender-based violence, enhancing media literacy, and fostering more responsible and inclusive reporting practices. The significance of the study lies in its potential to advance the understanding of how news coverage influences public perceptions of crimes against women. The research contributes to the broader field of media studies and gender-based violence research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

President Macron's New Year message on 31 December 2019 was given against a background of social unrest due to his proposed Pension reforms. He defended his policy reiterating the phrase "un projet de justice et de progress social", but passing responsibility for resolving the crisis to his Prime Minister. The general analytical framework is that of Systemic Functional Linguistics. Macron uses first person singular (je) and plural (nous) subject pronouns to more or less the same extent but the singular form is used mainly with mental processes and the plural with material processes. There are in addition a large number of first person pronoun references other than those that function as grammatical subject: Macron manipulates the ambiguity of the plural pronoun to associate the general public with regard to responsibility for the government's actions. Material processes are encoded more frequently as non-finite or as nominalizations where specification of the agents is not required, than as finite verbs. Obligation is attributed to the plural nous rather than the singular je. Thus Macron defends his policies while avoiding accepting personal responsibility for them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we adopt a functional perspective, based on the context conceptualisation and on the experiential structure of the transitivity system proposed by Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL). According to this perspective, we consider the various contextual spheres that involve the writing process, from the immediate context of situation to the extended context of culture, and the unit of analysis is the process, expressed by the verb, which organises the clause as a configuration of experience. The aim of the study is to verify the change in the experiential configuration of the writing process of students from Portuguese basic education, as revealed by the processes emerging in participants’ discourse during collaborative writing. Transcriptions of group discourse interaction in different school levels (from second to eighth grade) were analysed. The analysis focused on the frequency and relative weight of the distribution of the processes by the different context spheres and by the different types of processes according to the SFL categorisation (material, relational, mental, verbal, behavioural and existential). The results do not show differences between school levels as to the weight of the different types of processes but reveal an increasing weight of the processes associated to the wider context, from which students will draw the content knowledge to be included in the text and the features of the text genre, and also an increasing weight of processes associated to the text genesis. This progression points to the pedagogical potential for strategies aiming to broaden the content and the language under consideration in the writing process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A political ideology offers some political and cultural blueprint for a certain community by settings the goals and describing methods to achieve those goals. It is a basic factor in allocation of power in a society. The politicians and statesmen usually express their ideologies through public discourse/speeches at different platforms. UN general Assembly is such great platform where Prime Minister of Pakistan, Imran Khan delivered a memorable speech on September 27, 2019 in New York. Through this speech, P.M. pinpointed many problems and challenges faced by the world generally and the Muslim world particularly. The global warming, according to him, is a major challenge that the world faces today. Moreover, he expressed his concerns over Kashmir dispute, Islamophobia, money laundering, corruption and poverty in Pakistan and called upon the rest of the world to assist Pakistan in combating these challenges. Drawing upon transitivity model by Halliday, this research paper has analyzed the speech of P.M. in U.N. General Assembly. Explanatory sequential mixed method. has been employed to identify role of six transitivity processes used. This study documents that material process (50.29%) highly dominated the speech, mental process is second highest occurring process (16.66%) and relational process (11.01%) ranked third. Existential process had the percentage of (7.73%) followed by verbal process (7.4%) and behavioral process (6.84%). These processes have highlighted the aims and objectives, fears and concerns of the P.M over the multifarious issues. This analysis of the speech has provided an insight into Imran Khan's political ideology and portrayed him as an ambassador of whole Muslim world not just Pakistan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we study Investor Relations policies of Danish, Finnish, and Italian listed companies. In these publicly available policy texts, companies outline how they intend to communicate with their stakeholders in order to achieve their goals. The aim of this paper is to shed light on the roles given to the companies and their stakeholders in the policies. The focus is on process types (finite verbs) and participant roles. The results of the study show that in the policy texts, transparency-creation is described as a material activity in which the company is the main actor and stakeholders remain in passive roles. However, there are some differences between the data sets: the company is mostly referred to by the company name, but also by we (in the Danish data), and by group (in the Italian data). Our conclusion is that transparency seems to be about doing and saying, indicating that in their policies, at least, the companies seem to take the requirements of openness seriously.

This study aims to investigate the process type in students narrative text. It involves 20 first grader of Department of English Education, University of Kuningan. The title of narrative text given to all respondents is Rabbit and Twenty Crocodiles. This study raises two problems: the process types appear in students narrative texts and the errors of the process types occur in students narrative texts. This research used a descriptive qualitative method to describe the data. As result, by using Derewianka (2002), the process types found in students narrative texts were material, mental, verbal, and relational process. Material process was the dominant type found in students narrative texts in which there were 232 material processes from 371 data with percentage 62.53%. It means that, in the text telling about a sequence of happenings and experiences, the characters did many material activities than the other process types. Besides, this research also found three process type errors occurred in students narrative texts, namely material, verbal, and relational process. Material process is the dominant error occurred in students narrative texts in which 100 errors occurred in 157 data with percentage 63,7%. In conclusion, considering that students face diffuculties mostly in material process, teacher should deal with its teaching more cautiously.

This study explores how ideational meaning is realized in media texts written by native and nonnative writers of English. Particularly, the paper attempts to analyze transitivity or process types from a semantic-grammatical point of view based on Halliday's (1985) framework of Systemic Functional Grammar. The study aims to describe and compare the process types used by the authors to transmit their experiences/ideations and fulfill the intended purposes. To this end, eight articles from Washington Post (WP) & Arab News (AN) online newspapers were analyzed. The selected texts were divided into clauses and the process types (material, mental, relational, verbal, existential & behavior) were identified and compared. The analysis reveals that the authors of both newspapers give prominence to the use of material and relational processes seeming to focus exclusively on the actions of physical nature and make links between actions and actors with some qualities associated with them. The subsequently used processes in WP articles are verbal, mental and existential; whereas in AN articles they are mental, existential and verbal. Behavior process is the last and least frequently used process type in both newspapers articles showing that the physiological responses of the actors are not a major involvement. However, the rates of process types in all articles of both newspapers differ considerably. This variation is ascribed to the authors' choice to include a process type more than the other or exclude another to transmit their own experiences and bring about the intended purpose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) transitivity analysis is used, in particular, as a yardstick to measure the lexical differences accurately. It is generally observed that lexical differences, whether generated consciously or unconsciously, while reporting the news in the newspapers create diversified influence on the readers' minds. The present research is an attempt to bring out these lexical differences to figure out the transitivity templates and underscore the manner of engagement maintained by the news reporters/agencies in terms of their neutrality or objectivity. It has been done, additionally, to gauge the validity of the SFL and Transitivity System Network (TSN). The news reports of suicide attacks that occurred in Pakistan during 2009-2015 have been analyzed both quantitatively and qualitatively. Semantic value of different syntagmatic and paradigmatic choices of Process and Participant Types reveals the unique communicative significance of the reported news stories. The research reveals dominance of Material Process Types in daily Dawn and the Verbal Process Types in The News International and The New York Times. Examination of Participant Types unveils the dominance of Sayer (Participant Type) in the two Pakistani newspapers. The comparison of animate Participant Types reveals that The New York Times texts comprise the highest number of Sayers. In all the three newspapers, the comparison of the transitivity roles associated with Verbal and Material Processes (say, Sayer, Receiver, Actor, Goal, etc.) barring Verbiage indicates that Goal takes the second highest position. The comparison of Material related participants (say, Actor, Goal) indicates the predominance of Goal, thus reflecting the predominance of passivity. The frequency profile of different process types led to figure out the subjectivity and/or objectivity of the news reporters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Knowledge about the magnitude of bedload fluxes at given hydraulic conditions in natural streams is essential for improved process understanding, for the application, calibration and validation of bedload transport formulas, and for numerical sediment transport models. Nonetheless, extensive field measurements of bedload transport are challenging and therefore data from such efforts are rare. Bedload transport has been measured comprehensively at the downstream section of the Urslau torrent in Salzburg, Austria, since 2011. We used an integrative monitoring system that combines direct (mobile basket sampler, slot sampler) and indirect measuring devices (geophone plates). Continuous information about the intensity and distribution of bedload transport within the channel cross-section is available in high spatial and temporal resolution. Seven geophone plates at a stream width of 8 m are part of a measurement system that delivers data in 1-min intervals. These geophone data are calibrated using results of direct bedload measurements, providing an opportunity to calculate bedload rates and bedload yields in selected time periods. Continuous data on the bedload transport process over three years enabled assessing several bedload transport events. The investigation of bedload transport rate/discharge relationships reveals order-of-magnitude changes. For individual events, we observed shifts in the data, reflecting different bedload rates at comparable hydraulic conditions. This study reveals that variable sediment supply conditions affect the prevailing bedload transport rates at the Urslau stream. Calculating the bedload transport efficiency enables comparing bedload transport events that exhibit similar process characteristics. Finally, we provide a conceptual model of bedload transport process types as a function of bedload transport efficiency and dimensionless stream power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aims of this paper are twofold. First, following Halliday's 1998 paper 'On the grammar of pain', this study maps the lexicogrammatical resources available to Spanish speakers in the register of hard news to construe death and killing. Based primarily on a 250,000+ corpus of news reports of violent actions by illegal armed groups in the internal conflict from four major Colombian newspapers, it distinguishes between congruent and metaphorical construals of death, accounting for the different roles of the participants involved in these different types of constructions. In addition, it offers a topological perspective of the intersection of the more delicate distinction of process types and the system of Agency. The second objective is to apply these findings to contrast the construal of violence by the actors in the conflict, Marxist guerrillas and right wing paramilitaries. The results of the analysis show how the deployment of lexicogrammatical resources construes different semiotic spaces, highlighting the role of one group while diminishing the responsibility of the other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scientific language has always been both a source of difficulty for the students of science and, in the recent decades in particular, a theme for speculation for the scholars seeking to describe and analyse language as it is used and conceived. The language of science has always been presumed to be more difficult than the language used in other fields. Scientific concepts and their sophistication are one source of its difficulty. The writing style and dynamics preferred by writers in the fields of science is commonly considered another source of such difficulty. Nominalisation, the use of derivative nouns of verbs and adjectives, which is more prevalent in the language of science compared with the language used elsewhere, is another feature attested to by many scholars. The present study aimed at comparative investigation of the phenomenon of deverbal nominalisations (nominalisations with verb origin) across written and spoken scientific language. The spoken samples were chosen from BBC's programs in the genre of science and the written samples from science textbooks and credited science magazines (different issues). The samples in each modality included 400,000 words (for each modality) amounting to 800,000 words as the total size of the corpora considered. The findings showed a higher frequency of verbs in spoken modality and of nominalisations in written. Another interesting point was the highest frequency of material process type in both verbs and deverbal nominalisations. (The typology of processes from the Hallidayean systemic functional grammar framework was the basis for classification of verbs and their respective nominalised editions.) Relational process type which claimed the second highest frequency among verbs showed a much lower frequency among nominalisations. The consideration of the slots accommodating the nominalisations in the sentences also revealed insightful points about possible differences between spoken and written language (of science) in terms of the concentration of semantic and lexical density. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the ideational function of language and the TRANSITIVITY system of Persian and attempts to give, in general, a functional description of the grammar of the clause as representation and to identify, in particular, different process types and participant roles in Persian. In the identification of the characteristics of Persian experiential grammar, this paper will further focus on the verbal morphology and describe its role in the recognition of different participants in various process types by foregrounding the ways through which the Persian clauses represent some kind of bond or agreement between the process and one experiential participant. This co-relation between the verbal group and the experiential participant will also be illustrated in terms of voice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to examine the effect of the genre-based approach on ESL children's writing both at school and at home. Among genre writing, narrative writing was chosen for more detailed text analysis based on systemic functional grammar (SFG). Apart from their increasing control of schematic structure and other linguistic features, the ESL children expanded their range of process types so remarkably that various experiential meanings were constructed in each child's narrative writing style. This study found that the genre-based approach helped ESL children to take their first steps into the world of narrative writing by explicitly supporting its schematic structure and other elements. The ESL children seemed to develop their own styles of narrating using the same genre-based approach at school, which proves a paradoxical truth in the sense that the genre critics often point out the lack of individual creativity due to the 'stifled' genre pedagogy. Creativity, particularly in the case of the two ESL children, came after jumping on the `springboard,' which is a proper support system in their genre writing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose a method of highlighting and separating process patterns by using structure information in various diagrams which define the behavior of the system. This method enables reusing the knowledge of the previous system in behavior in systems analysis and design. Our method first breaks the whole process into the collection of small processes and then focuses on the special step on each small process. The special step is decision or waiting for other processes to end, which may sometimes be difficult for the system to run and cause the system to stop or the performance to delay. Our method can be applied to the analysis diagrams without design constraints in the implemented system. This enables the designer or analyzer to classify whether the problem is due to the business process or to the implemented system. We use state transition diagram, Petri Nets, IDEF0, and Data Flow Diagrams in this paper, as each diagram defines the behavior of the system from different viewpoints and can be used as existing analysis information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Even as more organizations are moving towards implementing Web-based B2B procurement solutions, they are unsure of the real benefits of the Web. In other words, what is the value of B2B e-procurement to an organization and how to measure this value? What factors affect this value? In this paper, we discuss an evaluation framework to determine the value of B2B e-procurement and the effect of process characteristics on the value. We use an empirical study to highlight the different value created by different procurement types. We then develop a more comprehensive economic model to capture the additional effects of demand volume and process complexity. The integration of theoretical and empirical approaches provides a strong foundation to develop and evaluate useful adoption strategies for B2B e-procurement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]