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The relationship between a conveyance's validity and its underlying contract has been a classic but unsettled topic for comparative private lawyers over the past three decades. This paper attempts to add positivist and normative observations drawn from property transfer theories and practices in English and Chinese law. A jurisdiction adopting an 'intent plus' model does not necessarily recognise a separate intent to convey distinct from the intent in the underlying contract, as exemplified by Chinese law, while a jurisdiction adopting the 'intent alone' model does not necessarily deny the separate intent to convey, as exemplified by English law. One advantage for a jurisdiction that takes the separatist approach is its flexibility, so that it can still choose between pure causality, pure abstraction, or context-based abstraction at a later stage. Recent developments show that English and Chinese law are moving towards this approach. As to whether flaws in the underlying contract infect the validity of the conveyance, the English position depends on vitiating factors, whereas the mainstream Chinese judgments tend to be pro-causal. Justifications favouring causality provided in the English and Chinese academia are different, though neither can stand up to scrutiny. The detecting opportunity argument submitted in this paper helps to justify abstraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The overall economic situation considers a scenario that is not exactly optimistic in the context of the current health crisis. The need for cheap resources will probably lead to the seizing of the opportunities provided by the trade companies, without patrimonial transfers of goods and labour force. Taking this context into account, we believe that the mixed ventures might become relevant again nowadays. The challenge posed by the indirect taxation of these associations without legal personality points out a series of practical aspects which we consider that should be rigorously and thoroughly addressed, especially that the tax payers’ option is not always in accordance with that of the fiscal authorities causing contentious issues, which are time and money consuming and at the same time lead to forced executions endangering the company’s existence itself. The article hereby is based on the material tax law rules as regards the common law provisions, with the aim of setting up the tax deductions regime regarding the contributions and purchases related to joint ventures, given that the Council Directive 2006/112/EC of 28 November 2006 on the common system of value added tax does not include specific provisions for joint ventures, which is why the jurisprudence of the Court of Justice of the European Union is applicable in this matter.

The overall economic situation considers a scenario that is not exactly optimistic in the context of the current health crisis. The need for cheap resources will probably lead to the seizing of the opportunities provided by the trade companies, without patrimonial transfers of goods and labour force. Taking this context into account, we believe that the mixed ventures might become relevant again nowadays. The challenge posed by the indirect taxation of these associations without legal personality points out a series of practical aspects which we consider that should be rigorously and thoroughly addressed, especially that the tax payers’ option is not always in accordance with that of the fiscal authorities causing contentious issues, which are time and money consuming and at the same time lead to forced executions endangering the company’s existence itself. The article hereby is based on the material tax law rules as regards the common law provisions, with the aim of setting up the tax deductions regime regarding the contributions and purchases related to joint ventures, given that the Council Directive 2006/112/EC of 28 November 2006 on the common system of value added tax does not include specific provisions for joint ventures, which is why the jurisprudence of the Court of Justice of the European Union is applicable in this matter.

This article explores whether, in terms of inheritance and living arrangements, stepfamilies differed from other families. It is done for the parish of Belm near the town of Osnabrück, Northwest Germany, with a database that includes a family reconstitution 1650–1860, household lists, sources on landholding and other nominative data. – The family reconstitution, analysed by a lifetable approach, shows that the great majority of men, widowed below age 50, found a new spouse. The same is true for women below age 40. Remarriages took place remarkably soon, and both widowers and widows usually chose a much younger partner. Thus, many stepfamilies emerged. – According to the regional law, farms were impartible, and the youngest son was preferred as heir. If, however, a remarriage had taken place, the farm was supposed to go to a child from the first marriage. Due to a regime of joint marital property, widows were in a rather strong position. The database reveals to what extent the practices of property transfers followed the rules, and several legal disputes show the lines of potential conflict. – Census lists from the nineteenth century show that, after retirement, stepparents frequently lived in a separate cottage, running their own household economy, if the farm was large enough. Biological parents usually stayed in the main house, as part of their successor's household. Moreover, orphaned future heirs of large holdings tended to go into service on another farm, instead of working under their stepfather's rule. This, however, was also true where the future heir's sibling was the interim manager of the holding. In sum, the cleavage in complex families was not inevitably between children and stepparents, nor between the offspring of different marriages. Proximity and distance between family members depended on many factors, shared biological descent was just one of them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

P. GEM 66796 and P. GEM 66797 were found together in a tomb in Illahun in 2009 by an Egyptian archaeological mission of the Supreme Council of Antiquities. The tomb was described by the excavators as belonging to a craftsman and was dated to the Third Intermediate Period. The papyri were originally stored in the Kom-Aushim magazine, with the inventory numbers 91 and 92; they were subsequently moved to the Grand Egyptian Museum on 18 May 2016 and given the new inventory numbers of P. GEM 66796 and P. GEM 66977. During the same excavations, a further find was made of another group of fragmentary hieratic, late cursive hieratic and demotic papyri, but details of precisely where they were discovered are not yet available. These papyri show a number of similarities with the hand of P. GEM 66796. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite failing the test of local acceptance, customary law often applies to intestate administration of property rights in Nigeria. The purpose of this study is to analyze the factors affecting will-making for property transfer by descent and the impact of corporate social responsibility (CSR) of property managers in a city where intestacy is widespread. Using a set of data collected from 306 respondents by survey in Lagos, factor analysis was applied to analyze the variables affecting will-making. Also, data were collected from 114 property managers and analyzed using binary logistic regression to examine the effect of CSR on will-making. The results show that the factors affecting the possibility of making a will for property rights transfer can be classified into three major themes, namely; social impact, family structure, and belief. Only one of the 14 factors analyzed was excluded from the theme due to a poor factor loading (<0.05), which put its effect in doubt. The ownership of a valid will is generally low. None of the low- and middle-income housing respondents had a will, while only 26% of the respondents in the high-income housing had a will. The binary logistic test of hypothesis reveals a significant relationship between property managers' ethical CSR and will-making at 0.05 α. However, none of the property managers surveyed had incorporated the ethic into property management practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the author analyzes the ratio of the „data of a personal nature" and „personal data" and he draws up an inventory of the most important qualifications offered so far by the doctrine about the legal nature of these data. Finally, the author concludes that „personal data" are intangible movable assets, then he presents a number of practical consequences of this qualification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Manipulating the property transfer in nanosystems is a challenging task since it requires switchable molecular packing such as separate aggregation (self‐sorting) or synergistic aggregation (coassembly). Herein, a unique manipulation of self‐sorting/coassembly aggregation and the observation of switchable stimulus‐responsiveness transfer in a two component self‐assembly system are reported. Two building blocks bearing the same cholesterol group give versatile topological structures in polar and nonpolar solvents. One building block (cholesterol conjugated cynanostilbene, CCS) consists of cholesterol conjugated with a cynanostilbene unit, and the other one (C10CN) is comprised of cholesterol connected with a naphthalimide group having a flexible long alkyl chain. Their assemblies including gel, crystalline plates, and vesicles are obtained. In gel and crystalline plate phases, the self‐sorting behavior dominates, while synergistic coassembly occurs in vesicle phase. Since CCS having the cyanostilbene group can respond to the light irradiation, it undergoes light‐induced chiral amplification. C10CN is thermally responsive, whereby its supramolecular chirality is inversed upon heating. In coassembled vesicles, it is interestingly observed that their responsiveness can be transferred by each other, i.e., the C10CN segment is sensitive to the light irradiation, while CCS is thermoresponsive. This unprecedented behavior of the property transfer may shine a light to the precise fabrication of smart materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article considers the legal institution of mahr in Islamic family law from three research perspectives in order to provide insights into the phenomenon's complexity, particularly with regard to current legal practices. In particular, emphasis is placed both on countries where family law is shaped by Islamic traditions (e.g., Morocco) and on countries whose legal traditions do not have a mahr counterpart (e.g., Germany). First, the social and economic function of dower will be described. As a special form of property transfer, mahr will be analyzed in its historical and present shape in theory and practice. Second, the legal conceptualization of mahr in the German legal context will be discussed. The example of Morocco serves to illustrate the changes with regard to mahr because of the process of incorporation of Islamic legal concepts into a national statutory law system. Given the Muslim diaspora, these insights are important contributions to the legal intepretation of mahr in a transnational context. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article discusses a property rights system called "qian ye" (officially registered land) in China during the Ming and Qing dynasties. The system began at the end of the Yuan and beginning of the Ming dynasty and was widespread in six counties in the prefecture of Huizhou, China. After a detailed land survey, properties were officially registered in a government registry. Until the Qing dynasty, the transfer of private land property required confirmation that the land had been officially registered. Such documentations of property rights were passed down as inheritances, transferred, bought and sold, and became subjects of legal cases. The precedents for registration of private land property became the foundation for land development in the Republican period.

Abstract: Deception, a basic and pervasive biological phenomenon, takes many forms, variously referred to as mimicry, trickery, seduction, pretense, feigning, masquerading, impersonation, distraction, or false promises, and these share certain common distinguishing behavioral elements that permit them to be classified into categories. A symbolic language for the codification and analysis of behavioral contingencies shows that all instances of deception are based on a misperception, misprediction, non-perception, or non-prediction by the deceived party, and can be further categorized based on features of the contingencies that define them. Instances of particular interest are those in which a deceiving party predicts (and in that sense “intends”) the deception. In those instances, the effect of the deception is usually to the deceiving party''s benefit and to the deceived party''s detriment. In economics, finance, business, military operations, public affairs, education, and everyday social interaction, deception takes numerous forms. Special forms, usually involving obfuscation, concealment, counterfeiting, and misrepresentation, occur in certain prevalent types of property transfer, including securitization, the creation of derivatives, and various types of Ponzi schemes. Such property transfers tend to be driven by opportunities for deception. They all involve blurring and clouding of the contingencies that defined the transferred properties, thus permitting their obfuscation. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]