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Background: Cutibacterium acnes (C acnes) is a commensal skin bacterium, primarily found in sebaceous glands and hair follicles, with a high prevalence in the shoulder region. It is the most common pathogenic organism in prosthetic joint infections after shoulder arthroplasty. Because of its low virulence, its diagnosis remains difficult. Purpose: To evaluate the relative effects of topical preparations in reducing C acnes in shoulder surgery. Study Design: Meta-analysis; Level of evidence, 1. Methods: We searched the MEDLINE, Embase, PsychINFO, and Cochrane Library databases in March 2022. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing any form of topical preparation in arthroscopic or open shoulder surgery were included. The primary outcome was a reduction in the number of positive C acnes cultures. Secondary outcomes were adverse events related to the application of topical preparations. We performed a network meta-analysis to facilitate simultaneous comparisons between multiple preparations across studies. We calculated differences between preparations using odds ratios and their 95% CIs. The risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool. Results: The search yielded 17 RCTs (1350 patients), of which 9 were suitable for the network meta-analysis (775 patients). Overall, 2 RCTs were deemed as having a low risk of bias, and 15 raised "some concerns" of bias. Preparations included benzoyl peroxide (BPO), BPO combined with clindamycin, chlorhexidine gluconate, hydrogen peroxide, povidone-iodine, and water with soap. Only BPO resulted in significantly lower odds of a positive C acnes culture compared with placebo or soap and water (odds ratio, 0.12 [95% CI, 0.04-0.36]). There was no statistically significant difference with all other topical preparations. The only adverse events were skin irritation from BPO and chlorhexidine gluconate in a small number of reported cases. Conclusion: BPO was the most effective topical agent in reducing the prevalence of C acnes in shoulder surgery. These results were limited by a combination of indirect and direct data. Future studies should focus on establishing the optimal frequency and duration of preoperative BPO to further reduce the burden of C acnes. Registration: CRD42022310312 (PROSPERO). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To construct a Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes)-induced cellular inflammation model and to study the anti-inflammatory effect of a thermal water. Methods Utilize human immortalized keratinocytes (HaCaT) was used in the experimentation. Co-incubate the cells with thermal spring water and employ the CCK-8 assay to assess cell viability, screening for the optimal intervention time for the thermal spring water. Expose the cells to varying concentrations of P. acnes for different times, measure cell viability, calculate the 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of P. acnes, and determine the model induction conditions by testing IL-6 levels. The cells were soaked in thermal spring water for 0.5 hours, followed by co-culturing with P. acnes as the preventive intervention group, or co-culturing with P. acnes first and then soaking the cells in hot spring water for 0.5 hours as the therapeutic intervention group. The levels of cell viability, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and gene expression of inflammation pathways were assessed using the CCK-8 assay, ELISA, and RT-PCR, respectively. Concurrently, control groups with saline solution, tap water, and pure water, along with model and blank controlswere set up. Results After treating the cells with thermal spring water and physiological saline for 0.5 hours, cell viabilities were 92.7% and 99.09%, respectively, which led to the selection of 0.5 hours as the intervention time for subsequent experiments.P. acnes at an OD600 of 0.25 was co-incubated with the cells for 5 hours to establish the model. In the preventive intervention, the secretion levels of IL-1β and IL-8, as well as the relative expression levels of IL-6, TNF-α, IL-8, and the genes TLR2 and NF-κB in the cells of the thermal spring water group, were all lower than those in the model group (P<0.05), and significantly lower than those in the saline solution group. In the therapeutic intervention, the contents of IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-8, as well as the expression levels of the genes IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, TLR2, and NF-κB in the thermal spring water group, were all lower than those in the model group. The contents of IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, and the expression levels of the genes IL-6, IL-1β, IL-8, TLR2, and NF-κB were also significantly reduced compared to those in the saline solution group (P<0.05). Conclusion This thermal water may exert its anti-inflammatory effect by down-regulating the expression of TLR2 and NF-κB genes in inflammatory signalling pathway and by reducing the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aloe vera is one of the most significant therapeutical plant species that belongs to the family Liliaceae. Aloe vera is composed of a high amount of water, with the remainder being dry matter. The dry matter contains a lot of bioactive compounds like carbohydrates, fats, and enzymes, with various therapeutic and antimicrobial properties. It can enhance the proliferation of cells and prevent cell damage by anti-oxidative properties (stimulating the secretion of superoxide dismutase and peroxidase). Human skin is colonized by microbes like fungi (Candida albicans), bacteria (Propionibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus aureus), and mites. These commensals are responsible for skin characteristics such as acidic pH, the pungent smell of sweat, etc. Human fetuses lack skin microbiota, and their skin is colonized after birth. Commensals present on the skin have a crucial role in training the human immune system against other pathogenic microbes. Propionibacterium acnes act as an opportunistic pathogen when the balance between the commensals is disturbed. We also emphasize the recent progress in identifying the aloe metabolite biosynthesis pathways and the associated enzyme machinery. The hyperproliferation of Propionibacterium acnes causes acne, and acemannan plays a significant role in its cure. Hence, we need to consider a new treatment approach based on the root cause of this dysbiosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acne vulgaris atau jerawat merupakan infeksi pori-pori kulit yang tersumbat dengan lemak yang berlebih. Faktor lainnya disebabkan oleh aktivitas mikroorganisme Propionibacterium acnes. Kitosan kulit udang vannamei diketahui berfungsi sebagai antibakteri. Kitosan kulit udang vannamei dapat diformulasikan dalam bentuk sediaan gel untuk mendapatkan kenyamaan dan kemudahan dalam penggunaan. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui formula optimum sediaan gel kitosan kulit udang vannamei sebagai antiakne. Optimasi formula menggunakan Simplex Latice Design dengan variasi konsentrasi gelling agent berupa karbopol dan HPMC. Uji evaluasi fisik sediaan gel dan uji antibateri terhadap Propionibacterium acnes dilakukan. Hasil penelitian formula optimal karbopol dan HPMC diperoleh perbandingan 0.5 : 0.5 dengan persentase (1,25%) dan HPMC (0,725%). Uji evaluasi fisik sediaan gel menunjukkan bahwa sediaan gel memiliki sifat fisik yang baik dengan viskositas 4.616 cps, pH 7.25, dan daya sebar 6.43. Hasil uji antibakteri Propionibacterium acnes didapatkan hasil daya hambat dari sampel gel kitosan (20.73 mm ± 1.33) kuat dan kontrol positif (28.56 mm ± 0.91) sangat kuat. Formula optimum dengan perbandingan karbopol dan HPMC (0.5:0.5) gel kitosan kulit udang vannamei memiliki aktivitas antibakteri terhadap Propionibacterium acne dan memenuhi persyaratan uji sifat fisik.

Acne is a dermatologic disease with a strong pathologic association with human commensal Cutibacterium acnes. Conspicuously, certain C. acnes phylotypes are associated with acne, whereas others are associated with healthy skin. Here we investigate if the evolution of a C. acnes enzyme contributes to health or acne. Two hyaluronidase variants exclusively expressed by C. acnes strains, HylA and HylB, demonstrate remarkable clinical correlation with acne or health. We show that HylA is strongly pro-inflammatory, and HylB is modestly anti-inflammatory in a murine (female) acne model. Structural and phylogenic studies suggest that the enzymes evolved from a common hyaluronidase that acquired distinct enzymatic activity. Health-associated HylB degrades hyaluronic acid (HA) exclusively to HA disaccharides leading to reduced inflammation, whereas HylA generates large-sized HA fragments that drive robust TLR2-dependent pathology. Replacing an amino acid, Serine to Glycine near the HylA catalytic site enhances the enzymatic activity of HylA and produces an HA degradation pattern intermediate to HylA and HylB. Selective targeting of HylA using peptide vaccine or inhibitors alleviates acne pathology. We suggest that the functional divergence of HylA and HylB is a major driving force behind C. acnes health- and acne- phenotype and propose targeting of HylA as an approach for acne therapy.

Abstract Objective The purpose of this study is to use two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) to investigate the causal relationship between skin microbiota, especially Propionibacterium acnes, and intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD), low back pain (LBP) and sciatica. Methods We conducted a two-sample MR using the aggregated data from the whole genome-wide association studies (GWAS). 150 skin microbiota were derived from the GWAS catalog and IVDD, LBP and sciatica were obtained from the IEU Open GWAS project. Inverse-variance weighted (IVW) was the primary research method, with MR-Egger and Weighted median as supplementary methods. Perform sensitivity analysis and reverse MR analysis on all MR results and use multivariate MR to adjust for confounding factors. Results MR revealed five skin microbiota associated with IVDD, four associated with LBP, and two with sciatica. Specifically, P.acnes in sebaceous skin environments were associated with reduced risk of IVDD; IVDD was found to increase the abundance of P.acnes in moist skin. Furthermore, ASV010 [Staphylococcus (unc.)] from dry skin was a risk factor for LBP and sciatica; ASV045 [Acinetobacter (unc.)] from dry skin and Genus Rothia from dry skin exhibited potential protective effects against LBP; ASV065 [Finegoldia (unc.)] from dry skin was a protective factor for IVDD and LBP. ASV054 [Enhydrobacter (unc.)] from moist skin, Genus Bacteroides from dry skin and Genus Kocuria from dry skin were identified as being associated with an increased risk of IVDD. Genus Streptococcus from moist skin was considered to be associated with an increased risk of sciatica. Conclusions This study identified a potential causal relationship between skin microbiota and IVDD, LBP, and sciatica. No evidence suggests skin-derived P.acnes is a risk factor for IVDD, LBP and sciatica. At the same time, IVDD can potentially cause an increase in P.acnes abundance, which supports the contamination theory.

Objective: The purpose of this study is to use two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) to investigate the causal relationship between skin microbiota, especially Propionibacterium acnes, and intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD), low back pain (LBP) and sciatica. Methods: We conducted a two-sample MR using the aggregated data from the whole genome-wide association studies (GWAS). 150 skin microbiota were derived from the GWAS catalog and IVDD, LBP and sciatica were obtained from the IEU Open GWAS project. Inverse-variance weighted (IVW) was the primary research method, with MR-Egger and Weighted median as supplementary methods. Perform sensitivity analysis and reverse MR analysis on all MR results and use multivariate MR to adjust for confounding factors. Results: MR revealed five skin microbiota associated with IVDD, four associated with LBP, and two with sciatica. Specifically, P.acnes in sebaceous skin environments were associated with reduced risk of IVDD; IVDD was found to increase the abundance of P.acnes in moist skin. Furthermore, ASV010 [Staphylococcus (unc.)] from dry skin was a risk factor for LBP and sciatica; ASV045 [Acinetobacter (unc.)] from dry skin and Genus Rothia from dry skin exhibited potential protective effects against LBP; ASV065 [Finegoldia (unc.)] from dry skin was a protective factor for IVDD and LBP. ASV054 [Enhydrobacter (unc.)] from moist skin, Genus Bacteroides from dry skin and Genus Kocuria from dry skin were identified as being associated with an increased risk of IVDD. Genus Streptococcus from moist skin was considered to be associated with an increased risk of sciatica. Conclusions: This study identified a potential causal relationship between skin microbiota and IVDD, LBP, and sciatica. No evidence suggests skin-derived P.acnes is a risk factor for IVDD, LBP and sciatica. At the same time, IVDD can potentially cause an increase in P.acnes abundance, which supports the contamination theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Essential oils are among the most well-known phyto-compounds, and since ancient times, they have been utilized in medicine. Over 100 essential oils have been identified and utilized as therapies for various skin infections and related ailments. While numerous commercial medicines are available in different dosage forms to treat skin diseases, the persisting issues include their side effects, toxicity, and low efficacy. As a result, researchers are seeking novel classes of compounds as substitutes for synthetic drugs, aiming for minimal side effects, no toxicity, and high efficacy. Essential oils have shown promising antimicrobial activity against skin-associated pathogens. This review presents essential knowledge and scientific information regarding essential oil’s antimicrobial capabilities against microorganisms that cause skin infections. Essential oils mechanisms against different pathogens have also been explored. Many essential oils exhibit promising activity against various microbes, which has been qualitatively assessed using the agar disc diffusion experiment, followed by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration for quantitative evaluation. It has been observed that Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans have been extensively researched in the context of skin-related infections and their antimicrobial activity, including established modes of action. In contrast, other skin pathogens such as Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus pyogens, Propionibacterium acnes, and Malassezia furfur have received less attention or neglected. This review report provides an updated understanding of the mechanisms of action of various essential oils with antimicrobial properties. This review explores the anti-infectious activity and mode of action of essential against distinct skin pathogens. Such knowledge can be valuable in treating skin infections and related ailments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: A total of 94 Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes) isolates were obtained from a hospital in Beijing to evaluate their susceptibility to erythromycin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, and minocycline. As well as the determination of the effectiveness of P. acnes phages in vitro and in P. acnes-induced lesions mouse model. Methods: Patients with acne vulgaris (AV) were enrolled from August 2021 to October 2022. Standard methods were employed for specimen collection, culture, and identification of P. acnes. Susceptibility testing was conducted using E-strips for erythromycin, clarithromycin, minocycline, and doxycycline. Phage culture and identification followed standard procedures. A mouse model with P. acnes-induced skin lesions was established, and data was analyzed using X² test. Results: The results showed that all isolates were susceptible to minocycline and doxycycline, while 53 (56.4%) and 52 (55.3%) isolates were susceptible to erythromycin and clarithromycin, respectively. Interestingly, younger patients and those with lower acne severity exhibited reduced resistance. Phage cleavage rates ranged from 88.30 to 93.60%. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) analysis was conducted on eight randomly selected P. acnes isolates, and the IA-2 subtype was used in experiments to address P. acnes-induced lesions in mice. Phage therapy proved effective in this model. Discussion: This study highlights the high susceptibility of P. acnes to doxycycline and tetracycline, while erythromycin and clarithromycin exhibited elevated resistance. Additionally, P. acnes phages demonstrated high cleavage rates and potential effectiveness in treating P. acnes-induced lesions. These findings suggest promising avenues for further exploration of phage therapy in acne treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Periprosthetic joint infections (PJI) of the shoulder are a devastating complication of shoulder arthroplasty and are commonly caused by Staphylococcus and Cutibacterium acnes. Absorbable calcium sulfate (CS) beads are sometimes used for delivering antibiotics in PJI. This study evaluates the in vitro effect of different combinations of gentamicin, vancomycin, and ertapenem in beads made from CS cement on the growth of C acnes and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CNS) strains. Three strains of C acnes and 5 strains of CNS from clinically proven shoulder PJI were cultured and plated with CS beads containing combinations of vancomycin, gentamicin, and ertapenem. Plates with C acnes were incubated anaerobically while plates with Staphylococcus were incubated aerobically at 37 °C. Zones of inhibition were measured at intervals of 3 and 7 days using a modified Kirby Bauer technique, and beads were moved to plates containing freshly streaked bacteria every seventh day. This process was run in triplicate over the course of 56 days. Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS v. 28 with repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) and pairwise comparisons with Tukey correction. In experiments with C acnes , beads containing ertapenem + vancomycin and vancomycin alone formed the largest zones of inhibition over time (P <.001). In experiments with Staphylococcus , beads containing vancomycin alone formed the largest zones of inhibition over time for all 5 strains (P <.001). Zones of inhibition were 1.4x larger for C acnes than for Staphylococcus with beads containing vancomycin alone. For both C acnes and Staphylococcus , beads containing ertapenem had the strongest initial effect, preventing all bacterial growth in C acnes and almost all growth for Staphylococcus during the first week but dropping substantially by the second week. Beads containing gentamicin alone consistently created smaller zones of inhibition than beads containing vancomycin alone, with vancomycin producing zones 5.3x larger than gentamicin in C acnes and 1.3x larger in Staphylococcus (P <.001). These data suggest that for both C acnes and Staphylococcal species, CS beads impregnated with vancomycin were most effective at producing a robust antibiotic effect. Additionally, ertapenem may be a viable supplement in order to create a more potent initial antibiotic effect but is not as effective as vancomycin when used alone. Gentamicin alone was not effective in maintaining consistent and long-term antibiotic effects. These results indicate that amongst the antibiotics currently commercially available to be used with CS, vancomycin is consistently superior to gentamicin in the setting of C. acnes and CNS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acne or acne vulgaris is a common skin condition caused by clogging of hair follicles or pores of oily skin. Suji (Dracaena angustifolia [Medik.] Roxb.), an Indonesian herbal plant, is used to prevent bacterial growth. The study was conducted to identify the phytochemicals of ethanol extract of suji leaves and analyze the cytotoxic and antibacterial properties against Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus aureus of its nanoemulsion. The results showed that the ethanol extract of suji leaves contained active compounds of alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids, saponins, triterpenoids, and steroids which are secondary metabolites. Serum nanoemulsion showed strong antibacterial activity against Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus aureus at 500 and 750 ppm. The IC50 value of MTT Assay for the cytotoxic effect of nanoemulsion of ethanol extract of suji leaves was 61.92 μg/mL, which indicated that the extract was moderately active against prepuce cells, which is used as a model of acne prone skin. Nanoemulsion of suji leaf ethanol extract has antibacterial and cytotoxic properties, so it has potential as an anti-acne agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Annona muricata (soursop) leaves are rich in antimicrobial compounds such as flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, and phenols. This study aimed to develop a nanoemulgel formulation incorporating A. muricata leaf ethanol extract to enhance its efficacy against Propionibacterium acnes, a bacterium associated with acne vulgaris. Four nanoemulgel formulations containing varying concentrations of the extract (0%, 0.5%, 0.7%, and 1%) were prepared and evaluated for their physical properties (organoleptic, homogeneity, pH, spreadability, and viscosity) and stability through freeze-thaw cycles. The formulation with the highest extract concentration (Formula III) was selected for further characterization (particle size, morphology, and zeta potential) and antimicrobial testing against P. acnes. All formulations met the established physical property and stability criteria. Formula III exhibited a particle size of 20.5 nm and a zeta potential of 9.8 mV, indicating a stable nanoemulsion with well-dispersed particles. Antimicrobial testing revealed that Formula III demonstrated a strong inhibitory effect against P. acnes, with an average inhibition zone of 19.00 mm. These findings suggest that A. muricata leaf extract-loaded nanoemulgel has the potential to be a promising topical formulation for acne treatment. Further research is warranted to optimize the formulation and evaluate its efficacy in clinical settings.

Background Ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt infections are a fairly common complication in both the early and late postoperative periods. Sometimes diagnosis is difficult despite the fact that infection is often accompanied by clinical symptoms. Furthermore, pathogenic bacteria can be detected in the cerebrospinal fluid. Method We describe a case of chronic VP shunt infection in a 24-year-old female patient who was operated on for posterior fossa pilocytic astrocytoma and needed a VP shunt. The infection revealed itself 5 years after shunt implantation with nonspecific symptoms, and it took approximately 2 years to make a correct diagnosis. Meanwhile, the patient's condition became critical. The infection was caused by Propionibacterium acnes , which is capable of forming biofilms on implants, and which is difficult to identify due to the peculiarity of its cultivation. Result When the bacterium was identified, the shunt was replaced and antimicrobial therapy was performed, after which the patient's condition improved dramatically and she got back to her normal life. Conclusions This case shows how difficult the diagnosis of VP shunt infection can be and what clinical significance it can have for the patient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the causes of acnes is the bacteria Propionibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Staphylococcus aureus. An alternative solution to this problem is to develop natural medicines from plants, one of which is the star fruit (Averrhoa bilimbi Linn). The purpose of this study was to test the bioactivity of star fruit against the growth of P. acnes, S. epidermidis, and S. aureus. This research method used an experimental research design with the treatment of A. bilimbi fruit ethanol extract concentrations of 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, and 90%, chloramphenicol antibiotics as control (+), and sterile distilled water as control (-). All treatments were given to P. acnes, S. epidermidis, and S. aureus bacteria using the Kirby Baeur (disc diffusion) method. The results of this study were the effectiveness of the bioactivity compound of the ethanolic extract of A. bilimbi fruit seen on P. acnes and S. epidermidis bacteria with concentrations of 70%, 80%, and 90%. Thus, it can be concluded that A. bilimbi fruit has the potential to be developed as a natural medicine for acne caused by P. acnes and S. epidermidis.

Garcinia mangostana or Mangosteen has main compounds derived from xanthones, one of them was alpha mangosteen known having antibacterial activity. The purpose of this study was to formulate an acne patch preparation from mangosteen peel extract with a combination of chitosan and HPMC polymer against Propionibacterium acnes bacteria. Acne patches were made by solvent evaporation by using oven at 70 ﹾC. Acne patch preparation was evaluated for physical characteristics, and tested for its antibacterial effectiveness activity. The acne patch formulation was made with the ratio of Chitosan :HPMC: mangosteen peel extract at F1 (800 mg: 400 mg: 120 mg), F2 (900 mg: 300 mg: 120 mg), F3 (800 mg: 400 mg: 240 mg), F4 (900 mg: 300 mg: 240 mg). All formulas have good organoleptic properties, thickness 0,7-0,9 mm, folding resistance>300 times, low vapor transmission rate 0,0030-0,0078 g.cm2/hour, moisture absorption capacity 13-23%, content moisture

Infeksi kulit merupakan penyakit yang diakibatkan oleh bakteri. Salah satu penyebab penyakit infeksi adalah bakteri Propionibacterium acnes dan Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Senyawa alkaloid, flavonoid, tanin dan saponin yang terkandung dalam kulit buah salak pondoh berpotensi sebagai agen antibakteri. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efektivitas antibakteri ekstrak etanolik kulit buah salak pondoh dalam menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri Propionibacterium acnes dan Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Uji antibakteri dilakukan menggunakan metode difusi sumuran dengan variasi konsentrasi ekstrak 30%, 60% dan 90%. Klindamisin dan Ciprofloxacin sebagai kontrol positif dan DMSO 10% sebagai kontrol negatif. Analisis data dengan One-Way Anova dan Post Hoc LSD. Dari hasil penelitian diperoleh rata-rata diameter zona hambat bakteri P.acnes pada konsentrasi 90% sebesar 18,66 mm dikategorikan sebagai kategori kuat, rata-rata diameter zona hambat bakteri P.aeruginosa pada konsentrasi 90% sebesar 14,5 mm dikategorikan sebagai kategori kuat. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak etanolik kulit buah salak pondoh mampu menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri Propionibacterium acnes dan Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

There are no drugs as effective as isotretinoin for acne. Deciphering the changes in the microbiome induced by isotretinoin in the pilosebaceous follicle of successfully treated patients can pave the way to identify novel therapeutic alternatives. We determined how the follicular microbiome changes with isotretinoin and identified which alterations correlate with a successful treatment response. Whole genome sequencing was done on casts from facial follicles of acne patients sampled before, during and after isotretinoin treatment. Alterations in the microbiome were assessed and correlated with treatment response at 20 weeks as defined as a 2-grade improvement in global assessment score. We investigated the α-diversity, β-diversity, relative abundance of individual taxa, Cutibacterium acnes strain composition and bacterial metabolic profiles with a computational approach. We found that increased β-diversity of the microbiome coincides with a successful treatment response to isotretinoin at 20 weeks. Isotretinoin selectively altered C. acnes strain diversity in SLST A and D clusters, with increased diversity in D1 strains correlating with a successful clinical response. Isotretinoin significantly decreased the prevalence of KEGG Ontology (KO) terms associated with four distinct metabolic pathways inferring that follicular microbes may have limited capacity for growth or survival following treatment. Importantly, these alterations in microbial composition or metabolic profiles were not observed in patients that failed to achieve a successful response at 20 weeks. Alternative approaches to recapitulate this shift in the balance of C. acnes strains and microbiome metabolic function within the follicle may be beneficial in the future treatment of acne.

Herein described is a case of biofilm obstructing ventriculoperitoneal shunt due to Cutibacteirum acnes infection in a patient with coccidioidal meningitis. Cutibacterium acnes infects and obstructs cerebral shunts by the production of biofilm; however, diagnosis is usually missed by routine aerobic cultures. Obtaining anaerobic cultures routinely in patients with foreign body implants leading to central nervous system infections could prevent a missed diagnosis of this pathogen. Penicillin G is the first-line treatment.

BackgroundThe composition of the skin microbiome varies from infancy to adulthood and becomes most stable in adulthood. Adult acne patients harbour an 'acne microbiome' dominated by specific strains of Cutibacterium acnes. However, the precise timing of skin microbiome evolution, the development of the acne microbiome, and the shift to virulent C. acnes strain composition during puberty is unknown.ObjectivesWe performed a cross-sectional pilot study in a paediatric population to understand how and when the skin microbiome composition transitions during puberty and whether a distinct 'acne microbiome' emerges in paediatric subjects.MethodsForty-eight volunteers including males and females, ages 7-17 years, with and without acne were enrolled and evaluated for pubertal development using the Tanner staging criteria. Sebum levels were measured, and skin microbiota were collected by sterile swab on the subject's forehead. DNA was sequenced by whole genome shotgun sequencing.ResultsA significant shift in microbial diversity emerged between early (T1-T2) and late (T3-T5) stages of puberty, coinciding with increased sebum production on the face. The overall relative abundance of C. acnes in both normal and acne skin increased during puberty and individual C. acnes strains were uniquely affected by pubertal stage and the presence of acne. Further, an acne microbiome signature associated with unique C. acnes strain composition and metabolic activity emerges in late puberty in those with acne. This unique C. acnes strain composition is predicted to have increased porphyrin production, which may contribute to skin inflammation.ConclusionsOur data suggest that the stage of pubertal development influences skin microbiome composition. As children mature, a distinct acne microbiome composition emerges in those with acne. Understanding how both puberty and acne influence the microbiome may support novel therapeutic strategies to combat acne in the paediatric population.

Pluchea indica (L.) leaves, both in the form of extracts and silver nanoparticles, are known to exhibit antibacterial activity, but they have not been widely utilized in the health sector, especially in dermatology. This study aims to determine the quality test and antibacterial evaluation of natural soap formulated with methanol extract and nanoparticles of Pluchea indica (L.) leaves against Propionibacterium acnes. The synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) was conducted using the reduction method, with AgNO3 as a precursor and methanol extract of Pluchea indica (L.) leaves serving as a reducing agent or bioreductor. Natural soap was produced through the cold process method, with a curing period of 3 to 4 weeks. Natural soap, derived from herbal ingredients, was made by combining NaOH, essential oils, and additives such as methanol extract and silver nanoparticles from Pluchea indica (L.) leaves. Quality tests were performed to assess moisture content (MC), fatty acid content, and pH levels. Antibacterial activity was assessed utilizing the well-diffusion method, with various sample concentrations ranging from 1.0 g/mL to 0.0625 g/mL. The quality test results for all soap samples met the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) requirements for acidity, free fatty acids, and moisture content. The bar soap without additives exhibited antibacterial activity, with a maximum inhibition zone of 14.26 mm (at 0.25 g/mL) after 15 hours. Natural soap with methanol extract of Pluchea indica (L.) leaf demonstrated an inhibition zone of 11.49 mm (at 0.0625 g/mL) after 15 hours, while nanoparticle soap exhibited an inhibition zone of 12.77 mm (at 0.25 g/mL) after 12 hours. In summary, all soap samples showed antibacterial activity, indicating the potential of Pluchea indica (L.) leaves as effective antibacterial agents.

The main acne-causing bacteria are Propionibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Quorum sensing, an important factor for bacterial survival, is closely associated with expression of bacterial virulence factors and biofilm formation. Although the quorum sensing types of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis have been identified, the quorum sensing types of Propionibacterium acnes are still controversial. Plant-orginated quorum sensing inhibitors with few side effects have a greater potential in the treatment of acne. This article reviews the progress on the mechanisms by which plant-originated quorum sensing inhibitors inhibit pathogenic bacteria of acne.

Abstract The skin microbiome consists of the microorganisms populating the human skin. Cutibacterium acnes (C. acnes, formerly named Propionibacterium acnes) is recognized as a key factor in acne development, regulating inflammatory and immune pathways. Dysbiosis has been described as the imbalance in skin microbiome homeostasis and may play a role in acne pathogenesis. Microbial interference has been shown to be a contributor to healthy skin homeostasis and staphylococcal strains may exclude acne-associated C. acnes phylotypes. In this review we present an update on the skin microbiome in acne and discuss how current acne treatments such as benzoyl peroxide, orally administered isotretinoin, and antibiotics may affect the skin microbiome homeostasis. We highlight the collateral damage of acne antibiotics on the skin microbiome, including the risk of antimicrobial resistance and the dysregulation of the microbiome equilibrium that may occur even with short-term antibiotic courses. Consequently, the interest is shifting towards new non-antibiotic pharmacological acne treatments. Orally administered spironolactone is an emerging off-label treatment for adult female patients and topical peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) modulation is being studied for patients with acne. The potential application of topical or oral probiotics, bacteriotherapy, and phage therapy for acne are further promising areas of future research.

Aloe vera is one of the most significant therapeutical plant species that belongs to the family Liliaceae. Aloe vera is composed of a high amount of water, with the remainder being dry matter. The dry matter contains a lot of bioactive compounds like carbohydrates, fats, and enzymes, with various therapeutic and antimicrobial properties. It can enhance the proliferation of cells and prevent cell damage by anti-oxidative properties (stimulating the secretion of superoxide dismutase and peroxidase). Human skin is colonized by microbes like fungi (Candida albicans), bacteria (Propionibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus aureus), and mites. These commensals are responsible for skin characteristics such as acidic pH, the pungent smell of sweat, etc. Human fetuses lack skin microbiota, and their skin is colonized after birth. Commensals present on the skin have a crucial role in training the human immune system against other pathogenic microbes. Propionibacterium acnes act as an opportunistic pathogen when the balance between the commensals is disturbed. We also emphasize the recent progress in identifying the aloe metabolite biosynthesis pathways and the associated enzyme machinery. The hyperproliferation of Propionibacterium acnes causes acne, and acemannan plays a significant role in its cure. Hence, we need to consider a new treatment approach based on the root cause of this dysbiosis.

Purpose: Bone and joint infections are an important and increasing problem. Whether intraoperatively detected bacteria should be considered relevant or not is often difficult to assess. This retrospective cohort study analyzes the relevance of C. acnes cultured from deep intraoperative specimens. Methods: All deep tissue samples collected intraoperatively between 2015 and 2020 from a quartiary care provider were evaluated for detection of C. acnes and its therapeutical consequences. Infection rates were determined according to a standardized definition and protocol and analyzed in dependence of patient's demographic data (age and gender), operative parameters (type of surgery, body region/location of surgery, and impression of the surgeon), and initiated therapy. Results: In 270 cases of more than 8500 samples, C. acnes was detected. In 30%, the detection was considered an infection. The number of samples taken and tested positive for C. acnes correlated significantly with its classification as a cause of infection. If more than one sample of the patient was positive, the detection was significantly more likely to be treated as infection (p < 0.001). In 76% of cases, a consultation to the infectious diseases (ID) department took place regarding the classification of the pathogen detection and the therapy to be carried out. Almost all of the tested isolates demonstrated the wild-type susceptibility for penicillin and clindamycin. Conclusion: Intraoperative detection of skin-colonizing bacteria such as C. acnes is not always synonymous with infection. In particular, if other examination results contradict an infection (pathological sample without evidence of an infectious event, detection of malignant cells, etc.), the situation must be considered in a very differentiated manner. Interdisciplinary boards, for example, are suitable for this purpose. Care should be taken to obtain a sufficiently large number of tissue samples for microbiological examination to be able to better classify the result. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main acne-causing bacteria are Propionibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Quorum sensing, an important factor for bacterial survival, is closely associated with expression of bacterial virulence factors and biofilm formation. Although the quorum sensing types of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis have been identified, the quorum sensing types of Propionibacterium acnes are still controversial. Plant-orginated quorum sensing inhibitors with few side effects have a greater potential in the treatment of acne. This article reviews the progress on the mechanisms by which plant-originated quorum sensing inhibitors inhibit pathogenic bacteria of acne. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pluchea indica (L.) leaves, both in the form of extracts and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), are known to exhibit antibacterial activity, but they have not been widely utilized in the health sector, especially in dermatology. This study aims to determine the quality test and antibacterial evaluation of natural soap formulated with methanol extract and nanoparticles of Pluchea indica (L.) leaves against Propionibacterium acnes. The synthesis of AgNPs was conducted using the reduction method, with AgNO3 as a precursor and methanol extract of Pluchea indica (L.) leaves (MEPL) serving as a reducing agent or bioreductor. Natural soap was produced through the cold process method, with a curing period of 3 to 4 weeks. Natural soap, derived from herbal ingredients, was made by combining NaOH, essential oils, and additives such as methanol extract and AgNPs from Pluchea indica (L.) leaves. Quality tests were performed to assess moisture content (MC), fatty acid content, and pH levels. Antibacterial activity was assessed utilizing the well-diffusion method, with various sample concentrations ranging from 1.0 g/mL to 0.0625 g/mL. The quality test results for all soap samples met the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) requirements for acidity, free fatty acids, and moisture content. The bar soap without additives exhibited antibacterial activity, with a maximum inhibition zone of 14.26 mm (at 0.25 g/mL) after 15 hours. Natural soap with MEPL demonstrated an inhibition zone of 11.49 mm (at 0.0625 g/mL) after 15 hours, while nanoparticle soap exhibited an inhibition zone of 12.77 mm (at 0.25 g/mL) after 12 hours. In summary, all soap samples showed antibacterial activity, indicating the potential of Pluchea indica (L.) leaves as effective antibacterial agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The skin microbiome consists of the microorganisms populating the human skin. Cutibacterium acnes (C. acnes, formerly named Propionibacterium acnes) is recognized as a key factor in acne development, regulating inflammatory and immune pathways. Dysbiosis has been described as the imbalance in skin microbiome homeostasis and may play a role in acne pathogenesis. Microbial interference has been shown to be a contributor to healthy skin homeostasis and staphylococcal strains may exclude acne-associated C. acnes phylotypes. In this review we present an update on the skin microbiome in acne and discuss how current acne treatments such as benzoyl peroxide, orally administered isotretinoin, and antibiotics may affect the skin microbiome homeostasis. We highlight the collateral damage of acne antibiotics on the skin microbiome, including the risk of antimicrobial resistance and the dysregulation of the microbiome equilibrium that may occur even with short-term antibiotic courses. Consequently, the interest is shifting towards new non-antibiotic pharmacological acne treatments. Orally administered spironolactone is an emerging off-label treatment for adult female patients and topical peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) modulation is being studied for patients with acne. The potential application of topical or oral probiotics, bacteriotherapy, and phage therapy for acne are further promising areas of future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inggili is a type of mangrove plant that has been traditionally used by the community for medicine. It contains many active compounds that function as antibacterials. Based on empirical data, inggili fruit is used to remove acne on the skin and diarrheal diseases. This study aims to determine the antibacterial activity of methanol extract of inggili pulp in inhibiting Propionibacterium acnes and Escherichia coli bacteria using the sumuran diffusion method. The research conducted is experimental. The object under study was the antibacterial activity of inggili fruit extract against Propionibacterium acnes and Escherichia coli bacteria. Antibacterial activity was tested using the sumuran diffusion method with extract concentrations of 10%, 15%, and 20%. The negative control used was 1% DMSO and the positive control used was 0.1% chloramphenicol

Innate immune defense against deep tissue infection by Staphylococcus aureus is orchestrated by fibroblasts that become antimicrobial when triggered to differentiate into adipocytes. However, the role of this process in noninfectious human diseases is unknown. To investigate the potential role of adipogenesis by dermal fibroblasts in acne, a disorder triggered by Cutibacterium acnes, single-cell RNA sequencing was performed on human acne lesions and mouse skin challenged by C. acnes. A transcriptome consistent with adipogenesis was observed within specific fibroblast subsets from human acne and mouse skin lesions infected with C. acnes. Perifollicular dermal preadipocytes in human acne and mouse skin lesions showed colocalization of PREF1, an early marker of adipogenesis, and cathelicidin (Camp), an antimicrobial peptide. This capacity of C. acnes to specifically trigger production of cathelicidin in preadipocytes was dependent on TLR2. Treatment of wild-type mice with retinoic acid (RA) suppressed the capacity of C. acnes to form acne-like lesions, inhibited adipogenesis, and enhanced cathelicidin expression in preadipocytes, but lesions were unresponsive in Camp-/- mice, despite the anti-adipogenic action of RA. Analysis of inflamed skin of acne patients after retinoid treatment also showed enhanced induction of cathelicidin, a previously unknown beneficial effect of retinoids in difficult-to-treat acne. Overall, these data provide evidence that adipogenic fibroblasts are a critical component of the pathogenesis of acne and represent a potential target for therapy.

The role of extracellular traps (ETs) in the innate immune response against pathogens is well established. ETs were first identified in neutrophils and have since been identified in several other immune cells. Although the mechanistic details are not yet fully understood, recent reports have described antigen-specific T cells producing T cell extracellular traps (TETs). Depending on their location within the cutaneous environment, TETs may be beneficial to the host by their ability to limit the spread of pathogens and provide protection against damage to body tissues, and promote early wound healing and degradation of inflammatory mediators, leading to the resolution of inflammatory responses within the skin. However, ETs have also been associated with worse disease outcomes. Here, we consider host-microbe ET interactions by highlighting how cutaneous T cell-derived ETs aid in orchestrating host immune responses against Cutibacterium acnes (C. acnes), a commensal skin bacterium that contributes to skin health, but is also associated with acne vulgaris and surgical infections following joint-replacement procedures. Insights on the role of the skin microbes in regulating T cell ET formation have broad implications not only in novel probiotic design for acne treatment, but also in the treatment for other chronic inflammatory skin disorders and autoimmune diseases.

Introduction: The present study was developed to investigate and compare the extraction yield, the contents of polyphenols and mangiferin, the activities against Propionibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli bacteria, and the anti-inflammatory activities of ethanol extracts of mango seed kernels vs. seed coats. Methods: Mango seed kernels and seed coats were extracted using ethanol as the solvent and tested against microorganisms using the disc diffusion method. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) levels of extracts were determined by the agar dilution method. The anti-inflammatory activities were assessed both in vitro and in vivo by albumin denaturation method and carrageenan-induced paw edema test, respectively. Results: Both extracts yielded high contents of mangiferin and phenolic compounds. The antibacterial activities of both extracts showed inhibition of the tested microorganisms Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus aureus but not Escherichia coli. Seed kernel extract (0.2 g/kg) reduced paw edema by 44.8% at 3 hours after λ-carrageenan administration. Meanwhile, 0.5 g/kg seed coat extract reduced paw edema less than the seed kernel extract (23.1% vs. 44.8%). Mango seed kernel extract, mango seed coat extract, and diclofenac sodium displayed concentration-dependent inhibition of heat-induced protein denaturation with IC50 values of 137.23 μg/mL, 292.12 μg/mL, and 6.64 μg/mL, respectively. Conclusion: The obtained results confirmed the antibacterial and anti-inflammatory potential of mango seed kernel and seed coat extracts. The mango seed kernel extract was proven to be more effective than the mango seed coat extract and thus can be used in cosmetics as an anti-inflammatory and antibacterial agent.

Objective To investigate the synergistic bacteriostatic effect of terpinen-4-ol (T4O) and α-bisabolol (Bis) on Staphylococcus aureus (S.aureus) and Cutibacterium acnes (C.acnes). Methods The microdilution checkerboard technique was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of T4O combined with Bis on the two etu perimental bacteria, and fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) was calculated. An MIC group (T4O and Bis at a concentration of MIC), a 2×MIC group (T4O and Bis at a concentration of 2×MIC), and a negative control group (no T4O or Bis added) were set up for each experimental bacterium; the time-bactericidal curve was plotted for each experimental bacterium after the addition of both T4O and Bis; each group of the two experimental bacteria was measured in terms of Zeta potential (ZP) on the surface of the strain, leakage of intracellular nucleic acid and protein, damage of bacterial biofilm, and respiratory chain dehydrogenase activity in S.aureus after the addition of both T4O and Bis; a transmission electron microscope was used to observe the influence of T4O combined with Bis on the morphology of the two experimental bacteria. Results The combination of T4O and Bis for S.aureus and C.acnes had an FICI of

Objective To study the inhibitory effects of Liangxue-Wuhua decoction at different concentrations on acne vulgaris-related pathogens (Propionibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus) in vitro. Methods Conventional plate method was used to culture propionibacterium acne, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus. The antibacterial assay and zone of inhibition were used to assess the inhibitory effects of Liangxue-Wuhua decoction at different concentrations. Erythromycin was used as positive control. The minimum antibacterial concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined. Results The MICs of Liangxue-Wuhua decoction for Propionibacterium acne, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus were 125 mg/mL, 125 mg/mL and 500 mg/mL, respectively, and BMCs were 250 mg/mL, 250 mg/mL and 1 000 mg/mL, respectively. The MICs of erythromycin for Propionibacterium acne, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus were 0.1 mg/mL, 6.25 μg/mL and 0.05 mg/mL, respectively, and BMCs were 0.2 mg/mL, 6.25 μg/mL and 0.1 mg/mL, respectively. Conclusion Liangxue-Wuhua decoction does-dependently inhibits Propionibacterium acne, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus in vitro.

The utilization of papaya plants (Carica papaya L) heretofore is focusing on their aril/mesocarp, leaves, and flowers, while the seeds are still neglected. Thus, this recent study attempts to make use of papaya seeds as a green-synthesis bioreductor of silver nanoparticles. It aims at finding out the characteristics of silver nanoparticles of ethanol extract of papaya seeds (AgNPs-EEPS), investigating the optimization as well as the characteristics of the AgNPs-EEPS anti-acne cream formula, and examining the antibacterial activity of Propionibacterium acnes on the AgNPs-EEPS anti-acne cream. The software design expert with factorial design method was applied to optimize the AgNPs-EEPS biosynthesis and cream formula. The analysis of the formation of AgNPs-EEPS characteristics, employing various levels of temperature and extract concentration, and applying UV- VIS spectrophotometry, resulted in a wavelength of 415 nm. Meanwhile, the implementation of particle size distribution testing, using PSD on the optimum concentration by 6% with temperature 65°C, generated a wavelength of 54 nm, pI 0.820, and zeta potential -7,7 mV. The optimization of the AgNPs-EEPS cream formula obtained optimum results at a stearic acid level 7 and cetyl alcohol 6. The characteristics of the cream produced a cream that was physically stable and met the requirements of good topical preparation. The anti-acne cream from silver nanoparticles ethanol extract of papaya seeds has the antibacterial activity of Propionibacterium acnes which belongs to the moderate category.

ABSTRACTAcne vulgaris caused by antibiotic-resistant Cutibacterium acnes (C. acnes) infection is difficult to treat conventionally. Phages have been suggested as a potential solution, but research on the mechanism of phage treatment is inadequate. This research investigates the underlying molecular mechanisms of phage φPaP11-13 attenuating C. acnes-induced inflammation in rat models. We found that rats infected with C. acnes had higher average ear thickness, greater enrichment of inflammatory cells as shown by hematoxylin–eosin (HE) staining, and fewer TUNEL (TdT-mediated dUTP Nick-End Labeling)-positive keratinocytes visualized by IF staining. Moreover, an increase of IGF-1 and IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1r) was detected using the immunohistochemical (IHC) staining method, Western blot (WB), and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) when infected with C. acnes, which was decreased after the application of phage φPaP11-13. By applying the IGF-1 antibody, it was demonstrated that the severity of C. acnes-induced inflammation was relevant to the expression of IGF-1. Through WB and qRT-PCR, activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway and a down-regulation of the BAD-mediated apoptosis pathway were discovered after C. acnes infection. Subsequently, it was shown that the activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway against BAD-mediated apoptosis pathway was alleviated after applying phage φPaP11-13. Furthermore, applying the IGF-1r inhibitor, Pan-PI3K inhibitor, and Akt inhibitor reversed the changing trends of BAD induced by C. acnes and phage φPaP11-13. This study demonstrates that one of the critical mechanisms underlying the attenuation of acne vulgaris by phage φPaP11-13 is lysing C. acnes and regulating keratinocyte apoptosis via the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.IMPORTANCECutibacterium acnes infection-induced acne vulgaris may cause severe physical and psychological prognosis. However, the overuse of antibiotics develops drug resistance, bringing challenges in treating Cutibacterium acnes. Bacteriophages are currently proven effective in MDR (multiple drug-resistant) Cutibacterium acnes, but there is a significant lack of understanding of phage therapy. This study demonstrated a novel way of curing acne vulgaris by using phages through promoting cell death of excessive keratinocytes in acne lesions by lysing Cutibacterium acnes. However, the regulation of this cell cycle has not been proven to be directly mediated by phages. The hint of ternary relation among "phage–bacteria–host" inspires huge interest in future phage therapy studies.

Acne vulgaris is a common inflammatory skin disease associated with Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes), with serious physical and psychological effects on patients. Conventional topical use of antibiotics is not effective due to the skin barrier and oral administration can adversely affect the intestinal flora. Microneedle is a novel type of localized drug delivery system that noninvasively breaks through the stratum corneum barrier and effectively enhances the transdermal absorption of drugs. Here, Bletilla striata polysaccharide (BSP)/Hyaluronic acid (HA) loaded Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) was used as the microneedle body to easily penetrate the epidermis and enhance antibacterial ability. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and Diatomaceous earth (DE) are used as the microneedle backing to absorb pus and bacterial debris, prevent re-infection of bacteria and promote skin healing. Compared to traditional antibiotics, the excellent skin permeability of EGCG@BSP/HA MNs studied here can improve the efficacy and solve side effects and drug resistance. In vivo studies in mice models induced by P. acnes showed that this microneedle could effectively reduce skin swelling, inhibit bacterial growth and reduce the levels of TNF-α, IL-8 and MMP-2. In summary, this study provides an ideal antimicrobial drug delivery system for the treatment of acne vulgaris.

Bajakah kuning (Arcangelisia Flava (L.) Merr.) a plant typical of Central Kalimantan is used for infectious diseases caused by bacteria. This study aims to determine the antibacterial activity of the bajakah kuning fraction against Propionibacterium acnes bacteria. This research was carried out in three stages, extraction and phytochemical testing of the bajakah kuning, testing the antibacterial activity of the bajakah kuning fraction against Propionibacterium acnes bacteria and determining the inhibitory power of all fractions. Bajakah kuning was extracted by the shoxletation method using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, butanol and 96% ethanol as a solvent. Antibacterial activity test using disc diffusion method with concentrations of 20%, 40%, 80% and 100%. Data analysis using One Way Anova and Duncan test. The results showed that the nhexane, ethyl acetate, butanol and ethanol fractions of bajakah kuning had antibacterial activity against Propionibacterium acnes. The results of the different fractional inhibition zone test obtained P-value <0.05. It can be concluded that the nhexane, ethyl acetate, butanol and ethanol fractions have antibacterial activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Tretinoin is generally used to treat acne vulgaris and photoaging. The study aimed to develop a gel composition containing tretinoin nanocrystals and characterize and compare in vitro anti-acne activity. Materials and Methods: The anti-solvent precipitation approach was used to prepare tretinoin nanocrystals. The drug nanocrystals were optimized for parameters such as particle size, drug content, and drug release. The optimized nanocrystals (TN9) were incorporated into the gel system (TNG1-TNG5) and characterized for pharmaceutical properties. The selected formulation (TNG1) was tested for anti-acne activity using Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis and compared with Doxycycline HCl as standard. Results: Nanocrystals (TN9) showed the lowest particle size of 114.2 nm, the least value of polydispersity of 0.232, the highest drug content of 95.24%, and higher cumulative drug release of 97.2% in 10 hr. TEM and DSC images conformed to the nano-size range and crystalline nature of nanocrystals. The prepared gel composition indicates a clear, smooth, and homogeneous nature, good spreadability, suitable viscosity, pH, and drug content. The drug release from TNG1 was found to be significant (p < 0.0001) and was superior to the commercial gel. Results of anti-acne activity signify that the zone of inhibition exhibited by tretinoin nanocrystals was comparable with Doxycycline HCl (standard) for both microorganisms tested. Conclusion: These results demonstrated that the developed tretinoin nanocrystals could be a feasible approach for effective therapy in the treatment of acne. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Propionibacterium acnes is bacteria that is commonly found on healthy human skin. However, unbalanced hormonal conditions can lead to excessive growth of P. acnes, a bacteria causing acne. Previous research reported that Ocimum basilicum L. essential oil (BEO) has activity against P. acnes. Therefore, this study aims to make BEO into cream, ointment, and emulgel forms to determine its properties and antibacterial activity on those topical drug delivery systems. The preparations consisted of variations in BEO concentrations of 5%; 10%; and 15%. The three preparations were evaluated based on organoleptic, homogeneity, pH value, adhesion, and spreadability. The antibacterial activity test of the three preparations against P. acnes was carried out by the good diffusion method with the observation of the diameter of the inhibition zone (in mm). The produced cream, ointment, and cream had a typical BEO aroma, yellowish white color, and homogeneous. Based on organoleptic consistency, the texture of the thicker and longer adhesion was ointment > emulgel > cream, respectively. The pH value of the topical preparation was 5-6 and easily leveled. Antibacterial activity against P. acnes from the strongest was ointment > cream > emulgel, with a value of 14,30 + 0,30 mm; 10,54 + 0,01 mm; 3,90 + 0,04 mm, respectively.

Background Diagnosing bone and joint infections caused by Propionibacterium acnes is challenging due to the lengthy cultivation period, which can extend to 14 days. This study explored the potential of a 7-day cultivation period for precise diagnosis while maintaining sensitivity. Methods A one-year retrospective analysis included individuals with at least one positive Propionibacterium acnes sample. Patients were categorized as "infection" or "no infection" based on predefined criteria. The study assessed clinical and microbiological data, including time to positive results using different cultivation techniques. Results Among 70 confirmed P. acnes cases, the median time to positivity was 6 days, compared to 9 days in 47 contaminant cases. Tissue samples from 15 infected cases (21.4%) remained positive after day 7. Beyond day 10, blind thioglycolate broth subcultures detected infection in 6 patients (8.6%). Thioglycolate broth showed the highest sensitivity at 66.3%, while anaerobic agar plates had a notable positive predictive value of 96.5%. P. acnes growth occurred promptly upon transfer to the microbiological laboratory. Conclusion Reducing the cultivation period to 7 days may increase false-negative results by 21.4%. To achieve precise identification of P. acnes, it is recommended to implement a 10-day biopsy specimen culturing method for bone and joint infections, including a blind subculture. Recommendations Based on this study, it is advisable to conduct biopsy specimen culturing for 10 days, including a blind subculture after day 7, to accurately diagnose Propionibacterium acnes-related bone and joint infections. This approach enhances sensitivity and reduces the risk of false negatives. Further research and validation of this cultivation protocol may improve clinical diagnosis accuracy.

Objective To study the inhibitory effects of Liangxue-Wuhua decoction at different concentrations on acne vulgaris-related pathogens ( Propionibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus epider-midis, Staphylococcus aureus) in vitro. Methods Conventional plate method was used to culture propionibacterium acne, Staphylococcus epidermidi and Staphylococcus aureus. The antibacterial assay and zone of inhibition were used to assess the inhibitory effects of Liangxue-Wuhua decoction at diiferent concentrations. Erythromycin was used as positive control. The minimum antibacterial concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined. Results The MICs of Liangxue-Wuhua decoction for Propionibacterium acrrn, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus were 125 mg/mL, 125 mg/mL and 500 mg/mL, respectively, and BMCs were 250 mg/mL, 250 mg/mL and 1 000 mg/mL, respectively. The MICs of erythromycin for Propionibacterium acne, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus were 0. 1 mgmL, 6. 25 µg/mL and 0. 05 mg/mL, respectively, and BMCs were 0. 2 mgmL, 6. 25 µg/mL and 0. 1 mg/mL, respectively. Conclusion Liangxue-Wuhua decoction does-dependently inhibits Propionibacterium acne, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus in vitro. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cutibacterium acnes is associated with the pathogenesis of acne vulgaris (AV). The relationship between antibiotic‐resistant C. acnes and AV remains unclear. The authors aimed to determine the prevalence of antibiotic‐resistant C. acnes and investigate the association of acne severity with topical and systemic treatments in patients with acne. Samples were collected of inflammatory and noninflammatory acne, including closed and open comedones and erythematous papules/pustules from the face of patients with mild to severe acne. The samples were cultured under anaerobic conditions for the isolation of C. acnes. Antibiotic susceptibility tests for erythromycin, tetracycline, doxycycline, clindamycin, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole were performed using the agar dilution method. From 153 patients, 143 viable C. acnes samples were isolated (93.5%). They were found resistant to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (143/143, 100%), clindamycin (108/143, 75.5%), erythromycin (105/143, 73.4%), tetracycline (74/143, 51.7%), and doxycycline (73/143, 51.1%). There was no significant correlation between the prevalence of antibiotic resistance and acne severity. High‐level resistant C. acnes correlated with higher clinical severity of acne in patients taking doxycycline (τb = 0.3). The present prevalence of antibiotic‐resistant C. acnes was high in Thailand. Antibiotic stewardship in AV treatment should be encouraged to prevent further antibiotic resistance crises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Acne vulgaris (AV) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the pilosebaceous unit, which affects adolescents and young adults. Interleukin (IL)-23 and IL-17 have been found to significantly influence the chronic inflammatory response. Furthermore, the discovery of their pathways had contributed to a better understanding of the pathomechanism of inflammatory disorders. Objective: This study aimed at measuring serum IL-23 concentrations among AV cases with different severities and to compare them with normal controls. Patients and Methods: This case-control study included 80 subjects who were allocated into 2 groups: Group (A) included 40 cases with acne vulgaris, and group (B) included 40 healthy controls. In the patient group, the Global Acne Grading System Severity (GAGS) was utilized in evaluating the AV severity. Results: The mean serum IL-23 level was statistically significantly greater in the AV group (48.57 ± 17.63 pg/mL) compared to the control group (11.81 ± 4.28 pg/mL). No significant differences were found regarding serum IL-23 concentrations between child versus adult, males versus females, as well as different nutritional status among AV group. There was significant increase in serum IL-23 concentrations with increased severity of AV group (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Serum IL-23 is not only a marker of the pathogenetic process of AV but also it can serve as a prognostic predictor for AV severity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Viaminate, a retinoic acid derivative developed in China, has been clinically used for acne treatment to regulate and control keratinocyte cell differentiation and proliferation, inhibit keratinization, reduce sebum secretion, and regulate immune and anti-inflammatory functions; however, its potential molecular mechanism has not yet been elucidated. Therefore, we induced ear acne in rats using Propionibacterium acnes and sebum application. Symptoms of ear redness, epidermal thickening, inflammatory reaction, keratin overproduction, subcutaneous oil, and triglyceride (TG) accumulation improved significantly in acne model rats treated with viaminate for 30 days. Transcriptome analysis of rat skin tissues suggested that viaminate had significant regulatory effects on fatty acid metabolism and cellular keratinization pathways. Molecular target prediction suggested that toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) may be a key target of viaminate's therapeutic mechanism. Western blotting results confirmed that viaminate inhibited the TLR2 and its downstream pathways, nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) [NF-κB inhibitor alpha (IκBα)/NF-κB-p65] and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) [MAPK p38/c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)/extracellular regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2)] in acne vulgaris rats. In vitro studies revealed that viaminate treatment attenuated P. acnes proliferation and P. acnes-induced inflammatory response in human keratinocytes and has an inhibitory effect on the activation of NF-κB and MAPKs, while overexpression of TLR2 attenuated these effects. In conclusion, viaminate ameliorates P. acnes-induced acne by inhibiting the proliferation and inflammatory response of keratinocytes, ascribed to the deactivation of the TLR2-mediated NF-κB and MAPK pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]