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Nepageidaujamų įvykių ir neatitikčių pranešimas ir registravimas yra sveikatos priežiūros saugos kultūros ir kokybės pagrindas. Tyrimo tikslas - remiantis naujausiomis mokslinėmis publikacijomis, apžvelgti priežastis, galinčias trukdyti pranešti ir registruoti nepageidaujamus įvykius ir neatitiktis sveikatos priežiūroje. Tyrimo metodas. Tyrimui atlikti buvo taikyta sisteminė mokslinės literatūros apžvalga, remiantis PRISMA metodu. Mokslinės literatūros paieška buvo vykdoma naudojant PubMed, Google Scholar duomenų bazes. Pagal pasirinktus įtraukimo kriterijus ir paieškos žodžius išanalizuotos 5 mokslinės publikacijos. Rezultatai. Išanalizuotoje literatūroje pateikiamos galimos kliūtys: emocinės ir psichologinės priežastys; žinių trūkumas, techninės kliūtys. Išvados. 1. Atlikus naujausių mokslinių publikacijų analizę, išsiaiškinta, kad sveikatos priežiūros specialistai, susidūrę su nepageidaujamais įvykiais ir neatitiktimis, gali delsti apie juos pranešti ar registruoti. Pagrindinės priežastys: emocinės, psichologinės kliūtys, kai patiriamos neigiamos emocijos, baiminamasi drausminių priemonių, žinių trūkumas, techninės kliūtys, kai trūksta informacijos apie nepageidaujamų įvykių ir neatitikčių registravimą. 2. Norint sumažinti psichologinę ir emocinę baimę pranešti ir registruoti nepageidaujamus įvykius ir neatitiktis, svarbu užtikrinti registruojančių asmenų anonimiškumą, suteikti pakankamai informacijos apie registraciją, užtikrinti atgalinį ryšį ir tinkamai apibrėžti su pacientų sauga susijusias sąvokas: nepageidaujamas įvykis, neatitiktis, žala, medicininė klaida. Raktažodžiai: nepageidaujamas įvykis, neatitiktis, pranešimas, registravimas, sveikatos priežiūra. The reporting and recording of adverse events and non-conformities is at the heart of safety culture and quality in healthcare. The aim of this study is to review, on the basis of recent scientific publications, possible reasons that may hinder the reporting and recording of adverse events and non-conformities in healthcare. The method of the study was a systematic review of the scientific literature based on the PRISMA method. The literature search was conducted using PubMed, Google scholar databases. 5 scientific publications were analysed according to the selected inclusion criteria and search terms. Results. The analysed literature presents possible barriers: emotional and psychological reasons; lack of knowledge; technical barriers. Conclusions. 1.The analysis of recent scientific publications has shown that healthcare professionals may delay reporting or recording adverse events and non-compliances. The main reasons for this are: emotional and psychological barriers, where negative emotions are experienced, fear of disciplinary measures and lack of knowledge, and technical barriers, where there is a lack of information about recording adverse events and discrepancies. 2. To reduce the psychological and emotional fear of reporting and recording adverse events and non-conformities, it is important to ensure the anonymity of the recording persons. It is also important to provide sufficient information about the registration, to ensure feedback and to properly define the patient safety related terms: adverse event, non-compliance, harm, medical error. Keywords: adverse event, discrepancy, reporting, registration, health care.

Na področju avtomatizacije in uvajanja robotskih sistemov v proizvodnjo je pogost problem pobiranje naključno razporejenih izdelkov s traku ali iz zabojnikov. V tem delu se spoznamo s tehnologijami zajema 3D slik in njihovo obdelavo s ciljem prepoznave in lokalizacije izdelkov. Razvito je preizkuševališče, ki vključuje tekoč trak, na katerem so naključno razporejeni izdelki, 3D merilnik, ki zajame 3D sliko v obliki barvnega oblaka točk, ter industrijski računalnik, ki krmili celoten sistem in obdeluje oblake točk. Za obdelavo 3D slik je uporabljena metoda, kjer najprej oblak točk filtriramo, segmentiramo in na njem izračunamo opisnike. Ti se nato primerjajo z opisniki iskanega objekta in v kolikor sovpadajo, potrdimo obstoj iskanega objekta in določimo njegovo lego. Razvita metoda je verificirana na primeru lokalizacije ulitkov na tekočem traku. In the field of automation and the introduction of robotic systems in production, a common problem is to pick randomly distributed products from a conveyor belt or from bins. In this work, we address 3D image capture and processing technologies with the goal of product identification and localization. A testbed is developed that includes a conveyor belt on which products are randomly arranged, a 3D measurement device that captures the 3D image in the form of a coloured point cloud, and an industrial computer that controls the entire system and processes the point clouds. The method for processing the 3D images is to first filter the point cloud, segment it, and calculate descriptors. These are then compared with the descriptors of the search object and if they match, the existence of the search object is confirmed and its position is determined. The developed method is verified using the localization of castings on a conveyor belt as an example.

Pored pravnih lica nosioci sportskih delatnosti mogu da budu i fizička lica, za koja se kaže da su preduzetnici u sportu. S obzirom da se u pojedinim propisima i praksi za označenje ovih lica koriste i drugi termini, u članku je iznet stav koji od njih je najprihvatljiviji. Osim toga, u članku su obrađena pravila koja pokazuju da preduzetnike u sportu karakterišu određene posebnosti, a odnose se na: moguće pojmovno određenje preduzetnika u sportu i bitne elemente, koji čine taj pojam; delatnosti koje mogu da obavlaju sportski preduzetnici i uslove koje u vezi sa tim moraju da ispune; evidenciju i registraciju sportskih preduzetnika., Apart from legal entities, sports business operators may also be individuals, in the capacity of entrepreneurs. Author analyzes various terms used in comparative law and practice to designate these persons by pointing out the most preferrable solution. In addition, the article elaborates the specific rules that clearly differentiate sports entrepreneurs from other business operators. Those rules are particularly related to: possible conceptual designation of sports entrepreneurs and related constituent elements; business activities that can be performed by sports entrepreneurs and respective conditions that need to be fullfiled; records and registration of sports entrepreneurs.

Z razvojem terestričnih laserskih skenerjev (TLS) se je izdelava 3D-modelov kraških jam zelo poenostavila, saj laserski skenerji v krajšem času omogočajo več zajetih točk. S tem so se povečale tudi natančnost, hitrost in gostota zajetih točk. Z novejšima laserskima skenerjema Leica BLK360 in Riegl VZ-400 smo izmerili Planinsko in Skedneno jamo, kjer smo s pomočjo GNSS-inštrumenta in klasičnih meritev določili oslonilne in vezne točke. Na osnovi teh smo pozneje izvedli registracijo in georeferenciranje oblakov točk, zajetih z obema laserskima skenerjema. V okviru magistrske naloge smo na koncu izvedli analizo oziroma primerjavo omenjenih laserskih skenerjev, in sicer smo primerjali natančnost, doseg, hitrost, gostoto in zahtevnost na terenu. S primerjavo smo zbrali prednosti in slabosti obeh laserskih skenerjev in določili, kateri inštrument je najbolje uporabiti v kraškem svetu. With the development of terrestrial laser scanners (TLS), the production of 3D models of karst caves has become very simplified, as laser scanners allow more captured points in a shorter time. This also increased the accuracy, speed and density of the captured points. With the newer laser scanners Leica BLK360 and Riegl VZ - 400, we measured Planinska cave and Skednena cave, where we determined the support and connection points, with the help of a GNSS instrument and classic measurements. Based on these, we later performed registration and georeferencing of point clouds, captured by both laser scanners. As part of the master's thesis, we carried out an analysis and comparison between the aforementioned laser scanners, where we compared accuracy, range, speed, density and complexity in the field. By comparison, we gathered the advantages and disadvantages of both laser scanners and determined which instrument is best suited for use in the karst world.

Pregledano je električno vozilo u kvaru. Dijagnosticiran je kvar i pronađeno rješenje. Utvrđena je funkcionalnost svih bitnih komponenata električnog automobila. Odlučeno je funkcionalne kompnente ostaviti, a nefunkcionalne kupiti nove i ugraditi. Sve su odluke bile u skladu s ograničenjima koja nisu prekoračena. Vozilo je uspješno testirano i teoretski spremno za vožnju. Potreban je detaljan automehaničarski pregled i servis kako bi vozilo bilo spremno za registraciju i vožnju cestom. The defective electric vehicle was inspected. A fault was diagnosed and a solution found. The functionality of all essential components of the electric car has been determined. It was decided to leave the functional components, and buy and install new ones that were non-functional. All decisions were in accordance with the limits that were not exceeded. The vehicle has been successfully tested and is theoretically ready to drive. A detailed mechanic inspection and service is required to get the vehicle ready for registration and driving.

Mrežne aplikacije za učenje i poučavanje na daljinu putem video lekcija su danas često u upotrebi kako bi se proširilo ili steklo novo znanje. U ovom radu opisani su osnovni koncepti koje bi takva aplikacija trebala imati. Obrađene su popularne tehnologije i njihovi principi rada. Osim toga opisani su instrukcijski modeli koji uvelike pomažu prilikom izrade metodički oblikovanih video lekcije. Crodemy je aplikacija namijenjena za učenje i poučavanje putem video lekcija kojoj je uloga približiti tehnologiju studentima hrvatskog govornog područja. Cijela aplikacija je napravljena na hrvatskom jeziku kako bi stručna terminologija bila razumljivija korisniku s prostora RH. Motivacija za izradu rada je jezična barijera i pojava COVID-19 virusa 2019. godine. Platforma je rađena po uzoru na poznate mrežne aplikacije ovog tipa kao što su: Udemy, Coursera i Khan Academy. Korisniku omogućuje prijavu i registraciju te pregled dostupnih tečajeva. Svi tečajevi na aplikaciji su besplatni te ih korisnik može upisati samo ako je registriran odnosno prijavljen. Svaki tečaj se sastoji od nekoliko video lekcija na kojima pojedinac može steći osnovne znanja i koncepte programiranja u ReactJS-u, Pythonu tečajevima za odrasle ili Micro:bit-u koji je namijenjen svim dobnim skupinama. Crodemy je prototipna aplikacija koja ima prostora za razvoj te bi daljnjim napretkom trebala poslužiti kao dodatni izvor znanja uz klasične edukacijske sadržaje koje nudi obrazovni sustav., Web applications for distance learning and teaching using video lessons are often used today to expand or acquire new knowledge. This paper describes the basic concepts that such an application should have. Popular technologies and their working principles are discussed. In addition, instructional models are described that greatly help in creating pedagogically quality video lessons. Crodemy is an application intended for learning and teaching through video lessons whose role is to bring technology closer to Croatian-speaking students. The entire application is made in the Croatian language in order to make the professional terminology more understandable to the user from the territory of the Republic of Croatia. The motivation for the work is the language barrier and the appearance of the COVID-19 virus in 2019. The platform is modeled on well-known web applications of this type such as: Udemy, Coursera and Khan Academy. It allows the user to log in and register and view available courses. All courses on the application are free and the user can enroll only if he is registered or logged in. Each course consists of several video lessons in which an individual can acquire basic knowledge and programming concepts in ReactJS, Python courses for adults or Micro:bit, which is intended for all age groups. Crodemy is a prototype application that has room for development and with further progress should serve as an additional source of knowledge in addition to the classic educational content offered by the education system.

Robotics is gaining an increasing role in stereotactic neurosurgery. Novel methods for intraoperative localization of the patient should be developed for tackling the challenges of the localization and registration processes simplification. Most state of the art robotic systems use marker-based localization and registration while markerless localization is at its infancy. One of the challenges of markerless localization and registration is face deformation. The human skin and parts of the human face can deform from the preoperative scanning phase to the operative position in the actual surgery due to swelling, different orientations of scanning and operation, etc. The human face is not uniformly deformable, with some parts of the face deforming less than others for example due to the differences in skin thickness, and the depth of the bone with respect to the outer surface of the skin. This presents an opportunity for improving the markerless registration by identifying and using less deformable parts of the face while not registering parts of the face that are more deformable. In this paper, an algorithm for dividing the face surface into multiple regions and determining each region's deformability is proposed and validated on preliminary data from actual neurosurgical operations. Two approaches for determining the facial regions are proposed. The first approach creates a uniform n×n 3D grid and superimposes it over the point cloud of the patient’s face. The second approach utilizes the detection of facial landmarks in a 2D image and maps these landmarks to the point cloud, where each of the landmarks corresponds to one distinct facial region. To calculate the deformability of any facial region, multiple point clouds can be registered using ground truth measurements, followed by their respective deformability calculation as a standard deviation of all point clouds. Ground truth registration is calculated using bone attached fiducial markers. A statistical measure of the registration of different regions is used to validate the best regions to be used in each approach and to validate each approach. Preliminary results are given for one intraoperative point cloud. Error is measured as the average Euclidean distance from registered cloud markers to ground truth markers. When the whole face was used for registration, the error was 4.19mm, while when using only selected parts of the face, the error was reduced to 1.78mm.

V magistrski nalogi smo v dveh terminskih izmerah s kombinirano GNSS in klasično terestrično izmero ter laserskim skeniranjem določili potek soteske Mlačca in jo umestili v državni geodetski referenčni sistem. Cilj naloge je, da določimo debelino ledu v sezoni 2019/2020, ki bo služila za izhodišče primerjave debelin ledu v nadaljnjih sezonah. Že med izmerami je bilo očitno, da v letošnji zimi ni bilo pogojev, da bi soteska zaledenela v tolikšni meri, da bi bilo mogoče lednim plezalcem zagotoviti varno ledno plezanje po plezališču. Pri izdelavi magistrskega dela smo se osredotočili na dva cilja, ki se med seboj prepletata in povezujeta. Prvi in glavni cilj naloge je analiza zajetih skenogramov terestričnega laserskega skeniranja ter že obstoječih prostorskih podatkov aerolaserskega skeniranja za območje Republike Slovenije. V drugem delu dela pa smo se osredotočili predvsem na problem, kako lahko tretji osebi oziroma laičnemu uporabniku prikažemo ogromno količino prostorskih podatkov. Glavni cilji takega okolja so predvsem enostavna, razumljiva, kakovostna, hitro učljiva in dostopna aplikacija, s katero bo potencialnim uporabnikom omogočen dostop do pregleda in izvajanja osnovnih merjenj v izdelanem interaktivnem okolju. In this master`s thesis, we determined the course of the Mlačca Gorge in two term measurements with combined GNSS, the classic terrestrial measurement, laser scanning and placed it in the national coordinate base. The aim is to determine the thickness of the ice in the season 2019/2020, which will serve as a starting point for comparison of the ice thicknesses in further seasons. During the measurements, it was already obvious that this winter there were no conditions for the gorge to be icy to such an extent that ice climbers could be provided with safe ice climbing on the climbing area. In the master's thesis, we focused on two goals that are intertwined and interconnected. The first and main goal of the task is the analysis of the captured scans of terrestrial laser scanning, and already existing spatial data of aerolaser scanning for the territory of the Republic of Slovenia. In the second part of the work, we mainly focused on how we can show a huge amount (Big data) of spatial data to a third party or a lay user, without any use of demanding software. The main goals of such an environment are, above all, simple, understandable, high-quality, fast-learning and accessible application that will enable potential users to access the review and perform basic measurements in an interactive environment.

Ovaj završni rad objašnjava proces izgradnje android aplikacije koristeći java programski jezik i razvojne servise koje pruža firebase okvir. Aplikacija omogućava registraciju i verifikaciju korisnika. Prilikom registracije određena pravila moraju biti zadovoljena kako bi se korisnik mogao registrirati. Jednom kada je korisnik registriran, sprema se u firestore kolekciju te nakon toga može rezervirati termine u školi za jahanje i vidjeti sve termine koje je rezervirao. Administrator sustava može dodavati nove zaposlenike koje aplikacija koristi prilikom izrade termina. This work explains the process of building an Android application using the Java programing language and the Firebase framework. The application enables the registration and verification of users. The registration requires certain rules to be met and if they are the user can be registered. Once registered the users are stored in a Firestore collection and can then create appointments in a school for riding horses and are able to see their scheduled appointments in a list. The admin of the system can create new employes which the system uses when creating appointments.

Ako je gradska ustanova neprofitna pravna osoba i obavlja samo usluge davanja u zakup sportskog objekta osobama koje se sportom ili tjelesnim odgojem bave profesionalno ili amaterski, tada nije obvezna za tu djelatnost upisati se u registar obveznika poreza na dodanu vrijednost

The main goal of our research was to design and implement an innovative target that would be suitable for accurately registering point clouds produced from unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) images and terrestrial laser scans. Our new target is composed of three perpendicular planes that combine the properties of plane and volume targets. The new target enables the precise determination of reference target points in aerial and terrestrial point clouds. Different types of commonly used plane and volume targets as well as the new target were placed in an established test area in order to evaluate their performance. The targets were scanned from multiple scanner stations and surveyed with an unmanned aerial vehicle DJI Phantom 4 PRO at three different altitudes (20, 40, and 75 m). The reference data were measured with a Leica Nova MS50 MultiStation. Several registrations were performed, each time with a different target. The quality of these registrations was assessed on the check points. The results showed that the new target yielded the best results in all cases, which confirmed our initial expectations. The proposed new target is innovative and not difficult to create and use.

Medicina je jedna od nauka gde je omogucen znacajan napredak pojavom digitalnih slika i obrade digitalnih slika. Racunarska obrada digitalnih medicinskih slika može drasticno ubrzati proces dijagnostike pri tome otkrivajuci i najsitnije promene na tkivima koje nisu vidljive ljudskom oku. Obrada medicinskih slika ukljucuje slike generisane razlicitim izvorima kao što su rendgen, ultrazvuk, magnetna rezonanca, i snimljene razlicitim urđajima kao što su skeneri, mikroskopske slike, endoskopske kapsule i drugi. Stalni napredak u medicinskoj tehnologiji snimanja doveo je do slika visokih rezolucija, trodimenzionalnih anatomskih i fizioloških slika. Sa druge strane, ovi napreci doveli su do novih problema i izazova u procesiranju medicinskih slika. Mnogi od ovih problema predstavljaju teške optimizacione probleme za cije se rešavanje u poslednje dve decenije uspešno koriste algoritmi inspirisani prirodom, posebno algoritmi inteligencije rojeva. Da bi se ovi algoritmi primenili na probleme optimizacije u obradi medicinskih digitalnih slika, neohodno je da se posebno prilagode konkretnom problemu. Ova tema predstavlja aktivnu oblast naucnog istraživanja što se može zakljuciti na osnovu velikog broja naucnih i strucnih radova, knjiga, casopisa i konferencija koji su joj posveceni. U ovoj tezi predstavljeno je nekoliko algoritma inteligencije rojeva i njihova primena na razlicite optimizacione probleme obrade medicinskih digitalnih slika. Konkretno, algoritam slepog miša, algoritam vatrometa i algoritam svica korišceni su za registraciju slika retine, segmentaciju MRI slika mozga, detekciju krvarenja na slikama endoskopske kapsule, kompresiju slika, detekciju leukemije na mikroskopskim slikama i detekciju emfisema na CT slikama pluca. Svaki od razmatranih problema je specifican i za njihovo rešavanje prilagođeni su algoritmi inteligencije rojeva. Modifikovani i prilagođeni algoritmi inteligencije rojeva za primenu u obradi medicinskih digitalnih slika testirani su na standardnim skupovima test slika prikupljenim za razmatrane probleme. Poređenjem predloženih metoda unapređenja obrade medicinskih digitalnih slika pomocu algoritama inteligencije rojeva sa drugim savremenim algoritmima iz literature, pokazano je da su dobijeni bolji rezultati, što dovodi do zakljucka da je moguce pronaci bolje metode i tehnike za rešavanje problema optimizacije koji se pojavljuju prilikom analize i obrade medicinskih digitalnih slika prilagođavanjem i primenom algoritama inteligencije rojeva.

Tema ovog završnog rada je modeliranje i implementacija web-aplikacije za udrugu. Aplikacija je implementirana koristeći runtime okolinu Node.js i JavaScript biblioteku React uz HTML i CSS za oblikovanje izgleda, te Google Cloud Storage i PostgreSQL relacijsku bazu podataka za upravljanje podacima. Funkcionalnosti ostvarene nave- denom implementacijom korisnicima omogućuju registraciju, kontaktiranje, organi- zaciju u odbore, obavještavanje o sastancima, sudjelovanje u anketama, pregled galer- ije, pisanje objava, te komentiranje objava. The topic of this bachelor thesis is modeling and implementation of a wep ap- plication for an association. The application is implemented using Node.js runtime environment and JavaScript library React alongside HTML and CSS for shaping the layout and styling and Google Cloud Storage and PostgreSQL relational database for data management. Functionalities achieved by said implementation enable users to sign up, contact, be organized in committees, be informed of meetings, to participate in polls, view the gallery, write posts and comment on posts.

Cilj: Iako su interakcije lijekova (engl. drug-drug interactions, DDIs) značajan uzrok morbiditeta i mortaliteta u vezi s lijekovima, ne postoji empirijsko istraživanje cjelovitosti registracije, kvalitete opisa intervencije i izvještavanja o sigurnosti pirmjene istih za klinička ispitivanja interakcija lijekova registrirana u registru ClinicalTrials.gov i objavljena u znanstvenim časopisima. Metodologija: Podatci o obilježjima registracije i štetnim događajima (engl. adverse events, AEs) prikupljeni su iz registra ClinicalTrials.gov i pripadajućih članaka u opažajnome istraživanju kliničkih ispitivanja identificiranih pojmom za pretraživanje “drug-drug interaction(s)”. Ispitivanja su bila uključena ukoliko su primarno istraživala DDIs, imala National Clinical Trial (NCT) broj te bila zatvorena i dovršena do 16. listopada 2015. godine. Ekstrakcija podataka iz članaka završena je u ožujku 2017. godine. Za dovršena intervencijska ispitivanja DDIs s najviše 2 lijeka navedena pod registracijskim elementom Intervention procijenili smo cjelovitost opisa intervencije u registru i znanstvenim člancima, i to koristeći stavke iz TIDieR popisa (engl. Template for Intervention Description and Replication). Objavljivanje rezultata u spomenutim dvama izvorima ponovno je utvrđeno u 2019. godini. Rezultati: Većina od 1.110 uključenih kliničkih ispitivanja bila je u fazi 1 (76,8%), sponzorirana od strane farmaceutske industrije (68,8%) i retrospektivno registrirana (56,9%). Rezultati nisu bili objavljeni u registru za 86,8% ispitivanja, kao ni u znanstvenim časopisima za njih 68,1%. Potpuno identični podatci o štetnim događajima postojali su u registru ClinicalTrials.gov i pripadajućim člancima za samo 15,6% ispitivanja. Opis 1.180 farmakoloških intervencija u 642 intervencijska ispitivanja DDIs u registru najčešće nije sadržavao osobu koja primjenjuje intervenciju (99,7%), strategije za procjenu adherencije (99,2%), procedure (83,8%), istraživačku lokaciju (71,3%) i farmaceutsku formulaciju (60,7%). Uspoređujući podatke za 51 kliničko ispitivanje DDIs s rezultatima objavljenim i u registru i u znanstvenim časopisima, pokazalo se kako je manje od polovine intervencija imalo jasno navedene i podudarne podatke o farmaceutskoj formulaciji, procedurama i putu primjene u oba izvora. Zaključak: Nepotpuni i nepodudarni podatci o intervenciji i štetnim događajima u registru i znanstvenim člancima naglašavaju potrebu za 1) izmjenom i strožom provedbom regulatornih zahtjeva za pravovremenu i potpunu registraciju protokola i objavljivanje rezultata, uključujući i ispitivanja u fazi 1, zatim 2) proširenjem potrebnih informacija o intervenciji u oba izvora sukladno TIDIeR popisu, i 3) redovitom procjenom podudarnosti podataka objavljenih u registru i poslanih znanstvenim časopisima tijekom postupka publiciranja. Objective: Despite drug-drug interactions (DDIs) being an important cause of morbidity and mortality related to drug use, there has been no empirical study on the registration completeness, safety data reporting and quality of intervention descriptions in clinical trials on DDI reported in ClinicalTrials.gov and published in journal articles. Methodology: In an observational study of clinical trials retrieved by the search term “drug-drug interaction(s)”, we collected the information on registration and on adverse events (AEs) from ClinicalTrials.gov and corresponding publications. Trials were included if they primarily investigated DDIs, had a National Clinical Trial (NCT) identifier and were closed and completed by October 16, 2015. Publication data were extracted until March 2017. For completed interventional trials on DDIs with up to 2 drugs within the Intervention registration element in ClinicalTrials.gov, we assessed the quality of intervention description in the registry and matching publications using the Template for Intervention Description and Replication (TIDieR) items. Results reporting in ClinicalTrials.gov and publications were evaluated again in 2019. Results: Among 1.110 eligible trials, most were in phase 1 (76.8%), industry-funded (68.8%), and started before registration (56.9%). Results were not reported in the registry for 86.8% and not published for 68.1% trials. Published AE data were completely identical to the data submitted to ClinicalTrials.gov for only 15.6% trials. The description of 1180 drug interventions registered in 642 interventional trials on DDIs mostly lacked information on the intervention provider (99.7%), adherence strategies (99.2%), procedure (83.8%), location (71.3%) and dosage form (60.7%) in the registry. For 51 trials that had data reported both in ClinicalTrials.gov and publication, less than half of interventions had clear and matching description of dosage form, procedure and route of administration in both sources. Conclusion: Incomplete and discrepant reporting on drug intervention and AEs in the registry and journal articles emphasize the need for 1) amended and enforced regulatory requirements for timely and complete protocol registration and submission of results, including phase 1 trials, 2) expansion of intervention information required in both sources based on the TIDieR checklist, and 3) regular assessment of the congruence of data submitted to ClinicalTrials.gov and scientific journals during the publication process.

Pravilnikom o postupku registracije i sadržaju registra ugovora o radu pomoraca i radnika na pomorskim ribarskim plovilima kao podzakonskim (provedbenim) aktom uređuje se ovo vrlo važno područje radnopravnih odnosa pomoraca i radnika na pomorskim ribarskim plovilima u Republici Hrvatskoj. U radu autori daju pregled i analiziraju sustav registracije i sadržaja registra (analitičkom metodom i povijesnom analizom razvoja pravnih izvora) te iznose kritički osvrt na pojedina zakonodavna i provedbena rješenja s prijedlozima de lege ferenda.

V magistrski nalogi smo ocenjevali kakovost registracije terestričnih laserskih in aerofotogrametričnih oblakov točk, pridobljenih iz bližnjeslikovnih aeroposnetkov. Analizirali smo uporabnost različnih prostorninskih in ravninskih umetnih tarč kot veznih točk za določitev transformacijskih parametrov registracije. Posebej nas je zanimala uporabnost nove tarče za registracijo terestričnih in aerofotogrametričnih podatkovnih setov, ki smo jo izdelali in predstavili v tem delu. Za potrebe analize smo izvedli zajem aeroposnetkov z letalnikom na različnih višinah letov za izdelavo aerofotogrametričnih oblakov točk in skeniranje s terestričnim laserskim skenerjem. Referenčne meritve umetnih tarč z metodo skeniranja in polarne izmere smo izvedli s tahimetrom. Kot mero kakovosti registracije z uporabo posameznega tipa umetnih tarč smo uporabili koren srednjega kvadratnega pogreška na kontrolnih točkah. Na podlagi analize rezultatov smo opredelili prednosti in omejitve analiziranih tarč in predlagali novo tarčo kot najprimernejšo za registracijo oblakov točk v aplikacijah, pri katerih želimo združiti aerofotogrametrične in terestrične oblake točk. This Master thesis addresses the assessment of the quality of registration of terrestrial laser scanning point clouds and aerial photogrammetric point clouds, which were produced from high resolution aerial images. We analyzed the usefulness of different volumetric and planar artificial targets, used as tie points for determining the transformation parameters for the registration of those two data sets. Our main interest was in the usefulness of the new target, which we had designed for this purpose and is presented in this thesis. For the needs of the research the acquisition of aerial images with UAV was done at different altitudes, aiming at producing aerial photogrammetric point clouds, and scanning of study area was done with a terrestrial laser scanner. Reference measurements of artificial targets were carried out with the total station, by performing laser scanning and polar method of terrestrial measurements. The assessment of the quality of registration was done by using Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) on check points. Based on the analysis of registrations, we defined the advantages and limits of analyzed artificial targets and proposed the new target as the most suitable artificial target for registration of aerial photogrammetric and terrestrial point clouds.

Ničnost znamke v sodobnem pravu intelektualne lastnine Republike Hrvaške ter Bosne in Hercegovine Z registracijo znamke pridobi imetnik znamke izključno pravico do uporabe znamke, dokler ne nastopi z zakonom predpisan razlog za njeno prenehanje. Med razlogi za prenehanje znamke se nahaja tudi razglasitev ničnosti registracije znamke, ki ga je treba zaradi določenih posebnosti obravnavati ločeno od drugih razlogov za prenehanje. Avtor v prispevku primerjalnopravno prikaže ureditev instituta ničnosti znamke v sodobnem hrvaškem pravu ter pravu Bosne in Hercegovine. Postopek za razglasitev ničnosti znamke odpira številna vprašanja, na katera skuša avtor ustrezno odgovoriti, rešitve pa so uporabljive in koristne tudi za prakso. Trademark registration gives its proprietor an exclusive right to use his trademark until its cessation. The reasons for the cessation of trademark are provided by the law. Legal reason for the cessation of trademark is also nullity, a reason which should be dealt separately from other reasons because of its special attributes. Author presents and compares the regulations of trademark nullity in the modem law of Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. Due to several open legal questions which arise during the procedure for the declaration of trademark nullity, author attempts to give adequate answers which are also applicable and helpful for the practice.

Android aplikacija za praćenje trudnoće izrađena u ovom diplomskom radu namijenjena je za sve buduće majke koje žele podatke o svojoj trudnoći pohranjivati na svom pametnom telefonu. Za početka korištenja aplikacije potrebno je izvršiti registraciju te prijavu u sustav. Prijava može biti lokalna te putem Facebook ili Gmail usluge. Nakon prve prijave, potrebno je upisati važne informacije kao što su osobna anamneza, obiteljska anamneza, krvna grupa, datum koji je određen kao datum poroda i dr. Budući da je u periodu trudnoće potrebno pratiti određene parametre koji ukazuju na zdravlje majke i djeteta (krvni tlak, prirast mase, edemi itd.), a koji se očitavaju na redovitim zdravstvenim pregledima, korisnice aplikacije imaju mogućnost pohranjivanja vrijednosti spomenutih parametara u obliku kartica. Kako bi trudnice imale normalnu trudnoću, potrebna je i pravilna prehrana te svakodnevna fizička aktivnost pa se, prema tome, u aplikaciji prikazuju programi prehrane i treninga namijenjenih isključivo za trudnice. Nadalje, otvoren je i forum na kojemu korisnice mogu postavljati pitanja anonimno te odgovarati na ista. Korisnice također mogu koristiti i oblik društvene mreže na kojoj mogu javno postavljati slike vezane za svoju trudnoću. Android application for pregnancy monitoring is developed for all future mothers who want to store data about their pregnancy on their smartphones. Registration and login is required to use all appliaction features. Login can be achieved using standard local creadentials or by using Facebook of Gmail services. After the user has registered for the first time its required to enter some personal information like personal anamnesis, family anamnesis, birth date, blood type etc. Since it is necessary to monitor specific parameters during pregnancy which affect the health of mother and child (blood pressure, weight gain etc.) and which are monitored by regu-lar medical check-up, users are able to store mentioned parameters in form of cards. To ensure that pregnant women have normal pregnancy process its important for them to have proper nutrition and everyday execises. Thera are nutrition and exercise programs implemented in app to help them with that. Furthermore, there is a forum that users can use to post anonymous questions and to answer them. Users can also use kind of a social network to share their favorite pregnancy images.

In medicine, robots can be applied as a part of complex and computer-assisted systems for diagnosis, preoperative planning, surgery, post-operative patient care, and hospital logistics. Surgical robot systems can improve the existing operative procedures in terms of better efficiency, accuracy, and greater reliability of performance. Since the operating target in neurosurgery is not visible, the use of robots requires spatial patient registration. The spatial patient registration is an alignment of patient images acquired by means of an appropriate kind of scan technology with a patient located in the operating room (OR). Registration, in general, is a fundamental problem which occurs in many scientific fields, such as machine vision, image processing, robotics, and medicine, and it denotes transformation of two data sets into one coordinate system. The research proposed in this doctoral thesis addresses major elements of spatial patient registration in robotic neurosurgery: localization of the patient in the medical images and in the OR, rigid point-based registration, and automation of the overall patient registration procedure. This implies a good knowledge of the state-of-the-art methods in robotic surgery, the development and implementation of new methods and algorithms, and measurements that evaluate the achieved results. In order to improve the image space localization, a novel algorithm was developed; it uses a unique approach combining machine vision algorithms, biomedical image filtration methods, and mathematical estimation methods to determine the centre of each individual fiducial marker. A novel correspondence algorithm and a framework for an automatic patient registration procedure using freely distributed fiducial markers in the application of a robot in neurosurgery were established. Both the image space and the physical space localization, and, subsequently, the registration, are executed autonomously and do not require the additional employment of the medical personnel. For localization in the physical space, a concept of robot localization strategy was introduced, implemented, and tested. Localization strategies use specific approach angles, orientations and types of movement of a robot during the fiducial marker localization procedure in the physical space and positioning to the target points. Influence of the robot localization strategy on the overall application error of a robot system used in frameless stereotactic neurosurgery was measured and analysed. U interventnoj medicini, roboti se općenito mogu primijeniti kao dio kompleksnih i računalno potpomognutih sustava koji imaju mogućnosti dijagnoze, predoperativnog planiranja, provođenja operativnih zahvata, postoperativne njege, vođenja bolničke logistike itd. Kirurški robotski sustavi mogu unaprijediti postojeće operativne procedure poboljšanom efikasnošću, preciznošću i većom sigurnošću izvođenja. Budući da operativni ciljevi u neurokirurgiji u većini slučajeva nisu vidljivi, upotreba robota zahtijeva prostornu registraciju pacijenta. Prostorna registracija pacijenta podrazumijeva povezivanje snimaka pacijenta dobivenih odgovarajućom tehnikom skeniranja s pacijentom smještenim u operacijskoj sali. Registracija je temeljni problem koji se pojavljuje u mnogim znanstvenim područjima kao što su strojni vid, obrada slike, robotika i medicina te označava transformaciju dvaju skupa podataka u jedan koordinatni sustav. Istraživanje predloženo u ovom doktorskom radu obrađuje glavne komponente prostorne registracije pacijenta u robotskoj neurokirurgiji: lokalizaciju pacijenta u medicinskim snimkama i operacijskoj sali, krutu (eng. rigid) registraciju i automatizaciju cjelokupnog postupka prostorne registracije pacijenata. Podrazumijeva se dobro poznavanje suvremenih metoda primjenjenih u robotskim medicinskim zahvatima, razvoj i implementacija novih metoda i algoritama te mjerenja na temelju kojih se mogu vrednovati postignuti rezultati. Kako bi se poboljšala lokalizacija pacijenta u volumetrijskim snimkama razvijen je novi algoritam koji koristi jedinstven pristup odnosno kombinaciju algoritama strojnog vida, biomedicinskih metoda filtriranja slike i metoda matematičke procjene kako bi se utvrdilo središte svakog markera. Razvijen je algoritam za uparivanje točaka i sustav za automatsku registraciju pacijenta koji koristi slobodno distribuirane markere. Lokalizacija u medicinskim snimkama i fizičkom prostoru, a potom i registracija, odvijaju se samostalno te ne zahtijevaju dodatnu intervenciju medicinskog osoblja. Za lokalizaciju u fizičkom prostoru je predstavljen, implementiran i testiran koncept strategije robotske lokalizacije. Lokalizacijske strategije koriste specifične kuteve, orijentacije i vrste kretanja robota tijekom postupka lokalizacije markera i pozicioniranja na ciljanu točku. Izmjereni su i analizirani utjecaji strategije robotske lokalizacije na ukupnu pogrešku robotskog sustava za stereotaktičku neurokirurgiju.

V času begunske krize leta 2015 se je v Italiji in Grčiji razvil nov način hitrega upravljanja migracijskih tokov, t. i. pristop žariščnih točk, ki temelji na hitri identifikaciji, registraciji in odvzemu prstnih odtisov migrantov ter njihovi nadaljnji preusmeritvi v azilni postopek, postopek vračanja ali premestitve. Čeprav je bil pristop zasnovan kot začasni ukrep, ki naj bi se uporabljal, dokler se izredne razmere ne umirijo, je pristop v praksi implementiran kot trajni mehanizem identifikacije in registracije migrantov, s katerim je Evropska unija (v nadaljevanju: EU) dosegla spoštovanje obveznosti identifikacije migrantov s strani Italije in Grčije, že tako najbolj obremenjenih držav članic. Ker v postopkih identifikacije prihaja do hujših kršitev človekovih pravic, oviranja dostopa do azilnega postopka in diskriminacije na podlagi nacionalnosti, je določenim skupinam de facto odvzeta pravica do mednarodne zaščite. V postopkih vračanja prihaja do kršitev prepovedi vračanja in kolektivnih izgonov, postopki premestitve pa se v žariščnih točkah v praksi ne izvajajo. Uporaba pristopa žariščnih točk tako ni razbremenila Italije in Grčije in ni izboljšala položaja migrantov na poti v Evropo. Odprava sistemskih problemov pristopa, ki so v veliki meri posledica pomanjkanja celovite pravne ureditve in politične volje, bi zato morala zajemati pravno ureditev pristopa v enotnem dokumentu in odpravo spornih praks. Ker so izredne razmere, na katere se uporaba pristopa sklicuje, ob spremljanju političnih in socialnih trendov, v veliki meri predvidljive, bi moral biti poudarek pri izvajanju pristopa na zagotavljanju mednarodne zaščite in ne nadzoru zunanjih meja EU. During the refugee crisis in 2015 a new approach of swift migration management developed in Italy and Greece, the so called hotspot approach. The basis of the approach is swift identification, registration and fingerprinting of the incoming migrants for the purpose of redirecting them either to the asylum procedure, returns procedure or relocation procedure. Although designed as a temporary measure, used only until the emergency situation settles down, the approach is implemented as a permanent mechanism for identification and registration of migrants which helped the European union (hereinafter: the EU) achieve compliance from Italy and Greece, already the most burdened states, with their obligation to identify all incoming migrants. Serious human rights violations, obstruction of access to the asylum procedure and discrimination based on nationality occur during the identification process depriving certain groups of migrants of their right to asylum. Violations of the principle of non-refoulment and prohibition of collective expulsions occur during the returns procedures, while relocation procedures are not carried out in the hotspots. The use of the hotspot approach did not relieve the pressure on Italy and Greece nor improve the position of migrants coming to Europe. Systematic problems are largely the result of lack of legal framework and political will and should therefore be addressed with a unified regulation and the end of controversial practices. Since the emergency situation, on which the approach is based, can be largely predicted by observing the current social and political trends the main focus of the approach should be providing international protection instead of control of the EU external borders.

Tijekom rada na web aplikaciji, prijava i registracija članova su mi predstavljali najveći izazov. Kod prijave i registracije korisnika, lozinka mi je stvarala najveći problem tj. metoda zaštite (eng. hash). Trebao sam odabrati metodu hash-iranja lozinke (zaštitu) i odlučio sam se za metodu MD5. Međutim, istraživajući na internetu, saznao sam da je ta metoda deprecated (ne koristi se više) i umjesto ove metode, odlučio sam koristiti BCRYPT metodu. Problem je bio taj što sam prilikom registracije dodavao članove sa BCRYPT metodom, a u bazi podataka sam unio 2 člana sa MD5 metodom i zbog toga mi nije radila prijava za ta 2 člana. U bazu podataka sam unio 2 člana sa MD5 metodom jer nisam znao kako ubaciti BCRYPT metodu, a za MD5 metodu postoji oznaka MD5 u SQL jeziku, pomoću koje je moguć unos hash-a u bazu. Drugim riječima, u bazu se stavi oznaka “md5” i lozinka korisnika, dok za BCRYPT metodu ne postoji takav način dodavanja. BCRYPT metoda se unosi u bazu tako što se se prvo hashira vaša lozinka pomoću ove metode u dužini do 12 znakova, nakon čega se taj hash ubaci u bazu i na taj način prijava bude moguća. While working on a web application, my biggest challenge was to make user login and registration. I had most problems with choosing appropriate password hash because if you want to save password safely, you need to use hash. Firstly, I have chosen MD5 method. However, exploring the Internet I've found out that this MD5 method is deprecated (no longer in use) and instead, I've decided to use BCRYPT method. The main problem was during user registration, where I was adding members with BCRYPT method but in database two users were added with MD5 method and because of that, user login wasn't working (methods weren't same). I've added two users with MD5 method in database because I didn't knew how to insert BCRYPT method. If you want to use MD5 password method, there is a MD5 tag in SQL language for it and you need to put that „md5“ tag in database for users password. But, for BCRYPT method, that kind of a tag doesn't exist. In order to insert BCRYPT method in the database, firstly you must hash your password with this method (password length is around 12 characters) after which the method is inserted into the database and thus user login is possible and working

Za sudjelovanje vozila u prometu, osim što mora biti tehnički ispravno, mora biti i registrirano, te imati vaţeću prometnu dozvolu. Svako vozilo prije registracije mora pristupiti tehničkom pregledu na kojem se utvrĎuje ispravnost vozila, te udovoljavaju li oprema i ureĎaji propisanim uvjetima. Registraciju osobnih vozila obavljaju policijske postaje prema mjestu prebivališta ili sjedištu vlasnika automobila. Registracija vrijedi godinu dana i svake godine ju je potrebno obnoviti na godišnjoj bazi. Produljenje registracije osobnog automobila obavlja se u stanici za tehnički pregled. Vremenski niz je skup kronološki ureĎenih vrijednosti varijable koja predočuje neku pojavu ili statistički proces u vremenu. Vrijednosti koje ju tvore nazivaju se članovima niza. Razlikuje se intervalni niz od trenutačnog vremenskog niza. Indeksi vremenskog niza se dijele na individualne i skupne. U individualne indekse se ubrajaju veriţni i bazni indeksi. Prate li se pomoću indeksnih brojeva dinamika samo jedne pojave, pri čemu je jedno od promatranih razdoblja baza usporedbe, tada govorimo o baznim indeksima. Veriţni indeksi prate promjenu stanja pojave u uzastopnim razdobljima. Pri izračunavanju veriţnih indeksa promatrane vrijednosti neke pojave stavljaju se u odnos prema vrijednosti iz prethodnog razdoblja. Aritmetička sredina se odreĎuje tako da se zbroje vrijednosti numeričke varijable i podijele s njihovim brojem. Varijanca je aritmetička sredina kvadrata odstupanja vrijednosti numeričke varijable od njezine aritmetičke sredine. Standardna devijacija se tumači kao prosječno odstupanje vrijednosti numeričke varijable od njezine aritmetičke sredine. Koeficijent varijacije je to prosječno odstupanje izraţeno u postotku. For a vehicle to interact in traffic, except it needs to be technically correct, it must be registered and it must have a valid traffic licence. Every vehicle before registration needs to approach technical review which determines vehicle correctness, and if every year and device meet the required standards. Registration is done by official police station due to place of residence or residence of car owner. It has an expiration date of one year and needs to be renewed on a year basis. Extension of registration of a personal car is done in a technical inspection station. Timeline is an aggregate of chronologically arranged variable values which presents an appearance or a statistical process in time. Values it is formed by are called line members. Interval line differs from current timeline. Indices of a timeline are divided into individual and overall. Individual indices include chain and base indices. If we keep track of dynamics of just one appearance using index numbers, in which is one of the observed periods the base of comparison, then we talk about base indices. Chain indices follow a change of state of an appearance in consecutive periods. During the chain index calculation, observed values of some appearances are placed according to ratio of a value from the past period. The arithmetical matrix is determined by adding up the values of numerical variables and they are divided by their number. The variance is an arithmetical matrix of squared deviation value of a numerical variable from her arithmetical matrix. Standard deviation is interpreted as average deviation of a numerical variable value from her arithmetical matrix. The variable of coefficient is that average deviation expressed in percentage

This paper discusses the development of mortgage loans market in the Republic of Serbia through development of the instruments for provision of legal security of investments – both to creditors and to debtors. It explains the process of establishment of Real Estate Cadastre as a prerequisite for registration of real estate mortgages. Creation of the Central Mortgage Register is an additional service that provides transparency of the procedures and mortgage market development. The entire procedure has been illustrated by the statistical data on the increase of the number of registered mortgages, starting from 1998 through the end of 2011. The impact of the global economic crisis on the moderate decrease of the number of new mortgages in the Republic of Serbia is quite evident ; Prispevek obravnava razvoj hipotekarnega trga posojil v Republiki Srbiji z razvojem instrumentov za zagotavljanje pravne varnosti naložb - tako za upnike kot za dolžnike. Obrazloži postopek stanavljanja katastra nepremičnin, ki je predpogoj za registracijo hipotek na nepremičninah. Vzpostavitev centralnega hipotekarnega registra je dodatna storitev, ki zagotavlja preglednost postopkov in razvoja hipotekarnega trga. Celoten postopek je razviden iz statističnih podatkov o rasti števila registriranih hipotek, začenši z letom 1998 do konca leta 2011. Vpliv svetovne gospodarske krize na zmerno znižanje števila novih hipotek v Republiki Srbiji je dokaj očiten.

Cilj ovog diplomskog rada je navesti najvažnija pravila i propise pri organizaciji međunarodnih kadetskih i juniorskih turnira. Rad obuhvaća pravila i propise početnih međunarodnih natjecateljskih kategorija počevši s turnirima koji su pod krovom Tennis Europe organizacije sve do juniorske razine koja završava sa ITF Juniors kategorijama turnira nakon čega tenisači kreću u svijet profesionalizma. Svrha rada je približiti pravila i propise juniorskih i kadetskih turnira igračima, trenerima i roditeljima kako bi lakše prolazili početak karijere sa službenog stajališta. To podrazumijeva objašnjenje procesa registracije, prijave turnira, sustava rangiranja i bodovanja, vrste natjecanja i dobne kategorije, kao i neke organizacijske aspekte bitne mladim igračima. The aim of this diploma thesis is to list the most important rules and regulations for the organization international cadet and junior tournaments. The thesis enlists the rules and regulations of initial international competitive categories starting with tournaments under the Tennis Europe regulative all the way to the junior level ending with the ITF Juniors categories after which tennis players enter the professional world of tennis. The purpose of this thesis is to familiarize the players, parents and trainers with the junior and cadet tournaments’ rules and regulations to ease the official start of professional careers. This includes an explanation of the registration process, tournament entry application, ranking system and scoring system, types of competitions and age groups, as well as some of the organizational aspects important to young players.

Izrada Android aplikacije za registraciju toˇcaka u prostoru prilikom 3D rekonstrukcije predmeta, u svrhu koje su u Java programskom jeziku implementirana dva važna algoritma. Prvi algoritam služi za izraˇcun translacijskog vektora uz poznatu rotacijsku matricu. Drugi je algoritam Iterative Closest Point (ICP) koji služi za finu registraciju. Cilj aplikacije je da se uz poznatu rotacijsku matricu koja se može dobiti iz senzora pametnog telefona izraˇcuna ispravna Euklidska kretnja koja prebacuje toˇcke iz jednog oblaka toˇcaka u drugi. Ovo se izvodi tako da se nalaze toˇcke iz dva oblaka koje se odnose na istu toˇcku na površini predmeta koji se skenira. Development of the Android application for 3D registration during 3D reconstruction of an object, for purpose of which two important algorithms have been implemented in Java programming language. First algorith calculates translational vector with rotational matrix provided. The second one is algorithm known as Iterative Closest Point (ICP) which serves as a fine matching method. The putpose of this application is to calculate the correct Euclidean motion used to transform points from one point-cloud to another with rotational matrix provided by sensors in smartphone. This is done by finding points from two point-clouds that correspond to the same point on surface of the object being scanned.

V diplomski nalogi je predstavljen pravni položaj tridimenzionalnih blagovnih znamk. Poudarek je na podrobnejši analizi posebnih absolutnih razlogov za zavrnitev registracije tridimenzionalnih blagovnih znamk in na predstavitvi ovir, s katerimi se prijavitelji teh blagovnih znamk pri registraciji srečujejo. Posebni absolutni razlogi za zavrnitev registracije tridimenzionalnih blagovnih znamk prepovedujejo registracijo tistih znamk, ki so sestavljene izključno iz oblike, ki izhaja iz same narave blaga iz oblike blaga, ki je nujna za dosego tehničnega učinka in iz oblike, ki daje blagu bistveno vrednost. V kolikor so takšne oblike že registrirane kot znamke, jih je potrebno razveljaviti. Problem, ki se pojavlja v zvezi z navedenimi posebnimi razlogi za zavrnitev registracije tridimenzionalnih blagovnih znamk, pa je ta, da je besedilo določb, ki se nanašajo na posebne absolutne razloge za zavrnitev tridimenzionalnih blagovnih znamk, precej ohlapno in tako omogoča različno interpretacijo. Prijaviteljem so za boljšo opredelitev zadevnih posebnih razlogov za zavrnitev registracije v pomoč predvsem odločbe UUNT, obsežna sodna praksa nacionalnih sodišč, Splošnega sodišča EU in Sodišča EU. Odločbe, ki jih je sprejelo Sodišče EU na podlagi predhodnih vprašanj, so zelo pomembne za interpretacijo določb Direktive 2008/95/ES z dne 22. oktobra 2008 o približevanju zakonodaje držav članic v zvezi z blagovnimi in storitvenimi znamkami, Uredbe 207/2009 z dne 26. februarja 2009 o blagovni znamki EU, ki na ravni EU urejata pravni položaj blagovne in storitvene znamke ter določb Zakona o industrijski lastnini, ki je temeljni pravni vir blagovnih in storitvenih znamk v Republiki Sloveniji. Pravni sistem blagovnih in storitvenih znamk je bil v zadnjih mesecih podvržen večjim spremembam, rezultat katerih sta Uredba (EU) 2015/2424 Evropskega parlamenta in Sveta z dne 16. decembra 2015, ki bo stopila v veljavo 23. marca 2016, ter Direktiva (EU) 2015/2463 Evropskega parlamenta in Sveta z dne 16. decembra o približevanju zakonodaje držav članic v zvezi z blagovnimi znamkami. Besedilo navedene direktive bodo države članice morale v roku treh let prenesti v nacionalno zakonodajo (najkasneje do 15. januarja 2019). V novem pravnem okviru blagovne znamke EU je opuščena zahteva po grafičnem prikazu znaka, ki mora biti za uspešno registracijo izpolnjena v sedanjem pravnem sistemu. To pomeni lažjo pot do uspešne registracije tridimenzionalnih blagovnih znamk, saj je prijaviteljem teh vrst blagovnih znamk nekoliko težje izpolniti navedeno zahtevo. Nadalje se je razširilo besedilo posebnih absolutnih razlogov za zavrnitev registracije, ki sedaj zajema tudi druge značilnosti znaka, in ne le obliko. Z drugimi besedami povedano, so v novem pravnem sistemu podvrženi zavrnitvi pred registracijo vsi znaki, ki izvirajo iz same narave blaga, ali so nujni za dosego tehničnega učinka, ali dajejo blagu bistveno vrednost. Iz tega lahko zaključimo, da so zadevnim posebnim izključitvenim razlogom v novem pravnem okviru podvržene vse vrste blagovnih znamk in ne le tridimenzionalne blagovne znamke. This thesis analyses the legal status of three-dimensional trade marks. The emphasis is put on the detailed analysis of the special absolute grounds for refusal of three-dimensional trade mark registration, and on the explanation of the issues which arise when trying to register a three-dimensional trade mark. The special absolute grounds for refusal of three-dimensional trade marks prevent the registration of a shape, resulting from the nature of the good itself shape of a product, necessary to obtain a technical effect and of a shape which gives a substantial value to the product. If such a sign is already registered as a trade mark, it must be declared invalid. The problem that arises in relation to those specific grounds for refusal of registration of three-dimensional trademark, is that the text of the provisions relating to special absolute grounds for refusal of three-dimensional trademark, are rather vague, allowing different interpretations . For better understanding of the special absolute grounds for registration refusal of, the applicant should review decisions of OHIM and the extensive case law of the national courts, European Court of Justice and of the General Court into cosideration. The extensive case law of the European Court of Justice plays a very important role in the interpretation of the provisions of the Directive 2008/95/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council Regulation (EC) no. 207/2009 on the Community trade mark, which regulates the three-dimensional marks at the European Union level. The special grounds for refusal are also discussed from the perspective of ZIL-1, which is the fundamental act that regulates the three-dimensional marks in Slovenia. The european system of trade mark has faced some changes in the last few months with the Regulation (EU) 2015/2424 of the European parliament and of the Council of 16. december 2015, and Directive 2015/2436 of the European parliamnt and of the Council of 16. december 2015. The new legal system of trade mark will enter into force on 23. March 2016. The Member States will need to apply the Directive 2015/2436 into national law within three years (until 15. Januar 2019).The new legal system has waived the requirement for graphical presentation of the sign, which must be fulfilled for successful registration in the current legal system. This means easier path to successful registration of three-dimensional trade marks. Furthermore, under the reforms, the special ground for refusal will be extended to any sign which consists exclusively of “another characteristic” which results from the nature of the goods, is necessary to obtain a technical results or gives substantial value to the goods. The special grounds for refusal have been widened to extend to other marks, not only to three-dimensional trade marks.