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Copyright of Revista CES Derecho is the property of Universidad CES and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

En la actualidad la actividad agrícola se ve amenazada constantemente por los efectos del cambio climático y la expresión radical de los factores ambientales, como la irregularidad en la distribución pluvial responsable de la disponibilidad del agua y déficit, que genera estrés hídrico en los sistemas productivos, cuyo efecto negativo se refleja en aspectos de crecimiento vegetativo, morfológicos, fisiológicos y bioquímicos. El uso de bioestimulantes surge como estrategia para contrarrestar este impacto, mejorando la eficiencia de los cultivos en el uso de los recursos y generar respuestas, como la producción de metabolitos entre otras sustancias, que mitigan los efectos del estrés oxidativo. Bajo este contexto se planteó el uso de ceras, peróxido de hidrogeno (H2O2), ácido salicílico (AS) y algaenzims, sobre plantas de frambuesa sometidas a estrés hídrico moderado (-0.8 MPa) con el objetivo de evaluar la respuesta en aspectos de crecimiento vegetativo, fisiológicos y calidad bioquímica de frutos, para el establecimiento se empleó un diseño completamente al azar con 5 tratamientos: greencover as® 5 mL L–1, H2O2 10-4 M, ácido salicílico 0.27 mM, algaenzims® 7.5 mL L–1 y el control con recuperación del 50% del volumen transpirado y con potencial hídrico similar al resto de plantas y 4 repeticiones. Como resultados se obtuvo que las ceras, AS y el extracto de algas incrementaron la tasa fotosintética, los cuatro tratamientos aumentaron la longitud de raíces, las ceras la altura, y el H2O2 la biomasa de raíz. Por otro lado, en comparación con el control, se produjeron mayores niveles de vitamina C y antocianinas en frutos, un aspecto muy importante por la funcionalidad de estos compuestos en la salud humana. Por lo tanto, el uso de estos bioestimulantes se puede visualizar como una herramienta de gran utilidad para el manejo de cultivos en ambientes con restricción de agua.

Copyright of Dilemas Contemporáneos: Educación, Política y Valores is the property of Dilemas Contemporaneos: Educacion, Politica y Valores and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Research with graduates of Professional Masters, in the last five years, have shown the importance of these investigations in the reorganization of these programs from the perception of former students. The monitoring program for graduates of the Professional Master's Programs of the Centro Estadual de Educação Tecnológica Paula Souza (CEETEPS) had the general objective of collecting and analyzing data considering the profile and scientific and professional insertion of graduates. Participated 132 of a total of 191 masters trained in the period from 2016 to 2020. Data obtained regarding the personal, professional, and social impact provided by the realization of the courses were promising, but also pointed to the need to encourage the dissemination of the results of dissertations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contextualization: This research is focused on farmhand production systems in the hillside area of Palmira [Valle del Cauca], characterized by having small productive areas with perennial and short-cycle plants, and livestock systems with minor species. These systems are of great importance for the food security of the population, due to their diverse offer for the regional market. Knowledge gap: Farming systems are highly vulnerable to various external factors, such as market fluctuations and the weather variability that place them at risk. This research was based on the following question: how sustainable are the farming systems in the hillside area of the Municipality of Palmira Valle del Cauca? Purpose: Evaluate the agricultural sustainability of peasant systems in the Ayacucho district of Palmira [Valle del Cauca]. Methodology: Some attributes of thirteen prioritized peasant systems were quantified, using the Natural Resource Management Systems Assessment Framework, and incorporating Sustainability Indicators [MESMIS]. The data obtained from the survey and field visits were analyzed using descriptive and multivariate statistics of main components, using the statistical package R Studio version 3.0.1. Productivity, adaptability, stability, reliability, resilience, equity and self-management attributes were plotted using a radar-type diagram, with an evaluative range of 0-100%. The indicators per attribute were plotted as eigenvectors for the first two main components, establishing their degree of similarity through the accumulated variance. Results and conclusions: stability registered the highest value with 75.15%, indicating strengths in the land ownership and in the water supply in the area for agricultural production. The adaptability and self-management attributes registered the lowest values with 44.90% and 46.15%, respectively, indicating weaknesses such as high dependence on external inputs, technical ignorance about the integration of animal and plant components, as well as low level of associativity. The results obtained, using the MESMIS evaluation, allowed a holistic assessment of the peasant systems in the Arenillo village, and that made possible to identify critical aspects for developing improvements that lead to achieve the sustainability of these farming systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contextualization: The floristic analysis of the components associated with the cocoa crop is considered as a keystone to design relevant agroforestry models. Knowledge gap: In the Pacific Coast of Nariño, traditional agroforestry systems of cocoa have a diversity of secondary species; however, there are few studies that have identified and characterized their economic and environmental benefits. Purpose: The objective of this research was to characterize the woody species existing in traditional cocoa agroforestry systems (Theobroma cacao L) of four community councils: Alto Mira, Bajo Mira, Rio Chagui and Las Varas, in the municipality of Tumaco, Nariño. It was developed within the framework of the project called "Study for the improvement of productivity and sensory quality (aroma and flavor) of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L) regional department of Nariño", in which an inventory of the different tree species was made, and the diversity of these systems was determined by means of the Shannon and Simpson index (D). Methodology: 22 sampling plots, of 400 m² each one, were inventoried. Richness, density, basal area, frequency, dominance, abundance, and the index of ecological importance value (IVI) were determined. Finally, diversity was determined using Shannon's and Simpson's indices. Results and conclusions: 150 specimens of woody plants were found in the four councils, concentrated in 27 species. The community council Las Varas had the highest density with 0,014 ind/m²; there, the species with the highest number of individuals per family were Tabebuia rosea, Cedrela odorata y Cordia alliodora. The families that stood out the most for their abundance were Rutaceae, Moraceae, Meliaceae, Annonaceae and Sapotaceae. The species with an outstanding importance due to their value index were Cedrela odorata, Cordia alliodora, Pouteria sapota y Tabeuia rosea. Finally, in the Shannon and Simpson indices there were no significant differences; however, Las Varas council was prominent for its greater diversity of species, due to the different studies of implementation and evaluation of agroforestry arrangements that have been established in the area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The present research is based on the communes of the department of Cruz del Eje, within the arid region of the province of Córdoba (Argentina), in order to describe the different ways in which small units develop their production and social reproduction. Main Objective: To characterize the historical and current scenario in the communes of the department of Cruz del Eje within a regional economy of scarce development (such as that of the arid region of the province of Córdoba), in order to understand the sociocultural practices of people with small productions and some of the public policies carried out in the territory. Method and technique: From a historical-anthropological approach and from a qualiquantitative triangulation (background review; statistical data and field work) the communal scenarios are studied in relation to the prevailing productive model and its impact on socio-territorial development. Results: The communal scenarios present conditions of vulnerability in the face of the advance of the agro-livestock frontier that is occurring in the region and such situation impacts in various ways the access to resources of those who work the small fruit and vegetable units. Conclusion: The study allows postulating that there is an urgent need to produce diagnoses located on the Cruzdelejeño communes in order, on the one hand, to establish priorities in small-scale productive systems according to their cultural practices and, on the other; to analyze the public policies implemented in the territory, taking into account as primordial the indicators of access to irrigation water, and the efficiency in its distribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of DYNA - Ingeniería e Industria is the property of Publicaciones Dyna SL and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: To evaluate the adaptation and forage yield of Hordeum vulgare L. and Triticum sp. accessions in the high tropics of Nariño, Colombia. Methods: The study was conducted at the Obonuco Research Center of the Colombian Agricultural Research Corporation, Pasto, Nariño. Twenty-six accessions of H. vulgare, 23 of Triticum sp. and one of Avena sativa L. were evaluated under a complete randomized block design with four replicas per treatment. The evaluated variables were: vigor, height, number of leaves, number of stems, pest incidence, disease incidence and severity, nutritional deficiencies, dry matter percentage. A multivariate factorial analysis of mixed data was carried out, followed by a hierarchical cluster analysis using Ward's algorithm. The R V.3.6.0 software was used for the analysis. Results: H. vulgare accessions showed higher leaf production ranging from 65,0 to 123,0; while stems ranged from 13,0 to 25,0; good height and higher dry matter percentage. Triticum sp. accessions had higher leaf production, stems and dry matter yield, with low disease incidence. Conclusions: H. vulgare and Triticum sp. materials were recognized with potential to continue in research programs and which can be an alternative to mitigate the forage seasonality and low quality found during the dry seasons of the high Nariño tropics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Uno de los problemas ambientales más grandes que ha afectado al planeta es el calentamiento global, por las altas concentraciones de carbono (CO2), esto ha llevado a que cultivos como el café se vean afectados por el cambio climático causado por los gases efecto invernadero (GEI), especialmente por el incremento en la incidencia de plagas y enfermedades. Sin embargo, a través de captura de carbono se contribuye con la mitigación de emisión de GEI. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el carbono almacenado en la biomasa aérea y bajo el suelo en cuatro sistemas productivos de café castillo de seis años de edad. En un ensayo establecido bajo diseño de bloques completos al Azar (DBCA) con los tratamientos Café a libre exposición (T1), Café-Limón (T2), Café-Guamo (T3) y Café-Carbonero (T4), en tres altitudes: menor a los 1550 msnm, entre los 1550 y 2000 msnm y sobre los 2000 msnm. Se recolectaron datos correspondientes a los diámetros de tallo de plántulas de café y árboles de sombrío con los cuales se aplicaron ecuaciones alométricas para obtener las variables carbono en la biomasa aérea y en raíz y las variables carbono en hojarasca y suelo obtenidos a partir de su materia seca. Se obtuvo diferencias altamente significativas en los cuatro tratamientos evaluados, siendo T4 el que mayor concentración de carbono obtuvo tanto en la biomasa del suelo con 100,14 t ha-1 como en la biomasa aérea con 190,42 t ha-1.

Copyright of Revista de Ciencias Agricolas is the property of University of Narino, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Terra: Revista de Desarrollo Local is the property of Terra: Revista de Desarrollo Local and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article presents the results of a research project on the use of co-design as a participatory tool promoted by Industrial Design students and professors and developed with 30 female inmates in the San Diego Jail, Cartagena de Indias, Colombia, within the framework of the project Popular Design, Productive Chains, and Peacebuilding. Given the inmates’ situation of social, political, and economic exclusion and marginalization, this initiative, which involved the production of handicrafts, fostered empowerment, autonomy, self-management, the recovery of identity, and a new and encouraging life project for the women.

La extensión rural ha sido una de las estrategias utilizadas para ayudar a los productores agrarios a mejorar sus sistemas de producción y, así, contribuir con su bienestar. Para alcanzar dichos propósitos, las instituciones y entidades prestadoras de este servicio utilizan diversos enfoques. Este trabajo da cuenta de las diferencias y similitudes de los enfoques de extensión rural que han utilizado la Universidad de Caldas y la Asociación Hortifrutícola de Colombia (Asohofrucol), durante los últimos seis años, con productores de mora de los municipios de Aranzazu y Manzanares (Caldas). Para recabar la información se realizaron entrevistas con autoridades locales y regionales, profesores y extensionistas; se revisaron fuentes bibliográficas, documentales e institucionales; se desarrollaron talleres con productores, y se adelantó un diagnóstico participativo; además, se realizaron Escuelas de Campo de Agricultores, días de campo y capacitación a facilitadores. El trabajo permitió concluir que, aunque las dos instituciones comparten propósitos y utilizan métodos de extensión similares, los enfoques utilizados son diferentes.

Se exploran percepciones acerca de las manifestaciones del cambio climático, sus causas e impactos en el cotidiano de actores sociales locales en el Distrito de Temporal Tecnificado Margaritas-Comitán (DTT011) ubicado en la Meseta Comiteca, estado de Chiapas, perteneciente a la parte alta de la cuenca del río Usumacinta. Asimismo, se propone argumentar con base en información empírica que, independiente de la aprehensión del concepto de cambio climático, a nivel local se observa, interpreta y siente el impacto de las variaciones en los periodos de lluvia y del incremento del calor, las cuales presentan consecuencias en términos económicos en la zona, toda vez que los sistemas productivos se ven afectados y se pierden cosechas.

A model that represents the behavior of a critical system or process, such as the drinking water treatment process, is vital for the evaluation of new procedures or their optimization without affecting the real system or risking the population, avoiding economic losses. Due to the complexity in the dynamics of drinking water treatment plants, the use of Coloured Petri Nets is recommended to model the behavior of the variables involved in the process. In this context, this work presents a structured procedure that allows to obtain a model considering a dynamic driven by the occurrence of discrete events and that allows the generation of useful information that can later be used to verify the effectiveness and efficiency of new operating strategies. To evaluate this proposal, a model of the drinking water treatment process of Puerto Mallarino located in Cali, Colombia was developed. Modeling, both the stages of the purification process, and the approximate behavior of the variables involved under the assumption that the changes obey only to the intensity of the raining season. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antecedentes: el método de espectroscopía de infrarrojo cercano (NIRS), es una alternativa para realizar análisis de suelo, ya que es un método rápido, no destructivo, sencillo y preciso, que relaciona la radiación infrarroja cercana difusamente reflejada con las propiedades físicas y químicas del suelo. Objetivo: desarrollar modelos estadísticos para predecir los parámetros de textura (T) y pH, con el uso de NIRS. Métodos: para ello se utilizaron 1880 muestras de suelos de sistemas de producción del departamento de Antioquia las cuales fueron analizadas por el método de Bouyoucos para T y el método potenciómetro con electrodo de vidrio y suelo para pH. Estas muestras también fueron escaneadas en un equipo NIRS modelo FOSS DS 2500 en un rango de longitud de onda de 850 a 2500 nm. Luego de obtener la información espectral se procedió a realizar el análisis estadístico de mínimos cuadrados parciales (PLS) y se aplicaron algunas transformaciones como señal multiplicativa corregida (MSC) la cual fue aplicada a los espectros, mientras que logaritmo y raíz cuadrada fueron aplicadas a las variables. Resultados: para el total de las muestras analizadas los resultados para el parámetro pH fueron positivos, obteniendo un coeficiente de determinación (R2) alto (0,69), siendo el mejor modelo PLS, mientras que para el parámetro textura (arcilla, limo y arena) se obtuvo resultados no favorables debido a que los R2 fueron bajos (de 0,46, 0,44 y 0,21) para arcilla, limo y arena, respectivamente). Conclusiones: se puede predecir con NIRS el pH del suelo, mientras que el parámetro textura requiere de otros modelos más avanzados o de otras técnicas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Los agroecosistemas tradicionales núntaha’yi son fundamentales para la conservación de la Sierra de Santa Marta Veracruz, al encontrarse dentro de una Área Natural Protegida se ven afectados por la normatividad de la misma. Usando el marco teórico infield-outfield, entrevistas, talleres y recorridos en campo, analizamos el funcionamiento de los agroecosistemas núntaha’yi del territorio de Ocozotepec, así como el impacto que sobre ellos tiene la normatividad impuesta por el Área Natural Protegida. Concluimos que debido a las limitantes en el cambio de la vegetación de los acahuales y las restricciones de uso de la zona núcleo, se han intensificado los agroecosistemas más cercanos a la comunidad (infield) restringiéndose casi por completo el uso del territorio ubicado en las zonas alejadas y de difícil acceso a la comunidad (outfield). Esto promueve la transformación del territorio en un paisaje homogéneo, poco productivo donde el sistema de Tumba-Roza-Quema se vuelve insostenible.

Se identifican los principales cambios históricos (1984-2015) en el manejo de los sistemas productivos de maíz (Zea mays L.), frijol (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) y ganadería bovina (Bos spp.) en la comunidad Francisco Villa I, aledaña a la Reserva de la Biosfera “La Sepultura” (REBISE), Chiapas, México, para encontrar puntos de entrada (oportunidades) a procesos de innovación local. Se utilizó el enfoque socioantropológico y de procesos de innovación social con la metodología de la investigación-acción. Mediante el análisis de discurso y los gráficos de tendencia de las variables estudiadas, se demostró que, con base en el análisis de cambios históricos, existen condiciones locales para emprender nuevos procesos de innovación social que pueden mejorar el desempeño de los sistemas de producción agropecuaria.

Copyright of Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Hortícolas is the property of Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Horticolas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Espacios is the property of Talleres de Impresos Oma and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Agronomía & Ambiente is the property of Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Hortícolas is the property of Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Horticolas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article identifies main historical changes (1984-2015) in three farming systems: maize (Zea mays L.), beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), and cattle (Bos spp.) in “Francisco Villa I" community, located in the surrounding area of the Biosphere Reserve “La Sepultura(REBISE), Chiapas, Mexico. It was conducted in order to find out entry points for subsequent local innovation processes. A socioanthropological and social innovation approaches were used and an action research methodology for the field work was implemented. Discourse analysis and systemic graphics allowed analyzing all the field evidences. It was demonstrated that through the historical changes analysis there are local conditions to enable and undertake new social innovation processes in order to enhance the community farming systems performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El concepto de periurbano denomina zonas de transición en cuyo espacio se desarrollan actividades propias tanto de territorios rurales como urbanos, con tensiones en modos de uso del suelo. Allí se realiza la Agricultura Urbana y Periurbana, que aporta productos frescos en áreas urbanas, asociada a situaciones complejas por tenencia de tierra, disponibilidad de agua y competencia por recursos humanos. Se vincula con la agricultura familiar, en la cual las unidades doméstica y productiva están integradas. En este trabajo mostraremos este tipo de agricultura que se desarrolla en el Área Metropolitana de Buenos Aires, con el objetivo de aportar herramientas para una concepción integral de políticas públicas. Para ello, mediante una revisión bibliográfica atravesada por nuestra experiencia de casi treinta años de investigación en el periurbano, relevamos la historia de los sistemas productivos y sus problemáticas específicas, destacando roles fundamentales de esta agricultura en estos territorios de transición, y analizamos las políticas públicas destinadas a estas producciones periurbanas. Analizamos tanto los procesos externos que influencian sobre este territorio como los procesos internos que le otorgan estructura funcional, así como las dinámicas que provocan tensiones y conflictos socioterritoriales. El análisis muestra como resultado que el periurbano es un territorio estratégico en el desarrollo de sistemas alimentarios de proximidad para el abasto de alimentos a los habitantes de la gran metrópoli. Concluimos que la expansión urbanística de la ciudad produce serias amenazas a las producciones agropecuarias en este periurbano y por ello se requiere incorporar urgentemente las problemáticas de este territorio de borde a la agenda de políticas públicas en todos los niveles del Estado, mediante el diseño e implementación de políticas diferenciales que fomenten la asistencia técnica y la extensión rural, el ordenamiento territorial y la formación y capacitación de productores, técnicos y académicos en cuestiones sobre este tipo de producciones.

Copyright of Revista Trabajo Social is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Ciencia Administrativa is the property of Universidad Veracruzana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article explores perceptions about climate change manifestations, their causes and impacts on the daily lives of local social actors in the Technified Rainfed District of Margaritas Comitán, Chiapas (DTT011) located in Chiapas State, in the upper part of the Usumacinta River Basin. This research proposes to argue, based on empirical information, that irrespective of the perception of the concept of climate change, the impact of the variations in the periods of rain and the increase of the heat are observed, interpreted and felt at local level and these variations are having economic consequences, in that way, production systems are affected and crops are lost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To characterize poultry farms and self-sufficiency of corn and soybeans, in Tungurahua-Ecuador. Methodology: Interviews were carried out with 90 selected poultry farmers through non-probabilistic sampling, production and export statistics reported by the Association of Balanced Manufacturers (AFABA) and the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, Aquaculture and Fisheries (MAGAP) were used, and Average Rates of Cumulative Variation and self-sufficiency and food dependence were calculated. Results: In Tungurahua, 78% of poultry farmers are engaged in raising poultry and 62% have semi-automated facilities. The 100% of corn and soybean used by the poultry of Tungurahua, comes from other provinces and international imports. Between 2007 and 2016, maize recorded an annual average self-sufficiency rate of 0.9, while soybean yielded 0.08. Limitations: Statistical information on domestic production and imports of grains was scattered. Conclusions: the results indicate the presence of different types of poultry production systems. These, depending on the level of technology, range from crafts to automation. Likewise, the national production reaches to cover with difficulty the national demand of the poultry sector, not the national soy that covers a minimum part. Based on these results it is suggested to maintain the policy of import substitution of yellow maize and to expand soybeans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Panela, or unrefined non centrifugal brown sugar, is a natural sweetener obtained from the evaporation and concentration of sugarcane juice (Saccharum officinarum), essential for food security, agricultural economics and rural development in Latin America. The degree of process efficiency and the marketing evaluation for this product in Colombia is as yet incipient. This study presents the traditional system for panela production, from a technical and engineering perspective, also highlighting some aspects of quality and innovation. Improvements to the traditional furnace design, extraction and milling, clarification, and heat transfer are analyzed. By criteria of competitiveness and efficiency, was evidenced the need to continue the development and transfer of innovative technological alternatives. It is also imperative the participation of the panela producers in new and potential markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Las regiones áridas y semiáridas comprenden poco más de un tercio de la superficie terrestre. En el caso de México, las zonas áridas y semiáridas están conformadas por cerca de 854,000 km2 de pastizales naturales que son utilizados como agostaderos para la crianza de bovinos, ovinos y caprinos, actividad que se ha constituido como un medio de ahorro y disminución de pérdidas monetarias dentro de las actividades de subsistencia de los pequeños productores en estas zonas del país. El objetivo de este estudio fue encontrar diferencias entre las características raza, peso, edad y sanidad en el ganado ovino comercializado en el Altiplano Oeste Potosino (AOP), observando cuáles de éstas inciden en lo demandado por compradores al momento de la compra-venta dentro del eslabón primario de la cadena de ovino en dicha región. La información se obtuvo mediante una encuesta aplicada a 115 ovinocultores. Se utilizó la prueba Kruskal-Wallis para determinar diferencias entre las características demandadas según el municipio y una prueba de X2 para el tipo de comprador (local/foráneo). Mediante un modelo de regresión logística binaria, se determinó la probabilidad de demanda para cada característica. Se encontró que no existen diferencias entre los municipios que conforman la región según las características demandadas. En lo respectivo a las características solicitadas por tipo de comprador, sólo hubo diferencias para la característica edad (P≤0.05), siendo la edad solicitada por un comprador local el doble a la solicitada por uno foráneo (6 meses). El modelo de regresión logística binaria indicó una mayor probabilidad de demanda para la característica raza (91.7%). La mayor preferencia se dio para la raza Dorper. La investigación reveló que la geografía de la región y el origen de los clientes no influyen sobre la demanda de las características peso, raza, sanidad y edad de los hatos ovinos. Se observó una cadena productiva poco competitiva y desintegrada. Debido a la importancia de esta cadena productiva en la región, se hace factible la implementación de estrategias que procuren la integración económica mediante el uso del conocimiento e información de la demanda de ganado ovino, pudiendo este elemento conformarse en un mecanismo de empoderamiento para ovinocultores y un soporte para innovaciones tecnológicas en los sistemas productivos locales.

Durante la segunda mitad del siglo xx, el Estado resolvió una gran parte de los problemas de comunicación entre la región Chorotega y el resto del país a través de la construcción de modernas vías terrestres y la instauración de dinámicos sistemas productivos. Sin embargo, esta modernización y cambio tecnológico no logró revertir los problemas regionales de pobreza, desempleo y desigualdad.