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Underground parking garages are enclosed spaces not directly exposed to the exterior. A smoke control system is typically required to facilitate occupants’ safe evacuation/relocation and assist in firefighting/rescue. Currently, there is a lack of guidelines for designing such systems in primary codes/standards. Only a limited number of local authorities have developed amendments to address this issue. These amendments either rely on outdated approaches, such as air change method, or simply repurpose carbon monoxide ventilation systems for smoke control without conducting additional engineering analysis and providing justification. The intent of this study is to examine the adopted approaches and explore an effective and efficient approach for garage smoke control. According to the study’s findings, it is discovered that garage floor height significantly impacts the performance of smoke control system. Additionally, structural components (beams) also influence the performance of smoke control system. Moreover, this study derives a linear equation to ascertain available safe egress time (ASET) when utilizing the carbon monoxide ventilation system or typical air change methods. Taking cost into consideration, the study concludes that for effective and cost-efficient smoke control in large underground garages, employing a carbon monoxide ventilation system is preferable to the traditional or equivalent air change method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phosphoinositides, such as PI(4,5)P2, are known to function as structural components of membranes, signalling molecules, markers of membrane identity, mediators of protein recruitment and regulators of neurotransmission and synaptic development. Phosphatidylinositol 4‐kinases (PI4Ks) synthesize PI4P, which are precursors for PI(4,5)P2, but may also have independent functions. The roles of PI4Ks in neurotransmission and synaptic development have not been studied in detail. Previous studies on PI4KII and PI4KIIIβ at the Drosophila larval neuromuscular junction have suggested that PI4KII and PI4KIIIβ enzymes may serve redundant roles, where single PI4K mutants yielded mild or no synaptic phenotypes. However, the precise synaptic functions (neurotransmission and synaptic growth) of these PI4Ks have not been thoroughly studied. Here, we used PI4KII and PI4KIIIβ null mutants and presynaptic‐specific knockdowns of these PI4Ks to investigate their roles in neurotransmission and synaptic growth. We found that PI4KII and PI4KIIIβ appear to have non‐overlapping functions. Specifically, glial PI4KII functions to restrain synaptic growth, whereas presynaptic PI4KIIIβ promotes synaptic growth. Furthermore, loss of PI4KIIIβ or presynaptic PI4KII impairs neurotransmission. The data presented in this study uncover new roles for PI4K enzymes in neurotransmission and synaptic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polymers have emerged as a novel class of engineered materials that find application in several domains, such as structural components, fittings, couplings, and more. Due to their viscoelastic nature, these materials experience a deformation dependent on time when subjected to an applied load. This paper presents a novel approach to address this research gap by introducing simplified and practical models for predicting creep and back creep displacement utilizing a non-destructive technique, specifically micro-indentation. A comprehensive experimental investigation of multi-cycle indentation testing has been conducted. The creep and back creep models that have been developed are expressed as nonlinear exponential equations, which include variables such as material properties determined using micro-indentation techniques, as well as experimental parameters like maximum load, loading and unloading rates, and the indenter's hold time. The relationships discussed significantly influence the holding time at maximum and minimum loading conditions. One advantage of these exponential models is their ability to provide a simple mathematical representation. By utilizing this approach, there is no longer a requirement to conduct multiple single-cycle indentations or to depend only on conventional creep tests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The different approximating assumptions used in deriving models for structural analysis by dimensional reduction of a 3d continuum to structural components like beams and plates or shells limit the applicability of these models by geometrical constraints. Hence, caution should be exercised when transitioning from the application range of one type of structure model to another one. This should be taken into account especially when stability analyses are performed. In order to demonstrate this, in this note, buckling of annular plates under tensile loading at the inner edge is treated as an example. The ratio between inner and outer radius is varied. For ratios approaching 1.0, plate buckling turns into buckling of circular beams. This is not only a question of accuracy of the solution but can lead to a substantial qualitative change of the character of buckling. Such considerations might be interesting from a theoretical point of view; in any case they are important from the engineering point of view. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Existence of global attractors for a structural-acoustic system, subject to restricted boundary dissipation, is considered. Dynamics of the acoustic environment is given by a linear 3-D wave equation subject to locally distributed boundary dissipation, while the dynamics on the (flat) structural wall is given by a 2D-Kirchhoff-Boussinesq plate equation, subject to linear dissipation and supercritical nonlinear restoring forces. It is shown that the trajectories of the dynamical system defined on finite energy phase space are attracted asymptotically to a global attractor. The main challenges of the problem are related to: (i) superlinearity of the elastic energy of the structural component, (ii) Boussinesq effects of internal forces potentially leading to a finite time blowing up solutions, (iii) partially-restricted boundary dissipation placed on the interface only. The resulting system lacks dissipativity along with the suitable compactness properties, both corner stones of PDE dynamical system theories [1]. To contend with the difficulties, a new hybrid approach based on a suitable adaptation of the so called "energy methods" [2-3] and compensated compactness [4] has been developed. The geometry of the acoustic chamber plays a critical role. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Describing an object from multiple perspectives often leads to incomplete data representation. Consequently, learning consistent representations for missing data from multiple views has emerged as a key focus in the realm of Incomplete Multi-view Representation Learning (IMRL). In recent years, various strategies, such as subspace learning, matrix decomposition, and deep learning, have been harnessed to develop numerous IMRL methods. In this article, our primary research revolves around IMRL, with a particular emphasis on addressing two main challenges. Firstly, we delve into the effective integration of intra-view similarity and contextual structure into a unified framework. Secondly, we explore the effective facilitation of information exchange and fusion across multiple views. To tackle these issues, we propose a deep learning approach known as Structural Contrastive Auto-Encoder (SCAE) to solve the challenges of IMRL. SCAE comprises two major components: intra-view structural representation learning and inter-view contrastive representation learning. The former involves capturing intra-view similarity by minimizing the Dirichlet energy of the feature matrix, while also applying spatial dispersion regularization to capture intra-view contextual structure. The latter encourages maximizing the mutual information of inter-view representations, facilitating information exchange and fusion across views. Experimental results demonstrate the efficacy of our approach in significantly enhancing model accuracy and robustly addressing IMRL problems. The code is available at https://github.com/limengran98/SCAE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Cracks can develop in high‐rise buildings because of long‐term environmental changes and extreme loading events such as strong winds or earthquakes. Although deep learning‐based identification methods can efficiently identify cracks, the accuracy of crack identification in high‐rise buildings needs to be improved due to the lack of crack datasets specifically related to high‐rise structures. Moreover, the number of available images of cracks in high‐rise is limited. To this end, this paper establishes an intelligent crack identification method based on a photorealistic synthetic modeling technique. First, a computer graphics (CG) model of a high‐rise building with assumed damage is constructed. Subsequently, the CG model is utilized to generate a dataset that includes photorealistic images of the high‐rise building as well as corresponding labels for various components and types of damage. The generated dataset is then used to train a DeepLabv3 + neural network for structural component and damage identification, followed by validation by employing images of both synthetic and full‐scale high‐rise buildings. The trained network can accurately identify different components in images of the full‐scale, high‐rise building and identify cracks that are intentionally synthesized in those images. The results show that the synthetic dataset generated by the CG model not only allows for fast and efficient labeling for the purpose of neural network training but also outperforms methods that do not consider any application‐specific context in crack identification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Impact-oscillatory loading of variable intensity was applied to the VT23M high-strength sheet two-phase titanium alloy in liquid nitrogen. This was carried out to investigate the effect of this loading type on changes in the mechanical properties and structural condition of the alloy upon subsequent static tensioning at normal temperature. Dynamic non-equilibrium process (DNP) realized at a temperature of liquid nitrogen proved to be unable to impair the strength properties of the VT23M titanium alloy compared to room temperature; however, they caused a significant decrease in ductility (down to 16%). The impaired plastic properties of the alloy were shown to entail additional defects in the structural components of the alloy. The authors have found patterns of damage accumulation in the structural components of the alloy depending on the DNP parameters. They are in good agreement with the findings of the fractographic research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is an emerging global health burden, little is known about its interaction with the host cell. HEV genome encodes three proteins including the ORF2 capsid protein that is produced in different forms, the ORF2i protein which is the structural component of viral particles, and the ORF2g/c proteins which are massively secreted but are not associated with infectious material. We recently demonstrated that the endocytic recycling compartment (ERC) is hijacked by HEV to serve as a viral factory. However, host determinants involved in the subcellular shuttling of viral proteins to viral factories are unknown. Here, we demonstrate that the AP-1 adaptor complex plays a pivotal role in the targeting of ORF2i protein to viral factories. This complex belongs to the family of adaptor proteins that are involved in vesicular transport between the trans-Golgi network and early/recycling endosomes. An interplay between the AP-1 complex and viral protein(s) has been described for several viral lifecycles. In the present study, we demonstrated that the ORF2i protein colocalizes and interacts with the AP-1 adaptor complex in HEV-producing or infected cells. We showed that silencing or drug-inhibition of the AP-1 complex prevents ORF2i protein localization in viral factories and reduces viral production in hepatocytes. Modeling of the ORF2i/AP-1 complex also revealed that the S domain of ORF2i likely interacts with the σ1 subunit of AP-1 complex. Hence, our study identified for the first time a host factor involved in addressing HEV proteins (i.e. ORF2i protein) to viral factories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the transition towards sustainable practices, cork has emerged as a pivotal material. Its distinctive cellular structure and chemical composition, encompassing suberin, lignin, cellulose, and extractives, underpin a multitude of properties. The honeycomb arrangement of cells confers upon cork advantages such as lightweightness, insulation, thermal regulation, and remarkable mechanical performance. Breakthroughs in nanotechnology have enabled precise modifications, broadening the scope of cork's applications beyond conventional uses. This review offers a comprehensive exploration of cork's natural structure and composition, with a focus on its intricate cellular arrangement and specialized suberin components. It elucidates the intricate interplay between cork's structure and properties, evaluating modification strategies and lifecycle impacts. Furthermore, the discussion extends to the realm of functional polymers and structural components derived from cork, underscoring the potential for designing eco-friendly materials. Ultimately, this review aims to catalyze future research endeavors geared towards the sustainable utilization of cork in tackling global challenges, emphasizing the crucial nexus between structure, assembly, and function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The arc torch angle greatly affected the deposition characteristics in the wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) process, and the relation between the droplet transition behavior and macrostructure morphology was unclear. This work researched the effect of torch angle on the formation accuracy, droplet transition behavior and the mechanical properties in the WAAM process on a ZL205A aluminum alloy. The results suggested that at the obtuse torch angle, part of the energy input was used to heat the existing molten pool, which was optimized for the longer solidification period of the molten pool. Therefore, the greater layer penetration depth at 100° resulted in the improved layer-by-layer combination ability. The obtuse torch angle was associated with the better formation accuracy on the sidewall surface due to the smaller impact on the molten pool, which was influenced by both the arc pressure and droplet impact force. The eliminated pores were optimized for the mechanical properties of depositions at a torch angle of 100°; thus, the tensile strength and elongation attained maximum values of 258.6 MPa and 17.1%, respectively. These aspects made WAAM an attractive mode for manufacturing large structural components on ZL205A aluminum alloy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Improving the accuracy of large measurement systems consisting of multiple laser trackers and Enhanced Reference System (ERS) points is technically challenging. In practice, standard devices with precise distance limits are often used to improve the registration accuracy of laser trackers. However, these standard devices are expensive and need to be calibrated by the Coordinate Measuring Machine (CMM). In addition, the stability of ERS points can significantly affect registration errors. Therefore, this paper proposes a laser tracker registration method based on ERS point-weighted self-calibration and thermal deformation compensation. First, a self-calibration method for simple standard devices based on multilateration measurements is presented, which only utilizes large measurement systems without additional high-precision measurement instruments. Based on this, a weighted registration optimization algorithm for the registration process of a relocation laser tracker is proposed. Then, the position errors of ERS points caused by temperature changes are calculated and compensated based on the thermal deformation coefficient of large structural components. The compensated ERS points are used for the registration of the laser trackers. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated by a field measurement experiment on a large spherical shell. Compared with the most widely used benchmark method, the proposed method reduces the average registration error of all ERS points from 0.103 to 0.02 mm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are responsible for significant mortality rates globally that have been raised due to the limitation of the available treatments and prevalence of CVDs. The innovative research and identification of potential preventives for CVDs are essential to alleviate global deaths and complications. The marine environment is a rich source of bioactive substances and provides a unique chemical arsenal against numerous ailments due to its unrivaled biodiversity. Marine polyphenolic compounds (MPCs) are unique because of their structural variety and biologically significant activity. Further, MPCs are well-reported for their valuable biological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective, and antioxidant, demonstrating encouraging results in preventing and treating CVDs. Therefore, investigation of the structure–activity relationship (SAR) between MPCs and CVDs provides insights that reveal how the structural components of these compounds affect their effectiveness. Further, comprehending this correlation is essential for advancing medications and nutraceuticals sourced from marine sources, which could transform the strategy for treating and preventing cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, this study provides a comprehensive analysis of existing research by emphasizing the role of MPCs in CVD treatments and evaluating the SAR between MPCs and CVDs with challenges and future directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first step in anthropological study is the positive identification of human remains, which can be a challenging undertaking when bones are broken. When bone pieces from different species are mixed together, it can be crucial to distinguish between them in forensic and archaeological contexts. For years, anthropology and archaeology have employed the histomorphological analysis of bones to evaluate species-specific variations. Based on variations in the dimensions and configuration of Haversian systems between the two groups, these techniques have been devised to distinguish between non-human and human bones. All of those techniques concentrate on a very particular kind of bone, zone, and segment. Histomorphometric techniques make the assumption that there are size, form, and quantity variations between non-humans and humans. The structural components of Haversian bones are significant enough to use discriminant function analysis to separate one from the other. This review proposes a comprehensive literature analysis of the various strategies or techniques available for distinguishing human from non-human bones to demonstrate that histomorphological analysis is the most effective method to be used in the case of inadequate or compromised samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Przegląd Elektrotechniczny is the property of Przeglad Elektrotechniczny and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Seismic risk assessment in school buildings is critical for ensuring the safety and resilience of educational institutions against seismic events. This paper presents a new seismic risk methodology named MM Risk and comparative study with Adriseismic methodology used for seismic risk assessment. The study aims to provide insights into the effectiveness and reliability of these methods in evaluating the seismic vulnerability of school buildings. Through a comprehensive review of the existing literature and application on a dataset of 213 schools (367 buildings), this paper evaluates the strengths and limitations of each method in terms of accuracy, complexity, and practical applicability. The results show that by integrating the approach of Adriseismic methodology and incorporating extensions related to irregularities, the social risk component (number of users), and the ability to assess different types of structures, a comprehensive and tailored methodology for assessing seismic risk can be developed. This is important since these factors are strongly influencing the seismic risk of schools as connected systems. Furthermore, this paper explores the implications of these findings for improving seismic risk mitigation strategies in school buildings. MM Risk methodology places over 70% of school buildings in the medium seismic risk category and 27% in the high seismic risk category. On the other hand, the Adriseismic methodology is more stringent, classifying 60% of school buildings into high and very-high risk categories. This disparity undoubtedly influences the prioritization list for seismic risk mitigation measures. However, definitely the comparative analysis presented in this paper offers valuable guidance for engineers, policymakers, and stakeholders involved in the seismic retrofitting and design of school buildings, ultimately contributing to the enhancement of seismic resilience in educational infrastructure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces an enhanced you only look once (YOLO) v5s‐D network customized for detecting various categories of damage to post‐fire reinforced concrete (RC) components. These damage types encompass surface soot, cracks, concrete spalling, and rebar exposure. A dataset containing 1536 images depicting damaged RC components was compiled. By integrating ShuffleNet, adaptive attention mechanisms, and a feature enhancement module, the capability of the network for multi‐scale feature extraction in complex backgrounds was improved, alongside a reduction in model parameters. Consequently, YOLOv5s‐D achieved a detection accuracy of 93%, marking an 11% enhancement over the baseline YOLOv5s network. Comparison and ablation tests conducted on different modules, varying dataset sizes, against other state‐of‐the‐art networks, and on public datasets validate the resilience, superiority, and generalization capability of YOLOv5s‐D. Finally, an application leveraging YOLOv5s‐D was developed and integrated into a mobile device to facilitate real‐time detection of post‐fire damaged RC components. This application can integrate diverse fire scenarios and data types, expanding its scope in future. The proposed detection method compensates for the subjective limitations of manual inspections, providing a reference for damage assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The spliceosome executes pre-mRNA splicing through four sequential stages: assembly, activation, catalysis, and disassembly. Activation of the spliceosome, namely remodeling of the pre-catalytic spliceosome (B complex) into the activated spliceosome (Bact complex) and the catalytically activated spliceosome (B* complex), involves major flux of protein components and structural rearrangements. Relying on a splicing inhibitor, we have captured six intermediate states between the B and B* complexes: pre-Bact, Bact-I, Bact-II, Bact-III, Bact-IV, and post-Bact. Their cryo-EM structures, together with an improved structure of the catalytic step I spliceosome (C complex), reveal how the catalytic center matures around the internal stem loop of U6 snRNA, how the branch site approaches 5′-splice site, how the RNA helicase PRP2 rearranges to bind pre-mRNA, and how U2 snRNP undergoes remarkable movement to facilitate activation. We identify a previously unrecognized key role of PRP2 in spliceosome activation. Our study recapitulates a molecular choreography of the human spliceosome during its catalytic activation. Here, the authors have captured the intermediate states of the human spliceosome during its activation through cryo-EM reconstruction of six distinct spliceosomal complexes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of German International Journal of Modern Science / Deutsche Internationale Zeitschrift für Zeitgenössische Wissenschaft is the property of Artmedia24 and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Circular braiding of large-sized and complex irregular structural components is widely used in fields such as aerospace and rail transit. However, existing braiding process design and simulation algorithms lack applicability to mandrels with complex features, such as flanges, concave corners, holes, and hollows, which also have low calculation efficiency in the braiding process simulation. This study first proposes an optimization algorithm for the complex features on the mandrel surface, improving the applicability for the braiding process design of complex and irregular mandrels. Then the mandrel mesh was reconstructed, greatly improving the computational efficiency of the braiding process design process. Finally, a fast iteration method based on the mandrel reconstructed mesh was proposed to achieve the fast calculation of process control parameters, including traction trajectory and traction speed, as well as the prediction of forming quality for the braiding angle and coverage rate. The experiment shows that the algorithm improves the applicability of the multi-braiding angle process and shortens the sampling cycle of braiding process design by more than 60%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate how and to what extent there are differences in the photosynthetic plasticity of trees in response to different light environments, six species from three successional groups (late successional, mid‐successional, and pioneers) were exposed to three different light environments [deep shade – DS (5% full sunlight – FS), moderate shade – MS (35% FS) and full sunlight – FS].Maximum net photosynthesis (Amax), leaf N partitioning, stomatal, mesophile, and biochemical limitations (SL, ML, and BL, respectively), carboxylation velocity (Vcmax), and electron transport (Jmax) rates, and the state of photosynthetic induction (IS) were evaluated.Higher values of Amax, Vcmax, and Jmax in FS were observed for pioneer species, which invested the largest amount of leaf N in Rubisco. The lower IS for pioneer species reveals its reduced ability to take advantage of sunflecks. In general, the main photosynthetic limitations are diffusive, with SL and ML having equal importance under FS, and ML decreasing along with irradiance. The leaf traits, which are more determinant of the photosynthetic process, respond independently in relation to the successional group, especially with low light availability.An effective partitioning of leaf N between photosynthetic and structural components played a crucial role in the acclimation process and determined the increase or decrease of photosynthesis in response to the light conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The evolution of long-span timber structures during the last centuries has been driven by technological developments that are associated with materials, joints, and manufacturing. Many extraordinary structural solutions have been developed, some of which have been very advanced in their time and have been replaced by new ones, typically because of the advent of new manufacturing methods or, at times, due to new technological innovations. This study examines the Hilding Brosenius (HB) system, which was developed in the 1940s as a versatile wooden frame solution for medium-to-long spans. The HB system is based on an I-shaped cross section where the web consists of two diagonal board layers, and the flanges are assembled from boards by nailing and gluing. This study presents and discusses the main structural components of the system from the perspective of structural mechanics, current design requirements, and manufacturing technologies. As a practical application example, the structural system will be examined in the renovation project of an HB portal frame from the 1950s. The main findings of this study are: (1) the HB system has certain features that would make it worthwhile modernizing and reusing it more widely; and (2) the HB system design principles lead to a safe and robust yet light and optimal structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of additive manufacturing techniques in the development of aerospace components is gaining ground. These innovative methodologies facilitate the proposal of new designs for components with weight reduced features without compromising their mechanical properties. This results in lower fuel consumption and emissions. The present paper focuses on a metal replacement process in a UAV's vertical tail, using a Design for Additive Manufacturing (DfAM) strategy and making use of the lightweight, high‐strength engineering polymer known as carbon PA. By comparing the results achieved through numerical simulations conforming to certification standards between the metal and carbon PA vertical tail model, this work points out the possibility of decreasing the structural mass of the component by up to 48% while maintaining structural integrity. This reduction is achieved by matching materials, design concepts, and manufacturing capabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high-speed videorecording method is used to investigate the effect of an electrostatic field (with the potential Φ = 0, 16, and 18 kV) on the flow geometry in the case of gravity-induced separation of a drop from a capillary tube. The flow videograms are analyzed and the dimensions of the characteristic structural elements, that is, the drops themselves, a bridge, and satellites, are determined. The oscillations of the linear dimensions and the mother liquid volume after drop separation are traced at 0 and 18 kV. Both fundamental frequencies and their harmonics are observable in the spectra. It is found that small (12%) variations in the potential value lead to qualitative variations in the flow pattern and, in particular, to direct separation of the drop from the mother liquid without the formation of a bridge. At a constant liquid discharge in the capillary the dimensions of the separated drops decrease with increase of the voltage. The experiments show the possibility of the fine controlling of drop flows using electrostatic fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Design space exploration and margin analysis can inform critical decisions early in engineering design, helping to handle the uncertainties of early design while ensuring design performance. In practice, the complexity of many products makes such decision-making challenging. This paper addresses the challenge with a new design framework that relies on the margin value method to evaluate sets of concepts that are combinatorially generated from an enhanced function-means tree. The basis for concept comparison is the margin value in each design alternative. The margin value method is expanded to address a broad class of design problems by using surrogate models and novel metrics for evaluating different conceptual alternatives. Visualization tools are introduced to support the evaluations. The efficacy of the framework is demonstrated using the design of a structural aero-engine component involving simulation models and uncertain load specifications. Overall, this paper shows how design concepts can be compared objectively and distilled to a set of alternatives that would retain their values throughout product development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the structural components of higher education counseling services for international students through an inclusive approach. Data were collected via in-depth interviews with 32 participants including faculty, staff, and students and analyzed thematically. The themes that emerged included the necessity of aligning counseling services with the mission of education; the value of universal support and guidance; the benefits of collaboration among counseling units and other service providers; the need for counseling services to be designed for both providers and students; economic constraints and staffing shortages; impact of social, historical, and cultural factors on international students' counseling needs; and the importance of international counselors in providing culturally responsive care. This study highlights the importance of inclusive counseling services for international students in higher education and provides valuable insights for developing and improving such services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to address quality issues in the production of prefabricated steel structural components for buildings by investigating challenges in quality risk assessment. It identifies key factors contributing to quality problems and establishes an evaluation index system. Traditional methods encounter limitations in handling uncertainty and conducting quantitative analysis. Therefore, the fuzzy Bayesian network (FBN) theory is utilized to perform a probabilistic analysis of quality risks during the production phase. This research achieves a more accurate and dynamic risk assessment by integrating the strengths of fuzzy logic and Bayesian networks (BNs) and by utilizing expert knowledge, the similarity aggregation method (SAM), and the noisy-OR gate model. The study reveals that factors such as the "low professional level of designers", "poor production refinement", and "poor storage conditions for finished products" have a significant impact on quality risks. This study offers a scientific risk assessment tool designed to address the quality control challenges commonly experienced in the manufacturing of steel structural components. Identifying the critical risk factors that influence quality empowers actual production enterprises to develop risk management strategies and improvement measures in a more focused manner, thereby facilitating more effective resource allocation and risk prevention and control. Consequently, this approach has a significant impact on enhancing the overall production level and quality within the industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An analysis method of normalized pressure–impulse (P-I) diagrams related to the ductility ratio of structural components is proposed, to quickly estimate the dynamic response of high-strength reinforcement concrete (RC) beams subjected to long-duration blast loading. Firstly, the overall bending deformation mode of RC beams is uncovered via explosion tests in a closed chamber, where the durations of the near-planar blast loadings are varied within 80–105 ms. Then, a single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) model is established based on the bending deformation mode. The resistance function for the uniform pressure loading is developed using a novel approach, consisting of (1) developing and benchmarking a three-dimensional (3D) improved steel–concrete separated finite-element (FE) model; (2) using the benchmarked FE model to conduct numerical simulations for uniform pressure loading; and (3) idealizing the resistance function for uniform pressure using a bilinear relationship. Finally, the SDOF model is used to conduct parametric analyses and develop a normalized P-I diagram that can be used to analyze or design RC beams for far-field blast effects. This P-I diagram is verified using results from blast load tests that are primarily in the dynamic region. A total of 188 additional 3D nonlinear FE analyses of RC beams are conducted to expand the database in the impulse and quasi-static regions. Considering the limitations of the proposed method in predicting the shear-dominated deformation and the fracture behavior of members, the P-I diagram is applicable to the dynamic response of the bending deformation of members under far-field explosion, which can provide an important reference for the blast-resistant design and analysis of high-strength RC beams. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern statistics and scientific research consider the circular economy rather one-sidedly, essentially as recycling and reuse of resources. The article proposes methodology (concept) of the global inclusive circular economy, which can be considered as a complex multidimensional system, the main components of which are the economic, sociological, ecological and circular aspects of the country's life. To achieve this goal, the GNU regression, econometrics and time-series library was used - an applied software package for econometric modeling, a part of the GNU project. Accordingly, we will define the global inclusive circular economy as the SGICE (Global Inclusive Circular Economy) system, characterized by the vector of functions. For the most exhaustive consideration of the entire range of opportunities of the global inclusive circular economy, the study developed and accordingly analyzed the integrated index of the development of the global inclusive circular economy (IGICE) by ecological, economic, social and circular components with isolated weakly correlated indicators. The ranking of countries was carried out separately by the components of the index, on the basis of which circular cores were distinguished: the social component (Belgium, the Czech Republic, USA, China, France, Greece, Austria, Australia), the ecological component (Japan, Denmark), the economic component (Germany, China), which became the basis for the model of formation of global inclusive circular chains. The conducted cluster analysis based on the component indicators of the index of the global inclusive circular economy confirmed the formation of a large circular gap (gap) in the ecological and circular components. This indicator is introduced for the first time and makes it possible to comprehensively analyze the country and highlight additional effects that arise from the moment of implementation of circular business projects and the inclusion of the country (on the basis of firms, corporations) in global circular chains of added value. After all, the main problematic aspects are the illegal trade in waste and growing smuggling, which cause serious negative social consequences and actualize the inclusive component in the justification of the global inclusive circular economy paradigm. Waste reduction combined with wise use of resources has the potential to address the gap resulting from the scarcity of natural resources and a growing global population or consumption. The formation of circular trade will contribute to: the determination of priority materials for trade and the required level of processing capacity, coordination of material quality standards, promoting demand for used goods and secondary raw materials, removing unnecessary regulatory barriers and avoiding environmentally harmful activities such as non-compliance, poor regulation and informal recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stress response, an intricate and autonomously coordinated reaction in living organisms, holds a reversible, multi‐path, and multi‐state nature. However, existing stimuli‐responsive materials often exhibit single‐step and monotonous reactions due to the limited integration of structural components. Inspired by the cooperative interplay of extensor and flexor cells within Mimosa's pulvini, we present a hydrogel with differentiated hydrogen‐bonding (H‐bonding) networks designed to enable the biological stress response. Weak H‐bonding domains resemble flexor cells, confined within a hydrophobic network stabilized by strong H‐bonding clusters (acting like extensor cells). Under external force, strong H‐bonding clusters are disrupted, facilitating water diffusion from the bottom layer and enabling transient expansion pressure gradient along the thickness direction. Subsequently, water diffuses upward, gradually equalizing the pressure, while weak H‐bonding domains undergo cooperative elastic deformation. Consequently, the hydrogel autonomously undergoes a sequence of reversible and pluralistic motion responses, similar to Mimosa's touch‐triggered stress response. Intriguingly, it exhibits stress‐dependent color shifts under polarized light, highlighting its potential for applications in time‐sensitive "double‐lock" information encryption systems. This work achieves the coordinated stress response inspired by natural tissues using a simple hydrogel, paving the way for substantial advancements in the development of intelligent soft robots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the existence of an inlet elbow, transmission shaft, and other structural components, the inflow of axial-flow pumps as turbines (PATs) becomes non-uniform, resulting in the complexity of internal flow and adverse effects such as structural vibration. In this paper, numerical methods were employed to explore the non-uniform inflow effects on impeller forces and internal flow field characteristics within an axial-flow PAT. The study results indicated that non-uniform inflow caused uneven pressure distribution inside the impeller, which leads to an imbalance in radial forces and offsetting the center of radial forces. With an increasing flow rate, the asymmetry of radial forces as well as the amplitude of their fluctuations increased. Non-uniform inflow was found to induce unstable flow structures inside the impeller, leading to low-frequency, high-amplitude pressure fluctuations near the hub. Using the enstrophy transport equation, it was shown that the relative vortex generation term played a major part in the spatiotemporal evolution of vortices, with minimal viscous effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A large amount of residues called secondary raw materials are formed during grape processing, the majority of which are pomace-containing seeds. Pomace is obtained by crushing grapes with subsequent juice separation and appears as a mass consisting of skin, seeds, as well as stalk and comb residues. When compared to the control, the amount of skin in the fermented pomace increased 15 %, while the amount of seeds decreased by about 50 %. The objects of research is juice, wine materials, functional drinks, technological methods and means. The problem is that the samples of juice and dark wine prepared by the "White method" are not provided with a sufficient amount of extract substances, especially compounds that provide functionality. The results of the experiment show that adding 25–30 % wine-alcohol extract of marc to the wine material obtained by the “white method” from the Bayanshira grape variety, and adding 25–30 % alcohol-juice extract to the juice obtained from its own stream, give a positive result. Compared to the control, in the prepared functional wine samples the content of phenolic compounds increased by 100 mg/dm³, and there was also an increase in the amount of vitamins B2, C, PP, B6 and resveratrol. Rational technological parameters for the extraction of biologically active substances from grapes and their structural components have been established. It has been established that mixing fermented pomace with a 30 % wine-alcohol (juice-alcohol or aqueous-alcohol solution) extractant in a 1:3 hydromodule gives the best result. It is of practical importance to enrich low-extracted juices and wines with extracts obtained from the solid parts of the cluster to produce functional drinks [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The enduring appeal of prismatic shapes, historically prevalent in office building designs, persists in contemporary skyscraper architecture, which is attributed particularly to their advantageous aspects concerning cost-efficiency and optimal space utilization. Space efficiency is a crucial factor in prismatic skyscraper design, carrying substantial implications for sustainability. However, the current academic literature lacks a complete exploration of space efficiency in supertall towers with prismatic forms, despite their widespread use. This paper seeks to address this significant gap by conducting a comprehensive analysis of data gathered from a carefully selected set of 35 case studies. The primary discoveries presented in this paper are outlined as follows: (i) average space efficiency stood at approximately 72%, covering a range that extended from 56% to 84%; (ii) average core to gross floor area ratio averaged around 24%, spanning a spectrum that ranged from 12% to 36%; (iii) the majority of prismatic skyscrapers utilized a central core approach, mainly customized for residential use; (iv) the dominant structural system observed in the analyzed cases was the outriggered frame system, with concrete being the commonly utilized material for the structural components; and (v) the impact of diverse structural systems on space efficiency showed no significant deviation, although differences in function led to variations in average space efficiency. The authors expect that these findings will provide valuable guidance, especially for architects, as they strive to enhance the sustainable planning of prismatic towers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to improve the mechanical properties of 3D concept designs by combining the design capability of a generative adversarial network with finite element analysis. This approach offers an innovative perspective on the conditioning of generative models while improving design properties and automation. A new design and evaluation framework has been developed for GAN models to generate 3D models with improved mechanical properties. The framework is an iterative process that includes dataset generation, GAN training, and finite element analysis. A "joint" component used in the aerospace industry is considered to demonstrate the proposed method's effectiveness. Over six iterations, an increase of 20% is recorded in the average safety factor of the designs, and the variety of designs produced is narrowed in the desired direction. These findings suggest that the direct generation of structural components with generative models can expand the potential of deep learning in engineering design. Another innovative aspect of this study is that it provides a new option for the conditioning of data-dependent generative design models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, 3D‐printed anthropomorphic hands for prosthetic or robotic applications are reviewed as 3D printing has transformed manufacturing by enabling the creation of intricate structures layer by layer, offering design freedom and efficiency. This review categorizes 3D‐printed anthropomorphic hands based on actuation, transmission, joint, and functional features like sensing and grasp patterns. It also assesses the level of anthropomorphism and validation methods by presenting criteria in prosthetic and robotic applications. Then, the article discusses 3D printing technologies in their usage and types, highlighting the advantages of multi‐material capabilities and integration of different hand components. Future directions on structural components, anthropomorphism, validation, and use of 3D printing are discussed, focusing on trends that only 3D printing technology can achieve in anthropomorphic hand development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vertebrate mineralized tissues, present in bones, teeth and scales, have complex 3D hierarchical structures. As more of these tissues are characterized in 3D using mainly FIB SEM at a resolution that reveals the mineralized collagen fibrils and their organization into collagen fibril bundles, highly complex and diverse structures are being revealed. In this perspective we propose an approach to analyzing these tissues based on the presence of modular structures: material textures, pore shapes and sizes, as well as extents of mineralization. This modular approach is complimentary to the widely used hierarchical approach for describing these mineralized tissues. We present a series of case studies that show how some of the same structural modules can be found in different mineralized tissues, including in bone, dentin and scales. The organizations in 3D of the various structural modules in different tissues may differ. This approach facilitates the framing of basic questions such as: are the spatial relations between modular structures the same or similar in different mineralized tissues? Do tissues with similar sets of modules carry out similar functions or can similar functions be carried out using a different set of modular structures? Do mineralized tissues with similar sets of modules have a common developmental or evolutionary pathway? 3D organization studies of diverse vertebrate mineralized tissues are revealing detailed, but often confusing details about the material textures, the arrangements of pores and differences in the extent of mineralization within a tissue. The widely used hierarchical scheme for describing such organizations does not adequately provide a basis for comparing these tissues, or addressing issues such as structural components thought to be characteristic of bone, being present in dermal tissues and so on. The classification scheme we present is based on identifying structural components within a tissue that can then be systematically compared to other vertebrate mineralized tissues. We anticipate that this classification approach will provide insights into structure-function relations, as well as the evolution of these tissues. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Additively manufactured mechanical components show great lightweight characteristics and can often be enhanced by integrating biomimetic geometrical features. This study focuses on one specific subcase, namely the substitution of solid cylindrical beams that are under bending with geometrically more complex biomimetic beams. Based on the pseudo-stem of the banana plant as a role model, six geometric beam designs were derived. Given the manufacturing constraints of the PBF-LB/M process, two abstractions were selected for detailed investigation in the main part of this study. The beam lengths were set to 100 mm. Based on parametric optimization simulations, optimal design parameters were identified for the two biomimetic abstractions for 26 different bending load cases ranging from 14 to 350 Nm. Analogous parameter optimizations were performed for a solid cylindrical beam design, which was used as a reference. The results provide detailed design solutions within the investigated intervals for biomimetic beams that can be substituted into more complex mechanical component designs with ease. The analysis provides information on which structures to use for the investigated loads. With the help of the developed numerical models, designers can easily generate biomimetic beam designs for specific bending load values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The design principles of strength test support methods for aircraft structural components were introduced in this paper. Aiming at the vertical tail static test of a certain type of aircraft, a supporting stiffness simulation method was invented, and a support fixture was designed. The supporting stiffness was accurately simulated by stiffness strength. The research results of this paper provide an important reference for the research of static test support methods for similar aircraft structural components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is necessary to detect subsurface defects for a key metallic structural component especially a multilayer coating to ensure its structural integrity. In this paper, an imaging algorithm using the synthetic aperture focusing technique (SAFT) is developed for processing surface wave signals of array pickup electromagnetic acoustic transducer (EMAT) to improve its signal-to-noise ratio and detectability of subsurface defects. In addition, an array pickup unit of surface wave EMAT with gap configuration is proposed to receive multi-channel surface wave signals and is optimized by adjusting its coil configuration such as number, spacing and detection distance in order to obtain better SAFT imaging result. Both simulation and measured EMAT surface wave signals are used for the defect imaging and all the results verified the validity and the efficiency of the proposed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prefabricated construction is spreading widely for its various advantages like construction efficiency, quality assurance, and environmental protection. However, ensuring project cost-effectiveness under the ever-increasing demands of prefabrication rate requirements has become a challenge. There is a growing need for Quantity Take-off (QTO) feedback on building components for stakeholders in the initial stages of structural design. This paper aims to create an automated design-feedback workflow for the structural QTO using the BIM-assisted visual programming tool Dynamo. The workflow includes model construction, data analysis, unit price data encoding, and design automation. The proposed method demonstrates the pattern of data exchange between stakeholders and is automated by the created visual programming scripts, breaking the original technical limitations, and presenting timely QTO feedback to the clients in a straightforward format. This study contributes to the field of design communication while satisfying the client's requirements at the structural design stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Additive manufacturing (AM) maintains a wide process window that enables complex designs otherwise unattainable via conventional production technologies. However, the lack of confidence in qualifying AM parts that leverage AM process–structure–property–performance (PSPP) relationships stymies design optimization and adoption of AM. While continuing efforts to map fundamental PSPP relationships that cover the potential design space, we first need pragmatic and then long-term solutions that overcome challenges associated with qualifying AM-designed parts. Two pragmatic solutions include: (1) AM material specifications to substantiate process reproducibility, and (2) component risk categorization to associate system risk relative to part performance and required part quality. A novel qualification paradigm under development involves efficient prediction of part performance over wide-ranging PSPP relationships through targeted testing and computational simulation. This paper describes projects at Sandia National Laboratories on PSPP relationship discovery, these pragmatic approaches, and the novel qualification approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: According to the Consensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement Instruments (COSMIN) panel, structural validity describes how well Patient-Reported Outcome Measures' (PROM) scores reflect the dimensions of the measured construct. The main purpose of this study was to examine the structural components of the Abilitator, a co-developed self-report questionnaire on work ability and functioning for the population in a weak labour market position. Methods: We examined to what extent the Abilitator has reflective and formative elements in its five summary scales: "C. Inclusion", "D. Mind", "E. Everyday life", "F. Skills", and "G. Body". The Abilitator data sample (n = 4555, men 51%, mean age 37 years) was collected in 2017–2022 by the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health in cooperation with the European Social Fund Priority 5 projects in which the participants have multiple challenges to gain employment. For the structural components and validity analysis we implemented both Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA). Results: Based on the COSMIN criteria for structural validity, the Abilitator reached approximate model fit with CFA when we analysed the different concepts of the questionnaire separately rather than in one unified model. An exception was "E. Everyday life" which was a formative summary scale, and it did not reach approximate fit. EFA showed that the items in the Abilitator's summary scales loaded on ten factors. Conclusions: The Abilitator had both reflective and formative elements in its structure. It reached structural validity in those separate concepts that were based on a reflective model. This study revealed interesting connections between different aspects of the Abilitator and produced valuable information for further modification of the questionnaire. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quantitative seismic loss assessment has become an increasingly popular tool for evaluating the seismic performance of structures. The growth in popularity is largely in response to a desire to look beyond the traditional life safety performance objective and instead consider also economic losses and downtime due to earthquakes. A key step in the loss assessment calculation process is relating damage in both structural and nonstructural components to appropriate repair strategies and subsequently repair costs and repair times. This is achieved through the use of so-called consequence functions, which in this paper are derived specifically for the New Zealand context. Furthermore, a framework is established for other researchers and professional engineers to continue to build on and improve the initial dataset. It is shown that using New Zealand specific consequence functions can have a noticeable effect on estimates of expected annual loss when compared to a benchmark case using consequence functions from FEMA P-58. The opportunity is also taken to evaluate the impact of recent updates to the New Zealand National Seismic Hazard Model, with the results for a case-study building in Wellington indicating that the change in hazard has a far more significant effect on estimates of loss when compared to the choice of different consequence functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper critically reviews the current building seismic design approach based on the observed performance of modern building stock in recent earthquakes, highlights the inability of the current design approach in controlling seismic damage and losses, and proposes a conceptual framework for next generation seismic design codes that is likely to meet public expectations. In addition to ensuring life-safety in rare earthquakes, the proposed loss-optimization seismic design approach also aims to ensure quick functional recovery and minimum loss (i.e. repair, downtime, and injury/fatality) in moderate-strong earthquakes by limiting damage to building's structural and non-structural components. Based on comparison of performances of building stock in some recent major earthquakes in different countries, the paper presents some simple strategies to render buildings more resilient and suffer significantly less seismic damage (and consequentially incur less loss). Finally, the paper scrutinizes the efficacy of some commonly used low-damage technologies in minimizing building seismic losses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]