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Данное исследование посвящено анализу исторической мифологии и исторической политики в североамериканских колониях, а затем США второй половины XVIII в. Рассматривается как зарождающаяся американская историография, так и источники, отражавшие массовые представления, «публичную историю». Ко второй группе источников можно отнести периодическую печать. В ходе исследования использован имагологический метод. Проанализированы релевантные для американцев XVIII в. и высоко мифологизированные сюжеты колониальной истории. Делается вывод о высокой историзации массового сознания в рассматриваемый период., This study is devoted to the analysis of historical mythology and historical politics in the North American colonies, and then the United States in the late 18th century. The author considers both the nascent American historiography and the sources that reflected mass ideas, "public history". The second group of sources includes periodicals. In the course of the study, an imagological method has been used. The article analyzes the subjects of colonial history that were relevant to the Americans of the 18th century and highly mythologized. The conclusion is made about the high historicization of mass consciousness in the period under review., Мифологос, Выпуск 4 (4) 2023, Pages 65-74

リスボン大地震をきっかけに、ヴォルテールは懐疑主義の視点から世界の不条理を説いた小説『カンディード』を出版して啓蒙主義の第一期を確立した。本論では、『カンディード』の懐疑主義を批判したワーズワスの哲学詩『逍遙』４巻を中心に、ヴォルテールが提起する悪の起源という問いへの応答として、イギリス・ロマン主義における希望および自然崇拝がいかに描かれているかを考察した。, This paper examines the significance of Candide in William Wordsworth's The Excursion, and to illuminate the meaning of a hope described in the philosophical poem. In Book IV of The Excursion, Wordsworth delivers a determined criticism of Voltaire's atheism. By reading Book IV of The Excursion as part of the controversy over the origin of evil, incurred by the publication of Candide, this paper argues that Wordsworth introduces nature worship—walking and loving in the natural world in order to overcome the skepticism of the Enlightenment and to achieve an elevated state of mind in sympathy with natural objects., 龍城正明先生 秋篠憲一先生 中井悟先生 斉藤延喜先生 御退職記念号, Specially dedicated to Professor Masaaki Tatsuki, Professor Ken'ichi Akishino, Professor Satoru Nakai, and Professor Nobuyoshi Saito on their retirement, 論文(Article)

The tasks of modernization of the system of vocational education in the Russian Federation at the present turn of the historical spiral of development raise the question of the need for a systematic assessment of the origins and leading aspects of the formation and design of the system of higher vocational training in Russia, which took place in the XVIII century. The article presents for the first time a comparative analysis of the organization and reform of Russian education in this historical period on the example of the design of individual "pedagogical corners" of the urbanized environment of St. Petersburg as a special Westernized metropolis. The authors, based on a binary system of original criteria, gave a fractal assessment of the educational space of the "northern capital", stated the innovative aspects of the characteristics of the historical dynamics of the axiological attitudes of the implementation of the imperial educational strategy during the XVIII century – from the "utilitarian-practical" (reign of Peter I) through the "aesthetic" (reign of Elizabeth Petrovna) to the "ethical" (period the reign of Catherine II). The materials of the article can be applied in pedagogical practice in the development of the necessary specialized trajectory and algorithm of historical and pedagogical training in the conditions of modernization of the vocational training system in modern Russia., Задачи модернизации системы профессионального образования в Российской Федерации на современном витке исторической спирали развития ставят вопрос о необходимости системной оценки истоков и ведущих аспектов становления и оформления системы высшей профессиональной подготовки в России, которое происходило в XVIII веке. В статье впервые представлен сравнительный анализ организации и реформирования российского образования в данный исторический период на примере оформления отдельных «педагогических уголков» урбанизированной среды Санкт-Петербурга как особого вестернизированного мегаполиса. Авторами на основе бинарной системы оригинальных критериев дана фрактальная оценка образовательного пространства «северной столицы», заявлены новационные аспекты характеристики исторической динамики аксиологических установок реализации имперской образовательной стратегии в течение XVIII века – от «утилитарно-практической» (правление Петра I) через «эстетическую» (правление Елизаветы Петровны) к «этической» (период правления Екатерины II). Материалы статьи могут быть применены в педагогической практике при выработке необходимой специализированной траектории и алгоритма историко-педагогической подготовки в условиях модернизации системы профессионального обучения в современной России., Вестник Вятского государственного университета, Выпуск 3 (145) 2022, Pages 71-81

This article examines some aspects of the relationship of power and person, adopted the Constitution of the Russian Federation 1993 year. The authors show that this concept defines the principles of human interaction and the State in economic, socio-political, cultural and other spheres of society. At the same time, it is the ideological foundation of the social and political system in the Russian Federation. As shown in the article, the set of ideas, the Constitution of the Russian Federation, having universal significance and universal value. However, in any society, there are certain objective conditions that affect the implementation of constitutional provisions in specific ways. The paper discusses discussion issues of scientific and practical importance in the context of the informatization of modern Russian society. One of the most important challenges is to protect the privacy of personal information as well as personal and family secrets. Considered the “right to be forgotten”, guaranteed by the legislation of a number of countries, including the Russian legislation. As the authors show, the implementation of this right is associated with serious difficulties due to the lack of legislative mechanisms for its implementation. In particular, require a reflection on how to resolve conflicts of right to oblivion and the right to information guaranteed by the Constitution of the Russian Federation.

This paper aims to show the perception of old age and aging among people in 18th century England. The philosophes in the 18th century eagerly pondered their prospective futures and the perfection of humans. Some of them, especially William Godwin and Condorcet, even believed that the human life span would progressively get longer. Thomas Malthus wrote An Essay on the Principle of Population, denying the optimistic hypothesis of Godwin and Condorcet, but even Malthus partly agreed with the idea that human beings can develop a better breed of themselves. Since this was the Age of Enlightenment, these intelligent men believed in the power of science, and experiments might have assured them of the possibility of making a better breed of humans. However, Jonathan Swift did not share this ideal view. In his most famous fiction, Gulliver's Travels, Swift satirically described the immortal Struldbruggs in the Kingdom of Luggnugg. Although all these men in the 18th century believed in the power of reason, their attitude towards science resulted in different perceptions of old age among them.

Острейшая проблема кризиса мировой системы современного образования рассматривается в историческом контексте эпохи Просвещения в Европе и на Востоке и в ее соотношении с духовной культурой различных сообществ. В качестве примера успешной педагогической стратегии приведен опыт Токийской духовной семинарии архиепископа Николая Японского и система народного образования, разработанная его другом и земляком, Сергеем Александровичем Рачинским. В итоге сделан вывод о том, что в условиях сегодняшней информационной революциии жесткой международной конкуренции, не только военно-технологической, но и все более культурной, выживут лишь те страны, которые все лучшие живые силы своего общества, а не только финансы, направят в систему образования, особенно на его начальном этапе, когда формируется личность человека., The most acute problem of the crisis of the world system of modern education isconsidered in the historical context of the Enlightenment in Europe and the East and inits relation to the spiritual culture of various communities. As an example of a successfulpedagogical strategy, the experience of the Tokyo Theological Seminary of ArchbishopNicholas of Japan and the system of public education developed by his friend andfellow countryman, Sergei Alexandrovich Rachinsky, are cited. The conclusion is thatunder today’s information revolution and tough international competition, not onlymilitary-technological, but as well cultural, only those countries will survive that willdo their best to produce effective educational system, especially at its initial stage, whena child’s personality is being formed.

У раду се анализира значај збирке „Краткоје написаније о спокојној жизни“ Алексија Везилића као извора за проучавање народне културе Срба на подручју Војводине у XVIII веку. У складу са тим, посебно се разматрају ауторови ставови према народним веровањима, народним обичајима и магијској пракси. Поред Везилићевих текстова, у корпус истраживања је укључена и етнографска литература као показатељ пишчевог познавања појава које описује. Иако негативно вреднује појаве које припадају народној култури и народном хришћанству, а које уочава код својих савременика, Везилићева запажања су од посебног значаја, будући да сличних сведочанстава из тог времена готово да нема. С обзиром на то да су пишчеви поетички ставови утицали и на његов однос према фолклору, у истраживању се пажња посвећује и поетици збирке „Краткоје написаније о спокојној жизни“. This paper analyses the literary and historical significance of Aleksijе Vezilić, the author of the first collection of poems in Serbian literature. Attention is paid to the structure, language and poetics of the collection ”Kratkoje napisanije o spokojnoj žizni”, first printed in Vienna in 1788, while the second edition was published in Budim in 1813. This collection indirectly represents a source of information on the folk culture of Serbs in the area of Vojvodina in the 18th century, especially considering the author's views on folk beliefs, folk customs and magic practice. Apart from Vezilić's texts, ethnographic literature is included in the research corpus, which confirms his claims. Although Vezilić negatively evaluates the phenomena belonging to folk culture and folk Christianity which he perceives among his contemporaries, his observations are of particular importance, since there are almost no similar testimonies from that time.

На материале лирики Г.Р. Державина в статье представлена общая характеристика представлений поэта о судьбе как этико-онтологической категории в контексте просветительской культурной традиции. Отмечается, что на формирование державинской идеологемы судьбы существенное влияние оказал концепция Провиденциального детерминизма, которая оригинально сочетается в творчестве автора «Фелицы» с категорией личностной свободы человека и идеей творческой свободы художника. Наряду с этим Державин размышляет о роли случая в жизни человека и оценивает его как неспособность ограниченного разума распознать волю Провидения. В стремлении объяснить и найти пути преодоления власти случая над человеком лирический герой Державина окончательно приходит к убеждению в том, что свобода выбора для того и дана человеку, чтобы он добровольно признал всеобщую власть Провидения и утвердил это признание в качестве своей жизнестроительной стратегии., Based on the material of the lyrics of G.R. Derzhavin, the article presents a general description of the poet's ideas about fate as an ethical and ontological category in the context of the educational cultural tradition. It is noted that the formation of the Derzhavin’s ideologeme of fate was significantly influenced by the concept of Providential Determinism, which is originally combined in the poem of the author of “Felitsa” with the category of personal freedom and the idea of creative freedom of the artist. Along with this, Derzhavin reflects on the role of chance in human life and evaluates it as the inability of a limited mind to recognize the will of Providence. In an effort to explain and find ways to overcome the power of chance over man, the lyrical subject of Derzhavin finally comes to the conclusion that freedom of choice is given to man so that he voluntarily recognizes the universal power of Providence and approves this recognition as his life-building strategy., ФИЛОЛОГИЧЕСКИЙ ВЕСТНИК СУРГУТСКОГО ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОГО ПЕДАГОГИЧЕСКОГО УНИВЕРСИТЕТА, Выпуск 2 (6) 2021, Pages 46-52

«Алтарь Доброй Судьбы» был создан И.В. Гете в 1777 году в садике своего дома в Веймаре. Он исповедален, в нем воплотились философские мысли автора о природе, человеческой жизни, магии искусства, творческой силе художника. Помещенный почти у изгороди сада Алтарь олицетворял идею «совершенной красоты», достижение которой Гете считал основной задачей художника-творца. Алтарь как атрибут античной культуры часто использовался в ландшафтной декорации века Просвещения. Он нес в себе образ божества, источника мудрости, порождал религиозное благоговение. Итак, можно предполагать, что форма Алтаря, сочетающая шар с кубом, была избрана для того, чтобы показать тождество Бога и Природы, согласия Человека-творца с Богом, разлитом в Природе. Алтарь – памятник бессмертию духа человека-творца, олицетворявшего высшие нравственные законы, которым должно служить искусство. Подражания композиции Гете (шар на четырехграннике) украшают многие кладбища, символизируя бессмертие человеческого творческого духа, напоминая о том, что выбор жизненного пути всегда остается за Человеком, что он творец своего счастья., The "Altar of Good Fortune" or "Altar of Agathe Tyche" was created by Goethe in 1777 in the garden of his house in Weimar. It has a confessional nature, it embodied his philosophical thoughts about nature, human life, the magic of art, the creative power of the artist. Placed almost at the fence of the garden the Altar represented the idea of "perfect beauty", the achievement of which Goethe considered as the main task of the artist-Creator. The altar as an attribute of ancient culture was often used in the landscape decoration of the Enlightenment century. It had in itself an image of a deity, a source of wisdom, engendered religious reverence. So, we can assume that the shape of the Altar, combining the ball with the cube, was chosen to show the identity of God and Nature, the consent of Man-Creator with God, shown in Nature. The altar is a monument to the immortality of the spirit of the human-creator, personifying the higher moral laws that art should serve. The imitations of Goethe's composition (the ball on a tetrahedron) adorn many cemeteries, symbolizing the immortality of the human creative spirit, recalling that the choice of the life path always belongs to Man, that he is the creator of his own happiness., №2(9) (2018)

«Алтарь Доброй Судьбы» был создан И.В. Гете в 1777 году в садике своего дома в Веймаре. Он исповедален, в нем воплотились философские мысли автора о природе, человеческой жизни, магии искусства, творческой силе художника. Помещенный почти у изгороди сада Алтарь олицетворял идею «совершенной красоты», достижение которой Гете считал основной задачей художника-творца. Алтарь как атрибут античной культуры часто использовался в ландшафтной декорации века Просвещения. Он нес в себе образ божества, источника мудрости, порождал религиозное благоговение. Итак, можно предполагать, что форма Алтаря, сочетающая шар с кубом, была избрана для того, чтобы показать тождество Бога и Природы, согласия Человека-творца с Богом, разлитом в Природе. Алтарь – памятник бессмертию духа человека-творца, олицетворявшего высшие нравственные законы, которым должно служить искусство. Подражания композиции Гете (шар на четырехграннике) украшают многие кладбища, символизируя бессмертие человеческого творческого духа, напоминая о том, что выбор жизненного пути всегда остается за Человеком, что он творец своего счастья., The "Altar of Good Fortune" or "Altar of Agathe Tyche" was created by Goethe in 1777 in the garden of his house in Weimar. It has a confessional nature, it embodied his philosophical thoughts about nature, human life, the magic of art, the creative power of the artist. Placed almost at the fence of the garden the Altar represented the idea of "perfect beauty", the achievement of which Goethe considered as the main task of the artist-Creator. The altar as an attribute of ancient culture was often used in the landscape decoration of the Enlightenment century. It had in itself an image of a deity, a source of wisdom, engendered religious reverence. So, we can assume that the shape of the Altar, combining the ball with the cube, was chosen to show the identity of God and Nature, the consent of Man-Creator with God, shown in Nature. The altar is a monument to the immortality of the spirit of the human-creator, personifying the higher moral laws that art should serve. The imitations of Goethe's composition (the ball on a tetrahedron) adorn many cemeteries, symbolizing the immortality of the human creative spirit, recalling that the choice of the life path always belongs to Man, that he is the creator of his own happiness., №2(9) (2018)

Article opens a three-part cycle of researches of paradigmatic of objectification of the art text in culture. The architectonics of the most representative genres of historical dramatic art is investigated. Mechanisms and ways of a sense birth and a finding of sense of the art text in sociocultural spaces of age of Enlightenment are shown. The key concept «gifting gesture» correlates with the structure of the art text which is turning out mobile in cultural dynamics., Статья открывает трехчастный цикл исследований парадигматики овеществления художественного текста в культуре. На материале исследования архитектоники наиболее репрезентативных жанров исторической драматургии демонстрируются механизмы и способы смыслопорождения и смыслообретения художественного текста в социокультурных пространствах Просвещения. Ключевое понятие «жест одаривания» коррелирует со структурой художественного текста, оказывающейся подвижной в культурной динамике.

The paper gives the analysis of five Voltaire’s onomomyths, created by literary mentality during the Age of Enlightenment in Russia. On the basis of investigation of these onomomyths, interpreting Voltaire as a fighter with religious fanaticism, as a plenipotentiary minister of the Hell, as a leader of liberals, as an inspirer of “Voltairian” suicides, as an organizer of the French revolution, the author comes to the conclusion about non-historical character of cultural creation of myths. The present creation of myths in new literary-historical conditions can regenerate and develop old plots, associated with the eternal problem of interrelation of personality and society В статье представлен анализ пяти ономомифов Вольтера, созданных литературным сознанием эпохи Просвещения в России. На основе исследования данных ономомифов, видящих в Вольтере попеременно то борца с религиозным фанатизмом, то полномочного министра ада, то вождя либертинцев, то вдохновителя «вольтерьянских» самоубийств, то организатора Французской революции, автор приходит к выводу о внеисторическом характере культурного мифотворчества. Данное мифотворчество в новых литературно- исторических условиях может возрождать и развивать старые мифологемы, относящиеся к вечной проблеме взаимоотношения личности и общества

En este artículo el Dr. Sergio García Ramírez aborda las diversas maneras en que el pensamiento y la obra de Cesare Beccaria influyeron en la evolución política y jurídica en “nuestra América”, aludiendo al famoso ensayo de José Martí. García Ramírez, profundo conocedor de la obra beccariana, escribe acerca de cómo el pensamiento del célebre penalista italiano “se abrió camino” en el nacimiento de las repúblicas americanas con sus esbozos constitucionales y declaraciones de independencia basadas en las exigencias de justicia, legalidad, igualdad y humanidad., In this paper Ph.D. Sergio García Ramírez addresses the different ways in which the thinking and work of Cesare Beccaria had influence on the political and legal evolution that took place in “our America”, as the famous essay of José Martí used to say. García Ramírez, well-versed in Beccaria’s work, writes about how the thinking of the celebrated Italian criminal lawyer “made its way” in the early American republics with their constitutional first drafts and declaration of independence based on the demands of justice, legality, equality and humanity.

Yüksek Lisans Tezi.YÖK Tez No:354978, Bu çalışmada özellikle Ernst Cassirer'in Aydınlanma Felsefesi hakkındaki görüşleri incelenmiştir. Çalışmamız giriş ve iki bölümden oluşmaktadır. Girişte Aydınlanma öncesi toplumsal, siyasal, ekonomik ve dini ortam üzerinde çok genel hatlarıyla durduk. Birinci bölümde Aydınlanmanın etimolojik yapısını vererek felsefe tarihçileri ve düşünürler tarafından yapılan farklı aydınlanma tanımları hakkında bilgi verdik. Aydınlanma hakkında farklı yaklaşımları "Aydınlanma Karşıtları", "Aydınlanma Taraftarları" ve "Aydınlanmaya Eleştirel Bakanlar" şeklinde sınıflandırdık. İkinci bölümde genel olarak Ernst Cassirer'in hayatı ve felsefesi üzerinde durduk. Daha sonra onun aydınlanma akılcılığı hakkındaki görüşleri üzerinde durarak bu akılcılığın doğa bilimleri ve din alanında ne gibi değişimlere neden olduğunu ana hatlarıyla tartıştık., In this dissertation we especially aimed at examining Ernst Cassirer's view about The Philosophy of The Enlightenment. The dissertation is composed of an introduction and two main chapters. In the introduction we talked about social, political, economical, and religious occasion of pre-Enlightenment Europe. In the first chapter we informed about etymologic structure of the Enlightenment and different descriptions were defined by the historians of philosophy and the thinkers. We also classified ideas as "The Counter Enlightenment", "The Proponent Enlightenment", and "The Critical Approach to Enlightenment". In the second chapter we briefly stated the life of Ernst Cassirer and his philosophy. After these informations, we elaborated on his opinion about the rationalism of the Enlightenment and discussed what changes did cause in the field of natural sciences and religion.

Angelo Maria Durini, nuncjusz apostolski w Polsce (1767-1772), był nie tylko politykiem zaangażowanym w walkę o polską niepodległość w okresie poprzedzającym rozbiory Rzeczpospolitej. Podczas swojej misji bywał na wielu salonach intelektualnych jako poeta łaciński i mecenas, tworząc gęstą sieć kontaktów kulturalnych. Przetłumaczył na łacinę wernakularne dzieła Petrarki i to właśnie ten aspekt jego intermediacji językowo-kulturalnej interesuje nas w tym miejscu: artykuł skupia się na analizie łacińskich przekładów Duriniego na tle łacińskich przekładów Petrarki, które powstawały w Europie od XIV do końca XIX wieku. Angelo Maria Durini, apostolic nuncio in Poland (1767-1772), was not only a politician engaged in the struggle for Polish independence in the period before the division of Poland. During his mission he attended many intellectual salons as a Latin poet and patron, creating a dense network of cultural subsidiaries. He translated the vernacular works of Petrarch into Latin and it was this aspect of his linguistic and cultural liaison activities that interest us here : the article focuses on the analysis of Durini’s latinization of Petrarch’s poems against the backdrop of Latin translations of vernacular poems by Petrarch, carried out in Europe from the fourteenth until the late nineteenth century. Angelo Maria Durini, nunzio apostolico in Polonia (1767-1772), non fu solo un politico impegnato nella lotta per l’indipendenza polacca nel periodo precedente le spartizioni della Polonia. Durante la sua missione frequentò molti salotti intellettuali come poeta latino e mecenate, creando una fitta rete di filiazioni culturali. Tradusse in latino le opere volgari di Petrarca ed è proprio questo lato della sua attività di intermediazione linguistico-culturale ad interessarci in questo luogo : l’articolo si concentra sull’analisi delle latinizzazioni duriniane dei componimenti petrarcheschi sullo sfondo delle traduzioni latine delle poesie volgari di Petrarca, compiute in Europa dal Trecento fino alla fine dell’Ottocento.

Povjesničar hrvatske književnosti Ivo Frangeš glavnu je znanstve¬nu pozornost posvećivao hrvatskoj književnosti 19. i 20. stoljeća, kao što je općenito poznato, ali je važan i njegov interes za stariju literaturu, budući da je bio historičar nacionalne književnosti u cjelini, prosuditelj značenja povijesti književnosti u interpretaciji tekstova, kao i ocjenji¬vatelj umjetničkih dosega tekstova i njihovih jezičnih ljepota s jasnim značenjem toga poznavanja za povijest književnosti. Kako je jezično pitanje jedno od važnih pitanja povijesti hrvatske književnosti, jasno je da ga je Frangeš promatrao i iz aspekta izgradnje jezika prikladnoga za sve službe potrebne hrvatskom društvu, a među tim potrebama ona služenju umjetnosti riječi svakako ima svoje nedvojbeno mjesto. U je-zikoslovnom značenju poglavito treba spomenuti Frangešov rad “Idejna kretanja u južnoslavenskim književnostima 18. stoljeća” iz 1962, ko¬jim je pokrenut nov pristup periodizaciji hrvatskoga književnog jezika, a i rad “Problemi periodizacije hrvatske književnosti” (1965) Marina Franičevića ima zamjetno mjesto. Nakon pobuda povjesničarā hrvatske književnosti, i jezikoslovci predvođeni Daliborom Brozovićem i Ra¬doslavom Katičićem pružili su svoje vrlo potrebne uvide, tj. ponovno prevrednovane poglede ne samo na hrvatski jezik 18. stoljeća nego i na cjelinu hrvatske jezične povijesti. Može se zaključiti da je Ivo Frangeš u relativno ranoj fazi svoga rada uočio sve najbitnije što je u 18. stoljeću karakteriziralo hrvatsku i ostale južnoslavenske sredine i da je to izveo u reprezentativnu stilu, s potpunim poznavanjem i na odmjeren način, s utjecajem i na novije obradbe hrvatske jezične povijesti., As it is generally known, the main scientific attention of the historian of the Croatian literature Ivo Frangeš was dedicated to Croatian literature of the nineteenth and twentieth century. His interest in older literature is also important since he was a historian of national literature in general; he was also the one who determined the meaning of the history of literature in text interpretations, as well as the one who evaluated the artistic achievements of texts and beauty of their language with the clear meaning of the knowledge for the history of literature. Since the question of language is one of the important questions of Croatian literary history, it is clear that Frangeš also observed it from the aspect of building a language suitable for all the purposes that it was needed for within Croatian society, while among those needs, the need for serving the art of words, by all means, undoubtedly has its place. It is important to mention Frangeš’s work written in 1962 called "Conceptual movements in South-Slavic literature from the eighteenth century", especially because of its linguistic meaning, because this work started a new approach to categorizing the Croatian literary language into periods, while the work of Marin Franičević from 1965 "Problems of categorizing periods in Croatian literature", also takes a significant place. After the initiative from historians of Croatian literature, linguists led by Dalibor Brozović and Radoslav Katičić also provided their much needed insight, i.e. their once-more reevaluated views not only on the Croatian language of the eighteenth century, but also on Croatian literary history as a whole. It can be concluded that in a relatively early phase of his work, Ivo Frangeš noticed all the most important characteristics which in the eighteenth century characterized Croatian and other Southern-Slavic areas and did that in a representative style with full knowledge and deliberate manner thus influencing newer analysis of Croatian linguistic history., Ivo Frangeš, storico della letteratura croata ha dedicato, come è ben noto, la maggior parte del suo interesse scientifico allo studio della letteratura croata del XIX e XX secolo. Tuttavia, non è di minore importanza il suo interesse per la letteratura delle epoche precedenti, dato che è stato storico della letteratura nazionale nel suo complesso, ed ha indagato l'importanza della storia della letteratura nell'interpretazione dei testi, valutando la loro portata estetica e la loro eleganza linguistica, tenendo conto quanto tale conoscenza è importante per la storia della letteratura. Poiché la questione linguistica presenta una della questioni centrali nella storia della letteratura croata, risulta chiaro che Frangeš trattava tale questione anche dalla prospettiva della costruzione di una lingua adatta per tutte le necessità della società croata, tra le quali quella dell'arte della parola occupa un posto inconfutabile. Per il suo carattere semantico bisogna nominare innanzitutto il lavoro di Frangeš intitolato „Le correnti di pensiero nelle letterature slave meridionali nel XVIII secolo“ dell'anno 1962, con il quale ha avuto inizio un nuovo approccio alla periodizzazione della lingua croata letteraria; un posto importante occupa anche il lavoro di Marin Franičević intitolato „I problemi della periodizzazione della letteratura croata“ dell'anno 1965. Dopo le iniziative degli storici della letteratura croata, anche i linguisti, tra cui per i primi Dalibor Brozović e Radoslav Katičić, hanno contribuito con i loro studi; hanno rivalutato le posizioni non soltanto sulla lingua croata del XVIII secolo, bensì sul complesso della storia della lingua croata. Dopotutto, possiamo dire che Ivo Frangeš, in una fase relativamente giovane del suo lavoro, ha evidenziato le caratteristiche più significative del contesto culturale croato e quello degli altri paesi slavi meridionali, dimostrando una conoscenza complessiva e un metodo di ricerca misurato, creando in tale modo un impatto sui nuovi studi della storia della lingua croata.

The focus of the paper is on the ceiling painting of the second half of the 18th century in North Croatia, discussed in the context of the Age of Enlightenment.

Gotthold Ephraim Lessing'in 18. Yüzyıl Alman Aydınlanmasının önemli temsilcilerinden biri olarak, Hamburglu Oryantalist Reimarus'un ölümünün ardından onun din konusundaki çalışmalarını geliştirerek yayınladığı `Wolfenbüttel Fragmanları' çağın din adamlarının şiddetli tepkilerine sebep olur. Bu tepkilerin en ünlüsü Hamburglu Başrahip Melchoir Goeze'nin saldırı niteliğindeki cevaplarıdır. Aydınlanma İdealleri ve tolerans kavramını henüz kabullenmemiş olan 18. Yüzyıl dünyasında, Lessing'in din konusundaki yayınları, Hıristiyanlığa zarar verdiği gerekçesiyle yasaklanır. Lessing de savunmasını bir tiyatro eseriyle sürdürür.Anahtar Kelimeler: Aydınlanma Çağı, Tolerans, Decameron, Kudüs, Yahudilik, Hıristiyanlık, Ġslamiyet, 3 Yüzük Meseli Gotthold Ephraim Lessing resolved to publish a manuscript accompanying it which is written by Orientalist Reimarus, comments and strictures. He published a work under title of `Wolfenbüttel Fragments?. The publication these of fragments led to mighty controversy. The most eminent of those who had attacked Lessing, was Pastor Melchoir Goeze. This Fragments, on the `toleration of religions? awakened opposition; for the eighteenth century, though intolerant enough, did not parade its bigotry, but rather saw fit to disclaim it. Shortly after his fragments were forbidden by Catholic Church of Hamburg city, Lessing published his play `Nathan the Wise? as an unprecedented answer.Key Words: The Age of Enlightenment, Decameron, Tolerance, Jerusalem, Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Ring Parable 100

The article focuses on the relationship between text and society in the 19th century based on the collection of lewd tales entitled El Jardin de Venus by Felix Mara de Samaniego, a Spanish fable writer. We will more particularly dwell on the relationship between the thread of the narrative of these tales and the religious moral norm embodied by the sixth commandment. The conclusions emphasise the way anticlericalism is presented in the collection together with its association with popular culture.; El artículo es un estudio de las relaciones entre texto y sociedad a partir de la colección de cuentos del fabulista Samaniego, El jardín de Venus. Nos centramos en particular en las relaciones entre el desarrollo narrativo de los cuentos y la norma moral que representaba el sexto mandamiento. Los resultados insisten en la forma en que el anticlericalismo se expresa en la colección y sus relaciones con la cultura popular.