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The article addresses the issue of selecting the initial shape for a drone's suspended transport container and its impact on the final aerodynamic properties during the flight, specifically aerodynamic drag, based on the simulated pressure differences generated by the suspended container. The motivation arose from the project ITMS2014+:313011 ATR9 titled 'Research and Development of the Applicability of Autonomous Flying Vehicles in the Fight Against the COVID-19 Pandemic'. The project deals with the transport of biological samples from hospitals to specialized laboratories. These samples, which could be contaminated, necessitated the development of a specialized container meeting all safety criteria. Besides predefined parameters such as the maximum weight of the container, transport speed, dimensions of the internal standardized module for transporting hospital samples, and compliance with required IP (Ingress Protection) and IK (Impact Protection) standards, many other challenges related to the final design solution of the transport container had to be addressed. One such challenge was the fundamental question of what shape the transport container should have, which significantly influences the overall design and construction of the transport module. We attempted to solve this question responsibly and professionally and thoroughly substantiate our results with appropriate simulations in selected simulation software. The outcome was as expected, but it was necessary to adequately justify and support the choice of the shape of the transport container in the context of the project's resolution. The results are universal and can be applied to other designs for shapes of transport containers in the future or by other researchers working on similar projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The object of this study is the processes of perception and redistribution of vertical loads in the structure of a container with a floor made of sandwich panels under operational modes. To ensure the strength of the container, as well as the safety of the cargo transported in it, it is proposed to design a floor based on sandwich panels. It is assumed that each of these panels is made of two metal sheets in a layer between which an energy-absorbing material is placed. Given the presence of energy-absorbing material in the structure of the sandwich panel, the vertical dynamic loads acting on the cargo container during its transportation will be reduced. To substantiate the proposed solution, mathematical modeling of the vertical load on the container during its transportation by a flat wagon was carried out. It is found that the accelerations acting on the container of the improved design are 5.7 % lower than those acting on the container of standard design. The calculation of the strength of the container was carried out under operational schemes of its loads. It has been established that the strength of the container is ensured. A special feature of the results is that the reduction of the load on the container is achieved not by strengthening its structure but by introducing flexible connections into it. The field of practical application of the results is railroad transport. The conditions for the practical use of the findings are the use of energy-absorbing material in the structure of sandwich panels that form the floor of the container. The results of the research will contribute to improving the strength of containers under operating conditions, the safety of the cargo transported in them, as well as increasing the efficiency of the functioning of container transportation [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article addresses the issue of selecting the initial shape for a drone’s suspended transport container and its impact on the final aerodynamic properties during the flight, specifically aerodynamic drag, based on the simulated pressure differences generated by the suspended container. The motivation arose from the project ITMS2014+:313011 ATR9 titled ‘Research and Development of the Applicability of Autonomous Flying Vehicles in the Fight Against the COVID-19 Pandemic’. The project deals with the transport of biological samples from hospitals to specialized laboratories. These samples, which could be contaminated, necessitated the development of a specialized container meeting all safety criteria. Besides predefined parameters such as the maximum weight of the container, transport speed, dimensions of the internal standardized module for transporting hospital samples, and compliance with required IP (Ingress Protection) and IK (Impact Protection) standards, many other challenges related to the final design solution of the transport container had to be addressed. One such challenge was the fundamental question of what shape the transport container should have, which significantly influences the overall design and construction of the transport module. We attempted to solve this question responsibly and professionally and thoroughly substantiate our results with appropriate simulations in selected simulation software. The outcome was as expected, but it was necessary to adequately justify and support the choice of the shape of the transport container in the context of the project’s resolution. The results are universal and can be applied to other designs for shapes of transport containers in the future or by other researchers working on similar projects.

Mobile ropeways based on airmobile rope units are a new constructive type of cargo and cargo-passenger ropeways for the rapid deployment of transport and overloading activities in hard-to-reach areas and high-altitude territories. The article analyzes the technical and organizational capabilities of the method of ground delivery of the necessary main and auxiliary technological equipment to the place of loading on air transport using special wheeled chassis of increased load capacity and cross-country capability. Based on the example of Russian-made multi-axle all-terrain vehicles and based on the analysis of their technical characteristics, recommendations for their use are made based on the required overall dimensions and weight of airmobile rope units. Based on the principle of ensuring the universality of the overall dimensions of airmobile rope units in transport condition for combined transportation by various modern types of ground, air and water transport, the possibilities of using road transport for the transportation of airmobile rope units, the overall dimensions of which correspond to the dimensions of universal and aviation transport containers, are considered.

ABSTRACT: In the United States, cleaning poultry transport containers prior to arrival at the broiler grow-out farm is not currently a widely adopted practice in the industry. However, previous studies have shown that transport containers have an important role in cross-contamination before the broilers arrive at the processing plant. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of pressurized steam followed by forced hot air to clean transport container flooring and compare it to conventional cleaning procedures. Fiberglass and plastic flooring were cut into even pieces and inoculated with chicken intestinal contents containing Salmonella Infantis or Campylobacter jejuni. The cleaning treatments were pressurized steam, forced hot air, pressurized steam followed by forced hot air, water pressure washing, water pressure washing before and after disinfectant, and no cleaning. Counts for Salmonella, Campylobacter, Escherichia coli, coliforms, and aerobic bacteria were assessed. All reductions were made in comparison to noncleaned samples. Forced hot air applied by itself was not efficient in reducing Campylobacter, coliforms, and E. coli; and limited reductions (less than 1 log10 CFU/cm2) were observed for Salmonella and aerobic bacteria. Then, for all bacteria types evaluated, pressurized steam by itself showed reductions of 2.4 to 3.5 log10 CFU/cm2. Samples that were cleaned with a single-pressure water wash showed reductions of 4.0 to 4.6 log10 CFU/cm2 for all bacteria types. For Salmonella, Campylobacter, and E. coli, the greatest reductions were observed when samples were cleaned with pressurized steam followed by forced hot air (4.3–6.1 log10 CFU/cm2) or water washed before and after disinfectant (4.5–6.2 log10 CFU/cm2), and these treatments did not differ from each other. Pressurized steam followed by forced hot air was shown to be an efficient cleaning procedure to reduce poultry-associated pathogens on transport cage flooring, with the benefit of using less water than conventional water cleaning. Processors may be able to adapt this process to reduce potential cross-contamination and lessen the level of pathogens entering the processing plant.

ABSTRACT: Transportation is a potential point of cross-contamination before broiler chickens arrive at the processing plant for slaughter. Previous studies have associated the use of uncleaned transport containers with the introduction of pathogenic bacteria onto uncontaminated broilers. The objective of this study was to quantify the transfer of Salmonella from transport drawer perforated flooring to broiler chickens during different holding times. For traceability, the flooring of each drawer was inoculated with fecal content slurry containing a marker strain of Salmonella Infantis. Three drawers per treatment were used, and each drawer was subjected to one of the following treatments: pressure wash, disinfectant, and pressure wash (A), pressurized steam followed by forced hot air (B), or no cleaning (C). Drawers were classified as top, middle, or bottom based on their relative position with each other. After treatment, broilers were introduced to each drawer and held for 2, 4, or 6 h. At each timepoint, broilers were removed from drawers, euthanized, and carcasses rinsed to obtain Salmonella counts. Samples under the limit of direct plating detection were enriched, plated, and later confirmed positive or negative. Differences were observed per treatment, holding time, and drawer relative position (P < 0.0001). Broilers placed in transport containers that underwent a cleaning procedure (A or B) had lower levels of Salmonella when compared to broilers placed in noncleaned containers (C). However, most of the samples below the limit of detection were positive after enrichment, indicating that both procedures evaluated need improvement for efficient pathogen inactivation. A decrease in Salmonella transfer was observed after 6 h in rinsates obtained from broilers placed in noncleaned containers (C). Rinsates obtained from top drawers had less Salmonella than the middle or bottom drawers when broilers were placed in transport containers that underwent a cleaning procedure (A and B). The application of pressurized steam and forced hot air was comparable to the use of water washes and disinfectant indicating a potential role in cleaning poultry transport containers.

For industrial package (IP)-type transport containers for radioactive materials, a free drop test should be conducted under regulatory conditions. Owing to various uncertainties observed during the drop test, errors in drop angles inevitably occur. In IP-type metal transport containers in which the container directly impacts onto a rigid target without any shock absorbing materials, the error in the drop angle due to a slight misalignment makes a significant difference from the ideal drop. In particular, in a vertical drop, the error in the drop angle causes a strong secondary impact. In this paper, a numerical method is proposed to estimate the error in the drop angle occurring during the test. To determine this error, an optimization method accompanying a computational drop analysis is proposed, and a surrogate model is introduced to ensure calculation efficiency. Effectiveness of the proposed method is validated by performing the verification and comparison between the test and the analysis applied with the drop angle error.

[Objectives] This study aimed at providing gist for selecting qualified transport containers by comparing the performance of common SPF mouse transport containers at home and abroad, and laying a foundation for subsequent improvement of transport containers. [Methods] In this study, 5 different transport containers were selected, and their microbial filtration performance, ventilation, sterilization method and flux, and other related design and construction were analyzed. [Results] The results showed all 5 SPF mouse transport containers can provide enough air for the survival of mouse and protect them from bacterial infections. Transport container B and D are superior to others on one-time sterilization flux and deformation degree after autoclaving. Furthermore, taking into account the related design and construction of these transport containers, such as viewing window and carrying handle, the result of comprehensive comparison is that the transport container D > A > E > C > B. [Conclusions] In summary, the 5 SPF transport containers tested in this study can all satisfy the basic demand of SPF mouse transportation, but each transport container has its own advantages and disadvantages on storage space, deformation degree after autoclaving and other aspects. Thus, SPF mouse transport containers should be selected by different demand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Abstract: The loading density of pirarucu Arapaima gigas transported for 6 hr in open system was assessed on survival, physiological parameters (blood hematocrit, cortisol, lactate and glucose concentrations) and water quality (temperature, pH, ammonia, dissolved oxygen and carbon dioxide). No mortality was observed after fish transportation at 80, 120 and 160 kg/m³, although ammonia and carbon dioxide concentrations increased and dissolved oxygen decreased. Physiological parameters were not affected by loading density but significant differences were observed between sampling periods (immediately before transport, immediately after transport, 24 and 96 hr after transport), except glucose. Hematocrit values increased with time, whereas lactate concentration decreased. No significant differences were observed in blood cortisol levels before and after transport, but concentration increased gradually for 96 hr after transport. According to the results, 9 kg pirarucu may be transported for up to 6 hr at a loading density of 160 kg/m³. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives Extremes of weather, temperatures above 50°C and large distances to transport blood necessitate a robust container that is simple to pack and maintains the internal control temperature for long periods. We describe the evaluation and implementation of a new blood transport container, PX3L-Universal Courier AcuTemp ( CSafe Global, USA), throughout Western Australia. Materials and Methods The new transport container was initially validated to maintain two or four units of red cells at an internal control temperature of 2-10°C using simulated external ambient temperatures. Subsequent validation studies assessed real-time external ambient temperatures involving transportation around Western Australia for a distance of 25 360 km. Prior to implementation, staff were trained by e-learning and real-time packing. Four months of postimplementation data (October 1 2014 to February 6 2015) were reviewed. Results The new container is light (6·18 kg) and easy to pack using a single refrigerator belt that protects the red cell units from the freezer belt. It will maintain two or four red cell units at an internal control temperature of 2-10°C for up to 70 h. During the 4-month utilization period, 547 red cell units were transported to 36 different sites and only three were outside the target of 2-10°C due to failure to follow protocol. Conclusion The PX3L-Universal Courier AcuTemp ( CSafe Global, USA) blood transportation container was found to be simple to assemble, lightweight and maintained the required internal control temperature for the necessary transport time. This will preserve product quality, ensure patient safety and greatly assist in minimization of red cell wastage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Fumigation of freight containers to prevent spread of pests and off-gassing of freight are sources of volatile chemicals that may constitute significant health risks when released. The aim of the study was to investigate the regulation and practice of container handling in Denmark with focus on preventive measures to reduce risk of chemical exposure. Methods A comprehensive systematic search of scientific literature, legislation and recommendations related to safe work with transport containers from international and Danish regulatory bodies was performed. The practice of handling containers was investigated in a qualitative study based on a series of semi-structured interviews with key informants, including managers and health and safety representatives of organizations that handle containers. Results Although several international and national regulations and local safety instructions relate to container handling, the provided information is not sufficiently detailed to conduct safe practice in many aspects. In accordance with the scientific literature, the interviewees estimate that there is a high frequency (5 to 50%) of containers with hazardous chemical exposure that are regarded as potentially damaging to health, although recognisable health effects are rare. There is limited knowledge about the types of chemicals, which mostly cannot be measured by available devices at the worksite. Aeration and use of personal protective equipment are typical preventive measures in practice, but their use is not consistent and does not necessarily ensure adequate protection. Conclusions Managers, workers, even occupational health professionals have limited knowledge about the hazardous chemicals that can be released from containers. Detailed risk assessment and specific instructions on risk management are needed for safe handling of transport containers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we develop a new method for determining the residual power of used nuclear fuel (UNF). The method is based on the heat transfer analysis of UNF in a C-30 transport container with a KZ-48 compact storage cask. We compare the results achieved by the currently used SCALE 6 software packages based on nuclear physics calculations and the results from our method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the effects of operational parameters such as initial pH, current density, and electrolysis time on the treatment of transport container washing wastewater by electrocoagulation (EC) with aluminum (Al) and iron (Fe) electrodes were investigated separately. Chemical oxygen demand (COD), turbidity and color were used to measure the treatment efficiency. Energy consumptions were calculated per cubic meter of wastewater. Amount of sludge produced after EC was also reported per cubic meter of wastewater. Different direct and indirect cost items including energy, sacrificial electrodes, labor, sludge handling and disposal, maintenance, and depreciation costs have been considered in the calculation of the total operating cost, and it was calculated as per cubic meter of wastewater and per kilograms of COD removed. The total operating costs were acquired as 11.2 $m−3 with 79.45% of COD, 99.71% of color, and 99.45% of turbidity removal efficiencies by Fe electrodes and 23.89 $ m−3 with 76.31% of COD, 99.05% of color, and 99.77% of turbidity removal efficiencies by Al electrodes under the optimum parameters in this study. In addition, the optimum operating times were found as 30 min for Fe electrodes and 60 min for Al electrodes. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 32: 249-256, 2013 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After closing Unit 1 of the Ignalina NPP, a decision was made to transfer the spent fuel to Unit 2 for further use. For that purpose, a container which can transport up to six RBMK-1500 type assemblies was designed. From the point of radiation safety, it is important that the dose rate on any surface of the container does not exceed 2000 μv/h [1]. The initial fuel enrichment, burn up depth and cooling time most strongly affect the spent fuel isotopic composition and thus directly influence the radiation characteristics of the container. In this article, the evaluation of dose rate applying the SCALE code system (USA) is presented and performed and a comparison with the MCNP code and experimental results is made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]