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Summary: In this research, the effects of washing treatments (potassium carbonate (PC), potassium hydroxide (PH), peracetic acid (PA), alkaline hydrogen peroxide (AHP)), ultrasound (US) and high‐intensity pulsed light (HIPL) technologies on the removal of ochratoxin A (OTA) residues in raisins were investigated. PC at 5 min (66.60%), PH at 10 min (65.25%), alkaline hydrogen peroxide at 5 min (63.30%) and HIPL at 12 J cm−2 (62.50%) were found to be the most successful applications in OTA degradation, respectively. Although the OTA degradation rate was high after chemical washing for 10 min, the raisins had a chemical odour. The results show that HIPL effectively reduces OTA levels in raisins without causing any quality loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recycled post‐consumer rigid polyethylene (PE) packaging waste was washed and compounded on a pilot scale using different processing conditions and the processability of recycled materials with blow molding was assessed. Compared to virgin grade high‐density PE, the recycled materials showed a lower crystallinity, a lower thermo‐oxidative stability, a higher ash content, a lower viscosity and melt elasticity, and a lower melt strength and drawability. The thermo‐oxidative stability varied due to the different washing media. Rheological characterization by frequency‐sweep measurements indicated that the virgin grade PE had as expected more linear‐polymer‐like characteristics whereas the recycled materials showed chain branching or crosslinking related to the processing condition during compounding. The recycled materials were successfully blow molded into 4 L‐containers where they showed less resistance to flow than the virgin grade PE. The recycled materials differed in color when different washing media were used. There were no significant differences in the mechanical properties of the 4 L‐containers made of virgin grade and recycled PE. Highlights: Washing, compounding, and blow molding of rigid polyethylene packaging waste were studied.The degradation varied depending on the washing and compounding conditions.Rheological results indicated chain branching or crosslinking due to degradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pleasant wearing comfort is achieved using laminated fabrics containing a waterproof and breathable membrane. The most used membrane type is expanded polytetrafluoroethylene. Due to the negative impact of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the environment, fluorine-free alternative materials are necessary. In this work, alternative membrane materials, polyurethane and polyethylene terephthalate, were compared with expanded polytetrafluoroethylene. First, the mass per unit area, thickness, tensile properties, water vapor resistance, and hydrostatic pressure of corresponding laminates were determined. Furthermore, their durability, which is an essential aspect of sustainability, was investigated. Therefore, they were hydrolyzed, weathered, washed, and incorrectly treated (e.g. washed with fabric softener) and then investigated for hydrostatic pressure resistance, by scanning electron microscopy, infrared spectroscopy, and digital microscopy. It was shown that polyethylene terephthalate and expanded polytetrafluoroethylene are comparable with respect to breathability, waterproofness (>20 bar), and durability. However, the hydrostatic pressure resistance (approximately 11 bar) and the water vapor resistance values (>23 m2 · Pa · W−1) of microporous polyurethane membranes are poorer, but they still provide suitable alternatives. In addition, a beginning degradation of polyurethane could be proved after hydrolysis and weathering. Furthermore, the deposition of calcium salts on all membranes was observed after washing with tap water, fabric softener, and washing agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

\nIntroduction: So far, no definitive conclusions have been reached regarding the preventive effect of moisturizers on atopic dermatitis (AD). The variability in results may be due to differences in skin care methods, including bathing and washing, among studies and study design. In hot and humid Japan, bathing and gauze washing have been routinely practiced from the neonatal period, but this may impair the skin barrier function. To address this gap, we determined whether a combination of minimally invasive cleaning methods and moisturizing may prevent AD in infants in Japan. Methods: Mothers of children born between January and September 2019 were instructed in traditional skin care methods (control group; 132 subjects), and mothers of children born between January and September 2020 were instructed in a new skin care method combining less invasive washing and moisturizing (intervention group; 140 subjects). Mothers and babies with and without a history of allergy were recruited, and the incidence of AD at 1 year of age was investigated by questionnaire. Results: Skin care-related behaviors such as face washing, hand washing, and use of moisturizers were more frequent in the intervention group than in the control group. At 6 and 12 months of age, there was no difference in the incidence of AD between the two groups. However, for children born between January and March, the prevalence of AD at 12 months was significantly lower in the intervention group than in the control group (2.9% vs. 21.2%, p = 0.0253). Conclusions: This study suggests that for children born during dry and cold seasons, strengthening the skin barrier function early in life through routine skin care with less invasive washing and moisturizing may prevent AD in Japan. Appropriate skin care practices for newborns and infants may vary in regions and environments. Impaired skin barrier function is one of the main causes of atopic dermatitis (AD). European guidelines recommend reducing the frequency of bathing so as not to impair the skin barrier function. In addition, to date, many studies have attempted to prevent AD by using moisturizers starting in infancy, with conflicting results. The variation in these results may be due to differences in skin care methods such as washing and moisturizing. In Japan, frequent bathing and gauze washing are commonly used from the neonatal period. The purpose of this study was to determine whether a combination of less invasive washing methods and moisturizing could prevent AD in infants. Mothers of infants born between January and September 2019 were instructed in conventional skin care methods (control group; 132 subjects), and mothers of infants born between January and September 2020 were instructed in a new, less invasive skin care regimen combining washing and moisturizing (intervention group; 140 mothers). Mother/infant dyads with and without a history of allergies were recruited and the incidence of AD at 1 year of age was investigated. The prevalence of AD at 12 months was significantly lower in the intervention group than in the control group for infants born between January and March (2.9% vs. 21.2%). This study suggests that for children born during the dry, cold season, strengthening the skin barrier function early in life with less invasive cleaning and moisturizing skin care may prevent AD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, additive manufacturing (AM) has been recognized as a transformative force in the dental industry, with the ability to address escalating demand, expedite production timelines, and reduce labor-intensive processes. Despite the proliferation of three-dimensional printing technologies in dentistry, the absence of well-established post-processing protocols has posed formidable challenges. This comprehensive review paper underscores the critical importance of precision in post-processing techniques for ensuring the acquisition of vital properties, encompassing mechanical strength, biocompatibility, dimensional accuracy, durability, stability, and aesthetic refinement in 3D-printed dental devices. Given that digital light processing (DLP) is the predominant 3D printing technology in dentistry, the main post-processing techniques and effects discussed in this review primarily apply to DLP printing. The four sequential stages of post-processing support removal, washing, secondary polymerization, and surface treatments are systematically navigated, with each phase requiring meticulous evaluation and parameter determination to attain optimal outcomes. From the careful selection of support removal tools to the consideration of solvent choice, washing methodology, and post-curing parameters, this review provides a comprehensive guide for practitioners and researchers. Additionally, the customization of post-processing approaches to suit the distinct characteristics of different resin materials is highlighted. A comprehensive understanding of post-processing techniques is offered, setting the stage for informed decision-making and guiding future research endeavors in the realm of dental additive manufacturing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global microplastic (MP) pollution from primary and secondary sources is partly caused by the growing trend towards the use of plastics. One of the most important factors for the persistence of MP in the environment is their high resistance to degradation. The washing process has been identified as a risk and source of various pollutants in wastewater and numerous studies have been published. This study focuses on three different polyester fabrics: woven, knitted and double-faced plush fabrics, which were washed under standard conditions with the reference detergent ECE A at 60 °C for 40 min. Different methods were used to quantify the released fragments in a 5- and 10- cycle wash, to analyse the samples gravimetrically and to characterise the wastewaters by physicochemical parameters and filter cake. The results proved that the structure of polyester fabrics plays a role in shedding, although most fragments were released from all polyester fabrics in the first washing cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global microplastic (MP) pollution from primary and secondary sources is partly caused by the growing trend towards the use of plastics. One of the most important factors for the persistence of MP in the environment is their high resistance to degradation. The washing process has been identified as a risk and source of various pollutants in wastewater and numerous studies have been published. This study focuses on three different polyester fabrics: woven, knitted and double-faced plush fabrics, which were washed under standard conditions with the reference detergent ECE A at 60 °C for 40 min. Different methods were used to quantify the released fragments in a 5- and 10-cycle wash, to analyse the samples gravimetrically and to characterise the wastewaters by physicochemical parameters and filter cake. The results proved that the structure of polyester fabrics plays a role in shedding, although most fragments were released from all polyester fabrics in the first washing cycles.

This study investigates the wash resistance of polyester fabrics functionalized with chitosan, a biopolymer known for its biocompatibility, non-toxicity, biodegradability and environmentally friendly properties. The interaction of chitosan with synthetic polymers, such as polyester, often requires surface treatment due to the weak natural affinity between the two materials. To improve the interaction and stability of chitosan on polyester, alkaline hydrolysis of the polyester fabric was used as a surface treatment method. The effectiveness of using cross-linking agents 1,2,3,4-butane tetracarboxylic acid (BTCA) and hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) in combination with ammonium persulphate (APS) to improve the stability of chitosan on polyester during washing was investigated. The wash resistance of polyester fabrics functionalized with chitosan was tested after 1, 5 and 10 washes with a standard ECE detergent. Staining tests were carried out to evaluate the retention of chitosan on the fabric. The results showed that polyester fabrics functionalized with chitosan without cross-linkers exhibited better wash resistance than the fabrics treated with crosslinkers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of China Pulp & Paper is the property of China Pulp & Paper Magazines Publisher and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article presents a study which determined the effects of optimized and developed formulation on softness and wrinkle resistance properties of cotton fabric. The researchers synthesized polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) stabilized nano-Zinc Oxide (ZnO) particles using the sol-gel method. The results showed a significant enhancement in fabric softness, crease recovery and low stress mechanical properties.

The cotton fabric consists of cellulose arranged in a complex structure with multiple levels of organization at different length scales. Understanding this structure and its interactions with water and oil is essential for developing efficient and environmentally friendly methods of cotton washing. In this study, the structure of raw cotton fabric cellulose and the effects of water and oil were examined across a broad range of length scales using spatially resolved synchrotron small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and auxiliary techniques.Water was observed to penetrate the cotton fabric and interact across nearly all length scales. Although a certain amount of the material was not affected by water as seen by intact distance between microfibrils, fractal analysis of the scattering data indicated a loosening of the microfibril arrangement after contact with water. This process was hindered if the material had been pre-treated with oil and was not seen after subsequent washing with water or surfactant solution. Analyzing spatially resolved SAXS data using a bi-sinusoidal model and 2D maps of the oil-to-cotton ratio facilitates understanding the structure of the material and its interactions with oil on the molecular, nano and macrolevels.

Dates are rich in nutrients, making them popular all over the world as healthy fruits. Due to the use of pesticides by gardeners to control pests in date palm farms, date fruits may contain pesticides, which could potentially endanger the health of consumers. In this study, date fruit samples at three different growth stages (green fruit, unripe date, date) were collected from the groves of Khesht city. The residues of 15 organophosphorus pesticides in water-washed and unwashed samples were measured using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The results showed that the residue levels of all organophosphorus pesticides measured were below the maximum residue limits recommended by FAO and CODEX. Based on the data, washing date fruits with water can effectively reduce the residual amount of organophosphorus pesticides, thereby helping to reduce the intake of pesticides. Moreover, the results of the risk assessment showed that consumption of unripe and ripe dates from Khesht has no carcinogenic (

Effective methods for decontamination of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) on beef were evaluated by 48 mL spraying, 100 mL, and 500 mL flushing with ethanol, hydrogen peroxide, peracetic acid, acidified sodium chlorite, and sodium hypochlorite in this study. The flushing with 500 mL of 1,000 ppm peracetic acid was most effective, reducing pathogens by 2.8 log CFU/cm2, followed by 1,200 ppm acidified sodium chlorite. The spraying with 1,000 ppm peracetic acid reduced pathogens by 1.6 log CFU/cm2. The flushing with 500 mL of 200 and 500 ppm acidified sodium chlorite, and 50, 100, 200, and 500 ppm peracetic acid significantly reduced the STEC population compared with those treated with distilled water (p 0.05). The flushing with 500 mL of 200 and 500 ppm acidified sodium chlorite and 200 and 500 ppm peracetic acid significantly changed the odor of beef samples compared with those treated with distilled water (p

[Display omitted] • Treated wastewater effectively reduces leachable inorganics in IBA for open reuse. • Multi-step washing and screening align IBA properties with environmental standards. • Treatment reduces chloride contamination in IBA fractions by 83–89 %. • Sulfate contamination in IBA fractions decreases by 65–74 % after treatment. • Handling of fines and water generated after treatment processes is crucial. The current study introduces an innovative methodology by utilizing treated wastewater (TWW) from an effluent treatment plant as a washing agent to enhance the characteristics of incineration bottom ash (IBA). This approach addresses sustainability concerns and promotes the circular economy by reusing wastewater generated in municipal solid waste incineration facilities. Previous research has underscored the challenges of open IBA reuse due to elevated leaching of chlorides, sulfates, and trace metal(loid)s. Thus, the experimental setup explores various combinations of washing, with or without screening, to optimize the properties of soil-like material (SLM < 4.75 mm) and overall material (OM < 31.5 mm) fractions of IBA for unrestricted applications. Batch leaching tests were conducted on treated samples, and leaching characteristics were evaluated in accordance with regulatory standards, primarily the Dutch standard for unrestricted IBA reuse. The findings reveal that washing in isolation proves insufficient to enhance IBA properties; however, washing followed by screening, specifically for removing fines (<0.15 mm), proves effective in reducing contamination. The study identifies that multiple steps of washing and screening (with recirculation) process render OM and SLM fractions suitable for unrestricted reuse with a cumulative liquid-to-solid ratio of 6 L/kg and a total washing time of 15 min. The multi-step treatment was found effective in reducing sulfate contamination by 65–74 % and chloride contamination by 83–89 % in IBA fractions. This approach offers a promising solution for overcoming the limitations associated with IBA leaching, thereby promoting sustainable waste reuse practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the proposed research work firstly Six Sigma technique was applied for decreasing the vials breaking during washing process by high speed rotator vials washing machine (Ambica ARVW-120) with washing rate of 60 vials per minute. The problems defined by the supervisor of the process that the breaking of vials during washing process. After the long observation of the process various parameters as mentioned below were analyzed (vials breaking). when vials enters from the turn table to the in feed worm then at this stage the point comes where the vials have to turn in inverted position at the hard surface, if the intensity of dropping or turning of the vials at surface is high then it causes breaking of vials, and those vials having bubble on their neck, have more chances to break. Second reason, when vials enters in the washing area through in-feed worm, then supporting plate (which is attached with rubber) is responsible for proper placement of vials from in feed worm to the gripper. Due to this the plate, vials easily fixed. through neck on the star wheel. During this process the elasticity of the rubber belt reduces with time and due to this the supporting plate may not able to place the vials to the gripper properly and if vials do not placed to the gripper then it falls down to the stainless steel plate in the washing area and broke. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Resterilizable medical devices go through a washing process, where the temperature/duration pairing usually comply with an A0=3000 factor. In the context of energy tensions, we aimed to determine the most energy-efficient pairing. Method: We modeled the curve corresponding to the equation controlling the A0 = 3000 factor, then select the pairs to be measured, corresponding to the curve's inflection points. We installed a multimeter to measure the power consumption of our washer. Power consumption was computer-modeled, and the lowest point of the curve was determined. Results: The power consumption of our washer follows a polynomial curve of equation 32.043.x² - 5875.3.x + 276555 (R=0.993). The lowest point on the curve corresponds to the 92°/190s couple, with lower power consumption than the 93°/180 s couple currently used in service (p < 0.05). With over 1990 cycles per year and a cost reduction of almost 30%, the potential saving would be €915. Discussion: We were able to determine the most economical pairing in terms of power consumption on our washer. Further measurements are to be carried out on our other washers, to determine whether the results observed are also applicable to them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bioenergy is a proposed solution to anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. A sustainable deployment will require targeting marginal lands, particularly brownfield and/or degraded lands. Industrial remediation, however, is often uneconomical or even desirable, especially if degraded lands passively return to a nature like state. Degraded lands suitable for remediation include cement kiln dust landfills, containing saline solids. Phytoremediation uses plants to transport pollutants from the soil into standing biomass. After harvest, the biomass, here Phragmites australis, can be processed to separate salt, biomass and process water. Work showed that salt recovery was preferential for large liquid to solid ratios (10x) over longer durations and/or higher temperatures. Elevated temperatures require additional energy while co-leaching more biomass (~ 4 wt%). Repeated soaking with smaller volumes of room temperature water did not single, large volume soaks. A three-stage multi-stage soaking method produced a similar recovery (< 1.5 wt% salt) while consuming 20% less water. A modelled process produces biomass with sufficient energy density for use in the cement kiln at a fuel cost of $3.83/GJ, parity at a carbon price of $42 USD/t CO2. Remediation of cement kiln dust stockpiles is on the century time scale while co-producing biofuel for the plant would be annual. Each square kilometer planted could displace 4% of the fuel energy while returning the waste to the kiln. This represents an early opportunity for combined remediation, waste valorization and bioenergy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The properties of recycled post-consumer rigid polyethylene packaging waste were studied, using sorted waste washed in the laboratory with water alone and with added detergent, and compared with large-scale high-intensity washed flakes. The washed flakes were compounded using three different temperature profiles in a twin-screw extruder and then injection molded. A higher compounding temperature reduced the thermo-oxidative stability, the average molecular mass, and the viscosity of the samples. Rheological measurements suggested that changes in chain branching occurred at different compounding temperatures. The strength and the elongation at break were also influenced by the compounding temperature in both the molten and solid states. Detergent washing maintained the thermo-oxidative stability in contrast to washing with water. The large-scale washed samples had a relatively high thermo-oxidative stability, a higher melt elasticity, and a lower elongation at break in both the molten and solid states than the laboratory-scale washed samples. The thermal properties, melt elasticity, Young's modulus, yield stress, and yield strain of the samples were not, however, significantly affected by either the compounding temperature or the washing medium and intensity. The results indicated that recycled post-consumer rigid polyethylene packaging waste has properties that can support further applications in new products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To clarify the impact of different washing and cooking approaches on the dietary exposure risks of two fat-soluble pesticides (chlorfenapyr and beta-cypermethrin) in mustard green (Brassica juncea (L.) Czern.) and non-heading Chinese cabbage (Brassica chinensis L.), five common cleaning approaches (edible salt water, edible baking soda water, rice-washing water, tap water, edible vinegar aqueous solution) were used to clean the mustard green and non-heading Chinese cabbage in a simulated Chinese kitchen, and four cooking approaches (boiling, steaming, frying, and pickling) were used to process the samples. The residues of chlorfenapyr and beta-cypermethrin in samples before and after kitchen processing were determined using QuEChERS sample preparation and GC-MS/MS and UPLC-MS/MS detection. By estimating the processing factors (PF) and the changes in exposure doses and the contributions to long-term dietary exposure risk (ADIi%) and short-term dietary exposure risk (%ARfD) to three representative Chinese populations (children, women of childbearing age, and the general population), the role of washing and cooking in reducing dietary exposure risk and in reducing uncertainty in dietary exposure risk assessment were estimated. The results showed that, edible baking soda water and the edible salt water had the best removal rates for mustard green and non-heading Chinese cabbage, and it was significantly better than the washing with tap water. After washing and cooking, the processing factors (PFTotal) in mustard green were 0.06-0.24 for chlorfenapyr and 0.04-0.11 for beta-cypermethrin, and those in non-heading Chinese cabbage were 0.05-0.21 for chlorfenapyr and 0.06-0.11 for beta-cypermethrin. The estimated exposure doses of these 2 pesticide residues were reduced by 76%-96% using washing and cooking processing. The study showed that routine kitchen processing can differentially reduce the risk of long-term and short-term dietary exposure of both chlorfenapyr and beta-cypermethrin residues to representative populations in China. Specifically for mustard green and non-heading Chinese cabbage, kitchen processing resulted in %ARfD < 100% for the residue of beta-cypermethrin, but not for the residue of chlorfenapyr [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of China Fiber Inspection / Zhongguo Xian-Jian is the property of China Fiber Inspection and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Sorted flexible polyethylene packaging waste was washed on a laboratory scale at both 25 and 40°C with water alone, with water and added NaOH, and with water and added detergent. The washed materials were then compounded using a twin‐screw extruder and injection molded. The results were compared with those for an unwashed and a large‐scale high‐intensity sample washed with NaOH at 70–80°C. An intensive washing combined with high temperature gave a lower extensibility both in the molten and solid states presumably because of a greater degradation of the recycled material. Washing with NaOH resulted in the lowest strain‐at‐break in both the melt and solid states, whereas washing with water alone or with a detergent gave similar strain‐at‐break levels. The melt strength, the stiffness and tensile strengths at room temperature, and the thermal properties were less affected by the washing procedure. Although the final properties seem to be useful in general there were still some trade‐offs between the washing condition and the degradation. While these results were expected, the influence of washing parameters on final product, for example, injection molded sample, has to our knowledge not been shown before especially regarding the mechanical properties. Highlights: Post‐consumer flexible polyethylene packaging waste was studied with a focus on washing conditions.The influence of washing conditions on thermal, rheological, and mechanical properties of recycled samples was investigated.High‐intensity washing at high temperature caused significant degradation of the material, this was to our understanding shown for the first time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bacillus thuringiensis-based commercial products as a biopesticide have been used for more than 60 years in agriculture. However, as one of the species in B. cereus group, B. thuringiensis has been considered as an emerging hazard with the potential to cause food toxico-infections. The present study aimed to evaluate the biofilm-forming ability of B. thuringiensis biopesticide strains and their attachment on spinach, compared to foodborne B. cereus strains. Biofilm formations of tested strains were found to be strain-specific and affected by the nutrient conditions more than the incubation time. Nutrient starvation conditions generally reduced the biofilm formation of tested B. thuringiensis and B. cereus strains, particularly B. thuringiensis ABTS-1857 strain was found as the nonbiofilm former in starvation conditions. It is worth mentioning that B. thuringiensis SA-11 strain showed stronger biofilm-forming ability with more air–liquid interface biofilm than the other two B. thuringiensis biopesticide strains, but no such higher attachment of B. thuringiensis SA-11 to spinach was observed. These results indicate that B. thuringiensis SA-11 strain can enter the food processing lines by the attachment on spinach leaves, and it has the potential to form biofilms throughout the processing lines or the production environment when sufficient nutrients are available. However, more biofilm tests of B. thuringiensis biopesticide strains in the vegetable production chain should be performed. The dry formulation of commercial B. thuringiensis biopesticides enhanced their adhesion on spinach leaves, whereas the strength of adhesion was not improved by the formulation. In addition, 1–2 log reductions of spores after the intensive washing of spinach leaves in the lab were detected. However, the log reduction due to the actual washing done by the food processing companies in large-volume washing baths or by consumers at home would be limited and less than this lab simulation.

During the primary pork processing at the stage of cooling half-carcasses, their mass is lost, leading to economic losses. One promising way to solve this problem is to wash halfcarcasses with chilled water. This requires decontaminating meat with microflora, which causes its spoilage. The purpose of the study is to determine the effectiveness of the final treatment of pork half-carcasses with ferment cultures of SafePro® B-SF-443 (Leuconostoc carnosum) and SafePro® B-2 (Lactobacillus sakei) strains for their bioconservation and preservation of freshness. The paper uses organoleptic, chemical, and microbiological research methods. It was established that cooling half-carcasses of pork in the refrigerator using cold water washing contributes to the appearance of signs of meat spoilage in terms of microbial contamination and pH value already on the 4th day of storage. Surface treatment of half-carcasses with suspensions of lactic acid microorganisms of SafePro® B-SF-43 (Leuconostoc carnosum) and SafePro® B-2 (Lactobacillus sakei) strains at a dose of 107 /cm2 provides proper organoleptic parameters and the pH value of pork up to 7 days of storage, which correspond to high-quality meat. Both ferment cultures of lactic acid microorganisms reduce microbial contamination of meat due to the number of mesophilic aerobic and facultative anaerobic microorganisms in paired carcasses by 1.25 and 0.65 lg CFU/cm2 and increase the number of lactic acid microorganisms by 3.47 and 3.43 lg CFU/cm2 accordingly, this allows extending the shelf life of meat in the chilled form to at least 7 days. The most suitable culture for the final processing of half-carcasses of pork, which are cooled in the refrigerator in combination with washing with chilled water, is the SafePro® B-2 (Lactobacillus sakei) strain. The results obtained are promising for improving the technology of primary pork processing at the cooling stage using ferment cultures of lactic acid microorganisms as natural preservatives, which will increase the shelf life of meat, considering its quality and safety

Palm kernel shells (PKS) were washed with water and glacial acetic acid (CH3COOH) gradually to prepare them for co-firing with coal. They were then torrefied at 450ºC for one hour. Washing was done to reduce the concentration of ash and alkaline oxides, which would reduce the chance of slagging and fouling. The research was conducted considering that information about washing the PKS with acetic acid and then having them torrefied is very limited and unclear. The results showed that washed and torrefied PKS had better characteristics than those of raw PKS or PKS washed with water. PKS that is washed with acid, torrefied and then blended with coal has low slagging and medium fouling tendencies. However, based on ash fusion temperature, the inclination towards slagging and fouling is high under reducing conditions and medium under oxidation conditions.

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Background: Daily skin care is important for treatment of skin diseases, but few studies have reported on appropriate washing methods. Aim: This study aimed to provide guidance on washing techniques and examine changes in skin condition after using the recommended washing technique and foaming‐type skin cleanser in patients with atopic or asteatotic dermatitis. Methods: An internet‐based questionnaire survey on skin symptoms and cleaning methods was conducted. Further, a left–right comparative, nonrandomized trial was performed in 19 patients with asteatotic or atopic dermatitis and xerosis. Participants were instructed to wash with a cotton towel and their normal cleanser during Weeks 1–4 and with bare hands or a cotton towel and the recommended foaming‐type cleanser during Weeks 5–8. Results: The survey revealed that the degree of lathering differed depending on the cleaning tool. In the trial, scores for erythema, desquamation, and xerosis in the lower legs were significantly reduced after 4 weeks compared with scores at the start. Between Weeks 4 and 8, scores for erythema, xerosis, and pruritus in the inner forearm on the side washed with bare hands and scores for xerosis, pruritus, and excoriation on the side washed with a cotton towel were significantly reduced. A significant increase was noted in stratum corneum ceramide content on both left and right inner forearms, whereas a significant decrease was noted in stratum corneum thymus and activation‐regulated chemokine level ratios in the lower legs on both sides. Conclusions: Xerotic skin disease symptoms can be improved using appropriate body washing methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this research is to study the effects of feed particle size, splitter angle, and washing process on Fe2O3 removal efficiency in the separation of ferrous impurities from halloysite ore by dry magnetic separation in order to increase the purity of halloysite sample after crushing and blunging processes separately. Firstly, after crushing ore in a jaw crusher and sizing to -2+1 mm, -1+0.5 mm, and -0.5+0.212 mm fractions, the sized materials were fed to REMS-type dry magnetic separator at a constant belt speed of 300 rpm with the splitter angles of 0, 15, 30° separately. Maximum Fe2O3 removal efficiency (FRE) (97.1%) was obtained in the nonmagnetic product at -0.5+0.212 mm size fraction and 0° splitter angle. The minimum Fe2O3 content (1.3%) was reached in the nonmagnetic product obtained in the experiment with the feed size of -2+1 mm and a splitter angle of 0°. Secondly, dry magnetic separation was applied to the washed -2+0.212 mm size fraction after drying at room temperature to evaluate the coarse particle-sized halloysite ore that was gained by mechanical dispersion in the aqueous medium towards sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP), while a significant part of the clay minerals went into fine size after the dispersion process. In the experiment performed with a 0° splitter angle after washing, it was determined that halloysite concentrate of 0.4% Fe2O3 content could be obtained with 98.8% Fe2O3 removal efficiency. As a result of dry magnetic separation experiments, it was seen that Fe2O3 removal efficiency decreased as the splitter angle increased, while Fe2O3 content in magnetic and nonmagnetic products increased. It was determined that washing and cleaning of finesized minerals plastered on particle surfaces after mechanical dispersion and particle release of minerals with different magnetic properties increased the dry magnetic separation efficiency, and nonmagnetic products with very low Fe2O3 (0.4%) and high Al2O3 (31.9%) content was obtained. The blunging process in the presence of dispersant caused the dispersion of clay minerals and allowed to liberating of the ferrous minerals from the halloysite ore, hence the increase in the FRE for the magnetic separation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Additive manufacturing (AM), also known as three-dimensional printing (3DP), has been widely applied to various fields and industries, including automotive, healthcare, and rapid prototyping. This study evaluates the effects of 3DP on textile properties. The usability of a textile and its durability are determined by its strength, washability, colorfastness to light, and abrasion resistance, among other traits, which may be impacted by the application of 3DP on the fabric's surface. This study examines the application of photosensitive acrylic resin on two fabric substrates: 100% cotton and 100% polyester white woven fabrics made of yarns with staple fibers. A simple alphanumeric text was translated into braille and the braille dots were 3D printed onto both fabrics. The color of the printed photosensitive acrylic resin was black, and it was an equal mixture of VeroCyanV, VeroYellowV, and VeroMagentaV. The 3D-printed design was the same on both fabrics and was composed of braille dots with a domed top. Both of the 3DP fabrics passed the colorfastness to washing test with no transfer or color change, but 3D prints on both fabrics showed significant color change during the colorfastness to light test. The tensile strength tests indicated an overall reduction in strength and elongation when the fabrics had 3DP on their surface. An abrasion resistance test revealed that the resin had a stronger adhesion to the cotton than to the polyester, but both resins were removed from the fabric with the abrader. These findings suggest that while 3DP on textiles offers unique possibilities for customization and design, mechanical properties and color stability trade-offs need to be considered. Further evaluation of textiles and 3D prints of textiles and their performance in areas such as colorfastness and durability are warranted to harness the full potential of this technology in the fashion and textile industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The establishment of a new metallurgical complex in Bellara, located in El-Milia in the Jijel region, is geographically advantageous due to its proximity to the Sidi Maarouf deposit (Algeria). This proximity has been a fundamental motivation for the completion of the current study. The object of research is the quality of iron products from Sidi Maarouf. The research is aimed at developing a treatment process aimed at improving the quality of iron products from Sidi Maarouf, while reducing the impurities of quartz and clay present in this ore. This approach will be based on an approved technological treatment scheme, implemented through an experimental approach to ensure reliable results that meet the requirements of the steel industry. The problem issue revolves around the difficulties encountered in the production of steels due to the natural characteristics of the raw material. In the absence of a physico-chemical characterization of the Sidi Maarouf iron ore deposit, samples taken undergo a series of thorough analyses, including microscopic examinations, X-ray diffraction (XRD), as well as additional chemical analyses using X-ray fluorescence (XRF). The identified minerals are predominantly composed of hematite in terms of iron. As for the gangue, it is mainly composed of calcite and quartz. Through to the pretreatment process involving washing, we have successfully removed lightweight particles, resulting in a concentrate containing dense particles. This approach was crucial in achieving satisfactory results during the high-intensity dry magnetic separation. As a result of the research it is shown that the enrichment of the Sidi Maarouf iron ore through high-intensity dry magnetic separation, a final concentrate was obtained with a Fe2O3 content exceeding 67 %, along with a significant reduction in silica impurities to 0.92 % and alumina to 0.77 %. It was concluded that this concentrate, derived from the –1+0.5 mm fraction and obtained under a current intensity of 12 A, meets the requirements of the steel industry. Following the work carried out, it is found that the methods of valorization of iron ore through mineralogical processes consistently require a high level of efficiency and performance in terms of equipment and characterization of the products obtained. In the future, iron ore processing will be conducted using innovative methods, integrating advanced technologies to enhance its characteristics while adopting environmentally friendly practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Washing red blood cell (RBC) units mitigates severe allergic transfusion reactions. However, washing reduces the time to expiration and the effective dose. Automated washing is time‐ and labor‐intensive. A shortage of cell processor tubing sets prompted review of medical necessity for washed RBC for patients previously thought to require washing. Study Design and Methods: A single‐center, retrospective study investigated discontinuing wash RBC protocols in chronically transfused adults. In select patients with prior requirements for washing, due to a history of allergic transfusion reactions, trials of unwashed transfusions were performed. Patient demographic, clinical, laboratory, and transfusion data were compiled. The per‐unit washing cost was the sum of the tubing set, saline, and technical labor costs. Results: Fifteen patients (median age 34 years interquartile range [IQR] 23–53 years, 46.7% female) were evaluated. These patients had been transfused with a median of 531 washed RBC units (IQR 244–1066) per patient over 12 years (IQR 5–18 years), most commonly for recurrent, non‐severe allergic reactions. There were no transfusion reactions with unwashed RBCs aside from one patient with one episode of pruritus and another with recurrent pruritus, which was typical even with washed RBC. We decreased the mean number of washed RBC units per month by 72.9% (104 ± 10 vs. 28.2 ± 25.2; p <.0001) and saved US $100.25 per RBC unit. Conclusion: Washing of RBCs may be safely reconsidered in chronically transfused patients without a history of anaphylaxis. Washing should be implemented judiciously due to potential lack of necessity and logistical/operational challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The existing research deals with the process of modifying polyester knitted fabrics and polyester/cotton knitted fabrics with chitosan and the stability of functionalized surface with chitosan in the washing process according to a standard and an innovative washing procedure. The current research concept aims to evaluate the degree of progressivity and progressiveness: the modification of polyester knitted fabrics with chitosan and an innovative washing process. The polyester and polyester/cotton fabrics modified with chitosan were characterized by a staining test, microscopic analysis, zeta potential measurement, and pilling tendency of the knitted fabrics before and after five and ten washing cycles with reference detergent ECE A. The results of the zeta potential measurement of knitted fabrics functionalized with chitosan confirmed cationization of the polyester and polyester/cotton fabric with chitosan. The presence of chitosan on the washed knitted fabrics in reduced quantities is demonstrated by the staining test, the colour strength (K/S), and the zeta potential values. The staining test and surface charge of the tested knitted fabrics confirmed the research hypothesis regarding the degree of progressivity of the modification of polyester and polyester/cotton knitted fabrics with chitosan and the sustainability of the innovative washing process. The streaming potential proved to be a favorable method for monitoring the stability of chitosan in the washing process in combination with a staining test with the selected dye Remazol Red RB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The possibility of using quartz sands from the Oinakum deposit as a promising source of high-quality quartz-containing raw materials for the glass industry in order to obtain higher grades of glass is considered. The chemical, granulometric, and mineralogical compositions of quartz sands of the Oinakum deposit were investigated; different enrichment schemes were used to obtain high concentrations of quartz sand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the primary pork processing at the stage of cooling half-carcasses, their mass is lost, leading to economic losses. One promising way to solve this problem is to wash half-carcasses with chilled water. This requires decontaminating meat with microflora, which causes its spoilage. The purpose of the study is to determine the effectiveness of the final treatment of pork half-carcasses with ferment cultures of SafePro® B-SF-443 (Leuconostoc carnosum) and SafePro® B-2 (Lactobacillus sakei) strains for their bioconservation and preservation of freshness. The paper uses organoleptic, chemical, and microbiological research methods. It was established that cooling half-carcasses of pork in the refrigerator using cold water washing contributes to the appearance of signs of meat spoilage in terms of microbial contamination and pH value already on the 4th day of storage. Surface treatment of half-carcasses with suspensions of lactic acid microorganisms of SafePro® B-SF-43 (Leuconostoc carnosum) and SafePro® B-2 (Lactobacillus sakei) strains at a dose of 107/cm² provides proper organoleptic parameters and the pH value of pork up to 7 days of storage, which correspond to high-quality meat. Both ferment cultures of lactic acid microorganisms reduce microbial contamination of meat due to the number of mesophilic aerobic and facultative anaerobic microorganisms in paired carcasses by 1.25 and 0.65 lg CFU/cm² and increase the number of lactic acid microorganisms by 3.47 and 3.43 lg CFU/cm² accordingly, this allows extending the shelf life of meat in the chilled form to at least 7 days. The most suitable culture for the final processing of half-carcasses of pork, which are cooled in the refrigerator in combination with washing with chilled water, is the SafePro® B-2 (Lactobacillus sakei) strain. The results obtained are promising for improving the technology of primary pork processing at the cooling stage using ferment cultures of lactic acid microorganisms as natural preservatives, which will increase the shelf life of meat, considering its quality and safety [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Rudarsko-Geolosko-Naftni Zbornik is the property of Faculty of Mining, Geology & Petroleum Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Spinach is a very popular green leafy vegetable because of its versatile usage and beneficial for the health. However, spinach may contain several pathogen bacteria: Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Salmonella spp., Enterobacter spp., Citrobacter spp., Shigella spp. and Listeria monocytogenes, which can cause several serious health problems. This study investigates the effects of washing with citric acid for the shelflife parameters of spinach in comparison to the effect of washing with water and control. Washing of spinach with 0.5% citric acid solution decreased the elasticity of the spinach leaves, as well as the chlorophyll content. On the other hand, the total plate count, as well as the yeast and mold count could be decreased with this treatment, but difference was not detectable at the forth storage day. The fecal indicator E. coli did not change, indicating washing was not effective in this case. Further optimisation of treatment and storage conditions may decrease microbial risk of fresh spinach consumption without decreasing its sensory quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Prace Jezykoznawcze is the property of University of Warmia & Mazury in Olsztyn and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this study, an evaluation of washing-based treatment for diesel-contaminated soil using non-ionic surfactants such as Tween-20, NP-9.5, and Triton X-100 at 5% (v/v) dosage for three days of washing in removing diesel as well as improvement of geotechnical properties was performed. The initial diesel content of 0.8 mg/g was identified using the gravimetric method in the soil. The geotechnical test results of the surfactant-washed diesel-contaminated soil show an increase in shear strength, a decrease in compression, and swelling. The contaminated and treated soil samples are also subjected to instrumental techniques like X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared radiation (FTIR). On analyzing the results from FTIR spectra, NP-9.5 is found to be the most efficient surfactant in removing the diesel. This study establishes that surfactant-aided soil washing is a prospective method for enhanced removal of diesel and leads to significant improvement in geotechnical properties of the treated soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The textile industry is considered a polluting industry due to the use of chemicals in production and excessive use of energy and water, plus the generation of toxic waste. In present, the significance of environmental pollution and related problems in the world had led to development and application of environmental friendly production methods that less polluted environment.Wool fibers are subjected to a number of water-based treatments that pollutes the environment. In a desire to make the wool industry to become more sustainable, this paper reports an ecological wool washing method by using three alkaline solutions based on ash obtained from burning wood type beech/oak/hornbeam and water. The mixture solutions used for manually wool washing has different concentration of lye (10% to 30%) and pH, respectively. The higher the pH of the alkaline solution, the more impurities are removed.The optical images of washed wool fibers presented in the paper show no damage on surface structure. Wastewater collected after wool washing was used as natural fertiliser for watering seeds of grass. Some measurements on blades of grass were done to see the effect of wastewater. The number of grass blades/unit area, average lenght and the uniformity regarding the lenght increased when watering was done with wastewater.

Recycling of plastic materials is a key sustainability topic. Hence, the scope of this study is to evaluate the potential of this purification step for achieving high-purity recyclates via mechanical recycling. In this study, the focus is set on the revalorization of poly(3-hydroxy butyrate) and poly(3-hydroxy butyrate-co-3-hydroxy valerate)—two biobased and biodegradable polymers that have properties similar to those of polyolefins and are therefore possible eco-friendly alternatives. Specifically, the washing process as an important part of polymer recycling processes is evaluated regarding different washing conditions on a laboratory scale. For this purpose, several virgin polymers were contaminated with volatile organic compounds that differed in functionality and molecular weight. Regarding contamination, concentration correlates with contamination time. Moreover, the contamination degree was found to be higher for polar contaminants since polar compounds show higher compatibility with the polymer. General beneficial effects of higher temperatures and longer washing times were observed. The choice of washing medium was relevant for different polarities of the contaminants. At higher process temperatures, material degradation occurred. Hence, recyclers have to pay attention to the difference in the interaction between impurities and the polymer and to the degradation of the polymer during recycling and the subsequent formation of degradation products. Since these biopolymers display comparable properties to polyolefins, great potential in packaging applications is apparent. Moreover, the method of analyzing the removal efficiency of volatile organic compounds via washing can be applied to all recyclable polymers.

Introduction: This study aimed to assess the physicochemical characteristics of tapioca modified by microwave heat treatment. Methods: The assessment was carried out using a one-factor Completely Randomized Design, namely microwave heat treatment with four levels of commercial tapioca. These included microwave tapioca (TMW), microwave washing tapioca (TPMW), and microwave soaking tapioca (TPRMW) with three replications. The variables observed were chemical tests including moisture and ash content, with physical characteristics such as solubility, swelling power, water, and oil holding capacity (OHC). The data obtained were assessed using MINITAB 21 analysis of variance, followed by Tukey’s test when there was a significant difference. Results: The best treatment was found to be a modification of starch using microwave heat in TPRMW, producing 8.01% moisture content, 0.13% ash content, 32.80% swelling power, 24.76% solubility, 218.50% water holding capacity (WHC), and 176.93% OHC. Conclusion: Modification treatment using microwave heat caused chemical and physical changes in tapioca to experience a decrease in moisture content, ash content, swelling power, solubility, and OHC compared to natural tapioca. However, this treatment increased WHC, which was specifically observed for TPRMW.

In recent years, with the increasing global focus on environmental protection, the issue of microfiber release from denim during the washing process has gained attention. In this study, a programmable washing device simulating household drum washing was designed and developed, microfibers and indigo dyes released from denim washing were quantitatively detected, and we have also developed a novel method for estimating the release of microfibers during washing. The effects of washing time, washing temperature, and washing load on microfiber and indigo dye release from denim were explored. The results showed that the effect of washing load on microfiber and indigo dye release was greater than washing temperature and washing time. The research findings indicate that with an increase in washing time (35–95 min) and washing load (100–250 g), the shedding of microfibers and indigo dye significantly increases, reaching peak release levels of 343.6 μg/g fabric and 0.027 mg/L, respectively. However, there is a decreasing trend in the release of microfibers and indigo dye when the washing temperature exceeds 50 °C. Furthermore, our data suggests that an increase in washing load leads to a significant change in the number of microfibers (from 978 items/g fabric to 1997 items/g fabric) and their mass (from 156.87 μg/g fabric to 343.56 μg/g fabric). The influence of washing time, washing temperature, and washing load on microfiber length shows relatively small fluctuations within the range of 600–900 µm. This study provides new ideas and methods for estimating the release of microfiber and indigo dye in denim washing around the world.

The contamination of water used in post‐harvest handling and processing operations of fresh and frozen fruit, vegetables and herbs (ffFVHs) is a global concern. The most relevant microbial hazards associated with this water are: Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella spp., human pathogenic Escherichia coli and enteric viruses, which have been linked to multiple outbreaks associated with ffFVHs in the European Union (EU). Contamination (i.e. the accumulation of microbiological hazards) of the process water during post‐harvest handling and processing operations is affected by several factors including: the type and contamination of the FVHs being processed, duration of the operation and transfer of microorganisms from the product to the water and vice versa, etc. For food business operators (FBOp), it is important to maintain the microbiological quality of the process water to assure the safety of ffFVHs. Good manufacturing practices (GMP) and good hygienic practices (GHP) related to a water management plan and the implementation of a water management system are critical to maintain the microbiological quality of the process water. Identified hygienic practices include technical maintenance of infrastructure, training of staff and cooling of post‐harvest process water. Intervention strategies (e.g. use of water disinfection treatments and water replenishment) have been suggested to maintain the microbiological quality of process water. Chlorine‐based disinfectants and peroxyacetic acid have been reported as common water disinfection treatments. However, given current practices in the EU, evidence of their efficacy under industrial conditions is only available for chlorine‐based disinfectants. The use of water disinfection treatments must be undertaken following an appropriate water management strategy including validation, operational monitoring and verification. During operational monitoring, real‐time information on process parameters related to the process and product, as well as the water and water disinfection treatment(s) are necessary. More specific guidance for FBOp on the validation, operational monitoring and verification is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Liang (Gnetum gnemon var. tenerum) leaves are widely consumed as a green vegetable in Southern Thailand, and the plant is valued for its nutritional benefits. However, like other leafy greens, liang is vulnerable to microbial contamination, generating foodborne illnesses. This study examined the nutritional content and microbial load of liang leaves at different maturity stages and the effects of washing with chlorinated water. Various growth stages were analysed for proximate composition, amino acids, vitamins, and minerals. Results revealed distinct nutritional profiles, with tip leaves rich in protein and fat and intermediate leaves high in dietary fibre. Liang leaves are abundant in essential amino acids and proteins. Washing with chlorinated water increased leaf weight due to water retention but also caused physical damage, fostering microbial growth and spoilage. Microbiological analysis showed marginal reductions in total viable counts after washing with chlorinated water and significant decreases in coliform and Escherichia coli counts. However, stem detachment during washing increased the coliform and E. coli counts. Liang leaves exhibited favourable nutritional content, especially in the intermediate stage. Proper handling and storage of liang leaves are crucial to preventing physical damage and microbial contamination. Improved food safety measures, including appropriate post-harvest washing and handling of leafy vegetables, will ensure that consumers can safely enjoy the nutritional benefits of liang leaves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]