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Conical intersections are known to play a vital role in many photochemical processes. The breakdown of the Born–Oppenheimer approximation in the vicinity of a conical intersection causes exciting phenomena, such as the ultrafast radiationless decay of excited states. The passage of a molecule through a conical intersection creates a coherent superposition of electronic states via nonadiabatic couplings. Detecting this coherent superposition may serve as a direct probe of the conical intersection. In this paper, we theoretically demonstrate the use of coherent spontaneous emission in samples with long-range order for probing the occurrence of a conical intersection in a molecule. Our simulations show that the spectrum contains clear signatures of the created coherent superposition of electronic states. We investigate the bandwidth requirements for the x-ray probes, which influence the observation of coherent superposition generated by the conical intersection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The characteristic x-ray emission direction of a material indicates the direction of the bonding orbitals and spatial symmetry of the electron orbitals. Accordingly, the intensity of x-ray emission, which varies with the direction of emission and crystal orientation, provides crucial information regarding anisotropic electronic structures. This study utilized angle-resolved soft x-ray emission spectroscopy (SXES) on a layered material, NaAlSi, to ascertain the spatial distribution of the valence electrons. Distinct alterations in the spectral intensity distributions were observed in the Al–L2,3 and Si–L2,3 spectra with respect to the emission angle. To interpret the anisotropic SXES spectra, the spatial distribution of each valence electronic state was simulated using first-principle calculations. Although the anisotropic emission intensity could not explain the symmetry of the spatial distributions of the isolated s and d atomic orbitals, the anisotropy of the SXES spectra could be interpreted as the spatial distribution of these orbitals when hybridized with p orbitals. Furthermore, the spectral structure corresponding to the electronic states near the Fermi level reflected the characteristics of the d orbitals. Therefore, angle-resolved SXES measurements can effectively discern the spatial distribution of hybridized electron orbitals with specific energy levels, which could enhance techniques related to electron distribution analysis, with potential applications in material science and electronic structure characterization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ability to study chemical dynamics on ultrafast timescales has greatly advanced with the introduction of X-ray free electron lasers (XFELs) providing short pulses of intense X-rays tailored to probe atomic structure and electronic configuration. Fully exploiting the full potential of XFELs requires specialized experimental endstations along with the development of techniques and methods to successfully carry out experiments. The liquid jet endstation (LJE) at the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) has been developed to study photochemistry and biochemistry in solution systems using a combination of X-ray solution scattering (XSS), X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), and X-ray emission spectroscopy (XES). The pump-probe setup utilizes an optical laser to excite the sample, which is subsequently probed by a hard X-ray pulse to resolve structural and electronic dynamics at their intrinsic femtosecond timescales. The LJE ensures reliable sample delivery to the X-ray interaction point via various liquid jets, enabling rapid replenishment of thin samples with millimolar concentrations and low sample volumes at the 120 Hz repetition rate of the LCLS beam. This paper provides a detailed description of the LJE design and of the techniques it enables, with an emphasis on the diagnostics required for real-time monitoring of the liquid jet and on the spatiotemporal overlap methods used to optimize the signal. Additionally, various scientific examples are discussed, highlighting the versatility of the LJE.

The current state of electron probe methods [including energy loss spectroscopy of inelastically scattered electrons (EELS)] is considered. The analysis concerning the issues of their application, challenges, and limitations is performed. Particular attention is paid to the fundamental limitations and the means to overcome those during electron probe methods' subsequent development for the study of composite nanostructured materials. It is emphasized that the emitted electron energy spectrum dispersion (or electron energy distribution function width) is one of the main factors limiting a further increase in EELS energy resolution, although the use of direct detection sensors and monochromators allows one to approach the physical limit of this method. Novel low-macroscopic-field electron emitters are synthesized and investigated. Their properties are analyzed and compared with previously obtained specimens. Both energy and temporal resolutions of an EEL system utilizing the suggested cathodes are estimated. The comparison of its characteristics with the corresponding parameters of classical facilities is performed. The obtained results indicate the possibility to achieving a significant growth in energy and temporal resolutions as well as a decrease in the detection threshold of chemical elements with trace concentrations while maintaining relatively high emission current density values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The woven carbon fibers (WCF) fabrics were functionalized by growing copper-oxide (CuO) nanostructures using Seed-assisted hydrothermal technique. The effective growth of CuO on surface hydrolyzed WCF samples were achieved by seeding followed by growth treatment in the prepared precursor solution. The impact of hydrothermal process parameters such as number of seeding cycles, duration of growth treatment and molar concentration of growth solution were studied by performing 96 set of experiments with three repetitions. In this work detailed analysis of structural, morphological, and elemental attributes of the CuO-coated WCF fabrics samples have been done. The WCF fabrics were uniformly coated with monoclinic CuO nanostructures having nanopellets, nanoflakes, nanowires, and nanoflowers morphologies. Different characterization techniques such as field emission scanning electron microscope, energy dispersive spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, FT-IR spectroscopy and thermo-gravimetric analyzer were used to study different attributes of CuO-modified WCF samples. The number of seeding treatments and the length of growth treatment had a significant impact on growth of CuO nanostructures on WCF. The detailed analysis exhibits that the developed CuO-modified WCF samples may enhance interfacial surface area, bonding capacity and reduce void content by allowing nanostructures to cross-link together and with polymer matrix while fabricating composite materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of superconducting samples including pure Bi2Sr2Ca2C3O10 (BSCCO), Pb-doped BSCCO (Bi1.35Pb0.65Sr2Ca2Cu3O10), Mg-doped BSCCO (Bi1.65Mg0.35Sr2Ca2Cu3O10), and optimally co-doped Pb-Mg-BSCCO with an optimal formula of BiPb0.65Mg0.35Sr2Ca2Cu3O10 (108K superconductor) were carefully synthesized and optimized with a maximum ratio of incorporated lead and magnesium, achieving both quality of structural features and an improved Tc offset of 108 K. The optimized porous sample was well characterized via x-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and three-dimensional atomic force microscopy (3D-AFM). In addition, the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) specific surface area was estimated at 11.9 m2g−1. Porous Mg-doped BPSCCO exhibited high performance efficiency for H2 storage, recording maximum H2 uptake of 5.92 wt.% at a temperature of 270°C and pressure of 14 bar. A mechanism of loaded hydrogen was proposed. Magnesium and lead incorporated in 2223-BPSCCO were suggested to play a vital role in hydrogen storage as Mg hydride and Pb as plumbane. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The poor corrosion resistance of magnesium limits its clinical applications. Accordingly, in the present study, carbon ions were incorporated into a AZ31b magnesium alloy surface via carbon plasma immersion ion-implantation to improve its corrosion resistance and biocompatibility. The surface morphology and properties of the modified alloy were evaluated by field-emission scanning electron microscopy, water contact angle measurement, Raman scattering, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Furthermore, compositional depth profiles were obtained by glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy, revealing a Gaussian-like distribution of carbon concentration. Electrochemical and hydrogen-evolution analysis demonstrated the successfully improved corrosion resistance of the AZ31b Mg alloy, while its biocompatibility was demonstrated by MTT and cell-adherence assays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of Lu 2(1- x) Tb 2 x (WO 4) 3 (x = 0.00–1.00) white powder materials were prepared by a high-temperature solid-phase method. The crystal structure, microscopic morphology, elemental composition, bandgap energy, photoluminescence properties, and thermal stability of luminescence of the prepared materials were analyzed and studied through room and high temperature X-ray diffraction patterns, field emission scanning electron microscopy images, energy energy-dispersive spectra and X-ray photoelectron spectra, diffuse reflectance spectra, room and high temperature photoluminescence spectra. Under 260 nm excitation, the green emitting Lu 2(1- x) Tb 2 x (WO 4) 3 samples exhibited an optimum Tb3+ doping concentration at x = 0.30. Calculated results illustrate that the concentration quenching was mainly caused by dipole-dipole interaction. Lu 1.98 Tb 0.02 (WO 4) 3 phosphor exhibited thermally enhanced luminescence at 120 °C, with a maximum luminescence intensity of 254 % of the initial room temperature intensity. Lu 1.4 Tb 0.6 (WO 4) 3 phosphor exhibited thermally enhanced luminescence at 150 °C, with a maximum luminescence intensity of 109 % of the initial room temperature intensity. The mechanism of the thermally enhanced luminescence phenomenon is further discussed to be the adsorbed crystal water and the negative thermal expansion of the material. Thermally enhanced luminescence is of great significance in overcoming luminescent thermal quenching phenomenon, improving the luminescence efficiency, optimizing the material design, and so forth. It has potential applications in high-temperature lighting, display technology, temperature sensing, and optical anti-counterfeiting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cobalt manganese oxide (CoMn2O4) material production and characterization are presented in this work in preparation for their possible application in supercapacitors. The synthesis process used is a top‐down solid‐state strategy that is both economical and environmentally benign. After 500 °C post‐calcination, phase purity is verified by X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. In the CoMn2O4, significant metal oxide vibrational modes are shown by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Raman spectroscopy is used to characterize structure, through elemental color mapping, energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDX), and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM), researchers analyze morphological characteristics. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic charge–discharge (GCD) experiments distinctly demonstrate that plasma treatment enhances the material properties including intensity, bending vibrations, morphology, and capacitance. After being exposed to air plasma, the resultant CoMn2O4 shows a notable capacitance of 961 F/g at 0.5 mA/g in a 2 M KOH electrolyte. These findings together suggest that CoMn2O4 has potential as an electrode material for supercapacitor research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pure, Ni-doped, and Ni/Co–co-doped magnetite nanoparticles at different Co concentrations (1%, 2%, and 3%) and a constant concentration value of Ni were fabricated by the hydrothermal method. The nanoparticles were investigated by X-ray diffraction, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, a vibrating sample magnetometer, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and UV–visible spectroscopy. The X-ray diffraction showed that pure Fe3O4, Ni-Fe3O4, and 3%Ni-3%Co-Fe3O4 have cubic inverse-spinel structures, while the samples co-doped with Ni:Co (1%, 2%) revealed orthorhombic structure. The doping resulted in a reduction of the average crystalline size values from 47.755 to 9.927 nm. The morphology of all the samples was spherical, with a mean diameter in the range of 75–120 nm. The presence of Ni, Co, Fe, and O in a lattice of Ni/Co–co-doped Fe3O4 was confirmed by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis. The FTIR spectrum displayed two bands at 400–50 cm−1 and 520–480 cm−1, which were present in all samples. These vibration bands correlate to the ferrite spinel lattice vibration. The UV–visible absorption spectra of doped and co-doped samples showed a blue shift in the absorption edge as compared to undoped (pure) magnetite nanoparticles. The energy gap increased with doping and co-doping, from 1.5 to 2.6 eV. The measurement of the magnetic characteristics of pure Fe3O4 (Ms = 82.7 emu g−1, Mr = 8.4 emu g−1, and HC = 60 Oe). While in the case of Ni-doped and Ni/Co–co-doped samples, all the extracted magnetic parameters declined in comparison to pure Fe3O4. Furthermore, the hemolysis assay of all samples with concentrations ranging between 100 and 800 µg/ml was used in this study. After completing the study of hemolytic activity for all samples, the results revealed that the activity was concentration-dependent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The extensive development of nanotechnologies has allowed nanoparticles to impact living systems through different pathways. The effect of single exposure to high concentrations of silver and copper nanoparticles (50–200 mg/L) on Vaccinium myrtillus L. under field conditions was investigated. Nanoparticle uptake in different segments of Vaccinium myrtillus L. was assessed by applying inductively coupled plasma–atomic emission spectroscopy and a particle-induced X-ray emission technique. Copper nanoparticles mainly accumulated in the roots and leaves, while silver nanoparticles showed a higher affinity for the roots and berries. The nanoparticles' effects on the pigments and antioxidant activity of the plant's leaves were also evaluated. The possible human health risk associated with the consumption of nanoparticle-contaminated berries was assessed. The results indicated that the consumption of berries contaminated with nanoparticles presented a low risk for human health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The researchers of this study synthesized a new magnetic solid acid catalyst by processing Fe3O4 with glycine, pyrrole-2-carbaldehyde, and sulfuric acid as an acid group via a simple method. Its chemical structure was determined through a variety of analyses, including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, vibrating sample magnetometer, thermal gravimetric/derivative thermal gravimetric, field emission scanning electron microscope, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), EDX-mapping, transmission electron microscopy, inductively coupled plasma, X-ray diffraction, and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller. Following this, this efficient strong solid acid catalyst was used for the synthesis of of 2-amino-3-cyano-4H-pyran and polyhydroquinoline derivatives (84–95% yield in 5–30 min and 88–96% in 5–15 min, respectively). The nano-catalyst could be easily separated from the reaction mixture using a permanent magnet and utilized up to five times without experiencing any significant decrease in its catalytic activity. The implementation of this method offers several benefits including effortless separation, excellent catalytic activity, environmentally friendly reaction conditions, relatively high product yield, and low cost. Moreover, the recent research has demonstrated the notable antiviral effects of certain pyran and quinoline derivatives against COVID-19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polydopamine (PDA)-coated Zn–Al-layered double hydroxide (Zn-Al LDH@PDA) have been synthesized through a simple and green procedure. In the present study, for the first time, Pd nanoparticles were successfully deposited using Zn-Al LDH@PDA as an efficient reducing biotemplate and stabilizing support. In this protocol, Pd ions were adsorbed on surfaces of Zn-Al LDH@PDA through immersion of the Zn-Al LDH@PDA nanocomposite into a palladium plating bath. Next, they were reduced in situ to palladium nanoparticles using PDA's N-containing groups and reducing ability. The structure, morphology and physicochemical properties of the synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by different analytical techniques such as energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), fast Fourier transform (FFT),inductively coupled plasma (ICP), nitrogen physical adsorption (BET), elemental mapping and X-ray Diffraction (XRD).The catalytic potential of Zn-Al LDH@PDA/Pd NPs nanocatalyst was then evaluated in the Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reactions. These tests indicated that Zn-Al LDH@PDA/Pd NPs nanocatalyst is tolerant against various functional groups, and the desired biphenyl products were acquired with good to high yields within short times. The Zn-Al LDH@PDA/Pd NPs nanocatalyst was isolated by centrifuge and it was stable enough to be reused for 7 consecutive times without considerable loss in activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aluminum oxide nanoparticles/activated carbon (Al2O3NPs/AC) nanocomposite were synthesized using an optimized sol–gel synthesis method. Various characterization techniques, including x‐ray, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), UV–visible spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry, were employed electrochemical properties of the prepared samples. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed higher crystal plane intensities in Al2O3NPs compared to Al2O3/AC nanocomposites. The average crystallite size was determined to be 32 nm for Al2O3 NPs and 20 nm for Al2O3/AC nanocomposites. FE‐SEM showcased the agglomeration of Al2O3 NPs, while the composite exhibited agglomerated Al2O3 NPs embedded in Al2O3/AC nanocomposites. It was found that the band gaps of Al2O3/AC nanocomposite and Al2O3 NPs were 5.5 and 5.6 eV, respectively. Electrochemical analysis through cyclic voltammetry demonstrated that the specific capacitance of Al2O3/AC nanocomposites was six times higher than Al2O3 NPs. This comprehensive investigation provides valuable insights into the enhanced electrochemical performance of the Al2O3/AC nanocomposites, suggesting its potential application in energy storage devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Development of novel abrasive systems with functional activities and physicochemical properties are of great significance in the reactive oxygen species (ROS)-enhanced chemical mechanical polishing. In this work, Ce single-doped and Ce/Cu co-doped dendritic mesoporous silica nanoparticles (DMSNs), namely Ce−DMSNs and Ce/Cu−DMSNs, were produced via a simple impregnation and thermolysis procedure. The Ce and/or Cu species involved in DMSNs frameworks were characterized through X-ray diffractometry, infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectrometry, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and nitrogen adsorption/desorption techniques. We report the evolution of surface morphology and roughness, defects, peak-to-valley data, image surface area difference, and material removal efficiency during ROS-enhanced polishing experiments toward silica materials. All the pure, Ce single-doped, and Ce/Cu co-doped DMSNs abrasive systems offered nearly defect-free surfaces with close-to-atom scale roughness. It might be attributed to the "springlike effect" and "soft polishing/abrasion", possibly originating from the low-modulus DMSNs carriers. Among these abrasives, the Ce/Cu co-doped DMSNs systems achieved an evident improvement in removal efficiency, especially under ultraviolet irradiation-assisted polishing conditions. The coexisted Ce(Ⅲ)/Ce(Ⅳ) and Cu(Ⅰ)/Cu(Ⅱ) couples might be responsible for the effective production of ROS in photocatalysis and Fenton-like processes, thereby contributing to the Si–OH and Ce(Ⅲ)−O–Si bonding formations. The role of the developed Ce/Cu co-doped DMSNs abrasive systems in ROS-enhanced polishing processes was discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitride-based MXenes materials are promising for advancing technological developments, especially in popular scientific fields such as energy storage and conversion. This study successfully synthesized 2D lamellar Ti 2 NTx MXenes via selective etching of Al from the Ti 2 AlN MAX phase. Synthesized Ti 2 NT x MXene was characterized by field emission scanning electron microscope with energy-dispersive X–Ray spectroscopy attachment (FESEM-EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X–Ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analyses techniques in details. 2D lamellar morphology of MXene phase was observed with FESEM, while distinctive diffraction peaks were confirmed with XRD analyses. While the BET surface area of the MAX phase was 0.5375 m2/g, it was measured as 2.0867 m2/g with Ti 2 NT x MXene which increased by 3.88 times. Ti–O–N, Ti–N, and surface functional groups (T x : OH, –F, –O) of Ti 2 NT x MXenes were revealed with XPS analyses. (112) crystal plane associated interplanar d-space (0.243 nm) was observed with HRTEM results. The electrocatalytic activity of synthesized Ti 2 NT x MXene was investigated by hydrazine electrooxidation. The Ti 2 NT x electrocatalyst exhibited a specific activity of 2.739 mA/cm2 and mass activity of 44.1 mA/mg for hydrazine electrooxidation. Ti 2 N also showed long-term stability compared to Ti 2 AlN. [Display omitted] • Ti 2 AlN MAX Phases was successfully prepared using ball mill and sintering methods. • Novel Ti 2 NTx 2D lamella structural MXene Phases was prepared after acidic exfoliation of Al layer from Ti 2 AlN MAX phases. • The Structural and morphological characterization of MXene material were discussed. • The hydrazine electrooxidation performance of prepared novel Ti 2 NTx 2D MXene was investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a sustainable recycling process for the separation and recovery of tempered glass from end-of-life photovoltaic (PV) modules. As glass accounts for 75% of the weight of a panel, its recovery is an important step in the recycling process. Current methods, such as mechanical, chemical and thermal processes, often lead to contamination of the glass and pose significant environmental risks. In response to these challenges, a thermal–mechanical delamination approach is proposed in this study. The method utilizes controlled heat application (hot air gun) to weaken the adhesive bond between the glass and encapsulant, allowing for separation with a thin stainless steel wire. Various analytical methods, including X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), were used to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method. The results show that the proposed method is effective. In less than a minute, the glass layer was separated and recovered with a success rate of over 99%, with no degradation of the material or release of gasses. The significance of this process lies in its ability to recover high-purity glass while minimizing the impact on the environment. This opens up the possibility of reusing the recovered tempered glass in new PV panels or other applications, reducing the need for virgin materials and lowering the overall environmental footprint of the solar energy industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the design, synthesis and catalytic application of a magnetic covalent organic framework modified with sulfonic acid (Fe3O4@COF-SO3H) in the synthesis of 14-aryl-14H-dibenzo[a,j]xanthene derivatives, were studied. The structure of the prepared catalyst was confirmed by various techniques including Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, thermo-gravimetric analysis, field emission scanning electron microscopy, vibrating-sample magnetometer and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller porosimetry. The structure of the prepared derivatives was also confirmed using FT-IR and nuclear magnetic resonance (1HNMR and 13CNMR) spectroscopy. Facile synthesis, solvent-free conditions, high yield, short reaction time, eco-friendly procedure, and straightforward work-up are among the advantages of this research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, iron oxide nanofins (Fe2O3 NFs) were synthesized using Elaeocarpus hygrophilus leaves extract and decorated on graphitic carbon nitride (gCN) substrate to form the Fe2O3/gCN composite, as a photocatalytic candidate to degrade Rhodamine B (RhB) and produce hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The morphological, structural, electrochemical, and optical properties of Fe2O3/gCN were determined via analytical methods, including scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray, scanning electron microscopy field emission, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, photoluminescence spectroscopy, ultraviolet–visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-DRS), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and photocurrent repones. As a result, the band gap of Fe2O3/gCN was determined to be 2.79 eV through UV-DRS and Kubelka–Munk function, which is lower than that of pure gCN (2.82 eV). Such phenomenon provides an RhB photodegradation efficiency of 99.23% within 120 min at pH 4, as well as an H2O2 concentration of 4237.03 μM/g h under visible light radiation, over the 1.0Fe2O3/gCN sample. Further insights elucidate that ⋅O2– plays an important part in the photocatalysis, contributing to light-driven RhB degradation and H2O2 production. The catalytic performance of 1.0Fe2O3/gCN was also maintained after 4 consecutive cycles, which indicates a high potential for environmental remediation and cleaner production processes using light as the driving force. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The EuPRAXIA EU project is at the forefront of advancing particle accelerator research and the development of photon sources through innovative plasma acceleration approaches. Within this framework, the EuAPS project aims to exploit laser wakefield acceleration to build and operate a betatron radiation source at the INFN Frascati National Laboratory. The EuAPS source will provide femtosecond X-ray pulses in the spectral region between about 1 and 10 keV, unlocking a realm of experimental ultrafast methodologies encompassing diverse imaging and X-ray spectroscopy techniques. This paper presents a description of the EuAPS betatron source, including simulations of the photon beam parameters, outlines the preliminary design of the dedicated photon beamline, and provides an insightful overview of its photon science applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last few years, nanobiotechnology has undergone notable expansion, presenting a many applications driven by the practical viability of diverse synthesis techniques. The synthesis of silver nanocomposite through a green and eco-friendly approach is facilitated by polymer assistance, ensuring an efficient, cost-effective, and rapid process. This study specifically centers on creating eco-friendly and biodegradable nanocomposite films using hydroxypropyl (HP) cellulose and gum kondagogu (GK) through a simple casting process. In this method, silver nanocomposite (AgNPs) are synthesized by reducing AgNO3, with the biopolymer gum kondagogu serving dual roles as both a reducing and stabilizing agent. The resulting composite and Ag nanocomposite films underwent thorough characterization using techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), atomic force microscopy (AFM), field emission scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (FESEM & EDX), transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. XRD and FTIR results revealed robust interactions between AgNPs and the polysaccharide chains. TEM and SEM images demonstrated the uniformity spherical, and smooth surface of HPGKP-Ag nanocomposite films, with EDAX confirming the presence of elemental Ag in the film matrix. AFM images disclosed AgNPs dispersed on the surface of composite films. XPS data clarified that silver existed solely in metallic form, with migration occurring during film formation. Furthermore, antibacterial assessments against strains such as Pseudomonas, and Streptococcus exhibited notable growth inhibition for both strains, highlighting the significant antibacterial potential of these nanocomposite films. Graphical presentation of HPGK/Ag nanocomposite film and antimicrobial activity: [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Methods for computing core-level ionization energies using self-consistent field (SCF) calculations are evaluated and benchmarked. These include a "full core hole" (or "ΔSCF") approach that fully accounts for orbital relaxation upon ionization, but also methods based on Slater's transition concept in which the binding energy is estimated from an orbital energy level that is obtained from a fractional-occupancy SCF calculation. A generalization that uses two different fractional-occupancy SCF calculations is also considered. The best of the Slater-type methods afford mean errors of 0.3–0.4 eV with respect to experiment for a dataset of K-shell ionization energies, a level of accuracy that is competitive with more expensive many-body techniques. An empirical shifting procedure with one adjustable parameter reduces the average error below 0.2 eV. This shifted Slater transition method is a simple and practical way to compute core-level binding energies using only initial-state Kohn–Sham eigenvalues. It requires no more computational effort than ΔSCF and may be especially useful for simulating transient x-ray experiments where core-level spectroscopy is used to probe an excited electronic state, for which the ΔSCF approach requires a tedious state-by-state calculation of the spectrum. As an example, we use Slater-type methods to model x-ray emission spectroscopy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Here, the novel technique of extended-range high-energy-resolution fluorescence detection (XR-HERFD) has successfully observed the n = 2 satellite in manganese to a high accuracy. The significance of the satellite signature presented is many hundreds of standard errors and well beyond typical discovery levels of three to six standard errors. This satellite is a sensitive indicator for all manganese-containing materials in condensed matter. The uncertainty in the measurements has been defined, which clearly observes multiple peaks and structure indicative of complex physical quantum-mechanical processes. Theoretical calculations of energy eigenvalues, shake-off probability and Auger rates are also presented, which explain the origin of the satellite from physical n = 2 shake-off processes. The evolution in the intensity of this satellite is measured relative to the full Kα spectrum of manganese to investigate satellite structure, and therefore many-body processes, as a function of incident energy. Results demonstrate that the many-body reduction factor S02 should not be modelled with a constant value as is currently done. This work makes a significant contribution to the challenge of understanding many-body processes and interpreting HERFD or resonant inelastic X-ray scattering spectra in a quantitative manner.

The risk of bacterial infections is a significant challenge faced frequently in the use of implants or scaffolds for bone regeneration. Therefore, this study focusses on the development and characterisation of novel β tricalcium phosphate (βTCP) scaffolds co-doped with silver and silicon, along with composites coated with antibiotic-loaded poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (P(3HB)) layers. The successful incorporation of silver and silicon dopants while maintaining the formation of βTCP phase was confirmed using X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDS) analysis. The developed materials demonstrated comparable total and open porosity (∼64–70 vol%), suggesting high interconnectivity between pores conducive to nutrient transport and tissue repair. The increase in compressive strength was achieved for both doped (4.73 ± 0.79 MPa) and P(3HB) coated (5.79 ± 0.92 MPa) scaffolds due to the fine bioceramic microstructure and polymeric coating. Silver and silicon-modified βTCP demonstrated enhanced growth inhibition of Gram-negative (Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Escherichia coli) and Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) bacterial strains in vitro compared to the pure βTCP. P(3HB) coatings, enriched with gentamicin or ceftazidime, exhibited burst and sustained release of the antibiotics from the scaffolds up to 120 h further intensifying the bacteria-killing capability, with evident inhibition zones observed in vitro. Moreover, the composites exhibited apatite-forming ability, suggesting their bioactive potential. In vivo evaluation using Caenorhabditis elegans demonstrated the lack of toxicity of the tested materials. The simultaneous incorporation of the dopants and antibiotic-loaded P(3HB) coatings not only offer a dual antibacterial approach but may also facilitate bone regeneration. However, further in vitro and in vivo investigations are needed to assess their potential in clinical application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present the analysis of an AlCuLi quasi‐crystal on an electron probe microanalyser equipped with spectrometers working both in the soft and ultra‐soft x‐ray ranges. This original combination enables obtaining the Li Kα and Al L2,3 emissions with a reflection plate spectrometer and the Al Kβ and Cu Lα emissions with a curved‐crystal spectrometer. All these emissions are emission bands, sensitive to the chemical state of the emitting element. From the observation of the valence band shapes, it is confirmed that the electronic structure of the quasi‐crystal is quite different from that of the corresponding pure metals. From the measured intensities, quantification is performed using the PAP model. The weight fractions calculated from the ultra‐soft x‐ray emission intensities are very dependent on the chosen database of mass attenuation coefficients. Comparison with fractions calculated with small uncertainty in the soft x‐ray range enables choosing which databases are the most relevant for the ultra‐soft x‐ray range. Both quantifications performed from ultra‐soft and soft x‐ray emissions are compatible, leading to the Al60Cu24Li16 weight concentration of the quasi‐crystal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The "green synthesis" method is environmentally benign and cost-effective. This research study adopted an environmentally compatible method for creating Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) using the capping element Solanum nigrum leaf extract. The X-ray diffraction, Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy, energy dispersive X-ray analysis, UV-visible spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and antibacterial investigations were employed to evaluate the structural, spectroscopic, and antibacterial characterizations of the green synthesized ZnO NPs. It was shown that the generated ZnO NPs had a typical particle size of 27.75 nm and a wurtzite hexagonal form. FTIR spectroscopy has confirmed the presence of the functional groups in the generated sample. By using EDX analysis, the ZnO NPs' fabrication and chemical composition have been determined. The surface texture and aggregation of nanostructure entities were examined using FESEM micrographs. Based on UV-Vis investigations, the bandgap of the ZnO NP was calculated to be 3.82 eV. The fluorescent spectra revealed a significant emission peak at 542 nm (green) for an excitation wavelength of 270 nm. The broad Stokes shift observed in fluorescent spectra is beneficial for practical purposes. The results of the antibacterial test shows that the as-synthesized ZnO NPs can be used in the healthcare and environmental sectors to prevent the growth of harmful bacteria. This work used a leaf extract from Solanum nigrum in a green synthesis process for producing zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs). The experiment findings show that the green synthesized ZnO NPs are an excellent choice for applications in the food, pharmaceutical, and environmental industries since they can prevent the growth of potentially dangerous microbes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, an eco-friendly, simple, and inexpensive electrochemical sensor for the determination of the antibiotic metronidazole (MET) was developed based on a carbon paste electrode (CPE) modified by a CaO-Chitosan nanocomposite (CaO-Chi-NC/CPE). Eggshell waste was utilized to prepare CaO nanoparticles, which were then combined with chitosan to obtain CaO-Chi-NC/CPE. The prepared CaO-Chi-NC/CPE was characterized using different techniques such as X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The produced sensor showed higher electrocatalytic activity toward MET in the Britton–Robinson buffer (pH 7.0) compared to the unmodified CPE. The influence of pH and scanning rate on the reduction peak of MET implies that the reduction process of MET at CaO-Chi-NC/CPE surface was a diffusion-controlled reaction with four electrons and four protons. Additionally, under ideal conditions, differential pulse voltammetry revealed that the cathodic current was directly proportional to MET concentrations within two various detection ranges of 0.003–0.35 and 0.35–3.0 μM. The limit of quantification and the limit of detection were 2.88 and 0.86 nM, respectively. Moreover, the fabricated sensor provided acceptable selectivity towards MET, good stability, and repeatable response, with recoveries ranging from 94.6 to 100.4%. This electrode was also successful in detecting MET in commercial tablets and milk samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the attapulgite nanoparticle was immobilized on the surface of magnetic nanoparticle Fe3O4 via a novel surface covalent reaction method for the magnetic solid phase extraction (MSPE) for the first time. The surface covalent reaction method has the advantages of controllable steps, and can make the magnetic attapulgite nanoparticle (MANP) have good homogeneity and high stability. Field emission scanning electron microscopy, equipped with an energy dispersive spectrometer, Nitrogen adsorption BET, X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were applied to characterize the prepared MANP, confirming that the attapulgite nanoparticle could be effectively immobilized on the surface of magnetic nanoparticle Fe3O4 via covalent reactions. Under optimal conditions of the MSPE experiment based on the MANP, the limits of detection were found to be 10 ng/mL for melamine and 3 ng/mL for cyromazine with a relative standard deviation < 10% by a high-performance liquid chromatography system. Meanwhile, 0.1 mg/mL melamine in milk and 0.1 mg/mL cyromazine in cucumber can also be detected according to our MSPE procedure. More importantly, the MANP still has good magnetism and enrichment efficiency after several decades of use. These results showed that the MANP prepared by our method is a kind of promising material for the MSPE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, we propose an environmentally friendly method for producing hematite nanoparticles (H‐NPs) from natural hematite ore, focusing on their application as efficient contrast agents in x‐ray and computed tomography (CT) imaging for medical purposes. The process involves the reduction of iron oxide within the ore to attain the desired hematite phase, crucial for synthesizing H‐NPs. To ensure sustainability, we adopted a Green Chemistry approach, utilizing a combination of carbon soot and limestone for the purification process, thereby achieving eco‐conscious production. The produced H‐NPs were thoroughly characterized using various analytical techniques, such as x‐ray fluorescence (XRF), x‐ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transmission infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), and FESEM‐EDX (field emission scanning electron microscopy‐energy‐dispersive x‐ray spectroscopy). XRD analysis confirmed the crystalline rhombohedral hexagonal lattice structure, while FT‐IR spectra indicated the presence of characteristic Fe–O stretching modes in line with the expected molecular composition. FESEM‐EDX imaging unveiled agglomerated particles, ranging in size from 54.6 to 149.9 nm for iron ore and 22 nm for H‐NPs. These particles were primarily composed of iron (Fe) and oxygen (O). The magnetic properties of the H‐NPs were investigated through vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) studies, highlighting their distinct ferromagnetic behavior. Of particular significance, the H‐NPs demonstrated exceptional performance as contrast agents in both x‐ray and CT imaging. Even at minimal concentrations, they exhibited remarkable x‐ray absorption capabilities. CT scans further validated their exceptional absorptive capacity. These findings emphasize the potential of H‐NPs as valuable assets in medical imaging, serving as sustainable tools for enhanced diagnostic applications. The study showcases an eco‐conscious approach to harnessing natural resources, paving the way for a greener and more effective utilization of H‐NPs in the medical imaging landscape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crumb rubber (CR) that had been used in an outdoor football stadium in the U.S.A. for over 10 years was sampled, analysed and compared to samples taken from an on-site, covered excess CR stockpile and from fresh CR that could be used to replace the used CR. These tests were accomplished to determine if the original CR properties had changed significantly, from new/un-used CR, which could have safety and performance implications if continued use of this CR was planned. A series of analytical and mechanical tests were performed to determine degradation effects over time that included Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), solvent swell tests, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), X-ray emission spectroscopy (XES), vertical impact, hardness and bulk density. Results inferred compositional differences and mechanical property changes between all three CR samples, with indications that the older CR was demonstrating concurrent increased crosslinking and molecular scissioning, with subsequent loss in resilience. The FTIR results indicated various polymer types present that originated from recycled automobile tyres as well as evidence of oxidation in the used CR. The DSC exhibited lower thermal enthalpy and higher glass transition temperatures confirming compositional changes in older samples. Both vertical impact and hardness tests showed a significant increase in hardness and lower resilience in the used CR. A significant decrease in average size in the used CR was revealed through sieving and microscopy, which indicated mechanical wear. Bulk density measurements of un-sieved used and stockpile CR showed a substantial increase in bulk density for the used samples. The fresh, new potential replacement CR appears to originate from a different supplier than the CR originally used on the sports surface (and accompanying stockpile CR) and possessed much higher resilience than the used CR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Mazarrón 2 shipwreck was found in 1994 on the beach of Playa de la Isla (Mazarrón, Murcia, Spain). This finding is extremely important because the boat and its lead cargo were still in a reasonable conservation state and, therefore, provided new data on naval construction, commercial goods, navigation routes, and the relationships between the Phoenicians and the local population in the 7th–6th century BC. Currently, the shipwreck remains underwater, protected by a metallic coffer. In the last 2 years, a Preliminary Studies Project has been carried out, supported by national and regional public institutions. This research aims to know the shipwreck's conservation state and to determine the extraction and conservation methods at the Museo Nacional de Arqueología Subacuática ARQVA (Cartagena, Spain), where the conservation and restoration treatment will be conducted. The sampling strategy and analytical study included not only wood and other materials from the shipwreck and its cargo but also the seawater and the seabed materials in the vicinity of the shipwreck. This paper presents the results of the geochemical study of the archeological site. The applied methodology included physico-chemical tests, X-ray diffraction, optical microscopy, FTIR spectroscopy, field-emission scanning electron microscopy coupled with X-ray microanalysis, and X-ray microscopy. The results indicated that, despite the wreck being buried at a shallow depth (less than 50 cm) in a marine environment with a water column of 2–2.5 m, influenced by complex coastal dynamics that favor an oxic environment, early diagenetic processes like the formation of pyrite framboids are particularly intense in the pores and internal channels of the wreck's wood, where a different dysoxic–anoxic environment prevails. These processes have been the main mechanisms to have affected the wreck and are related to the biogeochemistry of sediments. The sediments have been confirmed to be closely related to the geological context of the Mazarrón region. The conducted study found no significant evidence of pollution due to the lead cargo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel L-Arginine-copper complex (L-Arg-Cu) was synthesized regarding the necessity for impeding pathogenic microorganisms with no usage of antibiotics. The L-Arg-Cu complex was immobilized onto the graphene oxide surface (GO/L-Arg-Cu). The Fourier transform infrared and Raman spectroscopies, as well as X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, field emission scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, were performed to evaluate the chemical interactions and physical properties of the synthesized compound. To achieve better antimicrobial and wound healing properties of electrospun nanofiber (NF) scaffolds, the GO/L-Arg-Cu composite was loaded in polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). It was attempted to improve the stability and mechanical properties of the fabricated NFs via a heat-induced cross-linkage with citric acid (CA). The SEM images analysis revealed the cross-linked PVA/GO/L-Arg-Cu NFs (PVA/GO/L-Arg-Cu/CA NFs) with an average diameter of 167 nm and smooth surface without any beads. Furthermore, EDX spectroscopy and X-ray mapping showed uniform dispersion of GO/L-Arg-Cu in PVA NFs. The hydrophilicity of NFs was studied by measuring water contact angle (WCA) and degree of swelling. The WCA increased from 17° to 46° for the PVA/CA and PVA/GO/L-Arg-Cu/CA NFs, respectively. The antibacterial activity of the synthesized compounds was explored via Agar diffusion well method. Moreover, the inhibitory of the cross-linked PVA/GO/L-Arg-Cu NFs against bacteria causing wound infections was compared with GO, L-Arginine amino acid, CuO nanoparticles, GO/CuO nanocomposite (NC), GO/L-Arg and their nanofiber scaffolds. The PVA/GO/L-Arg-Cu/CA NFs showed the highest inhibitory zone against Escherichia coli (36 ± 0.34 mm) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (28 ± 0.25 mm). Besides, the MTT assay on human skin fibroblast (HDF) cells related to the incorporation of copper-L-Arginine complex in nanofiber revealed a high cell viability of over 95%. These results indicated that the PVA/GO/L-Arg-Cu NFs based on an N, O-chelating may have potential application in wound healing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The quaternary glass system 60TeO2-(25−x)Bi2O3-15B2O3-xKCl has been prepared by the melt-quenching process with x ranging from 0 to 20 mol%. X-ray diffraction patterns confirmed the amorphous nature of the synthesized glasses, showing no sharp crystalline peaks. The techniques field emission scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy provide information about the surface morphology and elemental composition of the synthesized glass system, respectively. Physical parameters such as density, molar volume, ion concentration, interionic distance, polaron radius, and cation field strength were calculated to determine structural stability. Density and molar volume both decrease with an increase in KCl content. Oxygen packing density decreases with increasing KCl concentration, indicating a rise in non-bridging oxygen atoms. Using differential scanning calorimetry, the glass transition temperature (Tg) was calculated. Its value is found to decrease as the KCl content increases. FTIR and Raman spectra indicate the transformation of TeO4 units into TeO3 units and BO4 units into BO3 units with an increase in KCl content. The diffuse reflectance spectra method is used to study optical parameters such as optical band gap, cut-off wavelength, Urbach energy, refractive index, and metallization criteria. The optical indirect band gap energies (Eopt) range from 2.78 to 3.31 eV and are calculated by applying Tauc's relation. On the other hand, the values of the urbach energy (EU) vary from 0.289 to 0.183 eV, indicating disorderliness or defects in the glass samples decrease with increasing KCl content. The synthesized glasses can be considered for non-linear optical applications since their metallization criterion (M) values ranged from 0.373 to 0.407. The dielectric parameters of the glasses were calculated on a frequency scale of 10–1 to 106 Hz by varying the temperature from 453 to 553 K. Dielectric analysis of the as-prepared glasses shows the non-Debye type behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The atomic and electronic structures of two organosilicon polymers [–Ph2Si–(C≡C)2–]n (P1) and [–Ph2Si–(C≡C–C≡C)2–]m (P2) (where Ph is a phenyl group) of acetylene and diacetylene types are studied using the methods of density functional theory and X-ray emission spectroscopy. The SiKβ1 X-ray emission spectra of these polymers are interpreted on the basis of analysis of the distribution of partial electronic states obtained from quantum chemical calculations. The quantitative characteristics of the parameters of the chemical interaction of atoms, such as population, natural charges, and electronic configurations in the studied polymers, are obtained on the basis of analysis of hybrid natural bond orbitals. The values of the polarization coefficients of natural bond orbitals indicate the localization of electron density predominantly on carbon atoms. The electronic configurations for carbon atoms in different fragments differ significantly. For the C atoms of ethynyl (diethynyl) fragments, they are close to the linear σ bond of the sp1.03 (P1) and sp0.95 (P2) type, while for the C atoms of phenyl fragments, they are sp2.42, which are intermediate between sp2 and sp3, in accordance with molecular geometry. The natural charges on Si in both polymers are almost the same: +1.58e, +1.59e (e is the elementary charge), while the natural charges for carbon atoms of the diethynyl group decrease in comparison with the charge for the carbon atom of the ethynyl group from –0.42e to –0.36e. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We herein described a biogenic route for the in situ supporting silver nanoparticles on hydroxymethylated lignin (HL) coated Fe3O4 (iron oxide) magnetic nanoparticles using the Cydonia oblonga flower extract (Fe3O4@HL/Ag NPs) and its catalytic activity in the acetylation of alcohols and subsequent its biological activity are investigated. The successful fabrication of Fe3O4@HL/Ag NPs was established by using advanced analytical techniques such as Fourier Transformed Infra-Red spectroscopy, Transmission Electron Microscopy, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy, Energy Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, elemental mapping and Vibrating Sample Magnetization. The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was used to measure anti-thyroid cancer (on WRO, FTC133, BCPAP, TPC1, K1, and 8505C cells) properties of Fe3O4@HL/Ag NPs nanocomposite. The findings indicate that in 3 days, the cancer cell survival percentage in various dilations reduced as much as the Fe3O4@HL/Ag NPs nanocomposite concentration increased. The best anticancer effect was reported at 1000 μg/ml dilation. MTT findings reveal that IC50 = 146, 181, 250, 141, 170, and 125 µg/ml is a Fe3O4@HL/Ag NPs nanocomposite concentration in which 50% of the WRO, FTC133, BCPAP, TPC1, K1, and 8505C thyroid carcinoma cells. The results indicated that these Fe3O4@HL/Ag NPs nanocomposite could inhibit thyroid cancer cells more strongly than normal cells. Fe3O4@HL/Ag NPs nanocomposite shows high antioxidant effects against DPPH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The design of multimodal cancer therapy was focused on reaching an efficient process and minimizing harmful effects on patients. In the present study, the Au–MnO2 nanostructures have been successfully constructed and produced as novel multipurpose photosensitive agents simultaneously for photodynamic therapy (PDT), photothermal therapy (PTT), and chemodynamic therapy (CDT). The prepared AuNPs were conjugated with MnO2 NPs by its participation in the thermal decomposition process of KMnO4 confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy (FT-IR). The 16.5 nm Au–MnO2 nanostructure exhibited an absorbance at 438 nm, which is beneficial for application in light induction therapy due to the NIR band, as well as its properties of generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) associated with the 808 nm laser light for PDT. The photothermal transduction efficiency was calculated and compared with that of the non-irradiated nanostructure, in which it was found that the 808 nm laser induced a high efficiency of 83%, 41.5%, and 37.5% for PDT, PTT, and CDT, respectively. The results of DPBF and TMB assays showed that the efficiency of PDT and PTT was higher than that of CDT. The nanostructure also confirmed the time-dependent peroxidase properties at different H2O2, TMB, and H2TMB concentrations, promising good potency in applying nanomedicine in clinical cancer therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hexavalent chromium removal from the environment remains a crucial worldwide challenge. To address this issue, microbiological approaches are amongst the straightforward strategies that rely mainly on the bacteria's and fungi's survival mechanisms upon exposure to toxic metals, such as reduction, e flux system, uptake, and biosorption. In this work, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectrophotometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and zeta potential measurements were used to investigate the ability of chromium adsorption by Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus megaterium, Byssochlamys sp., and Candida maltosa strains isolated from tannery wastewater. Scanning electron microscopy combined with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy revealed alterations in the cells treated with hexavalent chromium. When exposed to 50 mg/L Cr6+, Bacillus licheniformis and Candida maltosa cells become rough, extracellular secretions are reduced in Bacillus megaterium, and Byssochlamys sp. cells are tightly bound and exhibit the greatestCr weight percentage. In-depth analysis of Fourier transforminfrared spectra of control and Cr-treated cells unveiled Cr-microbial interactions involving proteins, lipids, amino acids, and carbohydrates. These findings were supported by zeta potential measurements highlighting significant variations in charge after treatment with Cr(VI) with an adsorption limit of 100 mg/L Cr6+ for all the strains. Byssochlamys sp. showed the best performance in Cr adsorption, making it the most promising candidate for treating Cr-laden wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The results of experiments on the generation of soft X-ray pulses in the "water window" region performed on a compact gas-discharge source are presented. The parameters of the radiation source were optimized based on the condition of reducing the intensity of capillary wall ablation and obtaining the maximum intensity of the helium-like nitrogen ion N VI—2.88 nm. The obtained results can be used in the development of a microscope for the tasks of cell microscopy with nanometer resolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study reports enhancing the emission intensity of Dy3+ doped zinc gallate phosphor via Li+ monovalent co-doping. 2–12 mol% Li+ co-doped samples and a 0.05 mol% Dy3+ doped sample were synthesized using a solid-state synthesis technique. X-ray powder diffraction was used to analyze the phase of the synthesized phosphors. By recording the reflectance, the absorption properties were quantified using Ultraviolet-Visible spectroscopy, which displayed absorption peaks corresponding to the Dy3+ activator ions. The Kubelka-Munk function was used to estimate the bandgap and its variation concerning co-dopant concentrations. Energy dispersive electron spectroscopy and field emission scanning electron microscopy have been used to analyze the individual samples' elemental composition and surface morphology. Surface mapping was also conducted using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was carried out for the 2 and 10 mol% Li+ co-doped samples to understand the structural properties. XPS confirmed the presence of anti-site defects in the synthesized samples. Phosphorescence spectra were recorded to analyze the effect of the Li+ co-doping on the excitation and emission, which showed a substantial increase in intensity. Apart from Dy3+ characteristic emission, all samples exhibited defect emission using a 299 nm excitation wavelength. The luminescence decay time for both types of emission spectra was recorded and found to be in microseconds. The thermoluminescence technique was used to quantify the trap states created between the valance and conduction bands. The analyzed samples were found to have more than one trap with varying trap densities and activation energies. The color chromaticity coordinates were determined for each sample regarding defect emission and the characteristic emission of the Dy3+ activator ions to assess the color of the emission generated. The information obtained shows promising possibilities that this phosphor material may be a good fit for light-emitting diodes and display technologies based on the emission wavelengths produced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cu3N films are investigated utilizing direct current magnetron sputtering from the Cu target in an Ar/N2 mixed sputtering gas. X-ray diffractive analysis, Ultra-violet absorption spectroscopy, X-ray dispersive spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, Hall measurements, and I–V characteristic measurements are used to investigate the properties of the films. The study findings initially obtained films with a Cu3N composition at the appropriate substrate temperature of 80 °C. When the N2:(Ar + N2) gas ratio is more than 50%, the electrical property of films switches from n-type to p-type. The film obtains the greatest crystal quality and the best p-type electric property at the N2:(Ar + N2) gas ratio of 70%, with resistivity, hole concentration, and hole mobility of 1.18 × 10–2 Ωcm, 9.8 × 1019 cm−3, and 5.4 cm2V−1 s−1, respectively. A p–n Cu3N homojunction cell has an efficiency of 0.21%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transition metal complexes, particularly copper hydrides, play an important role in various catalytic processes and molecular inorganic chemistry. This study employs synchrotron hard X‐ray spectroscopy to gain insights into the geometric and electronic properties of copper hydrides as potential catalysts for CO2 hydrogenation. The potential of high energy resolution X‐ray absorption near‐edge structure (HERFD‐XANES) and valence‐to‐core X‐ray emission (VtC‐XES) is demonstrated with measurement on Stryker's reagent (Cu6H6) and [Cu3(μ3‐H)(dpmppe)2](PF6)2 (Cu3H), alongside a non‐hydride copper compound ICu(dtbppOH) (Cuy−I). The XANES analysis reveals that coordination geometries strongly influence the spectra, providing only indirect details about hydride coordination. The VtC‐XES analysis exhibits a distinct signal around 8975 eV, offering a diagnostic tool to identify hydride ligands. Theoretical calculations support and extend these findings by comparing hydride‐containing complexes with their hydride‐free counterparts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractFouling and corrosion mitigation in heat exchange equipment remains a significant challenge. Numerous research techniques have been developed to address this issue. Surface modification is an effective method for preventing fouling and corrosion. This work used electrodeposition and dip coating techniques to create a nickel–graphene/polytetrafluoroethylene (NGP) composite hydrophobic coating. The field emission scanning electron microscopy, contact angle analyzer, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy techniques were used to investigate the surface morphologies, wettability, binding energies, chemical compositions, and roughness, respectively. The water contact angle (WCA) of the NGP hydrophobic coating (147.1° ± 2.2°) was significantly higher than the WCA of carbon steel (76.8° ± 1.6°). Electrochemical impendence spectroscopy results showed that the NGP composite hydrophobic coating has improved anti-corrosion performance with a greater capacitive curve, a higher modulus of impedance value at low frequency, and increased charge transfer resistance. Furthermore, fouling testing at various temperatures exhibited the anti-fouling and anti-corrosion behavior of the NGP composite hydrophobic coating, suggesting possible uses in practical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanolubricants are dispersions of nanomaterials in a lubricating base. In this work, polyethylene glycol (PEG) was modified with graphene (G) and copper oxide (CuO) to obtain a nanolubricant (NL). The nanolubricants were prepared and their physicochemical and tribological properties were evaluated. The base and the nanomaterials were evaluated using Fourier-transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR), field-emission scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive spectroscopy (FE-SEM-EDS), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Raman spectroscopy (Raman). Rheology and Tribology tests were also performed using a four-ball tester according to ASTM 2783. The results showed that nanolubricants have a Newtonian behavior and the viscosity was not significantly modified with the additives. The weld point obtained for the nanolubricants was 160 kgf. In addition, when compared to the PEG, the size of the wear scars was reduced by 9.6% (PEG with 0.01% w/w of CuO) and 35.3% (PEG with 0.05% w/w of CuO and G). The wear protection provided by G is higher than the protection provided by CuO. When the two additives were added, the wear protection increased, and a synergistic effect was observed. Two protection mechanisms were observed in the SEM: rolling bearing/ball effect (CuO) and deposition of G at valleys and peaks of the surface roughness. This article shows novel results related to a laboratory evaluation of nanolubricants in a typical tribological test (four-ball). A novel result was observed in the synergistic effect between the two additives (graphene and CuO) determined by the wear mechanism observed in the tests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, pure phase and carbon/ZnSn(OH)6 samples were synthesized by a hydrothermal method. The composite sample's structure, morphology, and functional groups were investigated by X-ray diffraction, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Subsequently, ZnSn(OH)6 samples were modified with different carbon contents, and their humidity-sensing properties were investigated. The introduction of carbon increased the specific surface area of pure ZnSn(OH)6 samples, thus significantly improving the sensors' humidity sensing response. The C10-ZnSn(OH)6 sensor exhibited a high response, up to three orders of magnitude, a humidity hysteresisof 13.5%, a fast response time of 3.2 s, and a recovery time of 24.4 s. The humidity sensor's possible humidity sensing mechanism was also analyzed using the AC complex impedance puissance method with a simulated equivalent circuit. These results revealed that ZnSn(OH)6 can effectively detect ambient humidity and that the introduction of carbon significantly improves its humidity-sensing performance. The study provides an effective strategy for understanding and designing ZnSn(OH)6-based humidity sensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, flutamide‐loaded tungsten disulfide nanosheets modified thermo-responsive polymer (N-vinylcaprolactam) were prepared as a dual responsive system for targeted delivery of flutamide to tumor cells. The prepared nanocarrier was characterized using field-emission scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, Zeta potential, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and thermal gravimetric analyses. The behavior of flutamide sorption was investigated by non-linear isotherm models that the equilibrium data well fitted with the Langmuir model. The maximum sorption capacity of the drug as computed from the non-linear Langmuir model was 7.33 mg g–1. Moreover, the kinetics of the sorption procedure followed by the non-linear pseudo-2nd-order kinetic model with a higher regression coefficient (R2 = 0.9965). The pH and temperature-responsive nanocarrier released minimal amounts (15.75%) of the drug at a simulated physiological medium (pH 7.4; T = 37 °C). In contrast, a fast release of the drug (77.52%) was shown in a simulated cancer medium at a high temperature after 6 h (pH 5.6; T = 45 °C). Furthermore, the released amounts of drug from the nanocarrier can be regulated by adjusting the near-infrared laser irradiation. Dual responsive nanocarrier shown targeted cytotoxicity towards PC-3 cells with milder cytotoxicity towards normal cells. The nanocarrier showed two-fold higher cytotoxicity under near-infrared laser irradiation in comparison to the nanocarrier without irradiation in the PC-3 cell lines. Enhanced antitumor efficacy by photo-thermal therapy was achieved with near-infrared laser irradiation. All these data suggest that the pH and temperature dual responsive nanocarrier is a biocompatible and efficient candidate for the specific delivery of flutamide to PC-3 cells and could be utilized as a prostate cancer specific drug delivery system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study primarily focused on assessing the feasibility of utilizing textile effluent sludge (TES) in the creation of sustainable building materials, demonstrating the possibility of using this material and eventually generating new market opportunities. The physical, chemical, and mineralogical characterization of textile sludge was carried out after preliminary crushing and grain-size sorting. Five samples collected from the effluent treatment facility of textile industries situated in the Vidarbha region of Maharashtra, India, underwent characterization to explore their potential innovative applications in the construction sector. Various physical tests, such as specific gravity, density, water absorption, and sieve analysis, were performed on these samples. Chemical characterization was carried out using x-ray diffraction, x-ray fluorescence, a field emission scanning electron microscope coupled with energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and thermogravimetry/differential thermal analysis. The results obtained demonstrate the potential of TES in the creation of sustainable building materials. In addition, the mix proportion of TES was further optimized using LINGO software to meet the chemical specifications required for cement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The microstructural characterization of lunar agglutinate samples serves many essential purposes in lunar science and cosmochemistry, from understanding the formation process of lunar regolith to preparing for human activity on the Moon. In this study, an advanced correlative characterization methodology was employed to examine the microstructure of a lunar agglutinate particle retrieved from the Apollo 11 mission. The multimodal characterization efforts were centered around 3‐D x‐ray computed tomography (XCT) and were complemented by 2‐D techniques, including scanning electron microscopy and energy‐dispersive x‐ray spectroscopy. The nondestructive nature of the XCT allowed us to preserve the lunar dust particles, while its 3‐D nature allowed us to extract meaningful microstructural information inaccessible via traditional 2‐D characterization techniques. The multimodal correlative analysis further allowed us to identify the compositional and microstructural features of the agglutinate. These observations were linked to the formation process of the agglutinate to inform a hypothesis on the dynamic formation sequence of lunar regolith. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, 0.5 % platinum (Pt)/HPAs/MCM‐41 (Mobil Composition of Matter No. 41) bifunctional catalysts (with different weight percentages of phosphotungstic acid (HPW) and silicotungstic acid (HSiW)) were synthesized for use in the n‐butane isomerization. The synthesized catalysts were characterized by X‐ray diffraction, X‐ray fluorescence spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller, and ammonia temperature‐programmed desorption analyses. The best catalytic activity and highest initial isobutane yield at 250 °C, weight hourly space velocity of 0.15 h−1, and H2/nC4 molar ratio of 3:1 belonged to 0.5 %Pt/20 % HPW/MCM‐41 (41 %) and 0.5 % Pt/40 % HSiW/MCM‐41 (45 %) samples. Subsequently, the yield of isobutane over these catalysts was evaluated and optimized by a central composite experimental design. According to the quadratic model, the maximum isobutane yield under optimal operating conditions was 34.5 % and 41.36 %, respectively, for 0.5 % Pt/20 % HPW/MCM‐41 and 0.5 % Pt/40 % HSiW/MCM‐41 catalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over 200 samples from colourants appeared in 50 monuments in Iran dated back to the 11th century up to the 15th century were identified using micro‐X‐ray fluorescence (μ‐XRF), micro‐Raman spectroscopy (μ‐Raman), polarized light microscopy (PLM), and scanning electron microscopy–energy dispersive X‐ray spectrometry (SEM‐EDS). Whereas red ochre, red lead, vermilion, and an organic red dye were identified as red colourants, ultramarine blue, azurite, and indigo were the blue colourants occurred in the wall decorations. In addition, atacamite was the only green pigment identified on the wall paintings and stucco decorations, and carbon black was identified as black pigment. We also show that gold leaf and tin foil have been used in gilding decorations. Furthermore, we were able to discern yellow ochre together with orpiment, natrojarosite, and crocoite in a number of architectural decorations. Moreover, we show that huntite and gypsum are used as white preparation layer of the wall decorations in Iran. Periods of emergence of particular pigments have been discussed and regional preferences in the use of certain pigments are argued. An extensive discussion is provided to compare the colourant appeared on wall decoration with those appeared on illuminated manuscripts in the Persianate world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shijia Yucun site is a northwestern settlement from the Zhou period (1046–221 BCE). Faience beads used as a personal ornament and coffin decoration are notable among plenty of funerary objects. Thirteen faience objects are determined using analytical electron probe micro‐analysis (EPMA) and scanning electron microscopy‐energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (SEM–EDS). The information on their provenance indicates that the types of faience beads around bodies include the mixed‐alkali faience from Europe or the Eurasian Steppe, the soda‐enriched faience from West Asia, and the local products rich in potash. However, faience samples adorning coffins are all local products, and the quality is rougher compared to the faience decorating the body. This unique feature is hardly found in other tombs of Zhou elites. As faience was a precious personal ornament in other stronger polities, it was already available as a general coffin decoration in such a small‐economy feudal state, so faience samples decorating coffins were not likely to be precious gifts from other elites. It is reasonable to assume that faience beads adorning coffins might have been made near the ruins. This investigation is significant to reveal the cultural exchange in the western frontier of the Zhou realm that dates back to the power decline of the Western Zhou period and highlight a possible high‐potash faience production area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]