The effects of non-Newtonian blood modeling and pulsatility on hemodynamics in the food and drug administration's benchmark nozzle model.

Background: Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is an important tool for predicting cardiovascular device performance. The FDA developed a benchmark nozzle model in which experimental and CFD data were compared, however, the studies were limited by steady flows and Newtonian models.
Objective: Newtonian and non-Newtonian blood models will be compared under steady and pulsatile flows to evaluate their influence on hemodynamics in the FDA nozzle.
Methods: CFD simulations were validated against the FDA data for steady flow with a Newtonian model. Further simulations were performed using Newtonian and non-Newtonian models under both steady and pulsatile flows.
Results: CFD results were within the experimental standard deviations at nearly all locations and Reynolds numbers. The model differences were most evident at Re = 500, in the recirculation regions, and during diastole. The non-Newtonian model predicted blunter upstream velocity profiles, higher velocities in the throat, and differences in the recirculation flow patterns. The non-Newtonian model also predicted a greater pressure drop at Re = 500 with minimal differences observed at higher Reynolds numbers.
Conclusions: An improved modeling framework and validation procedure were used to further investigate hemodynamics in geometries relevant to cardiovascular devices and found that accounting for blood's non-Newtonian and pulsatile behavior can lead to large differences in predictions in hemodynamic parameters.