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In this piece of research we examine the creation and development of the Basque press in the Argentinian diaspora, from its beginnings at the end of 19th century until the Spanish Civil War period. For this purpose, the paper examines the chronological evolution of the journals Laurak Bat (1878-1891), La Baskonia (1893-1943) and Irrintzi (1903-1923). We put the different types of magazines (institutional, cultural and intellectual, and political) in the context in which they were published, explained the needs they addressed of the Basque community in the diaspora, and also, analysed the editorial line followed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reading competence is essential in all personal, social and academic fields. Therefore, the reading comprehension and reading habits are also key in the educational context, where teachers' concerns about the results of students’ assessments and the reality of the classroom frequently arise. One way to respond to these concerns is to build a School Reading Plan to change daily practices. For this to happen, it is crucial that teachers receive an ongoing training, and this article presents a Reading Plan training program carried out in a school. A theoretical framework and an explanation of the process experienced in a school in Vitoria-Gasteiz are presented in this paper, as well as a decalogue including guidelines to guide other schools in their own Reading Plan designs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent decades, cinema has become a document of the past as a source to complete the information contained in the written text and official documents. But since the twentieth century there have been long discussions on this subject, since the cinema and historiography were looked distrustfully. At present, however, most of the authors agree that cinema is a document of the past. In this sense, a film set in the past cannot be asked to be absolutely accurate and truthful, but is always sincere. with Silencio roto, Armendáriz recalls the antifascist struggle of the machine. This paper aims to analyze the representation of the machine by identifying and analyzing the three main elements of the narrative construction of the reference film: characters, action and conflict. Knowing that other authors have studied this film, this paper aims to address the subject from a new perspective, as a complement to previous research. Thus, the director has retaken the question of the guerrilla of the 40's, taking into account the brutal experiences of the defeated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents reading and relating aloud, which are not very common nowadays, as essential experiences that must be developed at schools. With the aim of creating significant experiences, the work of the intermediaries is indispensable, specially the necessity of leaving a place to children's voices. In order to find balance between what is said and what is omitted, one of the main points of the work is transforming reading experiences into socializing experiences; and that is also the goal of the project called "Building together, from words and silence" which has been carried out at a school located on the coast of Gipuzkoa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fatigue cracking is a common form of pavement failure and is strongly tied to the properties of the asphalt binder used in the mix. The Superpave grading procedure is currently used in the United States and in other parts of the world to classify and select asphalt binders for the design of asphalt mixtures. The parameter, , in the Superpave grading system is used to control the quality of the binder at intermediate temperatures. It is also used by many as a metric to measure the inherent fatigue cracking resistance of an asphalt binder. It is widely recognised that while this parameter was a significant improvement over previous binder grading and selection methods, it does not accurately measure the inherent fatigue damage resistance of asphalt binders. This paper provides a review of several studies that have attempted to develop methods to measure the fatigue damage resistance of asphalt binders during the last two decades. The studies reviewed in this paper have been classified into four main categories based on the type of test method employed. The four categories include: time sweep performed using the Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR), amplitude sweep using the DSR or its variations, ductility-based test methods and strength-based tests. This paper focuses primarily on tests developed in the United States with an emphasis to improve the existing Superpave criteria along with relevant research from other parts of the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Behaviorism and constructivism continue to be the basis of current educational methodologies, despite being commonplace in the first decades of the twentieth century. In fact, one of the contemporary challenges of the educational system is based on strengthening constructivism in the classroom, which would allow students to become responsible for their educational process and build their knowledge. The aim of this paper will be to analyse which educational techniques are the most used among early childhood education teachers and on which methodological currents they are mostly based. It will also take into account whether the type of school in which teachers work and their years of experience affect the use of those techniques. To this end, an ad hoc questionnaire was sent to 117 active teachers. The results indicated that, although the use of punishments is lower, the level of use of reinforcements and constructivist resources (above all, the scaffolding, the spiral curriculum, and starting from the interest of the students) is high. Consequently, it is necessary to reflect on the effect of overjustification, together with continuing to promote constructivist models and resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through this work, teachers' beliefs and knowledge regarding emotional education have been analyzed. In order to do so, a questionnaire designed by a team at Yale University about teachers' emotional education beliefs has been used. Ninety-seven teachers have participated in the research, 80% of whom are women and 53% of whom work in public centres. According to what it seen in the results, the average rating of the participants was 4.1 out of 5, showing by the participating teachers, high beliefs regarding this topic, agreeing with previous research. Nevertheless, only a %6.18 is able to give an in-depth definition of this concept. This paper shows the ease with which participating teachers have beliefs about concepts that they are unable to define. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Knowing and valuing ecosystems, as well as the benefits they provide (known as ecosystem services), is essential for making appropriate decisions about the environment. Promoting teaching-learning processes about the benefits of biodiversity can help children, young people and adults to carry out a critical analysis of reality and make responsible decisions. Despite this, while the concept of ecosystem services has gained global relevance in both science and policy, in the educational sphere this concept needs to be developed and gain importance. Therefore, in order to promote teaching-learning processes on ecosystem services, this paper presents a didactic intervention based on active methodologies. This didactic intervention has been already implemented for three years with great success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mechanism of fracture in a viscoelastic heterogeneous composite with thermo-rheological properties such as, asphalt mixture is quite involved and cannot be correctly simulated with simpler linear elastic fracture mechanics constitutive laws. Over the last decade and half, a number of researchers have adopted use of cohesive zone (CZ) fracture models for simulation of fracture in asphalt mixtures. CZ interface elements are utilised in finite element (FE) models for representation of crack path, these elements follow traction- displacement relationships that allow for gradually degrading traction capabilities along the crack path with increasing level of crack opening. This paper presents a review of CZ modelling approach for simulation of asphalt pavement and overlay cracking performances. Suitability of CZ modelling approach for capturing discrete fracture in asphalt mixtures at low temperatures is presented through simulation of lab scale test. An example is also presented to demonstrate applicability of CZ-based modelling effort in capturing the crack initiation and propagation in asphalt mixtures at low temperatures. Thereafter, an FE-based pavement simulation approach is discussed that can be utilised in design of asphalt overlays to lower the propensity of reflective cracking. A case study of designing asphalt overlay systems for four real-life pavements in Minnesota is presented to demonstrate the applicability of the CZ-based modelling approach in conducting mechanistic design of asphalt overlays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the measurement and modelling of the damaged properties of asphalt mixtures including the fracture, healing and viscoplastic deformation of the asphalt mixtures in both tensile and compressive loading as being affected by their composition and conditioning with ageing and exposure to temperature and moisture. An energy-based mechanics is applied to obtain the material fundamental properties such as surface energies, bond energies, anisotropy, yield functions and plastic potential functions that are valid for actual asphalt mixtures, viscoelastic crack growth criteria under both tensile and compressive loading, a simple mechanics-based method of determining the fatigue endurance limit, and the measurement and prediction of healing in restoring the damage done by fracture. Healing is antifracture and cracking is the net result of the interplay of these two complimentary mechanisms. Because fracture in asphalt mixtures is not the growth of a single crack but the simultaneous growth of multiple cracks that start out as air voids, this fact leads to the use of the growth of damage density to characterise fracture in an asphalt mixture. It was discovered that the form of Paris' law applies to the growth of damage density of asphalt mixtures in both tensile and compressive loadings. The importance of this fact lies in many developments from this discovery, e.g. compressive monotonic loading of cylindrical test samples permits a direct determination of the Paris' Law coefficient and exponent. In all cases, measured material properties are presented as they vary with mixture composition and with conditioning such as moisture and ageing, both in the lab and in the field. The measurements of these properties are made simply, quickly and accurately by the use of mechanics so that an entire characterisation of the properties of an asphalt mixture in tension and compression can be completed in the space of one day. The net effect is to reduce the efforts expended in the lab and the systematic error due to the assumptions made by the existing models and simultaneously to increase the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of materials testing and raise the reliability of the design of mixtures, pavement structures and specifications and the prediction of the life cycles in as-built pavements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Asphalt binder represents the main constituent of asphalt paving mixtures. The functional performance and durability of asphalt pavements strongly depend on the rheological and mechanical properties of the binder. Asphalt binder is a highly temperature susceptible material that becomes brittle and more prone to failure at low temperature, which may ultimately result in thermal cracking at the mixture level. Significant effort was devoted over the years to reduce the occurrence of this distress. For this purpose, a number of experimental methods were developed to characterise asphalt binders at low temperature. At the same time, different models were formulated to better understand and predict the material behaviour while extrapolating more information from the testing measurements. In this paper, a comprehensive review on the behaviour of asphalt binders at low temperature is presented. First, a synthetic introduction and background on the development of the criteria for asphalt binder low-temperature behaviour are provided. Then, the current testing procedures for characterising asphalt binders are presented and the validity of the current PG specification is discussed. Finally, the most significant modelling developments are reviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cracking in asphalt concrete (AC) layers is among the driving modes of flexible pavement deterioration. Material properties, along with structural layer characteristics and external factors such as vehicular and environmental loading, govern cracking mechanisms in flexible pavements. Current practice of AC and pavement structural design methods does not allow for direct characterisation of AC impact on crack damage initiation and propagation. Asphalt concrete performance tests are the essential components of performance-related and performance-based specifications, for which they can be used either for screening AC to minimise deterioration risks or to directly predict specific modes of pavement deterioration. This paper evaluates commonly used performance tests intended to characterise AC fracture resistance. A multistep evaluation protocol was applied using various statistical techniques to determine the discrimination ability of each test method outcome criterion as well as strength of correlation to field performance. The results from full-scale accelerated pavement test (APT) sections were used to correlate with the results obtained from various laboratory performance tests. Mixes used in the study contained various levels of reclaimed asphalt pavement and recycled asphalt shingles with a recycled binder ratio up to 40%. It was shown that the flexibility index parameter obtained from the Illinois semi-circular bending (IL-SCB) test, also referred to as the Illinois Flexibility Index Test (I-FIT), resulted in the highest number of subsets and consistent ranking with APT field performance, indicating a high discrimination potential. Even though two of the overlay test's criteria resulted in fewer subsets, they also provided a consistent ranking with APT field performance. Composite scores indicate that the overlay test criteria and flexibility index from the I-FIT had the highest strength of correlation to field performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cracking of flexible pavements, particularly top-down cracking, is the predominant distress in Florida. However, pavement failures due to cracking have reduced by ten per cent over the last ten years. This improvement in cracking resistance is primarily due to a focused and multifaceted research effort that includes laboratory studies, field test sections, and accelerated pavement testing. Most research efforts can be grouped into three main categories: asphalt binder modification, reflection cracking mitigation, and tack coat application rates and type. This paper presents the findings of these research studies and the strategies the Florida Department of Transportation has implemented to improve cracking resistance of flexible pavements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The viscoelastic continuum damage (VECD) theory has been gaining wide acceptance throughout the world as a promising method for characterisation of fatigue cracking susceptibility of asphalt mixtures. This method is also being explored by different countries (e.g. Brazil) to be a part of pavement design and to be used as a component of performance-related specifications. While the VECD is a novel methodology, over the past 20 years, different versions of the formulations have been developed by various researchers. This paper includes history and the basic principles the most common VECD methodologies used today. A thorough review of the formulations as well as the main assumptions of different VECD models is given. In addition, a step-by-step guidance on calibration of VECD model and potential problems related to VECD modelling are presented. Finally, uniaxial tension-compression fatigue test results of six different mixtures (with varying binder PGs, recycled asphalt pavement contents and aggregate gradations) were analysed using three most common VECD formulations. The damage characteristic curves (i.e. C vs. S curves) produced by the different VECD methods as well as predicted number of cycles to failure (Nf) were compared and analysed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) has increased significantly since the last decade of the 20th century to the present. This revolution in ICT is having a great impact on all aspects of our lives, including teaching and learning, helping to bring university teaching methodologies closer to the Bologna plan, which promotes a change in pedagogy towards a curriculum based on competencies and that commits to pedagogical practices that are better adapted to the digital-minded students of the new generation. Mobile Learning is a relatively new teaching and learning modality, which allows students and teachers to create new learning environments through the use of mobile devices with internet access. There is a wide variety of mobile devices such as laptops or tablets, but smartphones, because of their versatility and ubiquitous use among the youngest, seem to be the devices use par excellence in education. This paper presents a study in which the usefulness of a chatbot, specifically designed for this purpose, was evaluated through a known mobile application (Telegram) to teach complex theoretical aspects related to the structure and function of the human body in the 1st year of Nursing Degree. Likewise, it was sought to facilitate and promote oral communication as a fundamental professional competence, as well as to favor the creation of learning communities. The data extracted from the use of the chatbot, the anonymous satisfaction questionnaires, and the qualifications obtained suggest that the designed chatbot is a didactic tool that facilitates meaningful learning, the development of transversal competences, and the collaboration among students out of the classroom. We hope this experience serves to encourage the educational community to use chatbots and similar technologies in their classrooms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paralinguistic information ―e.g. attitudes― can be transmitted through prosody. In this paper five acoustic properties (Xf0, Hf0, Xdb, Hdb and duration) of three attitudes are analysed. The attitudes are irony, anger and empathy, and for this purpose 40 young women from all Euskal Herria were asked to simulate such attitudes using a neutral sentence. The data were analysed using the Praat programme and the results extracted with the SPSS. As shown in the conclusions, the most discriminatory property is the Xf0, and duration is the weakest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emergence of new technologies has been a major social breakthrough. Given the wide range of options offered by the Web2.0 it should not be excluded from education: new applications and tools, more amount information, new communication pathways, increased participation and so on. These features offer great educational potential and that is why teachers and students should have a positive attitude in order to integrate these technologies in the daily routine. The digital poster for example, allows the creation of multimedia presentations, concept maps, organize ideas, or create boards. In this paper we analyse the potential of the digital poster for working languages. We will analyse the theoretical implications of the issue and finally we will conduct a didactic proposal to work the language through multimedia murals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emergence of new technologies has been a major social breakthrough. Given the wide range of options offered by the Web2.0 it should not be excluded from education: new applications and tools, more amount information, new communication pathways, increased participation and so on. These features offer great educational potential and that is why teachers and students should have a positive attitude in order to integrate these technologies in the daily routine. The digital poster for example, allows the creation of multimedia presentations, concept maps, organize ideas, or create boards. In this paper we analyse the potential of the digital poster for working languages. We will analyse the theoretical implications of the issue and finally we will conduct a didactic proposal to work the language through multimedia murals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analysing advertising in Basque language (Euskara) is of great importance, both in the attempt to linguistic normalization, and from the point of view of business profitability. The advertisements published in Basque are not usually monolingual, since they are frequently accompanied by the advertisement in Spanish. Therefore, the main purpose of this paper is to analyse this bilingual Creative work from a qualitative methodology, through the interviews with prestigious advertisers and translators. The study shows the peculiarities and details of the process and its impact on the advertising message in Basque language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]