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This research is a documentary, descriptive study looking for assessment the working time cut, of shift work, in paper mills of Venezuela. Ergonomic, legal and economic analysis of time work arrays and organization were used to evaluate the consequences of such changes. Organization of shift work was studied through a simulated case and documentary evidence, such as collective agreements and work schedules Search concludes that mostly of the impacts in human resources of cutting working time on Venezuelan paper mills is going to be positive for our country because employment expansion, low impact on cost and cut time`s work risk exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El artículo discurre sobre la empresa venezolana Manufacturas de Papel, también conocida como Manpa, la cual produce papel higiénico. Los autores comentan sobre la adquisición de Manpa por Kentucky Park Paper y Florida Consumer Goods, dos compañías multinacionales. También se considera el estado actual de la industria del papel.

The migration of Venezuelans nationals to other Latin-American countries has been defined as the most significant migratory phenomenon in the recent story of the region, with Colombia being the country that hosts the highest number of Venezuelan nationals. From a human rights perspective, this article critically analyzes the response of the Colombian State to address migration from Venezuela. The objective of this article is to show that Colombia has preferred to govern this migration through the creation of ad hoc permits, instead of recognizing the need for international protection of this population and their status as refugees. To this end, this paper analyzes the Colombian regulatory framework on migration and refuge and, in particular, the response of the Colombian State to the migration of people from Venezuela. Its central argument is that the Colombian authorities have opted for the design and implementation of alternative measures of migratory regularization, as it was at the time the Special Permit of Permanence and is today the Permit for Temporary Protection. This article concludes by stating that the approach to Venezuelan migration has led to a clear detriment to the refugee system, today collapsed and with no prospect of reform or strengthening. This is so because the institutional design of the Colombian refuge entails a host of obstacles that discourage applicants from following this path, even when they require international protection. The authors of this paper use legal dogmatic as the main research methodology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Venezuela is not known for its literary prowess, nor does it boast the prestige of being a nation of writers -- as do Colombia, Mexico, Chile, or Argentina. Neither are Venezuelans famous for being cultured. Nonetheless, in some respects the editorial world seems to be changing. Certain global factors may help explain this, but there seems to be a local explosion of curiosity -- a burning need to understand and know what's going on in the country. Consumer demand has widened, there is greater concern for quality, and a decidedly greater number of readers among youth and women. Sales are high for self-help books, cookbooks, tourism guides and, as elsewhere in the world, the novels of Isabel Allende, Dan Brown, Paulo Coelho, plus the Harry Potter saga. After Argentina, Venezuela is the Latin American country with the largest number of bookshops in relation to population. This change in course may owe to Chávez' rise to power, and prevailing angst over understanding the origin of ensuing developments, fuelling sales of political, sociological, and historical essays. Yet large books are also doing well, including travel, interior design, weaponry, antique automobiles, photography and art. Sales are made even in the country's heartland, where transport charges render the cost of books higher. Reader growth has even benefited from piracy, despite the damage done to the editorial industry. Nonetheless, outside the capital city little attention is being given to bookselling, where bestsellers such as Paulo Coelho are sometimes hard to come by. Imported books are still too costly for Venezuelan means, even when prices are compared to those in euros or dollars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some Latin American countries have introduced presidential recall in the last three decades. This exceptional and spontaneous mechanism by which somebody can remove a servant elected through a popular vote from office before the end of his term aims to broaden participation, empower citizens, and improve the responsibility and accountability of servants. However, the recall faces the challenge of being an instrument serving interests outside of its normative ideal. What are the consequences of holding a recall referendum? Under what conditions can the recall yield better results and be more effective? This paper answers these questions by comparing the presidential recall held in Venezuela, Bolivia, and Mexico. The evidence suggests that the mechanism can have substantial advantages and fulfill its objective when its holding is justified, there is no intervention from relevant political actors, and the institutional design does not hinder or discourage participation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El artículo discurre sobre el estado actual de la industria del libro en Venezuela. El autor comenta sobre las condiciones económicas asociadas con esta industria, incluyendo el costo de libros a causa de la escasez de papel en la región. También se considera la demanda de los venezolanos en cuanto a los libros.

This paper presents an exploratory study on the design and control of patriotic images in Venezuela during the government of presidents Hugo Rafael Chávez Frías (1999-2013) and Nicolás Maduro Moros (2013 to the present). The aim is to recognize, identify and classify the visual objects that make up Venezuela's scopic regime, unravelling the iconographic plan the state developed for its implementation. Having searched for and retrieved 240 photographs from the virtual domain, the paper shows that Chavist governments have gained ground for their ideology by way of a renewed patriotic iconography within the urban visual space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a decolonial feminist geopolitics of Venezuelan migration to Colombia, with Venezuelans fleeing the socialist Bolivarian Revolution and then facing discrimination and violence upon settling in capitalist Colombia amid its failing peace process context. Conflicts over migration and nationality permeate our global order of sovereign nation-states, both in north-south migrations and across the global south, while the feminisation and racialisation of migrants divides the subaltern class and facilitates capitalist exploitation. However, this paper elucidates migrants’ inter-national solidarities and grassroots peace struggles. Community organisers along the Colombia-Venezuela border – the women’s empowerment organisation Tejedores de Paz and youth leadership foundation Horizonte de Juventud – unite impoverished internally-displaced Colombians and Venezuelan immigrants to create resistance territories against xenophobia, patriarchy, and poverty. Illustrating the utility of the methodology of decolonial feminist geopolitics, I trace the reconfiguration of the spirit of sociopolitical revolution in South America through migrants’ emergent form of feminist non-state socialism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During their foundation, Spanish-American republics faced the problem of defining their borders in a precise manner. Remission to the Spanish Monarchy’s territorial divisions proved insufficient because they were imprecisely defined, according to modern standards. In resolving these territorial conflicts, Spain was in a favorable position to influence their outcomes and did so on some occasions. Yet the 1899 Paris Award that decided on the sovereignty of the almost 160.000 km² between Venezuela and the United Kingdom’s British Guyana was one of the few arbitrated by the United States, and one of the most controversial. The twofold purpose of this paper is to inquire the reasons behind Spain’s approach shift, and to assess the plausibility of the criticisms levelled against the Award. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to describe 23 years of chavismo in Venezuela, placing this period in continuity with 500 years of history spanning the injustices and inequality of Spanish colonialism all the way to the depravities of modern day capitalism. The regime led by Chávez, with his great promises and ambitious plans both on the national and international fields, the political and economic strategies of said regime, the ideological pillars of his political discourse which centered around the proposal of a "Socialism of the 21st century", its achievements, paradoxes and deficiencies, the deplorable control exerted over information through the media, the arbitrary assistencialist and clientelist decisions of the regime; each of these is brought to the table by this article in order to weave a complex overview of the time period. There was a turning point with the death of Chávez when Maduro ascended to the Venezuelan presidency, in which the deterioration that was already in motion extended and grew until it resulted in complete and utter disaster, a period of upheaval marked by corruption and unchecked currency inflation. Spoliation and negligence, improvisation and ineptitude have affected the daily life in the country, and the staggering currency devaluation, lack of resources, hunger and repression have resulted in what is considered the greatest exodus in Western history in the last 50 years by UNHCR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over 5.4 million people have fled Venezuela in the last decade, with 4.6 million arriving in Latin American and Caribbean countries. Most are refugees seeking to settle in another of the region's countries, including Brazil, Uruguay and Paraguay. This paper focuses on the Venezuelan diaspora towards these countries and analyses whether these borders should be defined as open or closed, along with the forms of institutional incorporation or exclusion these people have experienced. To do this, it takes a case-by-case approach, reviewing legislation and analysing policy for each country. While Brazil, Uruguay and Paraguay are all Mercosur members and signed the common residence agreement, which facilitated the movement of people, Paraguay has not created a special migration category for Venezuelan citizens, and has taken a more restrictive approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The following article explores the 20st and 21st century Venezuelan crime novel. Its main objective is to analyze the particular characteristics of the noir genre in this Latin American country through its four essential pillars: crime, the detective, the victim and the victimizer. The paper shows the evolution of crime novel in Venezuela, with special attention to the relevant writers during 20th century. In this way, the paper thinks about the unity and diversity of Venezuelan crime novel and his value as instrument of cultural identity. Many of the contemporaries writers have been recognized the power of this narrative and the usefulness of its resources. Within this panorama, the contribution that women writers have given has been very important for the Venezuelan crime novel. An wide part these narratives, rather than felling about the pursuit of the criminal or the discovering of the truth, narrate the deciphering of way of being and living in the midst of violence of the great Venezuelan cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work is framed within the general objective of understand how Hugo Chávez and the MBR200 achieved to dispute the hegemony in crisis in Venezuela during the 90'. Within a gramscian approach to the theories of Hegemony, we published a series of papers that address this dispute thematically and chronologically. In this article we focus on the final period, 1996-1998, with two specific studies: the conformation of the Patriotic Pole in the framework of the political-organizational articulations, and the analysis of the campaign discourse in the framework of the ideological-discursive articulations. In order to complement these analysis of previous periods and topics, we understand that Chávez's triumph in the 1998 elections was due to a strategy of impugnation-polarization, and the organizational as well as ideological-discursive articulation which managed to conform an identity around his figure and the Constituent Assembly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims provides some reflections on the transitions that the sense of the Right to Health in Venezuela has embodied in the period 1960 to 2021. For this, a critical review of the health legislation in force during that period is carried out, as well as of the Reform and Counter-reform processes attempted within the framework of the dynamic historical-political contexts that the country has gone through. It is possible to characterize periods, and to show approaches, distances and transitions to the neoliberal model in the process of establishment in Latin America; from regularities, similarities and asynchronous parallels, identified in the contrast with what happened in other countries of the region, Chile and Colombia; also revealing possible horizons for the Right to Health in the Venezuela of the XXI century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to analyze the migratory phenomenon in the light of philosophy. Mobility is a fact as old as humanity, it responds to the need for progress, which has significantly helped in the evolution of man. However, war, disease, poverty, social marginalization, conditioned social scenarios and prompted human beings to transcend their geographical limits, seeking better life opportunities, thus guaranteeing the right to survival, advancing towards the consolidation of universal human rights. The present investigation assumes this theoretical-philosophical position; However, it recognizes the political, economic and social impact of migration in current scenarios; Therefore, it evaluates the specific case of the Venezuelan migration to Peru, pointing out the role that the Special Commission for Refugees has played in its performance as a state body whose function is to protect and enforce the right of refugees who enter the country Peruvian territory. For this reason, the importance of international agreements in the protection of refugees is recognized and, at the same time, the intrinsic value that exists in human nature is emphasized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper offers some evidences about the circulation of capital between Venezuela and Spain at the end of the eighteenth century through the case study of the Spanish merchant Esteban González de Linares (1751-1802). Our sources are private nature: an accounting book and 335 letters. These documents show a wide variety of channels to the transfer of capitals from Venezuela to Spain, both at large operations and small deliveries. González de Linares became, during his stay in Caracas (1785-1791), an important agent in the transfer of savings from the colony. The scarcity of silver and gold in Venezuela during this period justifies that the transfer of capital did promote the export of groceries (cocoa, indigo) and the development of financial markets (orders and bills of exchange). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The following paper aims at describing the oligarchical State in both Venezuela and Bolivia based on their main characteristics and provides an explanation of the structural causes of its transformation. All of this based on analysis of the landowning class as the means of preserving the dominant coalition between both countries from the perspective of historical sociology. To this end, 1953s Agrarian Reform in Bolivia is analyzed due to its effect in the disappearance of land ownership in the west side of the country while for Venezuela the impact of petroleum in its socioeconomic structure is examined which in turn led to a growing irrelevance of landowners. The comparative analysis that was carried out shows the similarities but also the particularities of each one of these trajectories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the emblematic case of the use of the discourse of democracy as a key component of identity formation strategies on the Venezuelan right. The Venezuelan opposition's identity narrative is analysed as part of its competition for hegemony following the emergence of the Chavist political project, based on interviews conducted in 2016 with Venezuelans from this part of the political spectrum. The Venezuelan case reveals that the discourse of democracy not only facilitates the coalition and mobilisation of individuals without necessarily articulating ideological references of left or right, it also helps prevent changes to the existing social order. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Starting in 1999, a process of programmed and intentional transformation of the prevailing industrial relations system in Venezuela began since 1958, whose ideological orientation, with reference to a selective Marxism, aimed as its ultimate goal the maximization of political and social control, through a set of measures and policies specifically designed for this. This paper seeks to analyze, in a general way, how through labor policies and the consequent intentional transformation of the industrial relations system, programmed and gradual changes of the social order were produced, expressed particularly in economic, labor market and migration indicators during the period 1999-2019. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On January 16, 1644 there was an earthquake that severely damaged Pamplona, in New Granada, as well as numerous peoples of the region. About this fact, historiographic entanglements have been interwoven that led to the creation of a legend about an existing devotion, the Niño Huerfanito's one in this city, as well as scientific data on the effects of the tremor that never occurred, like some damages in Mérida, in present territory of Venezuela. This paper aims to review such entanglements and develop a critical look on the process that built these mistakes and established a collective memory around non-existent events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the relationship between the characteristics assumed by the public administration and changes in the democratic model from 1958 until the second millennium in Venezuela. Methodologically, four stages are distinguished from the characteristics assumed by democracy. 1. Democracy of the big parties and the model of import substitution, political representation and administrative centralization (1961); 2. Formally participatory and administratively decentralized democracy 1990), 3; people's and populist democracy with military base and administrative recentralization (1999); 4). Competitive authoritarianism. It is concluded that there is a significantly political relationship between the model of democracy and the models of public administration assumed in the model of the Venezuelan democratic regime, there are authoritarian changes from the periphery to the center as the institutional model went into crisis until its political breakin in 2018. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The production of energy is directly related to the growing demand and excessive dependence on the production of fossil resources, that is, coal, oil and natural gas, which must be planned in a safe, clean, efficient and sustainable scenario. The objective of this paper is to analyze oil production in the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, during the period between 2002 and 2015. An econometric model was developed using the Cobb-Douglas production function and the results obtained allowed observing the existing gap between real production and the goals proposed by the Venezuelan State. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to present the different approaches from the political theory on the implementation in Venezuela of a totalitarian regime. It is concluded that it began with a form of delegative democracy, from 2005, which degenerated into a competitive authoritarian system (2012 onwards), to finally become a totalitarian system, based on the conflict of powers between the Supreme Court of Justice and the National Assembly, with the weakening and annihilation of the rule of law. The actions of the illegitimate Supreme Court of Justice, not only inconstitutionally invaded exclusive powers of the National Assembly, blocking the proper functions of it, based principally of ideological characters more than in the law, which led the establishment of a purely electoral democracy, with totalitarian aspects, with the imposition and implementation of a Spurious Constituent Assembly, that continuously modifies the Constitutional text in order to benefit the will of the current ruler, in this case of study, Nicolás Maduro. In this way, citizens are violated their right to choose, undermining popular sovereignty, such as completely undermine the electoral mandate expressed on December 6, 2015 and the principles of integral democracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zika virus infection has spread in the Americas in the recent years. Venezuela has not escaped this emerging disease, and as we own a rich population of Aedes mosquitoes and also people without immunological memory to the virus makes us very susceptible to a wide distribution of the infection in a very short time, similar to what happened with other diseases spread by mosquitoes such as Dengue and Chikungunya. Pregnant women have an increased potential for infection and its transmission to their offspring due to their physiological changes in the immune system, and the vertical transmission of the virus poses a risk to the fetus, who has a higher chance to be affected mainly in the CNS, as recent publications claim. In this paper we summarize the problem, diagnosis data according to Venezuela and we resume guidelines to physicians in different fields, updated until March 2016. As Zika infection is a new emerging disease, published papers are few and non-conclusive about the true risk it implies to the pregnant women, her offspring and for the general population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chlamydia psittaci (Cp) is an obligate intracellular bacterium that causes avian chlamydiosis, capable of infecting more than 460 bird species. However, since 2008, other chlamydial species have been identified in free-living and captive birds. This study aimed to identify a segment of the 16s rDNA gene of Cp using nested polymerase chain reaction in two Psittacidae birds of the genus Ara ararauna and Ara chloropterus from a zoo in Venezuela. The results revealed that these birds did not have DNA compatible with Cp, but they did have for the Chlamydiaceae family. Thus, the paper evidences the presence of another possible chlamydial species in the sampled Ara in an asymptomatic carrier state. These birds were confiscated and their origin was unknown. These factors favor infection by another species of Chlamydia. Although the resulting polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products were not sequenced, there is a high probability of being a non-psittaci Chlamydia, because a large number of reports on a global scale affirm the transmission capacity of the rest of the species in birds. In this sense, it is necessary to report chlamydial findings in order to study their pathogenic capacity in new reservoirs, zoonotic risk, and the protection of wildlife and animals in captivity, mainly those at risk of extinction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Latin America there are few publications on the profile of drug-dependent persons. Hence, to know this information allows the treatment centers to adapt to the needs of the population and can become references for the corresponding authorities to formulate and execute successful public policies in the prevention and treatment of addictions. A retrospective descriptive study was carried out in which the medical histories of the patients who attended the external consultation of the José Félix Ribas Foundation, Porlamar, Nueva Esparta State, during the 2008-2012 period were reviewed. In total, 429 histories were reviewed, with an average of 85.8 patients per year. The most frequent consultations were male patients between 15 and 19 years old, single and unemployed. The pathologies most frequently associated with the treated patients were those of the neuropsychiatric sphere. Most patients belonged to dysfunctional families with history of drug dependence. The average age for onset of consumption was 14.7 years. The most frequent onset drug was alcohol and the one with the greatest impact was cocaine. Polydrug use was a relevant element in this study. This is the first paper that shows the characteristics of the drug addicts in the insular region of Venezuela and its results are similar to those found in other areas of the continent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Balantidiasis is a parasitic zoonosis caused by Balantidium coli. It is the only ciliate protozoan that has been found to infect man, mainly in the large intestine and it is fecal-orally transmitted from the stool of the infected host. In this paper we review the epidemiology and history of balantidiasis in Latin America with particular emphasis on Venezuela. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the effectiveness of mano dura (heavy-handed) policies in reducing homicides by studying the case of Venezuela in the period 2012-2015 and gives particular attention to policies involving police violence. Although firm hand policies involve a set of strategies and discourses that revolve around the crime and the institutional response to it, this paper exclusively addresses police interventions that involve increased coercion and violence as a formula for tackling criminality. Over these years, policies have been tested out in Venezuela that involve greater police violence on the pretext of defeating the high levels of criminal violence. But rather than the expected effects of reducing violence and homicides, both have grown significantly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to evaluate the development of the graduate to reveal their contradictions and determine their social impact, with a view to the future development of the process. This research is developed in UNEFA, core Sucre. The population is made up of students of Postgraduate Programs (Logistics Management, Human Resource Management and Environmental Management). It aims to reveal aspects of encounters between academic and social development impact of research, academic requirement for the formation of 4th and 5th level. Technical document review, analysis of databases University and polls of opinion among aspiring Magister were used. It hopes this research; upgrade the relationship that should exist between graduate studies and social demand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Venezuelan opposition has been defeated consecutively in legislative and presidential elections since 1998, when Hugo Chávez achieved the presidency of the Republic and promotes a set of reforms that change the institutional landscape of Venezuela. This paper aims to analyze the evolution of the Venezuelan opposition in the last fourteen years versus these changes, the election results achieved and the various strategies adopted to confront the government. Also this paper identifies some important variables at the time of evaluating the performance of the opposition and suggested that its proper functioning is an essential part of democracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Behaviour of wave, current and sediment transport in coastal sector of "La Guardia -- La Restinga" was analysed in former papers. In this coastal sector an accelerated erosion of the beach is being produced. In order to mitigate it, a group of coastal actions have been indicated taking into account the requirements of Ministerio del Ambiente for this land. Modifications in coastal dynamics as a consequence of these works are described in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper offers an approach to the different ways in which the figure of writer and politician Rómulo Gallegos has been used in Venezuela. It looks at political rivalries regarding national legacies within the context of the Bolivarian Revolution, and the positions taken by the political and academic fields. The purpose of which, as the paper will show, is the appropriation of some of his legacies, especially in relation to nationalistic and identity-related narratives in the beginning of the twentieth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From written records referring to the Venezuelan historical earthquakes (1530-1900), we have compiled various reflections on the relationship between the characteristics of the building systems and the damage caused by earthquakes. Also, several attempts have been documented to produce and market a type of housing resistant to earthquakes. The design and implementation of these earthquake-proof houses is an interesting but virtually unknown episode in the history of seismic engineering in Venezuela. Thus, this paper analyzes the brick houses and locked wooden structure, designed by Juan Basilio Piñango after the devastating earthquake of March 26, 1812; the wooden houses against earthquakes offered by Fernando Palma and André Derrom after the earthquake of 1878 in Cúa, and the houses of metal frame and concrete walls, built by the engineers Alberto Smith and Francisco Manrique in El Paraíso, Caracas, following the earthquake of October 29, 1900. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Psychodidae moth flies are small sized insects with a cosmopolitan distribution, and some taxa are of sanitary importance. In this paper, a revised and updated checklist of the non Phlebotominae Psychodidae family (Diptera, Nematocera, Psychodomorpha) registered from Venezuela is presented. Up to now, 31 moth flies species have been recorded, grouped into 3 subfamilies, 3 tribes and 12 genera, including subfamily Bruchomyiinae, genera Notofairchildia spp. (1 species) and Boreofairchildia spp. (1 species); subfamily Trichomyiinae, genus Trichomyia spp. (2 species); and the subfamily Psychodinae, Tribe Setomimini, genera Alepia spp. (5 species), Arisemus spp. (5 species), Australopericoma spp. (3 species), Balbagathis spp. (3 species), Didimioza spp. (1 species), Micrommatos spp. (1 species), Tonnoira spp. (2 species), Tribe Psychodini, genus Psychoda spp. (6 species). A first record is made of P. alternata, P. alternicula, P. cinerea, P. savaiiensis and P. matogrossensis for Falcon state, north-western region, as well as of Clogmia albipunctata of the Tribe Paramormiini. Bioecological, sanitary and forensic relevance and research needs on the fauna of non-phlebotomine moth fly of Venezuela, are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The human capital theory states that education is an investment that contributes to the welfare and economic growth of countries. The social rate of return shows that the decision to invest in education is profitable for individuals and society and generates enough income to families to stay out of poverty margin. The following research paper analyzes the impact of human capital in the distribution of income, the education returns and gender wage gaps in Venezuela during the period 1998-2012, employing economic and social indicators, using an empirical estimation through a log-linear econometric model. The results show mainly the non-presence of the paradox of progress which can be categorized as a paradox of decline, caused by returns to education between 1998 and 2012, along with gaps between male and female wages whose explanation is attributable to discrimination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses 68 digital media in Venezuela, based on the results obtained in 2010 and framed on the project "Cyber media in Colombia and Latin America", which is supported by the Universidad del Norte and Universidad de los Andes (Venezuela). The goal of the research is to determine the adoption of cyber journalism features and web 2.0 in media of this region. The study uses the method proposed by Rodríguez-Martínez, Codina & Pedraza-Jiménez (2010), which has been tested in previous research by the authors of this paper. According to the results, the general data analyzed allow us to remark the low development of the digital media of Venezuela and the need of a deep debate and actions oriented to the advantage of the potentialities of the ICT from digital media in this country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the present study is to refresh our understanding of Venezuela from the grassroots perspective of the people's movement. Venezuela has recently been in the center stage of international political and economic debate. Hugo Chávez, the President of Venezuela and advocate of a new form of socialism, has received international support as well as criticism from the polarized interpretive positions of left and right. On the one hand, his brand of socialism has been regarded as a typical form of "populism." On the other, it has been praised for opening the possibility of a new kind of socialism for the first time in the wake of the collapse of the Soviet Union. Nevertheless, there has not been any adequate assessment of the actual views and practices of the Venezuelan people, and this indicates that the debate is mired in an analytic framework that is merely formal and devoid of substantive content. Accordingly, the present paper presents the grassroots movement that is currently taking shape via a new model of participatory governance in Venezuela. This is the communal council (consejo comunal), an institution that is playing a vital role in a practically oriented movement for social reform. The paper employs an anthropological approach to arrive at an adequate understanding of this institution and its role. The paper begins with an institutional and objective account of the communal council, which has been set up as a novel form of social integration. Then the paper will investigate how this institution is fulfilling its role of social integration in the Venezuelan social context by presenting the case study of Barrio Artigas, a neighborhood located in the slums of Caracas. Barrio Artigas was selected as the site of the field study not only for its ease of access, but also for the superior organization of its communal council. It is hoped that the present study of the communal council as a program for social transformation will provide an opportunity to re-examine the practical potential of the people's movement in Venezuela, which has been sidelined due to the debate on large-scale political and economic issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is part of the environmental diagnosis carried out in Puerto Cabello port, as a component of investigations that were conducted through the technical advisory of the advisory Bolivarian Ports S.A. of Venezuela. Studies are intended to explain the situation in the Port, related to the management of solid waste, for which are classified as inert, assimilable to common solid waste and hazardous, categorized these last ones, according to the Basilea Convention. Also are determined generation sites within the port area and are quantified by weight. The reports for the 6 areas that comprises the port, summed up a monthly generation 115.3 tons of solid waste with varied composition, consisting of organic, paper, cardboard, plastics, nylon, wood and metal, among other components. This resulting value is obtained from the apparent density, obtained through the solid waste contained in properly calibrated weighing containers, and knowledge of the volume generated at each facility. Furthermore are reported at the same time, the generation units and weight per year of major hazardous solid waste produced in the of repair and maintenance workshops. The existing facilities in Marine Garbage Collector PC, C.A., the unique institution existing in the country, that treat domestic waste generated in ships according to annex V of Marpol 73/78 Convention. Finally are proposed viable solutions with implementing periods for short, medium and long term, in order to minimize or eliminate the negative environmental impacts generated by an incorrect disposal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the different genres produced by some researchers from the University of Los Andes, Venezuela, in relation to academic writing. The corpus consists of an intended sample of 21 papers published in electronic scientific journals. The questions posed in this analysis were: what kind of genres is produced by researchers, and what is their structure? And, what are the theoretical and methodological approaches that support such studies? The most significant results showed that (a) most of the publications produced are related to didactics and research papers; (b) most quotations belong to foreign authors; and (c) research on gender approach is limited, particularly by academicians linked to the disciplines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the 90's some backwards were observed in the trend of juvenile mortality, but during the first half of this decade this trend has seen a huge upswing, due mainly to the increase in deaths from violent causes. This article aims to examine the trends in mortality for the population between 15 and 29 years and to analyze the importance that the deaths caused by acts of violence. The sources of information used in this study are the statistics of deaths reported in the yearbooks of mortality of the Ministry of Health and the population projections compiled by the national institute of statistics based on the 2001 Census. This paper begins considering aspects such as the evolution of the number of deaths in this age, their weight on total deaths and gender gaps. next, we observe the evolution of mortality from external causes during the period 1990-2006, for the purposes of assessing changes in the participation of youth mortality from accidents, homicides and suicides, which have a different meaning depending on the age and sex. in the third section, we present the results of the estimation of Years of Potential life-lost (YPll), which provide an illustrative reference to the significant contribution to the total YPll by the young people who die prematurely, particularly due to violent causes. The paper ends summarizing some figures that reflect the dimension of this phenomenon and some thoughts on a subject of mandatory placement on the public agenda. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research paper analyzes the role that multinational oil companies played in the formation of social concepts and citizen participation which were promoted in the oil camps of Venezuela and which served as an important model for varios sectors of Venezuelan society. The experience in oil camps reconfigured regional identities and introduced a new lifestyle, reformulating the use of public and private space, the management of time, and also comsumption patterns. Conscious of the dislocation that employment In the new and unfamiliar oil industry implied, companies sought to incorporate the family into this process and redefined the role of women as key to the socialization process. This paper analyzes the participation of intellectual goups, and the middle class which colaborated with the oil companies in order to promote a national cultural project and civil society which would promote certain legitimacy in relation to the transnational companies in the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to present certain hypotheses about aspects that regional integration has acquired in the border regions, where it tends to be confused with frontier or neighbourly Integration. It also presents the acceptance of the Andean integration experience in the frontier region of Táchira and North of Santander on the border between Colombia and Venezuela; the two most active countries the Andean Community. In addition it attempts to explain the apparent rejection of regional integration over the last decade of the XX Century on the part of these agents. This paper Is the result of biblio-hemerographic consultation as well as direct observation and interviews with political and social representatives on each side of the border. It consists of five parts in which there is a geographical location of the area under study, a theoretical approximation in relation to political and social actors, their perceptions towards regional and frontier integration, the actors who are more inclined to show a positive and a negative opinion towards regional integration, and finally and there is a discussion of some of the reasons that explain the findings of acceptance or rejection towards regional integration in this border region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research paper analyzes the role that multinational oil companies played in the formation of social concepts and citizen participation which were promoted in the oil camps of Venezuela and which served as an important model for varios sectors of Venezuelan society. The experience in oil camps reconfigured regional identities and introduced a new lifestyle, reformulating the use of public and private space, the management of time, and also comsumption patterns. Conscious of the dislocation that employment in the new and unfamiliar oil industry implied, companies sought to incorporate the family into this process and redefined the role of women as key to the socialization process. This paper analyzes the participation of intellectual goups, and the middle class which colaborated with the oil companies in order to promote a national cultural project and civil society which would promote certain legitimacy in relation to the transnational companies in the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to describe social representation that the operators and prisoners of the Maracaibo National Prison have of the Administration of Venezuelan Penal Justice, for the purpose of generating information that permits the configuration of a new discourse based on a holistic vision of the problem of judicial administration and on the definition of rational and feasible elements for its transformation, focusing particularly on the penitentiary system. Approximations to these representations were made based on an analysis of significance extracted from information offered directly by the key actors through the utilization of a qualitative methodology, profound interview techniques and criteria of saturation analysis through repetition. The results indicate that even though operators and prisoner maintain distinct visions and points of view within the prison scenario, they share common significance, symbolization and interpretations in relation to the object of study on the one hand, and conceive it as an power institution and a way to subjugate others and as socially necessary institutions to refrain delinquent conduct in society. Due to this the representations that these subjects have in relation to penal justice in Venezuela is one of illegitimacy based on the nature of those who administer them and not due to their essence as such. Also these representations are projected in daily practices between both groups, maintaining a tense and adverse environment within the prison environs, where the role of the operators is centered on establishing power through repressive and manipulative manners, while the prisoners create their own sub-cultures in order to survive in the world in which they are immersed. In neither group (operators and prisoners) is there cohesion, consensus or loyalty in the pursuit of common ends. On the contrary a situation which tends towards conflict exists defends itself from the other. This paper could be of use to the present protagonists who are in the process of democratizing and modernizing the administration of justice since it may help to orient political change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Beyond the topics of "freedom of expression", "the right to reply", and "factual information", which are elements related to present day happenings and Venezuelan public opinion, mass media has been increasingly affecting the process of decision making with respect to control of natural resources and the pernicious effects of programs related to equipping the national armed forces. The objective of this paper is precisely to analyze the importance of research in social communication in relation to communication media and public opinion in relation to the purchase of military technology for use in Venezuela. This paper is based on the research done by Page (1996) in which he studied the communication media as a public actor and how they can influence policy. Page's work establishes an indirect focus of the use of emissions in publications and other media in order to change the beliefs and preferences of the masses and/or of "elite audiences" in the establishment of policies that could presumably affect subsequent decisions that could me made as to these topics, and with important implications for the nature of democratic deliberation. The need for public debate is then proposed in communication media and academic environments, in reference to military technology, negotiation and contract sales, purchasing, modernization and transference. Finally certain conclusions and recommendations are presented for research in social communication on the theme studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to propose guidelines to achieve sustainability and rural development buffalo agro-ecosystems, based on a critical analysis of approaches exist to address sustainable rural development, conceptual aspects to generate sustainability and bubaline context of livestock in Latin America and Venezuela. The best address the buffalo agro-ecosystems approach is the interaction between society and nature. From the analysis of the conceptual aspects it can be inferred that the cognitive ability of farmers from the ecological point of view, can mean a trigger point to create change. The context of Latin America and National reflect a favorable outlook for buffalo farming. The suggested guidelines are around establish mechanisms for regulating the flow of materials and energy level of the buffalo agro-ecosystems, to strengthen the cognitive abilities of farmers and the need to level of government to change the vision of infrastructure for rural development. With these guidelines the buffalo agro-ecosystems may have a high potential to become sustainable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper the scope of the principle in dubio pro operator in the assessment of the evidence, the limits of their application and linking of sound with the protective principle is analyzed; also, the probation and informal labor court activity and techniques or guidelines that could apply this principle. It is a documentary research that shows that the principle in dubio pro operator leads to clarify the dubious facts favoring the worker be legally weak. Consequently, there should be no limits on the application of that principle, since the judge must have the full conviction and make the right when assessing the evidence under his logical reasoning assessment. It is concluded that the judge in applying this principle, should take into account the lessons of experience, the identity of things under intuition and sound judgment. Also, reasoning the facts and circumstances, using inductive, abductive and deductive logic in this order and intuition in assessing evidence. the amendment of Article 10 of the Procedural Labor Law and the creation of a multidisciplinary team proposed for the operator of justice clarify the doubts that are presented and complement to the ruling, contributing to the sentence fairer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The traditional residential architecture of Maracaibo has been known in the collective memory of Venezuelans as a symbol of identity and as a kind of enduring cultural image. It is an archetype considered by locals to be a model of their colonial architecture; while in academia, it is understood as an example of nineteenth-century modernism. This paper aims to argue that it was in the context of the twentieth-century oil exploitation and during the government of Vicencio Pérez Soto, President of Zulia State (1926-1936), when economic and politic conditions were generated that made viable, through ordinances, the image that is now recognized as its traditional architecture. In this study, the historical-urban method was applied, which in its interdisciplinary approach achieves the procedural rigor of using written sources together with the operations typical of urban analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The year 2006 marked a milestone in the history of the regional integration of Venezuela. After 33 years as a member of CAN, the country withdrew from the integration agreement and joined Mercosur, marking a significant change in regional integration strategy. In this paper, the causes of this change, as well as its economic and political effects, have been analyzed through desk research. One of the main conclusions is that Chavez decided to use regional integration as a tool to address the liberal policies of the United States, regardless of the economic consequences. Another is that, due to the economic and institutional deterioration of Venezuela, the non-oil productive sector is not ready to compete with other members of Mercosur. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]