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This paper considers the learning difficulties in the specific context of the elementary school - final years (6th to 9th grade), especially in public schools. These difficulties result from the new social and didactic organization, the relationship with expert teachers, and new homework's demanded, typical of this period when compared to early years. To mediate these difficulties, we propose the Writing to Learn device whose purpose is to systematically explore the epistemic function of writing. The device would be integrated as a curricular component to the diversified part of the grade curriculum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To investigate how children with cerebral palsy (CP) perform in the Danish school system and which factors are associated with school performance. Method: This was a population‐based cohort study including 463 126 children born from 1997 to 2003. Data were extracted from seven national registries. The study encompassed 818 children with CP (483 [59.0%] males, 335 [41.0%] females) and 417 731 without CP (214 535 [51.4%] males, 203 196 [48.6%] females). We evaluated two primary outcomes: not completing 10 years of elementary school, defined as attending fewer than eight final mandatory exams; and grade point averages (GPAs). Mann–Whitney U tests were used to analyse differences in GPAs and logistic regressions were used to calculate odds ratios (ORs). Results: Among children with and without CP, 62.6% and 12.4% did not complete elementary school respectively (OR = 11.85 [10.28–13.66]). Additionally, children with CP who attended all final exams achieved lower overall GPAs than children without CP (6.6 vs 7.3, p = 0.001). In children with CP, comorbidities, maternal education, severity of motor impairments, and intellectual deficits were associated with increased odds of not completing elementary school. Notably, one‐third of children with CP with apparent normal intelligence did not complete school, despite special educational measures. Interpretation: Danish children with CP rarely complete elementary school despite initiatives for a more supportive educational system. The complexity of individual needs in children with CP may be challenging for an inclusive school environment. What this paper adds: Children with cerebral palsy (CP) have a high risk of not completing elementary school.Children with CP achieve lower overall grades than children without CP.Motor impairment, comorbidities, and maternal education are associated with poor school performance.Intellectual impairment is the most important predictor of poor school performance. What this paper adds: Children with cerebral palsy (CP) have a high risk of not completing elementary school.Children with CP achieve lower overall grades than children without CP.Motor impairment, comorbidities, and maternal education are associated with poor school performance.Intellectual impairment is the most important predictor of poor school performance. This original article is commented on by Lebeer on pages 1273–1274 of this issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Internet has become an inevitable tool for collecting health and health behavior questionnaires. This study compared the feasibility, presence of score differences, and subjective evaluations by children between Internet and identical paper (asthma/fruit) questionnaires in elementary schools. A randomized crossover design was applied, with children starting with one administration mode before completing (5 minutes later) the other mode. Ten Dutch elementary schools with 270 school children (fifth grade, 10-12 years) were approached to participate. Response was 92%. The Internet mode had significantly less missing/nonunique answers than the paper mode (p < .01). The completion times did not differ significantly between the Internet and the paper mode. Except for perceived self-efficacy to eat sufficient fruit (p < .05), no differences in the asthma and fruit scores were found when comparing between the 2 modes. All variables showed strong intraclass correlation coefficients (166 ≥ 0.64) between modes. Most items had good to very good agreement (kappa 0.61-0.95). The percentages for global and exact agreement ranged per item from 61.3 to 100. Most children preferred the Internet mode on “general preference” and “ease of use” aspects but rated no preference on “understandability.” The majority rated the evaluation aspects of the Internet mode positively. Thus, Internet administration of a health and health behavior questionnaire is feasible at elementary schools, gives comparable responses, and is well accepted and preferred by children compared to the paper version. Therefore, it is recommended to use Internet as a tool in health and health behavior research among children. (J Sch Health. 2006;76(2):80-86) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the author's attempt to design assignments that engage preservice elementary teachers in original mathematical thinking. In particular, the choice of integer operations as the focus of a structured writing assignment that takes students two weeks to complete is explained and justified. Exemplary student work is quoted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper was to examine the effects of the application of online material on the Brønsted-Lowry theory of acids and bases on the active construction of knowledge in first-grade grammar school students during the COVID-19 pandemic. The online material was designed to enable students: a) to learn the teaching material in smaller parts; b) to assess the acquired knowledge after each part of the teaching material; c) to progress through the lesson at their own pace; d) to visualise and interrelate the macroscopic, submicroscopic and symbolic representations of the contents about acids and bases by using a video recording and illustrations; e) to re-examine the accuracy of the given answers. The research sample consisted of 122 first-grade grammar school students, who learnt about the Brønsted-Lowry theory for the first time. The instruments used in this research study were two tests (a pre-test and a post-test), the validity of which was examined by two university professors and two grammar school chemistry teachers. The applied approach enabled the active construction of knowledge in the majority of students, while it provided the teachers with an insight into the progress and outcomes of the process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anemia is a global public health problem, especially common among children in developing countries, which affects their physical and mental health development. However, there is currently a lack of research on the relationship between anemia and academic performance. The objective of this study was to explore the association between anemia and academic performance, and the possible factors mediating this association among Chinese children. The data for this study came from the baseline survey of the Chinese Education Panel Survey Elementary School Cohort. The cohort was conducted from September 2018 to June 2019 in 160 elementary schools, covering 20 provinces and 40 counties/districts throughout China. Paper-based questionnaires were used, completed by 4th grade students, parents, head teachers, main teachers, and principals. The data used included questionnaire responses, physical measurements, and academic performance of 17,695 students. Based on students' hemoglobin levels and school altitude data, we grouped them into anemia and nonanemia categories using WHO criteria. The anemia group had 1,154 individuals, while the nonanemia group had 16,541 individuals. An ordinary least squares regression and mediation effect analysis were conducted. Our findings found the prevalence of anemia was 6.52% among Chinese Grade 4 students. Students without anemia had a higher average test score for three academic subjects than students with anemia (P < 0.001); their test scores for Chinese, Mathematics, and English were also higher (P < 0.05). Multivariate regression analysis showed a negative association between anemia and average test scores as well as individual test scores for the three subjects. Mediation analysis found that anemia affected academic performance directly (P < 0.05), and indirectly by decreasing the cognition score (P < 0.05). The indirect effect was 19.9% of the total effect. Findings highlighted anemia affected academic performance both directly and indirectly. Nutrition-related interventions should be implemented to prevent a decrease in academic performance among students with anemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this addendum to our paper (2010 New J. Phys. 12 033024), we point out that an elementary consequence of the strong subadditivity inequality allows us to strengthen one of the main conclusions of that paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past twenty years, Catholic elementary schools that self-identify as "inner-city" have closed at a higher rate than Catholic schools in other locations. These schools have also long been associated with a legacy of effectively serving low-income students, students of color, and recent immigrant students, suggesting that the persistent closure of these schools may have a negative impact on these communities. In this paper, we set out to assess the extent to which there have been demographic or organizational changes over the past twenty years in these "inner-city" schools. We found that while these schools do still serve higher proportions of students of color than Catholic schools nationally, there are distinct organizational and demographic trends that have developed in these schools that merit additional analysis or investigation. We conclude this paper with several suggestions for how to build a research agenda around this up-to-date demographic and organizational analysis of this segment of U.S. Catholic elementary schools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In many Westernised countries, children do not consume a sufficient amount of vegetables for optimal health and development. Child-feeding guidelines have been produced to address this, but often only promote offering vegetables at midday/evening meals and snack times. With guidance having limited success in increasing children's vegetable intake at a population level, novel approaches to address this must be developed. Offering vegetables to children at breakfast time in nursery/kindergarten settings has the potential to increase children's overall daily vegetable consumption as children typically attend nursery/kindergarten and many routinely eat breakfast there. However, the feasibility and acceptability of this intervention (Veggie Brek) to children and nursery staff has not been investigated. Methods: A feasibility and acceptability cluster randomised controlled trial (RCT) was undertaken in eight UK nurseries. All nurseries engaged in one-week baseline and follow-up phases before and after an intervention/control period. Staff in intervention nurseries offered three raw carrot batons and three cucumber sticks alongside children's main breakfast food each day for three weeks. Control nurseries offered children their usual breakfast. Feasibility was assessed by recruitment data and nursery staff's ability to follow the trial protocol. Acceptability was assessed by children's willingness to eat the vegetables at breakfast time. All primary outcomes were assessed against traffic-light progression criteria. Staff preference for collecting data via photographs versus using paper was also assessed. Further views about the intervention were obtained through semi-structured interviews with nursery staff. Results: The recruitment of parents/caregivers willing to provide consent for eligible children was acceptable at 67.8% (within the amber stop–go criterion) with 351 children taking part across eight nurseries. Both the feasibility and acceptability of the intervention to nursery staff and the willingness of children to consume the vegetables met the green stop–go criteria, with children eating some part of the vegetables in 62.4% (745/1194) of instances where vegetables were offered. Additionally, staff preferred reporting data using paper compared to taking photographs. Conclusions: Offering vegetables to children at breakfast time in nursery/kindergarten settings is feasible and acceptable to children and nursery staff. A full intervention evaluation should be explored via a definitive RCT. Trial registration: NCT05217550. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article aims to present some of the existing relationships between origami and computational thinking and how they can complement each other and serve as mutual support. A contextualization about the art of paper folding is presented, as well as some understandings about computational thinking, specifically its four pillars: decomposition, algorithm, pattern recognition and abstraction. As a possibility, we resort to unplugged activities involving instructions for folding animals and geometric solids that can be developed both in Elementary School and in High School or Undergraduate Degree. Finally, it is shown that the proposals can enable the development of the four pillars of computational thinking. Thus, it can be noted that the a ctivities described open possibilities for computational thinking when worked in consonance with origami. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: There is a need to improve public health interventions to promote youth social and emotional development in close collaboration with schools, families and local communities. A close intersectoral collaboration between the regional public health, schools and school boards was established to co-construct and implement "Positive Intervention (PI)" in the Eastern Townships region (Quebec, Canada). This paper describes its implementation according to the "Integrated Community Care (ICC)" framework. Description: PI is a collaborative and personalized intervention leaning toward an integrated community social care model. In fact, PI relies on the close proximity between Public Health and their educational counterpart as well as their individual temporality. However, PI offered mainly social services and its relationships with Primary Care services was not yet a priority. Discussion: The results show that it is possible to develop and implement an intervention promoting positive mental health in children, with and for local organisations. The level of integration between schools and Public Health services achieved after only 6 months of implementation is encouraging. Conclusion: More research is needed to thoroughly document the implementation, social validity, and effects of such an intervention by taking in the point of view of all stakeholders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is the result of a bibliographical survey on Science Technology and Society (STS) in Science Teaching, which highlights teachers' training for the first years of elementary school. The research was based on the following issues: what has been published about STS/STSE in academic research that includes the Science teaching? At which levels of education are Brazilian researches focused on STS/STSE approach in Science teaching? And which thematic axes stand out the most in research covering the first years of Elementary School? This study was developed according to the qualitative approach, by surveying master and doctoring dissertations, whose time frame were publications from 2010 to 2019, available in the Repository of Coordination Office for Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES) that included the STS or STSE terms on the title, keywords or abstracts. For data analysis, the bibliographic and documentary study was chosen as an investigative procedure as a reference to the Content Analysis technique according to Bardin's perspective (2016). The results show that the research on this theme, regarding the general characteristics of Science Teaching, has a substantial number of publications, but mainly for Chemistry teaching at high school. Taking into account the total number of published papers and the established timeframe, we obtained 18 publications in which studies referring to the STS theme prevail in the first schooling years. These findings suggest that the results for the first years of Elementary School are still incipient, therefore, they reinforce the importance on expanding research that includes investigations regarding the STS approach for this educational level, whether in discussions on pedagogical practices in classroom, whether it is about teachers' training. So that it is possible to build a movement of constant reflection and criticality, which is able of promoting a practice that is socially committed to the citizenship education of students since the beginning of their education in Basic Education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an in-depth study and analysis of the relevance of early childhood education to occupational psychotherapy using a virtual-assisted affective interaction approach. Starting from the educational theory of interactive cognitive psychology, the theoretical basis for parent-child picture book education for interactive learning is explored, as well as the theoretical development after the introduction of AR technology. Firstly, the analysis of young children's emotions involves massive image processing, and the use of cloud computing architecture leads to high latency, while young children's safety is a latency-sensitive service. Secondly, face recognition accuracy based on static images is not high due to problems such as inconspicuous facial features of toddlers and low-quality kindergarten surveillance videos. In this paper, a face identity correction model based on location features is proposed and the superiority of the model is demonstrated through experiments. Finally, this paper analyzes and mines the emotional data of young children. The level of kindergarten teachers' awareness of early childhood mental health education generally showed an upward trend as their titles rose, and there were significant differences in the seven dimensions of early childhood mental health, the purpose and meaning of early childhood mental health education, implementers, targets, content, pathways, and effects; significant differences existed between teachers of different kindergarten natures, and there were significant differences in the purpose and meaning of early childhood mental health education, implementers, targets, content, pathways, effects, and mental health education for young children. Therefore, this paper proposes a face identity correction model based on position information, which considers both the correlation between pixel values in the spatial domain and the correlation between frames in the temporal domain. This paper has developed an emotion analysis system for kindergartens and put it into use in kindergartens to meet the needs of monitoring the safety of young children and evaluating early childhood education and has received good feedback from users, demonstrating the effectiveness of the system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports on the information practices and information literacy (IL) skills of South Korean elementary school students from the perspectives of working teachers. Key to this investigation was the notion of information practice, and how this is shaped by the practice architecture found in an educational setting. A sequential mixed design was undertaken to investigate these ideas which consisted of exploratory interviews with 4 elementary school teachers and was followed by a questionnaire which analysed the responses of 314 elementary school teachers. Findings indicate that in this setting, teachers, students and pre-set curricular content serve as the most frequently used information sources for students during their everyday classes. We pay specific attention to the ongoing centrality of the textbook, in its traditional paper format, to the ways in which teachers design learning activities, and suggest that this limits the diversity of informational approaches to which young South Korean learners are exposed. While these learners are engaged, they are limited in terms of informational genre since teachers and textbooks were found to be dominant information proxies. Activities in which students engage in active seeking or scanning are rarer. Contexts with such a configuration may be hindering the development of critical information literacy skills that are vital in dealing with the abundance of information faced by individuals today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The studies framed in embodied cognition that analyze the metaphor of temperature and its relationship with the feeling of inclusion or exclusion always do so in the first person. That is, they take the perspective of the protagonist who is made to feel included or excluded to see how it affects his or her body thermally. However, there are no studies in which the participants morally evaluate other protagonists who are the ones who feel the inclusion or exclusion and the temperature, projecting these feelings onto them. This paper analyzes the relationship between terms related to temperature (cold or heat) and the moral judgements made toward a person who helps and another who does not help. All this occurs in a situation in which the person making the judgement is not involved in the first person and has to put themself in the place of the other. In addition, the possible difference in these judgements is examined by comparing children in the fourth grade of primary school with those in the sixth grade. The results indicate that older children give less extreme responses, but these are more influenced by temperature when it comes to morally judging a lack of help. When the behavior is helpful, they judge it morally the same regardless of temperature. In addition, interaction between the two variables appeared. These results have implications in promoting helping in the classroom in order to promote inclusion and represent a useful and accessible resource for such promotion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates motivation to learn and learning strategies in a sample of 353 Brazilian students in elementary and secondary education. Data were collected through the Motivation to learn scale and two Learning Strategies Assessment Scales, one for elementary school and another for high school. Learning goals and use of metacognitive strategies were predominant in the sample. Significant positive and negative correlations between the subscales were found. Two models emerged explaining 33% and 37% of the variance in the use of learning strategies that can be attributed to motivation to learn factors. The study underscores the importance of motivation to learn for engaging students in strategic behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the constitution of being a teacher in the context of the Covid-19, aiming to: i. characterize the elements present in the process of reframing the teaching professional identity in the context of a pandemic; ii. identify the challenges experienced in professional practice as a teacher in remote education. It is about a descriptive-analytical study of an exploratory nature, related to a more extensive research-intervention, considering the pandemia first year. Focuses on the experience of eight non-remote experienced schoolteachers who act as mentors at referred investigation-intervention. The data comprised written narratives recorded in reflective diaries, virtual activities and, reports by WhatsApp. As a complement, we will consider the deposits of experienced professors registered in virtual synchronous online meetings. It was possible to identify/understand: i. signs of anguish and helplessness when facing the professional effects caused by the pandemic, ii. sense of emptying one's professional identity and iii. challenges in projecting teaching in remote education. It was observed that is this new scenario caused by the pandemic, teachers are going through processes similar to those of beginners who accompany in mentoring, experiencing tensions such as: fear and uncertainty about the future (including the return of regular classroom activities), anxiety, anguish, feeling of incapacity, doubts about the reorganization of school activities (remotely), difficulties in dialogue with the students' family members, concern about children and their families, lack of information and dialogue in schools and education networks, revolt at government actions, among others. It was also observed that new meanings are being attributed to the process of becoming a teacher. The imbalance in the constitution of professional identity was noticed as one of the first effects of the pandemic. Such an imbalance gave way to the empowerment of the teaching identity itself, also causing an expansion of the repertoire of professional knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we analyze the presence of oral genres of the scientific sphere in the Base Nacional Comum Curricular (BNCC) for Elementary School (1st to 9th grade). Considering the foregoing, we figure out the conception of orality in which the document underlies; we also seek to identify the oral genres of such a sphere indicated in the BNCC for the scientific field. The concerns direct our gaze to the documentary and qualitative analysis in the treatment of the data. With a view to the theoretical dialogue, we assume orality as a social practice manifested in a diversity of genres based on sound reality, as well as in the didactic treatment of the oral from a specific pedagogy. The results indicate two scenarios: i) although the document's conception of orality recognizes the supremacy of writing, some developments do not match this understanding; ii) there is a presence of oral genres in the selected sphere throughout Basic Education, but with unequal distribution between the initial years (1st to 5th) and final years (6th to 9th). The scenario requires greater investment by the ones who use the BNCC as a normative document, in order to incorporate new genres, mainly in the early years, and benefit the expansion of language skills in learners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A biography of Charles Carleton Hirt, founding member of the non-profit organization American Choral Directors Association, is presented. He was born on November 4, 1911, in Los Angeles, California, to Adolph Hirt and Della Belle Hirt and attended an elementary school in Glendale, California. In 1941, Hirt was offered a teaching assignment at the Glendale Junior College by the Glendale Board of Education.

In addition to its relevance to the history of education, the study of changes in curriculum design also provides insights into changes in educational attitudes. This paper examines the historical evolution of the Changshi curriculum in China's mainland, explains the concept of Changshi and its different understandings in Changshi or general knowledge courses, and then applies the concept to the narration and classification of history. It also includes a brief discussion on related issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the possibility of teaching prose literary texts in the first cycle of primary education using individualized instruction in order to highlight its effectiveness in helping students grasp this type of learning content. The conducted experimental research aimed to examine how the application of individualized teaching to the process of teaching prose literary works in the lower grades of primary school contributes to their more complete understanding. The results obtained have shown that the experimental group, which learned the planned teaching units by using the individualized instruction approach achieved significantly better results compared to the control group, which worked in the usual way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural and social realia are in the 2nd grade of elementary schools being taught primarily as a part of the Elementary realia subject. This subject, not only in Slovakia but also in the Czech Republic, has in the last decade undergone several content changes. This research paper shows comparison of educational content of the Elementary realia subject in the two above mentioned countries, which had originally identical content. The authors conducted a research, in which they focused on comparing the current contents of the Elementary realia by utilizing in-depth analysis. In presented research paper, they present partial results of the research with an emphasis on topics, that can enhance pupils’ knowledge of forest environment. The core of teaching Elementary realia is the conceptual process. The concepts were discovered by the analysis, and these were related to the topics, which pupils are expected to adopt and understand. Authors were able to convert these concepts from theory into application, more specifically into the education construct, which essentially supports the educational contents of Elementary realia via aestheticeducational objects. This represents a strategy, of how to stimulate pupils’ relationship to the environment and their environmentally responsible behavior, as a part of sustainable development education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: To maximise their potential health benefits, school-based physical activity policies need to be implemented at scale. This paper describes the third in a sequence of trials that sought to optimise an effective strategy (PACE) to assist schools' implementation of a physical activity policy. Specifically, it aimed to determine the probability that a multi-strategy intervention adapted to reduce in-person contact (Adapted PACE) was "as good as" the original intervention (PACE) in increasing the weekly minutes of structured physical activity implemented by classroom teachers. Methods: A noninferiority cluster randomised controlled trial was undertaken with 48 primary schools in New South Wales, Australia. Schools were randomised to receive PACE or a model with adaptations made to the delivery modes (Adapted PACE). Teachers' scheduled minutes of weekly physical activity was assessed at baseline (Oct 2018-Feb 2019) and 12-month follow-up (Oct-Dec 2019). The noninferiority margin was set at − 16.4 minutes based on previous data and decision panel consensus. A linear mixed model analysed within a Bayesian framework was used to explore noninferiority between the two PACE models. A cost minimisation analysis was conducted from the health service provider perspective, using the Australian dollar (AUD). Results: The posterior estimate for the between group difference at follow-up was − 2.3 minutes (95% credible interval = − 18.02, 14.45 minutes). There was an estimated 96% probability of Adapted PACE being considered noninferior (only 4% of the posterior samples crossed the noninferiority margin of − 16.4 minutes). That is, the minutes of physical activity implemented by teachers at Adapted PACE schools was not meaningfully less than the minutes of physical activity implemented by teachers at PACE schools. The mean total cost was AUD$25,375 (95% uncertainty interval = $21,499, $29,106) for PACE and AUD$16,421 (95% uncertainty interval = $13,974, $19,656) for Adapted PACE; an estimated reduction of AUD$373 (95% uncertainty interval = $173, $560) per school. Conclusions: It is highly probable that Adapted PACE is noninferior to the original model. It is a cost-efficient alternative also likely to be a more suitable approach to supporting large scale implementation of school physical activity policies. Trial registration: Retrospectively registered with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12619001229167). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the relationship between the so-called family cultural capital and academic performance in a group of students who studied for six years at the Benito Juárez Elementary School, located in the municipality of San Pedro Ixtlahuaca, in the state of Oaxaca, Mexico. Methodologically, a quantitative-qualitative case study was conducted to reveal the components that define family cultural capital, a term adopted from the concept of cultural capital developed by Pierre Bourdieu. The importance of this research lies in analyzing and relating the states of cultural capital-incorporated, objectified and institutionalized-within the families of the students who studied in this educational institution, and their relationship with academic performance, since the formation of habitus, its production and reproduction could help to evaluate said success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this paper is to analyze rhotic deletion in coda in Santomean Portuguese (PST), a Portuguese variety spoken in Sao Tome and Principe. This process was analyzed based on Variationist Sociolinguistics. Quantitative analyses have been carried out by softwares RStudio and Rbrul. Thus, we consider social (sex, age and education level) and linguistic (grammatical class, syllable stress, position in morphological word and quality of preceding vowels) variables that might favor or not the phenomenon. By examining 1523 rhotic occurrences in coda, we verified r-deletion in 56,53% of the data. The most significant variable is Segmental Position with the highest rate of r-deletion in word-final syllables (P. R. 71). Then, the sample was divided into two samples separately analyzed: 712 occurrences in word-medial coda and 811 occurrences in word-final coda. In word-medial coda, 32,6% of rhotics are deleted. The highest rates of loss are associated to elementary school (P.R. .62) and women (P.R. .59). In word-final coda, 77.5% of rhotics are deleted, Speakers with elementary school (P.R. .75) and younger speakers (P.R. .76) are more likely to delete the rhotic in coda. Considering Grammatical Class, r-deletion is favored in verbs (P.R. .62). These outcomes are compared with previous studies (BOUCHARD, 2017; BRANDÃO, 2018; BRANDÃO; DE PAULA, 2018; BRANDÃO et al., 2017) and with studies on PB and PE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper understands the personality traits and cluster types of physical education (PE) teachers in elementary schools. A total of 393 elementary PE teachers volunteered to participate in this study. The Personality Trait Questionnaire for PE teachers in elementary school was summarized and compiled on the basis of the theory of the Big Five personality traits. The researchers used the discriminant analysis method to analyze and obtain the data. The results show that the Big Five personality traits of PE teachers in elementary schools was agreeableness. Classification of the Big Five personality traits through discriminant analysis revealed a Wilk's λ value of.199, an eigenvalue of 3.254, and 94.7% of the variance explained. Use of Ward's minimum variance method indicated that the participants' personalities were characterized by steady and pioneering type, sensitive and cautious type, and moderate and peaceful type. There were more males than females in the steady and pioneering type, more steady and pioneering type under the age of 30 years old, and more moderate and peaceful type with more than 16 years of work experience. In conclusion, most the personality traits of PE teachers in elementary school were agreeableness, moderate and peaceful type, which shows that most PE teachers have calm emotions, appropriate expressions of emotions, regularity, optimism, and enjoy interacting and collaborating with others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Augmented Reality (AR) could provide key benefits in education and create a richer user experience by increasing the motivation and engagement of the students. To this end, the current paper presents a system with three AR applications for teaching physics in the fifth and sixth grades of primary school and in the first grade of secondary school, and the ultimate goal is the development of a unified platform that covers the subject of physics in all classes of K-12 education. The platform provides a useful tool to familiarize both teachers and pupils with AR technologies, aiming to improve the learning and teaching experience and to enhance their skills. The developed system is evaluated in terms of usability, gamification and willingness of the teachers to incorporate this technology into the teaching process. A total of 314 users participated in the research, where they were divided into three user groups: (i) teachers (N = 15), (ii) pupils (N = 189) and (iii) computer science students (N = 110). The outcomes were satisfactory, revealing that the gamified AR applications are easy to use, and teachers are interested in using these AR applications in their classrooms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper conducts an in-depth study and analysis of the practice and application of teaching English pronunciation to children using AR (augmented reality) game assistance. The article analyzes the design of AR educational games based on the concept of learning behavior input, clarifies and determines the factors influencing students' learning behavior input in AR gamified teaching environment, and proposes the design principles of AR educational games based on learning behavior input. By analyzing the characteristics of experiential learning and AR, the model of AR-based English experiential learning activities for elementary school is established. Based on certain demand analysis, the AR software that can be used for teaching pronunciation in elementary school English classrooms was designed and developed using Unity3D and 3ds Max software. The experimental method was used to compare and apply the software in the target school, and the students of elementary school X were selected as the experimental subjects. The data were analyzed with the help of SPSS and NVivo software, and the questionnaire was used to measure the "ease of use," "usefulness," and "satisfaction with the software." The questionnaire was used to measure students' acceptance of AR software in three dimensions: "ease of use," "usefulness," and "satisfaction with the software." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The incorporation of the scientific inquiry in rural science classrooms brings up important challenges for the teachers leading them. This current paper analyzes the importance of the teacher's role in a scientific inquiry activity. Therefore, an analysis was carried out in the case of the Mitigation of the whitefly in the ficus tree. This inquiring experience was applied with 22 sixth to eighth grade elementary students from a vulnerable rural school in Chile. The main results support that the students' learning through inquiry demands a guidance and an adequate support offered by the teacher. Besides, the case study shows how the inquiry-based science education can emerge from deprived rural contexts through inquiry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Starting elementary school is an important step on the education ladder of every child, and the result of adequate school readiness is reflected in the child's feeling of belonging to the school community and the motivation for accomplishing school success. Bearing in mind, on the one hand, different individual characteristics of every child, and, on the other, new and different experiences when starting school, there is a tendency to reexamine the factors shaping (and influencing) the child's readiness for school. Starting from a brief retrospect of the approaches that review the phenomenon of school readiness, the essence of this paper consists of an interactive approach which, beside the importance of individual children's characteristics, also emphasizes the significance of conditions in the microsystem of the development environments in which the child spends their time, as well as their synergistic actions. In this manner, while following the contemporary construction of the term “school readiness,” the focus of this paper is set on the review of the hallmarks in family and institution (pre-school and school) context, as well as in the community context, and the possibility of a joint action of the development environments through examples of good practice in our educational context. Although each of these mentioned microsystem environments individually contributes to children's school readiness, it can be concluded that the best effects are accomplished through their interaction which leads to the continuity of influence and the maximum of reaching children's potentials in new education environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the experience gotten on PIBID (Scholarship Institutional Program for Teaching Initiation) from 2018 to January 2020 at the State School Francisco Bernardino in Juiz de Fora city, Minas Gerais. We sought to capture the perception of both the 6th-grade elementary school and freshman high school students and point out alternatives for more attractive classes that would approach their daily lives. Subsequently, it was identified clues of practical and theoretical alternatives for materials making and didactical methods that would provide dynamism to the content discussed in the 6th-grade classes. The main notes for more attractivity were the thematic closer to the students’ daily lives; better exposure of social and natural phenomena of the environment they live in; more extracurricular (outside school) activities. Some workshops were performed back in 2019 like poetry and music; “the globe in your hands”; the Landscape Geographic Game; the elaboration of the Francisco Bernardino’s School Atlas; fieldworks like a field trip to the UFJF (Federal University of Juiz de Fora) Climatological Station; and the study of the relief and its interaction with the urban area of Juiz de Fora City, using models and maps for that. It has been concluded that the elaboration of didactical activities set for geography teaching, taking as reference the school students’ interests linked to the “PIBIDians” academic knowledge, has significantly contributed to a more fluid Teaching-Learning process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the first time, the paper presents in detail the work and activities of the Hungarian-language elementary school that operated in Novska at the end of the Austro-Hungarian period. The school was founded by the Hungarian State Railways in 1913 and was one of the few schools of its type that operated in Western Slavonia, in contrast to a number of schools with Hungarian as the teaching language that operated in Eastern Slavonia at the time. The main sources used for the work are preserved in heritage institutions in Hungary and were compiled by the then Hungarian administration, written in the Hungarian language and, together with the relevant Hungarian literature, compared with the Croatian perspective of the above presented issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• This paper examines the effects of increasing the school leaving age from 16 to 18. • The reform did not decrease the probability of dropping out of secondary school. • Neither did the reform affect employment, hours worked and wages by age 25. • Compulsory schooling age legislation is not enough in systems with grade retention. • It should be combined with the requirement of earning a secondary degree. This paper examines the effects of increasing the compulsory school leaving age from 16 to 18 in Hungary using a difference-in-regression-discontinuities design empirical strategy. While the reform increased the length of schooling, it did not decrease the probability of dropping out of secondary school, either on average or among the most at-risk group of Roma ethnic minority students. Due to grade retentions, marginal students were older than their peers and couldn't have reached the final grade of secondary school by age 18 to earn a degree. The reform also did not affect the probability of employment, hours worked, wages and the probability of working in low-skilled occupations at ages 20 and 25. In education systems that allow grade retention, compulsory education should have the explicit goal of keeping students in school until they earn a secondary degree, rather than just until a certain age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Physically active learning (PAL) - integration of movement within delivery of academic content - is a core component of many whole-of-school physical activity approaches. Yet, PAL intervention methods and strategies vary and frequently are not sustained beyond formal programmes. To improve PAL training, a more comprehensive understanding of the behavioural and psychological processes that influence teachers' adoption and implementation of PAL is required. To address this, we conducted a meta-synthesis to synthesise key stakeholders' knowledge of facilitators and barriers to teachers' implementing PAL in schools to improve teacher-focussed PAL interventions in primary (elementary) schools. Methodology: We conducted a meta-synthesis using a five-stage thematic synthesis approach to; develop a research purpose and aim, identify relevant articles, appraise studies for quality, develop descriptive themes and interpret and synthesise the literature. In the final stage, 14 domains from the Theoretical Domain Framework (TDF) were then aligned to the final analytical themes and subthemes. Results: We identified seven themes and 31 sub-themes from 25 eligible papers. Four themes summarised teacher-level factors: PAL benefits, teachers' beliefs about own capabilities, PAL teacher training, PAL delivery. One theme encompassed teacher and school-level factors: resources. Two themes reflected school and external factors that influence teachers' PAL behaviour: whole-school approach, external factors. Ten (of 14) TDF domains aligned with main themes and sub-themes: Knowledge, Skills, Social/Professional Role and Identity, Beliefs about Capabilities, Beliefs about Consequences, Reinforcement, Goals, Environmental Context and Resources, Social influences and Emotion. Conclusions: Our synthesis illustrates the inherent complexity required to change and sustain teachers' PAL behaviours. Initially, teachers must receive the training, resources and support to develop the capability to implement and adapt PAL. The PAL training programme should progress as teachers' build their experience and capability; content should be 'refreshed' and become more challenging over time. Subsequently, it is imperative to engage all levels of the school community for PAL to be fully integrated into a broader school system. Adequate resources, strong leadership and governance, an engaged activated community and political will are necessary to achieve this, and may not currently exist in most schools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes a research aimed at problematizing cases of indication to the use of Base Ten Blocks (BTB) and Green Chips (GC) for the teaching and learning of the Arabic numeral system and of arithmetic operations. The cases analyzed are present in the five collections of Elementary School mathematics textbooks selected by the National Program of Textbook (PNLD), which were the most purchased by the Ministry of Education (MEC) in 2016, to supply the system of public education in Brazil during the triennium 2016-2018. The identified indications were classified in three types, and two of them were particularly problematized for presenting some type of limitation or confusion. Only one of the five collections studied did not present problems regarding manipulatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article proposes an exercise of problematization and denaturalization of a math classroom that is born from research carried out with a cartographic approach, in which, when occupying the elementary school math classroom, questions are asked: what happens in a math classroom? Which mathematics happens in a classroom? The event is here in affinity with the philosophy of the event of Gilles Deleuze, in which event is that which cuts time off, drags it, breaks it. Events are possible worlds that erupt in the things that happen. To do so, the writing of this paper takes place in relation to an episode in a classroom, evoking events that involve mathematical production, "mistakes" and learning, experiencing engendering of learning in the learning process. This writing involves two problematizing movements: the first one unfolds the problem of connection between learning and teaching in mathematical education; the second one in which, by the force of the event in the math classroom, the connection between learning and teaching as something necessary is under suspicion since it suffers an inflection in tradition in and of a mathematical education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this paper is to analyze rhotic deletion in coda in Santomean Portuguese (PST), a Portuguese variety spoken in Sao Tome and Principe. This process was analyzed based on Variationist Sociolinguistics. Quantitative analyses have been carried out by softwares RStudio and Rbrul. Thus, we consider social (sex, age and education level) and linguistic (grammatical class, syllable stress, position in morphological word and quality of preceding vowels) variables that might favor or not the phenomenon. By examining 1523 rhotic occurrences in coda, we verified r-deletion in 56,53% of the data. The most significant variable is Segmental Position with the highest rate of r-deletion in word-final syllables (P. R. 71). Then, the sample was divided into two samples separately analyzed: 712 occurrences in word-medial coda and 811 occurrences in word-final coda. In word-medial coda, 32,6% of rhotics are deleted . The highest rates of loss are associated to elementary school (P.R. .62) and women (P.R. .59). In word-final coda, 77.5% of rhotics are deleted, Speakers with elementary school (P.R. .75) and younger speakers (P.R. .76) are more likely to delete the rhotic in coda. Considering Grammatical Class, r-deletion is favored in verbs (P.R. .62). These outcomes are compared with previous studies (BOUCHARD, 2017; BRANDÃO, 2018; BRANDÃO; DE PAULA, 2018; BRANDÃO et al., 2017) and with studies on PB and PE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Learning to Study Texts is an innovative program that seeks to improve teaching and learning of disciplinary content by using teaching proposals based on analyzing and commenting on the language used in texts. This paper presents the bases of the program and a pilot study conducted with two teachers working in the fourth grade of elementary school who implemented the program proposals in History classes for four months. This analysis included the comparison of teaching practices involved in reading History texts before and after following the Learning to Study Texts program. It also included the description of how they changed their practices throughout the intervention. The results indicate that, with the incorporation of the program proposals, the teachers began to provide more opportunities to the students to listen, retrieve, comment on and analyze the information content of the texts. The main contribution of this study is to offer inputs for the design of a continuous teacher training program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper results from a Master's research that approached the use of cartoons in the final grades of elementary school. We elaborated and tested activities based on socioscientific issues (SSI) presented through cartoons with the aim of putting together better science education and the development of the students reading competence. The participants were 49 students from three ninth grade classes of a municipal school in Poá/SP. In this paper we discuss the results of a cartoon based activity and those obtained from a questionnaire with the participants' impressions about this approach model. Our analysis suggests that most students do not understand pragmatic factors of textuality that we consider essential to the full exercise of reading competence. Students seem to perceive intertextuality and intentionality more easily. On the other hand, less than one-third of them evinced readiness to perceive the situationality and acceptability of a given text. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research paper shows, from the analysis of the musical education textbooks for primary education, the values, stereotypes, mental schemes and meanings that are transmitted in the curriculum not always in a conscious or regulated way. The objective is to analyse what cultural models are transmitted, what are the spaces of silence, what absences and on the contrary what presences are reinforced and transmitted with the use of these curricular materials. The article consists, first of all, of an introduction to the state of this field of research showing the relevance and opportunity of this problematization of the curriculum. It is a qualitative research that uses content and discourse analysis as methodological tools. Secondly, the results of the category Cultural Representations are presented. This category is organized in the following subcategories: gender, Eurocentric gaze, popular cultures and traditions and relationship with the environment. The analysis of textbooks alerts us to the dominance of androcentric cultural hegemony and the reproduction of Eurocentric views that have not overcome colonialism and patriarchy, making a distant an exotic treatment of minority cultures and popular cultures closers to children's environment. This paper concludes with the relevance of this type of research to understand the cultural effects implicit in the presentation of the curriculum in the materials used in the classroom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A geography teacher is a professional person who conducts the teaching process in accordance with the standards and procedures of the teacher's call. It is necessary for a teacher to possess knowledge in the psychological, pedagogical, and sociological domains because he/she often plays the role of a homeroom teacher as well. The role of teachers is to adapt the teaching content to students' intellectual abilities by applying diverse methods, didactic principles, and teaching resources. The aim of the paper is to provide ways, through research and analysis, how to manage school documentation and the role of a geography and homeroom teacher in elementary schools. The methods used in the preparation of the paper are: analytical, synthetic, descriptive, comparative, statistical, graphic, and critical. The work was written on the basis of the data obtained from the survey conducted among teachers. The research was conducted among teachers working in urban and rural areas, with different places of employment, and with different work experience. One of the aims of the research was to determine if there were similarities and differences between the answers of the homeroom teachers and geography teachers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper originates from Chapter 2 of the masters dissertation entitled O Ensino do Lugar e o Lugar do Ensino: o conceito de lugar geográfico como dimensão de uma educação emancipadora no Ciclo II do Ensino Fundamental ["The Teaching of Place and the Place of Teaching: The Concept of Geographic Place as Part of an Emancipatory Education in Cycle 2 of Brazil's Elementary School"]. It presents an indepth analysis of the concept of place in geography, including various theoretical perspectives (particularly the critical and humanistic approaches) and the concept's scientific meanings and daily applications in Geography teaching in Cycle 2 of Brazil's elementary school. Furthermore, this paper addresses the dialectic relation between place and world from a multiscale approach, immersed in present-day economic globalization. Its aim is to shed light on debates concerning the geographic place in both academic and school-based geography, hence identifying and analysing the theoretical foundations required to foster reflections on pedagogical classroom practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is based on a research that turned out to be a Ph D thesis on the relation between reading comprehension, textual awareness and argumentative writing, basing specifically in psycholinguistic assumptions. The aim is to contribute to the improvement of educational practices related to reading and text production, considering the important role that consciousness plays in this process. Firstly, the research aims to verify the correlation among the variables in question. Secondly, it proposes pedagogical strategies that may enhance the reading comprehension and the writing of argumentative texts through textual awareness. For that, performance of seventy-four students from the first, second, and third grades of high school has been evaluated using specific tests. The analysis of correlation between two variables has been done separately, for each school grade, through the calculation of the Pearson linear correlation coefficient (r). The research results confirmed the correlation among the evaluated variables which were established under different indexes. From the data analysis, which offer important clues about the individuals' behavior, the needs to stimulate early argumentative reasoning in schools have been postulated, based on reflection activities and on self-monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lack of spatial and temporal flexibility is a well-known limitation of current life cycle assessment (LCA). Exclusion of human and time consideration in LCA can also limit the potential of results. The purpose of this paper is to provide a dynamic life cycle assessment (LCA) framework that includes temporal and users’ value choice factors. The paper also proposed a revised model to produce more specific calculations. A case study of an elementary school is used to illustrate the importance of the method and demonstrate the differences between conventional static LCA and dynamic LCA. The results showed a noticeable difference and illustrated some unique environmental impact trends by integrating value choice and human factors in the LCA model. The findings suggest that changes during a building’s lifetime can influence the analysis results to a greater degree, and that long-term indicators and short-term indicators have different impacts on results. Therefore, adapting a dynamic framework will increase the practicality and applicability of LCA in decision-making and policymaking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This text is about the conception of school curriculum delineated in the formative materials that support the proposal of the National Pact for Literacy in the Right Age (PNAIC) and the relations between its didacticmethodological prescriptions and the uses that the practicing subjects - understood as teachers who act specifically in the early years of elementary school - can make them. For its accomplishment, a systematic study of the notebooks that guide the formations in light of researches that investigate the quotidian research was made use of the contributions of Michel de Certeau. The line of argument developed suggests as main points of the paper: a) the validity of prescriptions, given that teachers seek guiding elements to oxygenate their practices; and, at the same time, b) the existence of cunning and "arts of doing" that permeate the school routine and makes these prescriptions constantly reinvented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents provides an initial assessment of the benefits that can be obtained by applying thinking routines (Project Zero, Harvard University) in contexts of Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL), an approach to bilingual education that is now commonplace in Europe and that is gaining ground in other continents. The first part of the study provides a discussion of the theoretical compatibility of visible thinking -the larger conceptual framework which supports the routines- and CLIL, which has the student's cognitive engagement as one of its central methodological principles. In turn, the second part presents the result of a systematic application of the 7 introductory or core routines with preservice teacher trainees in Madrid (Spain) studying a university CLIL program, as well as some experiences of these routines with Elementary education students in three schools of the region. All these experiences attest to the significant benefits of using thinking routines in bilingual instruction, especially in what regards a greater student involvement than alternative practices, on the one hand, and the ability to provide extensive oral practice in question forming. However, a number of their limitations is also discussed, specifically in relation to their cognitive quality as well as their ability to generate situations of authentic communication in L2. Based on these preliminary findings, specific questions for future studies are proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper looks into the spatial dispositions of the classroom and its immediate surroundings in elementary schools, with the goal of defining a broad learning space, in accordance with modern intentions in pedagogy. The starting assumption is that the learning space may offer versatility and a variety of options in the educational process. In the development of the spatial model two key contributing factors have been taken into account: the implications of the modern educational process and potential spatial characteristics. Various levels of spatial interrelationship are considered between the classroom and the adjacent classroom, the break-out space, communication area, social activity zones, and the outdoor classroom. Accordingly, by using the modelling method, a conceptual spatial model of the classroom and its immediate surroundings is defined such that it can receive specific applications in the design of elementary schools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]