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This paper focuses on the evolution of loanwords from the end of the 19th century to modern Spanish on the basis of columns on the language (CSL). The main objective is to study the tensions between norm established by Spanish language institutions or their representatives and the actual use of loanwords by Spanish speakers. We start from the idea that language is closely related to nationalist ideology, near purism. If we relate loan, dictionary and columnism, we can reflect on how ideological positions and norm conceptions have evolutioned in lexical creation. To this end, we will establish four periods by selecting several columnists, we will contrast their opinion with the academic norm through the contemporary dictionary and we will check the actual use in the academic corpus. The results will show whether the norm, in principle always on alert and resistant to the incorporation of foreign words, and the real use of the speakers are contrary or converge. Finally, the ideological implications of this type of attitude on the part of both the Academy and the columnists will be reflected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper deals with the terminology of tennis, one of the oldest and most popular sports in the world, including both original English terms and their Serbian counterparts obtained either by means of borrowing or translation. Following the introductory theoretical remarks on the general postulates of creating structurally and semantically viable terms, as well as on sports terminology in Serbian, especially that related to tennis and seen as crucially linked to its English source-counterparts, the paper aims at offering a descriptive analysis and classification of a 950-item parallel world list in English and Serbian, compiled by the author mainly from the corpus collected for Novi englesko-srpski rečnik sportskih termina [New English-Serbian Dictionary of Sports Terms, Milić-Panić Kavgić, & Kardoš, 2021a]. A brief structural overview of the original word-formation processes involved in creating tennis-related terms in English is followed by a more in-depth discussion of creative examples of metaphor, metonymy, eponymy and iconicity in contemporary English and Serbian tennis terminology. By means of qualitative research methodology, selected expressions such as bagel, Hail Mary, SABR or I-formation and their Serbian translation equivalents are analyzed as examples of transferred meaning, eponyms and iconic semiotic constructs, respectively. The largest section of the paper is devoted to describing, classifying and exemplifying the two most productive mechanisms of adapting foreign English terms to the Serbian language system - borrowing and translation. As expected, borrowing, as the most frequent means of creating tennis-related terms in the target language, accounted for around 55% of all the analyzed items, resulting mostly in transshaped obvious anglicisms, accompanied by a smaller number of pseudoanglicisms created along the way. When it comes to the most frequent procedures employed in the translation of source terms into Serbian, it is structural translation that proved to be the most dominant one, followed by functional approximation, direct translation, and, unsurprisingly, definitional translation as the least convenient way of forming new terminology, in accordance with the principles stated in the introductory section. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Comprehension of anglicisms by the target audience is essential. • The communicative intent of a message shapes the usage of non-catachrestic anglicisms. • Pragmatic markedness of non-catachrestic anglicisms benefits the image of adult-contemporary radio stations. • Diachronic development of non-catachrestic innovations from M- to I-implicatures does not favour their frequency. Abstract This paper explores the usage of catachrestic and non-catachrestic anglicism occurrences in radio station imaging materials. These programme elements are taken from a transcribed radio corpus and analysed by means of examining quantitative data and qualitative interviews with 19 journalists. The linguistic analysis of the station imaging content is grounded in the concept of catachrestic and non-catachrestic anglicisms developed by Onysko and Winter-Froemel (2011) , which redefines the traditional distinction of luxury and necessary loans in German. Based on a second study by Winter-Froemel et al. (2014) , which analyses reasons for the success of some non-catachrestic anglicisms over others, this study examines if the significant factors discovered in a print corpus by the above named study can also be discovered in radio language. The factors analysed in station imaging materials include word length, diachronic development, semantic reasons and lexical field. It is the intention of this research to refine and extend the approach by Winter-Froemel et al. by means of examining each anglicism occurrence in the context of its semantic and pragmatic usage in station imaging elements. The results show that while some factors can be discovered in radio language too, comprehension by the target audience is overriding for the usage of catachrestic and non-catachrestic anglicisms in station imaging language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fashion is one of the most influential social phenomenon nowadays. It is accesible to the general public through different means of communication, being gossip magazines one of them. Fashion is always changing and evolving. New styles and tendencies continuously emerge and are named with new words, usually English or "from the English language". This paper aims to examine the degree of use of these words in Spanish gossip magazines. Thus, several magazines have been analyzed and the Anglicisms related to fashion were recorded and classified according to formal typology, subject area and discourse marking. They were looked up in the online Oxford Dictionaries in order to find out their definition in English and their translation into Spanish and in the Royal Spanish Academy Dictionary (DRAE) to explore if these words were already accepted in the Spanish language. The number of Anglicisms found was quite high and most of them were non-adapted Anglicisms. They were usually garments, styles and general words used in fashion. Adjectives describing garments were also quite common. The number of voices admitted in the DRAE was not too high, probably being words newly arrived in the Spanish language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] The paper proposes a new analytical apparatus for the study of borrowing of discourse-pragmatic items. [•] Pragmatic borrowing includes the borrowing of discourse markers, interjections, expletives, vocatives, intonation, gestures, etc. [•] Pragmatic borrowing is often characterised by post hoc adaptation, which may be functional narrowing, broadening or shift. [•] The paper offers a case study of functional adaptation of the English-based expletive fuck and the discourse markers yeah right, sorry and hello in Norwegian. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to analyze the Anglicisms used in print press from Latin America. We are interested in to what extent the Anglicisms encountered in print media from Latin America are characteristic to the Hispanic-American space or if they enter in the category of general Anglicisms also used in peninsular Spanish. The Corpus on which we based our analysis consists of Anglicisms excerpted from some of the most prestigious journals from Latin America and Spain. We analyzed, during the year 2007, four newspapers on electronic format, from three states from Latin America and from Spain: El Universal – Mexico, El Tiempo – Columbia; La Nación – Argentina and El País – Spain. Once the corpus was created, in order to formulate appreciations of qualitative and quantitative nature regarding the distribution and productivity of the elements from our inventory we appealed to the three criteria of selection proposed in the study El español de América (Marius Sala, 1982), elaborated by the team of hispanists from the Linguistics Institute "Iorgu Iordan–Al. Rosetti": geographical criterion, productivity criterion and semantic richness criterion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among those areas linked to the forbidden, homosexuality has traditionally met one of the strongest interdictions. Given the taboo nature of homosexuality, it is our purpose in this paper to gain an insight into the axiological values that anglicisms present in the Spanish homosexual vocabulary. The analysis of the different types of anglicisms in a sample of 253 English borrowings reveals that pure anglicisms (including clippings and initialisms) are the most frequently used, followed by pseudoanglicisms. Calques, hybrids and adapted anglicisms are used less often to refer to homosexuality. The research carried out reveals that anglicized units perform different X-phemistic functions in homosexual discourse: not only that of softening or avoiding the use of a taboo term in Spanish but also displaying in-group solidarity or referring to homosexuality disparagingly. Homosexual-related anglicisms promote innovative uses of the Spanish language and provide evidence of a special kind of language used by homosexuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Departing from the traditional and controversial distinction between necessary and luxury loans, this paper proposes a differentiation into catachrestic and non-catachrestic innovations which mirror two general pragmatic effects of borrowings. As such, the paper deconstructs the notions of necessary and luxury loans and proposes a new set of terms rooted in rhetorical tradition. At the same time, the criterion of semantic equivalence between borrowings and existing terms in a language is taken as a valid starting point for categorizing loans as catachrestic and non-catachrestic. Levinson''s theory of presumptive meanings supports this distinction since catachrestic anglicisms in German (e.g. E-Mail, Computer, and Internet) mainly bear I-implicatures (of informativeness) whereas borrowings such as cool, Kids, and Airport evoke M-implicatures (of manner) as marked lexical choices. This pragmatic framework is tested on about 100 highly frequent anglicisms in German. The study combines the consultation of major reference works with the analysis of usage-based data from a German newsmagazine corpus and the Internet. While the results show that a basic pragmatic classification of anglicisms in German is possible, usage-based evidence highlights that I- and M-implicatures are interwoven in a number of cases and that the pragmatic values of borrowings are susceptible to change over time. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Given the international tendency towards democracy, the relevance of standard languages, which are undeniably ideological and discriminatory in nature, is increasingly being questioned. In the Afrikaans speech community the legitimacy of Standard Afrikaans has been questioned since the 1980s due to its association with apartheid. In recent times this awareness of the politicisation of Standard Afrikaans has led some Afrikaans linguists to ask the question whether or not Afrikaans should be restandardised. In an attempt to provide an answer to this question, this paper investigates whether or not restandardisation is desirable from a sociolinguistic viewpoint. This is done by giving an overview of why Standard Afrikaans is not seen as being representative of the entire Afrikaans speech community since the 1980s, why it is necessary that the standard be redefined, and lastly, what the restandardisation of Afrikaans would entail in outline. There are various reasons why Afrikaans is not representative of the entire Afrikaans speech community, the first being that standardisers relied heavily on Dutch during the standardisation process. By introducing many Dutch loan words into Afrikaans and relying heavily on the Dutch morphosyntactic pattern, the natural development of Afrikaans was disturbed. This Dutchification of Standard Afrikaans gave the standard an artificial nature which made it difficult for speakers of Afrikaans to learn. As a result of anti-British sentiments after the South African War, the standardisation of Afrikaans was also characterised by opposition against Anglicisms in Afrikaans. An attempt was made to remove as many traces of English influence on Afrikaans as possible, thereby denying the real language contact situation. This anti-English attitude further alienated speakers from the standard and led to diglossia in the Afrikaans speech community. Lastly, the vernacular varieties of Afrikaans, especially those spoken by coloured speakers of Afrikaans, were disregarded during standardisation. Not only was Standard Afrikaans appropriated as a "white man's" language, but it was also based on Eastern Cape Afrikaans, which was mainly spoken by white speakers of Afrikaans. The stigmatisation of the vernacular varieties of Afrikaans led to discrimination against the speakers of these varieties on a social, educational and economic level. Vernacular speakers were marginalised as they were often excluded from all language domains for higher functions and have difficulty acquiring the standard language. Seeing as standardisation inhibits variation and strives towards uniformity of linguistic form, one could argue that the standard language cannot be representative of the entire speech community. This view on the standard language as a seemingly innocent variety ignores the fact that standardisation is ideologically motivated, as it favours the elite in a given speech community. This elitist situation is, however, no longer tenable in a democratic society. At the same time, one cannot deny that standard languages play an important role in the political, economic and educational life of a speech community. As democratising language planning, restandardisation can play an important role in resolving this tension in the standard language. As deliberate language planning from above and from below, aimed at revising the form and function of a standard language and influencing the linguistic behaviour of a speech community in order to create a democratic standard, restandardisation is aimed at correcting some social injustice or another in the speech community by standardising the language from a broader varietal base, thereby making the standard language more inclusive and empowering all speakers. This implies that Standard Afrikaans should be redefined in order to include all varieties of Afrikaans, as well as lessening the influence of Dutch on Afrikaans and giving recognition to the influence of English on Afrikaans. Although the Dutch burden on Standard Afrikaans has been lifted to a certain extent over the past years, there are Dutchisms in Afrikaans which make the language unnecessarily formal and alienate speakers. The restandardisation of Afrikaans thus entails that Dutch should no longer be used as norm for Afrikaans. Over the years there has also been greater realism with regard to the influence of English on Afrikaans, but there are still many English loans missing in Standard Afrikaans which have been prevalent in the vernacular for many years. The restandardisation of Afrikaans should lead to a greater acceptance of English influence on Afrikaans, as English often has an enriching effect on Afrikaans. Disregard of this influence may alienate speakers to such an extent that they decide to use English because they have difficulty acquiring Standard Afrikaans. Lastly, there has also been an increased acceptance of other varieties of Afrikaans into the standard. However, much still needs to be done, since especially coloured speakers of Afrikaans feel like strangers in their own language. Standard Afrikaans should be broadened to include not only lexical items from the vernacular varieties of Afrikaans, but also give recognition to grammatical differences. Restandardisation would further require that norms be determined in a democratic manner, so that all speakers may have a say in the structure of the standard. In this way, restandardisation can be utilised to reform Standard Afrikaans in order to serve the entire speech community, thereby reflecting the democratic ideals of society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I will make an approximation to the presence of words that come from the English language studying the Extremenian town of Mérida (Badajoz). To do this, from the implementation of the questionnaire for the study of the educated norm (Lope Blanch, 1972) and using as lexical base semantic fields of "the clothes", "the social life and entertainment" and the concepts of the theatre, the press, the film and the television (I have included also a subject area of internet), I will make a quantitative and qualitative analysis of a corpus composed of 25000 words. In the corpus, I include the use of foreign voices and also the presence of Spanish versions to describe some terms of English origin. With this research, I intend to observe the spread of anglicisms in the locality and I want to also check how semantic fields are foreign terms and why the presence of these voices in the current spanish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most technical terms in the field of Computer Science are English loanwords. English words are frequently preferred to Spanish terms because of different reasons, for instance, because of linguistic economy. In this paper, we reveal the results of an empirical study about the frequency of use of pure anglicisms. It has been carried out among students of Translating and Interpreting at the University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (Spain). The scope of use of lexical anglicisms by individuals in the analysed sample seems to be relatively high, but slightly lower than that of Computer Science students who participated in another preliminary partial study. Those students who provided more words for definitions also suggested more synonyms for the terms, and also used more English terms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper analyses the use of six English verbs and phrases in Romanian which have barbarically been introduced into everyday language by corporate staff and young people today. Research is based on a questionnaire survey that was filled by 25-35 aged people in three different companies, as well as 18-25 aged students. The article focuses on the grammatical changes that occur when introducing foreign terms, as well as the users' preference and reasons for using a mixture of English and Romanian words and phrases intro Spoken Romanian. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]