672 results
Search Results
2. Measuring the competitiveness of Canadian pulp and paper in the US market reveals needs for more research.
- Author
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Tang, Xiaoli, Kant, Shashi, Laaksonen-Craig, Susanna, and Asinas, Emmanuel R.
- Subjects
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PULPWOOD , *PULPWOOD industry , *PAPER products industry , *ECONOMIC competition , *ECONOMICS - Abstract
This paper studies substitution between main categories of imported pulp and paper products and between imported and domestic pulp and paper products in the US market. A restricted translog subcost function approach was employed to derive the elasticity of substitution. The results suggest that Canadian pulp and paper products are competitive and have maintained their competitiveness in the US market, and therefore, the challenges faced by the Canadian pulp and paper industry are not because of the loss of its product competitiveness but are due to other reasons such as declining demand for paper products in the United States. It seems that if the Canadian pulp and paper industry wants to retain its dominant position in the world market place, it will have to create global reach and develop new markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Research paper. Effects of the economic crisis on smoking prevalence and number of smokers in the USA.
- Author
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Gallus, Silvano, Ghislandi, Simone, and Muttarak, Raya
- Subjects
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SMOKING & psychology , *ECONOMICS , *SMOKING , *EMPLOYMENT , *QUESTIONNAIRES , *REGRESSION analysis , *RESEARCH funding , *TIME , *DISEASE prevalence , *CROSS-sectional method , *DATA analysis software , *DESCRIPTIVE statistics - Abstract
Objective Scanty and controversial information is available on the impact of macroeconomic fluctuations on smoking behaviour. No study has quantified the effects of fiscal crises on smoking prevalence. This study aimed to investigate the effects of the 2007-2008 economic crisis on smoking prevalence and number of smokers in the USA. Methods Using data from the repeated Behavioural Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) surveys in pre-crisis (2005-2007) and post-crisis (2009-2010) periods on a total of 1 981 607 US adults, we separated the expected (after allowance for the demographic growth of the US population, secular smoking prevalence trends and changes in sociodemographic characteristics) from the unexpected (assumed attributable to the economic crisis) changes in the number of smokers across different employment statuses. Results Joinpoint regression analysis revealed no significant changes in smoking prevalence trends over the period 2005-2010. The crisis resulted in an increase in the number of smokers in the US by 0.6 million. This is largely due to an unexpected decrease of 1.7 million smokers among employed and an increase of 2.4 million smokers among unemployed individuals, whose smoking prevalence also remains extremely high in the post-crisis period (32.6%). Conclusions The 2008 financial crisis had a weak effect on smoking prevalence. The pro-cyclical relationship (ie, the crisis results in a lower number of smokers) found among the employed is offset by the counter-cyclical relationship (ie, the crisis results in a higher number of smokers) found among unemployed individuals. Public health interventions should specifically target those in unemployment, particularly in hard times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Research paper. Estimating the cost of a smoking employee.
- Author
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Berman, Micah, Crane, Rob, Seiber, Eric, and Munur, Mehmet
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LABOR productivity , *SMOKING , *MEDICAL care costs , *WORK environment , *COST analysis , *ECONOMICS - Abstract
Objective We attempted to estimate the excess annual costs that a US private employer may attribute to employing an individual who smokes tobacco as compared to a non-smoking employee. Design Reviewing and synthesising previous literature estimating certain discrete costs associated with smoking employees, we developed a cost estimation approach that approximates the total of such costs for US employers. We examined absenteeism, presenteesim, smoking breaks, healthcare costs and pension benefits for smokers. Results Our best estimate of the annual excess cost to employ a smoker is $5816. This estimate should be taken as a general indicator of the extent of excess costs, not as a predictive point value. Conclusions Employees who smoke impose significant excess costs on private employers. The results of this study may help inform employer decisions about tobacco-related policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. The Accountable Care Organization Summit: A White Paper on Findings, Outcomes, and Challenges.
- Author
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Koury, Caitlin, Iannaccone, Lucas, Strunk, Andrew, Udelson, Alexandra, Boaz, Alexis, Cianci, Carly, Huszagh, Suzanne Keck, and Keale, Margot
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CONFERENCES & conventions , *CONTINUUM of care , *EXECUTIVES , *HEALTH facilities , *INTERPROFESSIONAL relations , *MEDICAL quality control , *HEALTH policy , *PHYSICIANS , *PRACTICAL politics , *POPULATION , *ORGANIZATIONAL structure , *HEALTH insurance reimbursement , *OCCUPATIONAL roles , *CHANGE management , *HEALTH care reform , *ACCOUNTABLE care organizations , *ECONOMICS - Abstract
The authors sought to explore the implications of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act's establishment of Accountable Care Organizations (ACO). Summit participants, who discussed best practices and issues to be addressed when designing and implementing ACOs. Healthcare leaders from across the country in charge of running, developing, and/or implementing ACOs for health systems. Participants were asked to consider the challenges, benefits, and strategies to ACO implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. THE PAPER CHASE: SECURITIZATION, FORECLOSURE, AND THE UNCERTAINTY OF MORTGAGE TITLE.
- Author
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LEVITIN, ADAM J.
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FORECLOSURE , *MORTGAGES , *LAND title registration & transfer -- Law & legislation , *ECONOMIC impact , *TRANSFER (Law) , *LOCUS standi , *PROPERTY rights , *ECONOMICS - Abstract
The mortgage foreclosure crisis raises legal questions as important as its economic impact. Questions that were straightforward and uncontroversial a generation ago today threaten the stability of a $13 trillion mortgage market: Who has standing to foreclose? If a foreclosure was done improperly, what is the effect? And what is the proper legal method for transferring mortgages? These questions implicate the clarity of title for property nationwide and pose a too-big-to-fail problem for the courts. The legal confusion stems from the existence of competing systems for establishing title to mortgages and transferring those rights. Historically, mortgage title was established and transferred through the "public demonstration" regimes of UCC Article 3 and land recordation systems. This arrangement worked satisfactorily when mortgages were rarely transferred. Mortgage finance, however, shifted to securitization, which involves repeated bulk transfers of mortgages. To facilitate securitization, deal architects developed alternative "contracting" regimes for mortgage title: UCC Article 9 and MERS, a private mortgage registry. These new regimes reduced the cost of securitization by dispensing with demonstrative formalities, but at the expense of reduced clarity of title, which raised the costs of mortgage enforcement. This trade-off benefitted the securitization industry at the expense of securitization investors because it became apparent only subsequently with the rise in mortgage foreclosures. The harm, however, has not been limited to securitization investors. Clouded mortgage title has significant negative externalities on the economy as a whole. This Article proposes reconciling the competing title systems through an integrated system of note registration and mortgage recordation, with compliance as a prerequisite to foreclosure. Such a system would resolve questions about standing, remove the potential cloud to real-estate title, and facilitate mortgage financing by clarifying property rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2013
7. Questionable evidence and argumentation regarding alleged misuse of Medicare.
- Author
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Looi, Jeffrey C. L., Allison, Stephen, Bastiampillai, Tarun, Maguire, Paul A., and Robson, Stephen J.
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MEDICARE laws , *HEALTH insurance reimbursement laws , *FRAUD prevention , *MEDICAL care use , *HEALTH insurance , *MEDICARE , *PROFESSIONS , *LEGAL compliance , *ECONOMICS - Abstract
What is known about this topic? We discuss a recently published paper that alleges clinicians are causal agents of non-compliant billing of Medicare. What does this paper add? The paper's arguments are partially supported by unreferenced assertions, potential logical fallacies, inaccurate reporting of referenced material and unsubstantiated rhetoric. What are the implications for practitioners? Due to the lack of substantive evidence, it cannot be concluded that clinicians are the causal agents of non-compliant billing of Medicare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
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8. The United States Monopolization of Bank Note Production: Politics, Government, and the Greenback, 1862–1878.
- Author
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Noll, Franklin
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BANK notes , *PAPER money , *MONEY , *BANKING industry , *GREENBACKS (Money) , *AMERICAN Civil War, 1861-1865 , *NINETEENTH century , *ECONOMICS , *HISTORY of money ,UNITED States politics & government - Abstract
Between 1862 and 1878, the view of the United States government towards the nation's money was transformed. Early in the Civil War, the government got into the bank note printing business out of necessity, printing and issuing the first-ever federal currency. Over the following years, debates raged whether the national currency should be printed privately or by the government's bank note printer, the United States Bureau of Engraving and Printing (BEP). Matters came to a head in 1878 when Congress debated the future of the BEP. That year, in a radical departure from the past, Congress gave the Bureau of Engraving and Printing a monopoly on the production of currency, forever changing the role of the government in the nation's economy. Money, be it in the form of coin or currency, was now the exclusive province of the government – not private banks or bank note companies. This change was the result of a rare consensus between Democrats and Republicans and between the forces of the antimonopoly tradition, Greenbackism, and hard money. For various reasons, they were unanimous in believing that the government, especially Congress, should be in control of those matters affecting the monetary affairs of the country. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
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9. Agricultural Economic Evidence and Policy Prospects under Agricultural Trade Shocks and Carbon Dioxide Emissions.
- Author
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Kang, Jian and Zhao, Minjuan
- Subjects
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CARBON emissions , *ECONOMIC policy , *SUSTAINABLE development , *AGRICULTURAL development , *CAPITALISM , *CARBON dioxide analysis , *HEALTH policy , *AGRICULTURE , *ECONOMICS - Abstract
With the development of the market economy, agricultural trade has become more and more significant for the development of the agricultural economy, which has triggered people's further thinking and exploration on the impact of agricultural trade on agricultural carbon emissions. This paper takes the measurement of trade implied carbon as the carbon dioxide emission index under the impact of agricultural trade and analyzes the impact of trade implied carbon and implied carbon balance on carbon emission. Taking the impact of Sino-US agricultural trade as an empirical background, this paper measures the impact of environmental changes in agricultural trade opening on China's agricultural development and its carbon emissions, so as to predict changes in China's regional agricultural carbon emissions performance. After calculation, it is found that the scale of China's exports has decreased by 0.089%, which is lower than the decline of 0.361% in the United States. The trade conflict has a significant impact on China's import and export structure. Under the scenario of mutual tariffs on agricultural products, China's exports to the United States are expected to decrease by 6.28%, while China's imports from the United States decreased by 13.02%. The Sino-US agricultural trade dispute will reduce China's carbon emissions by 0.013% and the United States' carbon emissions by 0.024%, which is related to the negative impact on the economy. Improving the performance of agricultural carbon emissions is not only the need for the green and sustainable development of the agricultural economy but also conducive to improving the international competitiveness of agricultural products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
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10. Policy Recommendations for Pharmacy Benefit Managers to Stem the Escalating Costs of Prescription Drugs: A Position Paper From the American College of Physicians.
- Author
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Daniel, Hilary, Bornstein, Sue S., and Health and Public Policy Committee of the American College of Physicians*
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DRUG prescribing , *DRUGS , *PHYSICIANS , *DRUG prices , *PHARMACY , *PHARMACEUTICAL services insurance -- Law & legislation , *MEDICAL care cost laws , *COST control , *HOSPITAL pharmacies , *PHARMACEUTICAL services insurance , *ECONOMICS ,DRUGS & economics ,INDUSTRIES & economics - Abstract
Recent discussions about the increasing prices of prescription drugs have focused on pharmacy benefit managers (PBMs), third-party intermediaries for various types of employers and government purchasers who negotiate drug prices in health plans and thus play a crucial role in determining the amount millions of Americans pay for medications. In this position paper, the American College of Physicians expands on its position paper from 2016 by offering additional recommendations to improve transparency in the PBM industry and highlighting the need for reliable, timely, and relevant information on prescription drug pricing for physicians and patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
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11. Extended Producer Responsibility for Packaging and Printed Paper in the United States.
- Author
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Gardner, Paul
- Subjects
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EXTENDED producer responsibility programs , *PACKAGING industry , *PAPER industry , *WASTE recycling , *LOCAL government , *CONSUMERS , *INDUSTRY & the environment , *ECONOMICS - Abstract
The article explores an increase in the discussion about extended producer responsibility (EPR) for packaging and printed paper (PPP) in the U.S. It attributes the trend to the effectiveness of EPR in increasing the country's recycling rates. The use of EPR by non-alcoholic beverage company Nestlé Waters North America in its operations is cited. The role of local governments and consumers in the success of the implementation of EPR is also discussed.
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- 2013
- Full Text
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12. Policy Recommendations to Promote Prescription Drug Competition: A Position Paper From the American College of Physicians.
- Author
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Daniel, Hilary, Serchen, Josh, Cooney, Thomas G., and Health and Public Policy Committee of the American College of Physicians
- Subjects
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DRUG prescribing , *BIOSIMILARS , *PHYSICIANS , *MARKET manipulation , *DRUG marketing , *BIOTHERAPY , *ECONOMICS , *HEALTH policy , *ORPHAN drug laws , *BIOLOGICAL products , *DECISION making , *DRUGS , *MANAGEMENT , *MEDICAL societies , *ORPHAN drugs , *ECONOMIC competition ,DRUGS & economics ,INDUSTRIES & economics - Abstract
The prescription drug market in the United States relies on competition to keep prices reasonable. Although many policies have been implemented to spur competition and decrease costs for patients, these policies may be outdated and should be redesigned and updated to achieve success in the current prescription drug market. In this paper, the American College of Physicians (ACP) proposes that new policies should be implemented to prevent market manipulation, help lower-cost alternatives make it to the market faster, and ensure a robust and competitive market for generic and biosimilar drugs. The ACP believes these changes will have a meaningful effect on patients without shifting costs to other areas of the health care system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
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13. Policy recommendations to guide the use of telemedicine in primary care settings: an American College of Physicians position paper.
- Author
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Daniel, Hilary, Sulmasy, Lois Snyder, and Health and Public Policy Committee of the American College of Physicians
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TELEMEDICINE , *PRIMARY care , *PERIODIC health examinations , *PHYSICIAN-patient relations , *GUIDELINES , *MEDICAL care cost control , *HEALTH services accessibility , *MEDICAL care , *HEALTH policy , *PRIMARY health care , *HEALTH insurance reimbursement , *ECONOMICS - Abstract
Telemedicine-the use of technology to deliver care at a distance-is rapidly growing and can potentially expand access for patients, enhance patient-physician collaboration, improve health outcomes, and reduce medical costs. However, the potential benefits of telemedicine must be measured against the risks and challenges associated with its use, including the absence of the physical examination, variation in state practice and licensing regulations, and issues surrounding the establishment of the patient-physician relationship. This paper offers policy recommendations for the practice and use of telemedicine in primary care and reimbursement policies associated with telemedicine use. The positions put forward by the American College of Physicians highlight a meaningful approach to telemedicine policies and regulations that will have lasting positive effects for patients and physicians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
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14. Antitrust, Big Tech, and Democracy: A Research Agenda.
- Author
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Robertson, Viktoria H. S. E.
- Subjects
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POLITICAL debates , *ANTITRUST law , *DEMOCRACY , *ECONOMICS - Abstract
In the twenty-first century, voter choice and the broader political debate are within the reach of those that can access and channel the vast streams of user data that are generated online. How digital platforms utilize personal user data to influence the outcome of democratic processes has become a central issue that liberal democracies must confront. The paper explores whether competition law has a role to play when it comes to addressing this intersection of Big Tech, data, and democracy. It first sets out the democratic roots of competition or antitrust law in the United States and the European Union. From these, the paper deduces that competition law cannot remain inactive when it comes to maintaining a democratic society in the face of the abilities of Big Tech to influence democratic processes and outcomes. The paper then goes a step further and asks what role competition law could play in this regard. Should democratic values simply be reflected in the procedural set-up of antitrust law, or is there a role for democratic values in the substantive provisions as well? And if so, does antitrust law's focus on keeping market power in check suffice to fulfill its role in a democratic society, or does this role require the law to specifically target antidemocratic market behavior as anticompetitive harm? In navigating these questions, the paper contributes to the ongoing debate on political antitrust and sets out an ambitious research agenda on how to carry this discussion forward. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. Deep Optimization for Spectrum Repacking.
- Author
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Newman, Neil, Fréchette, Alexandre, and Leyton-Brown, Kevin
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SPECTRUM auctions , *RADIO frequency allocation , *TELEVISION stations , *ELECTROMAGNETIC spectrum , *TELEVISION broadcasting , *WIRELESS Internet , *TELECOMMUNICATION licenses , *GOVERNMENT policy , *ECONOMICS - Abstract
Over 13 months in 2016-17 the U.S. Federal Communications Commission conducted an "incentive auction" to repurpose radio spectrum from broadcast television to wireless internet. In the end, the auction yielded $19.8 bn, $10.05 bn of which was paid to 175 broadcasters for voluntarily relinquishing their licenses across 14 Ultra High Frequency (UHF) channels. Stations that continued broadcasting were assigned potentially new channels to fit as densely as possible into the channels that remained. The government netted more than $7 bn (used to pay down the national debt) after covering costs (including retuning). A crucial element of the auction design was the construction of a solver, dubbed SAT-based Feasibility Checker (SATFC), that determined whether sets of stations could be "repacked" in this way; it needed to run every time a station was given a price quote. This paper describes the process by which we built SATFC. We adopted an approach we dub "deep optimization," taking a data-driven, highly parametric, and computationally intensive approach to solver design. More specifically, to build SATFC we designed software that could pair both complete and local-search SAT-encoded feasibility checking with a wide range of domain-specific techniques, such as constraint graph decomposition and novel caching mechanisms that allow for reuse of partial solutions from related, solved problems. We then used automatic algorithm configuration techniques to construct a portfolio of 8 complementary algorithms to be run in parallel, aiming to achieve good performance on instances that arose in proprietary auction simulations. To evaluate the impact of our solver in this paper, we built an open-source reverse auction simulator. We found that within the short time budget required in practice, SATFC solved more than 95% of the problems it encountered. Furthermore, the incentive auction paired with SATFC produced nearly optimal allocations in a restricted setting and substantially outperformed other alternatives at national scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
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16. SEIGNIORAGE, LEGAL TENDER, AND THE DEMAND NOTES OF 1861.
- Author
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BOMBERGER, WILLIAM A. and MAKINEN, GAIL E.
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AMERICAN Civil War, 1861-1865 , *MONETARY policy , *PAPER money , *GOLD standard , *MONEY laws , *MONEY , *GREENBACKS (Money) , *SEIGNIORAGE (Finance) , *ECONOMICS , *HISTORY of money ,UNITED States politics & government, 1861-1865 - Abstract
In the summer of 1861, the United States embarked on its first widespread use of paper money: the Demand Notes of 1861. Although their convertibility into gold ended at the end of that year, they remained acceptable for tariff payment at a par with gold coin while they were gradually replaced with paper money that did not share this provision, the Greenbacks. We present daily observations of exchange rates between the Notes, Greenbacks, and gold for the extended period during which they simultaneously circulated. These exchange rates substantiate our revisionist notion that the Notes were replaced because the tariff provision prevented them from generating sufficient seigniorage for wartime needs. ( JEL E42, N12, N22) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
17. Policy Considerations for Marine Aquaculture in the United States.
- Author
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Rubino, Michael C.
- Subjects
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MARICULTURE , *SEAFOOD markets , *MARINES , *MONETARY incentives , *AGRICULTURE - Abstract
With its long coastline, vast exclusive economic zone (EEZ), skilled labor force, advanced technology, and one of the largest seafood markets in the world, the United States could be a major marine aquaculture producer of fish, mollusks, crustaceans, and marine algae. Despite all its promise, U.S. marine aquaculture production is tiny relative to its potential. The constraints often cited are lack of social license, an inefficient and uncoordinated permitting system, and the absence of supportive government programs similar to those enjoyed by terrestrial agriculture. National commissions have noted these constraints for more than 30 years. The paper first outlines key policy drivers prompting a reevaluation of US marine aquaculture policy (human health and nutrition, climate change, and market disruptions caused by the coronavirus) and then focuses on three critical policy goals that could contribute to expanding U.S. seafood farming: improve public understanding and acceptance, enhance the efficiency and timeliness of the aquaculture permitting process, and expand economic incentives to foster aquaculture development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
18. US pulp and paper financial results shine.
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FOREST products industry , *BUSINESS revenue , *PAPER industry , *ECONOMICS - Abstract
The article informs that the magazine "PPI Pulp & Paper Week" has reported that focus on operational efficiency and cost containment by U.S. paper, pulp and forest products firms have improved their financial performance as of December 2013. It informs that net income of the firms is 6.8 percent of sales in the third quarter (3Q) of 2013. It also mentions that International Paper Co. has reported 3Q operating earnings of 471 million U.S. dollars.
- Published
- 2013
19. The Development of Global Cancer Research at the United States National Cancer Institute.
- Author
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Parascandola, Mark, Pearlman, Paul C, Eldridge, Linsey, and Gopal, Satish
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RESEARCH , *ECONOMICS , *TUMORS ,TUMOR prevention - Abstract
International research and collaboration has been a part of the National Cancer Institute's (NCI) mission since its creation in 1937. Early on, efforts were limited to international exchange of information to ensure that US cancer patients could benefit from advances in other countries. As NCI's research grant portfolio grew in the 1950s, it included a modest number of grants to foreign institutions, primarily in the United Kingdom and Europe. In the 1960s, the development of geographic pathology, which aimed to study cancer etiology through variations in cancer incidence and risk factors, led to an increase in NCI-funded international research, including research in low- and middle-income countries. In this paper, we review key international research programs, focusing particularly on the first 50 years of NCI history. The first NCI-led overseas research programs, established in the 1960s in Ghana and Uganda, generated influential research but also struggled with logistical challenges and political instability. The 1971 National Cancer Act was followed by the creation of a number of bilateral agreements with foreign governments, including China, Japan, and Russia, to support cooperation in technology and medicine. Although these agreements were broad without specific scientific goals, they provided an important mechanism for sustained collaborations in specific areas. With the creation of the NCI Center for Global Health in 2011, NCI's global cancer research efforts gained sustained focus. Because the global cancer burden has evolved over time, increasingly impacting low- and middle-income countries, NCI's role in global cancer research remains more important than ever. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. A different paper chase.
- Author
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McDonald, Marci
- Subjects
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NEWSPAPER publishing , *NEWSPAPER advertising , *NEWSPAPERS , *PUBLISHING & economics , *ECONOMICS - Abstract
Focuses on the newspaper industry in the United States as of May 7, 2001. Impact of a decline in advertising and a rise in the cost of newsprint on the publishing industry; Decrease in the sales of print materials; Differences between the 'San Francisco Chronicle' and other newspapers.
- Published
- 2001
21. Southern Methodist University Football and the Stadia: Moving toward Modernization.
- Author
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Seifried, Chad Stephen and Tutka, Patrick
- Subjects
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FOOTBALL stadiums , *COLLEGE football , *MODERNIZATION (Social science) , *STADIUM remodeling , *COLLEGE sports facilities , *UNIVERSITIES & colleges , *COLLEGE sports , *FINANCE , *ECONOMICS , *SPORTS , *HISTORY , *SPORTS facility design & construction , *STADIUM design & construction - Abstract
The specific information provided in this paper offers a descriptive history regarding the attempts of Southern Methodist University (SMU) to be "modern" through tracing the institution's movement from one playing field to another. Like other southern universities, SMU started football and built an on-campus stadium of concrete and steel believing their legitimacy as an institution could be enhanced through providing football as a product for consumption. However, SMU is unique among many of its contemporaries because soon after building an on-campus facility, it decided to move off campus in the pursuit of greater name recognition and revenue. Collectively, such efforts were recognized as helping to make SMU the "educational surprise of the decade, if not the century," following its opening in 1915. The modernization of SMU football stadia involves construction and renovation of facilities from Armstrong Field (1915) to Gerald J. Ford Stadium (current). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
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22. Who should own scientific papers?
- Author
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Bachrach, Steven, Berry, R. Stephen, Blume, Martin, Foerster, Thomas von, Fowler, Alexander, Ginsparg, Paul, Heller, Stephen, Kestner, Neil, Odlyzko, Andrew, Okerson, Ann, Wigington, Ron, and Moffat, Anne
- Subjects
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SCIENCE publishing , *ELECTRONIC publishing , *COPYRIGHT , *ECONOMICS - Abstract
Attempts to answer the question of who should own scientific papers. History of scientific publishing; How electronic communication has effected ways in which results are distributed; The assertion that scientists, administrators, and federal science policymakers must reconsider how results of publicly-funded research are best disseminated; Mentions the United States Copyright Act of 1976; Matching scientific research goals to public policy goals; Articulating the public benefits of research publication.
- Published
- 1998
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. Horizontal and vertical equity and public subsidies for private health insurance in the U.S.
- Author
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Jacobs, Paul D. and Hill, Steven C.
- Subjects
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HEALTH services accessibility , *INSURANCE , *MEDICAL care , *HEALTH insurance , *PRIVATE sector , *HEALTH insurance exchanges , *GOVERNMENT aid , *EMPLOYER-sponsored health insurance , *MEDICAL care costs , *ECONOMICS - Abstract
The United States offers two markedly different subsidy structures for private health insurance. When covered through employer-based plans, employees and their dependents benefit from the exclusion from taxable income of the premiums. Individuals without access to employer coverage may obtain subsidies for Marketplace coverage. This paper seeks to understand how the public subsidies embedded in the privately financed portion of the U.S. healthcare system impact the payments families are required to make under both ESI and Marketplace coverage, and the implications for finance equity. Using the Household Component of the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS-HC) and Marketplace premium data, we assess horizontal and vertical equity by calculating public subsidies for and expected family spending under each coverage source and using Lorenz curves and Gini and concentration coefficients. Our study pooled the 2018 and 2019 MEPS-HC to achieve a sample size of 10,593 observations. Our simulations showed a marked horizontal inequity for lower-income families with access to employer coverage who cannot obtain Marketplace subsidies. Relative to both the financing of employer coverage and earlier Marketplace tax credits, the more generous Marketplace premium subsidies, first made available in 2021 under the American Rescue Plan Act, substantially increased the vertical equity of Marketplace financing. While Marketplace subsidies have clearly improved equity within the United States, we conclude with a comparison to other OECD countries highlighting the persistence of inequities in the U.S. stemming from its noteworthy reliance on employer-based private health insurance. • United States uses employer and individual private health insurance coverage. • No recent investigations of horizontal and vertical equity of U.S. private coverage. • Analysis of Gini coefficients and Lorenz curves suggests regressivity. • Public policies including insurance subsidies can reduce inequities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. ANNOUNCEMENTS AND ACTIVITIES.
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CONFERENCE papers , *LITERARY prizes , *FINANCE , *AWARD winners , *ECONOMICS - Abstract
The article provides several announcements as of August 2013, including the Symposium on the Nineteenth-Century Press, the Civil War, and Free Expression's call for papers, the recipients of the Museum of the Confederacy's book award and the Southern Labor Studies Association's financing of the Robert H. Zieger Prize.
- Published
- 2013
25. Drifts and Volatilities: Monetary Policies and Outcomes in the Post WWII U.S.
- Subjects
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MONETARY policy , *UNEMPLOYMENT , *PRICE inflation , *INTEREST rates , *ECONOMICS - Abstract
This paper extends the model of Cogley and Sargent to incorporate stochastic volatility and then estimates it for post World War II U.S. data in order to shed light on the following questions. Have aggregate time series responded through time-invariant linear impulse response functions to possibly heteroskedastic shocks? Or is it more likely that the impulse responses to shocks themselves have evolved over time because of drifting coefficients or other nonlinearities? Evidence is presented that shock variances evolved systematically over time, and so did the autoregressive coefficients of VARS. The conclusion is that much of our earlier evidence for drifting coefficients survives after we take stochastic volatility into account. This paper accumulates evidence inside an atheoretical statistical model. The patterns of time variation used revolve around whether it was bad monetary policy or bad luck that made inflation-unemployment outcomes worse in the 1970's than before or after.
- Published
- 2003
26. Private versus Public Spheres: The Effect of Race and Gender on Social Capital, 1915-1960.
- Author
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Nunnally, Shayla C.
- Subjects
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RACE , *GENDER , *SOCIAL conditions of African American women , *SEX discrimination , *SOCIAL capital , *ECONOMICS - Abstract
This paper explores the complexities of the intersection of racial and gender construction(s) with respect to the public sphere and private sphere dichotomy. Through the analysis of black women’s social conditions, this paper argues that the historical constructions of race and gender and the historical period of analysis affect the applicability of the "public-private dichotomy" to black women’s experiences. Consequently, racial exclusion and gender discrimination induced black women’s consciousness and their socio-political development. Although social capital theory accounts for the importance of social networks, norms, and trust in building social relations, we need a conceptualization of social capital theory that accounts for the complexities of racial and gender construction(s) and their effect on racially "divided publics," racio-gendered spheres, and racial uncertainty. Therefore, this paper presents black socio-political capital and racio-sexual social capital as frameworks most appropriate for analyzing black women’s conditions during this era. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2002
27. POLITICAL PARTIES AND CONSTITUTIONAL FIDELITY.
- Author
-
CHINN, STUART
- Subjects
- *
UNITED States political parties , *UNITED States presidential election, 2016 , *CONSTITUTIONAL law , *SOCIAL groups , *POLITICAL doctrines , *ECONOMICS - Abstract
In the aftermath of the 2016 presidential election, fewer themes have received more attention from scholars and public commentators than political polarization. However, given the recent focus on tension and conflict in contemporary American society, the present also seems an especially appropriate moment to investigate those fundamental structures that have successfully worked in the opposite direction to bind and stabilize the American polity. The goal of this paper is precisely this task, and to emphasize the centrality of one particular structure that has played such a stabilizing function: the political parties. Parties are often invoked in discussions of political polarization. However, I focus on the significant role of political parties in articulating narratives of affiliation that effectively bind disparate social groups together into cohesive political coalitions, and that encourage popular fidelity to the overarching constitutional system. In doing so, 1 connect recent scholarship on the role of political parties in our constitutional system with a very extensive literature in constitutional law focused on themes of fidelity and popular commitment to the Constitution. This paper seeks to demonstrate four primary points: first, I will identify some core themes of Jacksonian Democratic and Whig party ideology--especially with respect to their views on the economy and the composition of American society. Second, I will illustrate how those themes have remained prominent facets of modern-day Democratic and Republican party ideologies since at least the early 1990s. Third, building upon this prior discussion, l will provide a more systematic mapping of Jacksonian Era concepts onto presentday party politics in Part VI. I will also offer some speculation on how presentday party ideologies may evolve and intersect with some of the most contentious constitutional legal questions confronting the polity, including each party's views on certain individual rights and on the proper role of the federal judiciary. Ultimately, I hope to offer some clarity on how party narratives may evolve from the present context of the Trump presidency. Finally, I will address narratives of party affiliation from a more normative-legal perspective. Specifically, I will articulate and defend the use of a certain type of narrative of constitutional fidelity--rooted in contemporary legal theory and the work of Jack Balkin, but oriented more empathically toward party politics--that may have broad appeal in contemporary American politics: namely, a narrative of redemption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
28. Expected rise in paper costs leaves publishers shuddering.
- Author
-
Ives, Nat
- Subjects
- *
PAPER , *PUBLISHING & economics , *TECHNOLOGY & economics , *WRITING materials & instruments , *PERIODICALS , *U.S. dollar , *ECONOMICS - Abstract
The article focuses on the rising costs of paper. Magazine publishers are dealing with numerous rising costs, including technology investments, postage, editors, and paper. Due to the weakness of the American dollar, publishers' overseas options are increasingly being restricted. In 2007, paper is emerging from an era of rising and falling prices. Coupled with structural changes, including mergers and a growing role for private equity, prices will continue to increase into 2008.
- Published
- 2007
29. Who Needs Yesterday's Papers?
- Author
-
Cockburn, Alexander
- Subjects
- *
AMERICAN newspapers , *NEWSPAPER publishing , *INVESTIGATIVE reporting , *ECONOMICS - Abstract
In this article the author comments on the decline in the financial fortunes of U.S. newspapers. He does not agree with pundits who declare that newspapers are essential to the conduct of political life in the United States and that such publications should be considered moral arbiters and forces for good. He asserts that newspaper publishers are more interested in profit than in covering local news or in investigative reporting.
- Published
- 2009
30. "The Least Miserable Option': The Political Economy of U.S. Nuclear Counterforce Doctrine, 1949-1989".
- Author
-
Long, Austin
- Subjects
- *
POLITICAL science , *MILITARY policy , *ECONOMICS - Abstract
The superpowers' Cold War nuclear arsenals have been frequently mocked as "arsenals of folly" that greatly exceeded the requirements of deterrence. This paper instead demonstrates that the U.S. arsenal was principally driven by the political economy of U.S. military commitments to Europe. Ultimately the least bad option for the United States given constraints was to plausibly threaten nuclear first use, which in turn required plausible damage limitation by destroying Soviet nuclear forces. This paper demonstrates that this logic inexorably drove U.S. nuclear doctrine and posture, and in fact had the desired effect on the Soviet leadership of making nuclear first use seem plausible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2011
31. Power in the U.S. political economy: A network analysis.
- Author
-
Malik, Nishant, Spencer, David, and Bui, Quang Neo
- Subjects
- *
PRACTICAL politics , *INFERENTIAL statistics , *ORGANIZATIONAL structure , *BANKING industry , *ECONOMICS , *DESCRIPTIVE statistics , *DATA analysis , *FINANCIAL management , *POWER (Social sciences) - Abstract
Many features of the U.S. political economy arise from the interactions between large political and economic institutions, and yet we know little about the nature of their interactions and the power distribution between these institutions. In this paper, we present a detailed analysis of networks of U.S.‐based organizations, where edges represent three different kinds of relationships, namely owner–owned (ownerships), donor–donee (donations), and service provider–payee (transactions). Our findings suggest that in the ownerships network, the financial organizations form the core, and banking organizations hold strategic locations in the network. In the transactions network, the government organizations and agencies form the core, and defense‐related organizations form the backbone. In contrast, with the donations network, no specific domain of organizations forms either the core or the backbone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. Transformaciones económicas y políticas económicas en Estados Unidos. Recesiones de 1970 a 2020.
- Author
-
Fernández Tabío, Luis René
- Subjects
- *
ECONOMIC change , *ECONOMICS - Abstract
Economic crises can be analyzed as part of the economic cycle and from different theoretical perspectives. The article considers economic crises or recessions, in general, as capitalism's own mechanisms to alleviate its contradictions and restore, at least partially, the previous accumulated imbalances. The period 1970 to 2020 covers eight economic crises, some of which determine changes in the internal structure, economic policy trends and the functioning of the U.S. economy, as the main center of the world economy. The purpose of this paper is to examine the set of economic crises of the last fifty years in a panoramic manner, to evaluate them as part of the process of major economic transformations and associated economic policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
33. East Asian Financial Regionalism: Taking Seriously Domestic Capacity and Sovereignty Costs.
- Author
-
Jung, Heon Joo
- Subjects
- *
REGIONALISM , *REGIONAL cooperation , *SOVEREIGNTY , *ECONOMICS ,ECONOMIC conditions in East Asia - Abstract
In the beginning of the post-Cold War period, many observers regarded East Asia as being âripe for rivalry.â Despite pessimistic views, many financial cooperative arrangements among ASEAN plus Three (China, Japan, and South Korea) countries has been formed to facilitate policy coordination and to prevent another crisis from negatively affecting East Asia. .x000d.This paper examines uneven developments of two regional cooperative arrangements--Chiang Mai Initiative (CMI) and regional surveillance cooperation--among East Asian countries. Why had some regional financial cooperative arrangements such as CMI been successful while others such as regional surveillance cooperation went nowhere? What determines the different levels of East Asian financial cooperation? Among others, this paper takes seriously two primary factors--domestic implementation capacity and costs of financial cooperation--to explain both initiation and development of regional cooperation. This paper argues that East Asian countries had difficulties to pursue deeper financial cooperation due to lack of strong demands, uneven distribution of policy implementation capacities, and high sovereignty costs. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2009
34. Dirty (Money) Laundry: Regulating Surveillance of Suspicious Money Transactions.
- Author
-
Marlin-Bennett, Renée
- Subjects
- *
MONEY laundering , *INTERNATIONAL agencies , *SUPRANATIONALISM , *LAW enforcement , *INTERNATIONAL competition , *ECONOMICS - Abstract
This paper will examine the global regulatory regime for surveillance of suspicious money transactions. Measures to counter money laundering and terrorist funding are the subject of thin regulation through a few international organizations, but the deepest regulation seems to happen through the coordination of the Egmont Group, the global network of government offices called financial intelligence units (FIUs). FIUs exchange evidence of money laundering and terrorist financing in order to enable law enforcement efforts to stop these activities. As an organization that is not treaty-based, the Egmont Group functions despite the absence of supranational authority. In some ways the authority of the group rests on the authority of FIUs as a bureaus within their own governmental structures. In other respects, the authority of the group emanates from the authority of the United States, which crafted the plan for the network. External legitimacy is formalized in the admissions process for FIUs wishing to join the group, with the requirements for admissions relating directly to this initial US plan. The conduct of surveillance relies on private firms -- primarily banks, which are required to collect information about transactions and transmit it to their FIU. The Egmont group provides a complex model of regulation through a hierarchy of authority within the global system, through subnational cooperation and epistemic community building, and through private efforts. This paper uses the Egmont Group as a case to explore how a tangled web of regulatory functions in the global political economy in the absence of supranational authority. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2008
35. The Economic Theory of Privatization.
- Author
-
Volokh, Alexander
- Subjects
- *
PRIVATIZATION , *ECONOMICS , *ECONOMIC policy , *COST effectiveness , *CIVIL service - Abstract
This paper will explore the economic theory underlying the concept of privatization. In contrast to the conventional wisdom about privatization, this paper will argue that all persons working for the government-- including government employees-- are "contractors." As a consequnce, there are real economic choices about how government functions should be carried out-- either by employees or contractors-- and that these choices should be made based on a cost-benefit evaluation and not automatically assumed. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2008
36. Federal Home Loan Bank Advances and Commercial Bank Portfolio Composition.
- Author
-
Frame, W. Scott, Hancock, Diana, and Passmore, Wayne
- Subjects
- *
FEDERAL home loan banks , *BANK investments , *AUTOREGRESSION (Statistics) , *VECTOR analysis , *GOVERNMENT-sponsored enterprises , *MORTGAGE loans , *MORTGAGE banks , *FEDERAL government , *ECONOMICS - Abstract
This paper considers the role of Federal Home Loan Bank (FHLB) advances in stabilizing their commercial bank members' residential mortgage lending activities. Our theoretical model shows that using mortgage-related membership criteria or requiring mortgage-related collateral does not ensure that FHLB advances will be put to use for stabilizing members' financing of housing. Using panel vector autoregression (VAR) techniques, we estimate recent dynamic responses of U.S. bank portfolios to FHLB advance shocks, bank lending shocks, and macroeconomic shocks. Our empirical findings suggest that FHLB advances are just as likely to fund other types of bank credit as to fund single-family mortgages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2007
37. New Directions in Urban Research: The Limitations of a Political Economy Approach in Urban Politics.
- Author
-
Sharp, Elaine B.
- Subjects
- *
URBAN research , *ECONOMICS , *POLITICS & culture , *ACTIVISTS , *URBAN growth - Abstract
This paper lays out an argument that, to the extent that the urban politics subfield has moved from the center to the periphery of political science, it is because the subfield has neglected to develop a contemporary, theoretically grounded version of cultural explanation to go along with its attention to institutions and political economy. The paper then introduces such a cultural theory - one that crosscuts the usual class and race divisions in urban inquiry. The paper shows how taking this form of explanation seriously could bring the study of local electoral politics closer to themes that are energizing the American politics field more broadly. It also shows that more serious attention to cultural explanation promises to enrich our efforts to understand urban development politics and policymaking and conflicts involving the politicization of routine city services by radicalized activists as well as conflicts over more purely morality issues. The paper concludes with an acknowledgment of a remaining challenge - conceptualizing how race and ethnicity relate to the new conceptualization of unconventional versus traditional sub-culture in the U.S. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2006
38. "Food Fights: The Political Economy of Nature, Resources and the Body under Empire.".
- Author
-
Hurt, Shelley L.
- Subjects
- *
FOOD , *BIOTECHNOLOGY , *AGRICULTURAL biotechnology , *GENETICALLY modified foods , *BIOLOGICAL weapons , *ECONOMICS - Abstract
Biotechnology represents a strategic resource for both the military and corporate sectors of the U.S. empire. While the history of biotechnology's dual-use functions remain obscured by scholarship which focuses on either biological weapons or on the biotechnology industry, this paper shows how the two are intertwined. I argue that the agricultural biotechnology's research and development interests in genetically engineered food developed out of America's Weapons Program after President Nixon converted it into the Biological Research Program. To understand this conversion process, this paper examines a state-led industrial strategy surrounding pesticides research as a case study. Through historical analysis and archival evidence, this paper details these developments between 1969-1971. The purpose in exploring the origins of the agricultural biotechnology industry is to shed light on the political economy of food. In so doing, it has implications for a broader understanding of contemporary debates over international intellectual property rights and world food security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2005
39. Enclosure and Exclusion: The Invention of Private Property.
- Author
-
Kogl, Alexandra
- Subjects
- *
PROPERTY rights , *PERSONAL property , *POLITICAL science , *ECONOMICS - Abstract
This paper offers an intellectual history and critique of one of the most naturalized notions in American political and economic life: the right to private property. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2005
40. A Primer for Professors Teaching Abroad: Lessons from a Quarter in Morelia, Mexico.
- Author
-
Resnick, Adam L.
- Subjects
- *
FOREIGN teachers , *UNITED States education system , *ECONOMICS , *POLITICAL economic analysis , *TEACHING - Abstract
Teaching abroad poses unique challenges and rewards for US-based academics. This paper provides a primer that addresses these challenges, drawing from my experience teaching a course on the political economy of international migration in Morelia, Mexico. The paper provides recommendations on how U.S.-based instructors can make their teaching abroad experiences as productive as possible for students and themselves. Challenges included housing, language, the distracting local environment and a diverse classroom drawn from universities, community colleges and the host institution. Opportunities included numerous guest speakers, fieldtrips and the first hand accounts of local students. This paper serves as a useful primer for readers unfamiliar with study abroad programs, for faculty interested in applying to such programs, or for those already preparing to teach abroad. ..PAT.-Conference Proceeding [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2005
41. Location Incentives: Or How Bidding Warms Came to be a Challenge to the Hegemony of Automotive Insiders.
- Author
-
Molot, Maureen Appel
- Subjects
- *
HEGEMONY , *AUTOMOBILE industry , *ECONOMIC competition , *STATE governments , *ORIGINAL equipment manufacturers , *ECONOMICS - Abstract
The hegemony of American auto assemblers has been challenged and continues to be challenged by transplant assemblers, first Asian and now European. Since the mid-1980s the transplants have brought automotive competition to continental North America. While the US government historically protected what were known as the Big Three’, state governments arguably undermined the hegemony of the US-based OEMs by offering transplant assemblers attractive financial incentives to locate in their jurisdictions. One set of locational tournaments unfolded in the US in the 1980s; a second began in the early 1990s and continues unabated in the early years of the 21st century. Using a number of propositions derived from the literature on MNE-state bargaining and that on firm and country specific advantages, this paper examines the political economy of locational tournaments. It argues that experience has enhanced the capacity of auto MNEs to play the incentives game, that the number of jurisdictions bidding for an investment enhances the capacity of the MNE to play off one bidder against another to its own advantage, and that the availability of untrained labor and the absence of a union environment are important considerations in auto MNE location decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2004
42. IMF Recruitment Practices and the Convergence of Ideas.
- Author
-
Momani, Bessma
- Subjects
- *
HEGEMONY , *ECONOMICS , *INTERNATIONAL economic relations - Abstract
Using the case of the IMF, this paper addresses the role of consensual knowledge in constructing economic hegemony. It has often been argued that the IMF staff propose a common neoclassical solution to economic adjustment because of their shared knowledge and technocratic training. These ‘econocrats’ are argued to be monolithic in their thinking and background, creating a ‘Washington Consensus’ in the hallways of powerful institutions. But how similar are the IMF ‘econocrats’? This is answered by examining 15 years of IMF documents newly released upon request from the IMF Archives on staff recruitment. In addition, numerous personal interviews with IMF staff members and Executive Directors give insight into how this powerful institution ensures a convergence of ideas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2004
43. What Distribution of Wealth Would Be Fair?
- Author
-
Hartger, Stuart E.
- Subjects
- *
WEALTH , *TAXATION , *BUSINESS , *ECONOMICS - Abstract
Most people agree that the distribution of wealth in the United States is less equal than it should be, and many have suggested ways to achieve fairer distributions, but not many have taken on the task of explaining how fairer distributions can be sustained over long periods. Just as the New Deal reforms have been and are being undermined today, new measures that would emulate them also could be undermined. This paper presents three ideas for sustaining fairer distributions of wealth. First, it suggests using a modified Pareto (power law) formula to define wealth distributions and solicit consensus on the features of fair distributions. Second, it endorses the idea of implementing wealth taxes and suggests that public support for wealth taxes might be secured by combining them with direct transfers of tax proceeds to less-wealthy households. Third, it introduces a new method for strengthening political accountability–a web-based system that would link residents in local communities for the purpose of publishing and reviewing each other’s candidate endorsements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2003
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. The Rise of China through Realist, Liberal, and Constructivist Lenses.
- Author
-
Rousseau, David L.
- Subjects
- *
REALISM , *MILITARY policy , *ECONOMICS - Abstract
Is the military and economic rise of China a threat to powers such as Japan and the United States? This paper examines this question using the theoretical predictions of realist theories (classical realism, neo-realism, and power transition theory), liberal theories (classical liberalism and neo-liberalism), and constructivist theory. While the qualitative analysis of Chinese, American, and Japanese behavior indicates some support for each theory, classical liberalism and constructivism are most strongly supported by the data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2003
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. Social Capital and Economic Performance in the American States.
- Author
-
Casey, Terrence
- Subjects
- *
INFRASTRUCTURE (Economics) , *ECONOMIC conditions of U.S. states , *ECONOMIC indicators ,UNITED States economy - Abstract
Do areas with higher levels of social capital have stronger economies? Robert Putnam’s concept of social capital is said to provide widespread benefits, not the least of which are vibrant, productive economies. Putnam presents a logical, compelling case for the salutary effects of social capital, but what he does not present is any coherent data -- beyond anecdotal evidence -- to show that there is a consistent correlation, let alone a causal connection, between social capital and economic performance in the US. This paper will thus present an empirical analysis of social capital and economic performance for the American states. The 14-variable state-level social capital index presented by Putnam in Bowling Alone will be used to gauge variations in social capital across states. This is compared against state-level output data, measures of physical capital and measures of human capital. The results show a mild but statistically significant correlation between social capital and economic performance, but only when social capital is combined with other predictors of economic performance. Furthermore, social capital is shown to be a far less significant factor than more traditional economic indicators. In sum, although there may be an economic payoff to higher levels of social capital, it is relatively small and only accrues if other drivers of economic performance are already secure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2002
46. Pushing Paper Out the Door.
- Author
-
Fairfield, Hannah
- Subjects
- *
HOUSEHOLDS & economics , *PAPER , *COMPUTERS & society , *PAPER industry , *ECONOMICS ,SOCIAL conditions in the United States, 1980- ,ECONOMIC conditions in developing countries ,DEVELOPING countries - Abstract
The article focuses on the declining use of paper in U.S. households. The ubiquitous use of microcomputers has resulted in fewer homes using paper for work, home finances, or school, and the idea of a paperless environment is increasing accepted. At the same time, the use of paper is rapidly expanding in developing countries such as China.
- Published
- 2008
47. County-Level Concentration of Selected Chronic Conditions Among Medicare Fee-for-Service Beneficiaries and Its Association with Medicare Spending in the United States, 2017.
- Author
-
Matthews, Kevin A., Gaglioti, Anne H., Holt, James B., McGuire, Lisa C., and Greenlund, Kurt J.
- Subjects
- *
ECONOMIC impact , *MEDICARE , *FEE for service (Medical fees) , *HYPERTENSION , *CHRONIC diseases , *MEDICAL care costs , *REGRESSION analysis , *SEVERITY of illness index , *MAPS , *DISEASE prevalence , *DESCRIPTIVE statistics , *STATISTICAL correlation , *INSURANCE , *ECONOMICS - Abstract
Multiple chronic conditions (MCC) reduce quality of life and are associated with high per capita health care spending. One potential way to reduce Medicare spending for MCC is to identify counties whose populations have high levels of spending compared to level of disease burden. Using a nationally representative sample of Medicare Fee-for-Service beneficiaries, this paper presents a method to measure the collective burden of several chronic conditions in a population, which the authors have termed the concentration of chronic conditions (CCC). The authors observed a significantly positive linear relationship between the CCC measure and county-level per capita Medicare spending. This area-level measure can be operationalized to identify counties that might benefit from targeted efforts designed to optimally manage and prevent chronic illness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. The Impact of Parental and Medical Leave Policies on Socioeconomic and Health Outcomes in OECD Countries: A Systematic Review of the Empirical Literature.
- Author
-
NANDI, A. R. I. J. I. T., JAHAGIRDAR, D. E. E. P. A., DIMITRIS, M. I. C. H. E. L. L. E. C., LABRECQUE, J. E. R. E. M. Y. A., STRUMPF, E. R. I. N. C., KAUFMAN, J. A. Y. S., VINCENT, I. L. O. N. A., ATABAY, E. F. E., HARPER, S. A. M., EARLE, A. L. I. S. O. N., and HEYMANN, S. J. O. D. Y.
- Subjects
- *
CINAHL database , *ECONOMICS , *PSYCHOLOGY information storage & retrieval systems , *LEAVE of absence , *EVALUATION of medical care , *MEDLINE , *PARENTAL leave , *RESEARCH funding , *SYSTEMATIC reviews , *SOCIOECONOMIC factors , *DATA analysis software , *DESCRIPTIVE statistics - Abstract
Policy Points: Historically, reforms that have increased the duration of job‐protected paid parental leave have improved women's economic outcomes. By targeting the period around childbirth, access to paid parental leave also appears to reduce rates of infant mortality, with breastfeeding representing one potential mechanism. The provision of more generous paid leave entitlements in countries that offer unpaid or short durations of paid leave could help families strike a balance between the competing demands of earning income and attending to personal and family well‐being. Context: Policies legislating paid leave from work for new parents, and to attend to individual and family illness, are common across Organisation for Economic Co‐operation and Development (OECD) countries. However, there exists no comprehensive review of their potential impacts on economic, social, and health outcomes. Methods: We conducted a systematic review of the peer‐reviewed literature on paid leave and socioeconomic and health outcomes. We reviewed 5,538 abstracts and selected 85 published papers on the impact of parental leave policies, 22 papers on the impact of medical leave policies, and 2 papers that evaluated both types of policies. We synthesized the main findings through a narrative description; a meta‐analysis was precluded by heterogeneity in policy attributes, policy changes, outcomes, and study designs. Findings: We were able to draw several conclusions about the impact of parental leave policies. First, extensions in the duration of paid parental leave to between 6 and 12 months were accompanied by attendant increases in leave‐taking and longer durations of leave. Second, there was little evidence that extending the duration of paid leave had negative employment or economic consequences. Third, unpaid leave does not appear to confer the same benefits as paid leave. Fourth, from a population health perspective, increases in paid parental leave were consistently associated with better infant and child health, particularly in terms of lower mortality rates. Fifth, paid paternal leave policies of adequate length and generosity have induced fathers to take additional time off from work following the birth of a child. How medical leave policies for personal or family illness influence health has not been widely studied. Conclusions: There is substantial quasi‐experimental evidence to support expansions in the duration of job‐protected paid parental leave as an instrument for supporting women's labor force participation, safeguarding women's incomes and earnings, and improving child survival. This has implications, in particular, for countries that offer shorter durations of job‐protected paid leave or lack a national paid leave entitlement altogether. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. Transportation assimilation revisited: New evidence from repeated cross-sectional survey data.
- Author
-
Xu, Dafeng
- Subjects
- *
PUBLIC transit , *PUBLIC transit ridership , *DEMOGRAPHIC surveys , *IMMIGRANTS , *REGRESSION analysis - Abstract
Background: Based on single cross-sectional data, prior research finds evidence of “transportation assimilation” among U.S. immigrants: the length of stay in the U.S. is negatively correlated with public transit use. This paper revisits this question by using repeated cross-sectional data, and examines the trend of transportation assimilation over time. Methods and results: Using 1980, 1990, 2000 1% census and 2010 (1%) American Community Survey, I examine the relationship between the length of stay in the U.S. and public transit ridership among immigrants. I first run regressions separately in four data sets: I regress public transit ridership on the length of stay, controlling for other individual and geographic variables. I then compare the magnitudes of the relationship in four regressions. To study how the rate of transportation assimilation changes over time, I pool the data set and regress public transit ridership on the length of stay and its interactions with year dummies to compare the coefficients across surveys. Results confirm the conclusion of transportation assimilation: as the length of stay in the U.S. increases, an immigrant’s public transit use decreases. However, the repeated cross-section analysis suggests the assimilation rate has been decreasing in the past few decades. Conclusions: This paper finds evidence of transportation assimilation: immigrants become less likely to ride public transit as the length of stay in the U.S. increases. The assimilation rate, however, has been decreasing over time. This paper finds that the rate of public transit ridership among new immigrants upon arrival, the geographic distribution of immigrants, and the changing demographics of the U.S. immigrants play roles in affecting the trend of transportation assimilation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. Can State Tax Policy Increase Economic Activity and Reduce Inequality?
- Author
-
Cutler, Harvey, Shields, Martin, and Davies, Stephen
- Subjects
- *
U.S. states , *TAXATION , *LABOR supply , *COMMERCIAL products , *INCOME tax , *INCOME & employment theory , *ECONOMICS - Abstract
Abstract: Previous research shows that when changes in national commodity and income tax rates affect labor supply decisions differently, relative rates can be altered to increase welfare. In the U.S., 40 states impose both a sales and income tax; however, the reliance varies widely. This paper uses a computable general equilibrium model to examine tax policy changes in Colorado. The findings suggest that the revenue neutral changes to income and sales tax rates can affect both the level of economic activity and the distribution of income. When labor force participation is highly sensitive to income tax rate changes—which this paper suggests is the case—progressive changes to Colorado's tax policy changes can both reduce inequality and increase output and employment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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