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Purpose: Chronic inflammation is one of the key mechanisms of depression. Wenyang-Tianjin-Jie Decoction (WTJD) is an effective antidepressant found in the course of diagnosis and treatment, but the mechanism of therapeutic effect is not clear. The study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of WTJD in the kidney yang deficiency (KYD) type of depression rats and reveal its mechanisms. Materials and Methods: We selected forty 6-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats for the study. We established a KYD [Phellodendron amurense Rupr (Huangbai) solution oral gavage and 4°C environments; 8 weeks] type of depression (chronic unpredictable mild stimulus; 6 weeks) rat model first. After successful modeling, we used WTJD or fluoxetine on rats for 3 weeks. Then we evaluated the depression and KYD behavior. Finally, we observed the expression of key inflammatory factors and proteins in peripheral blood and hippocampus, and further investigated the immune balance of Th17/Treg and Th1/Th2 cells and the activity of their main regulatory pathways JAK2/STAT3 and TLR4/TRAF6/NF-κB. Results: The imbalance of Th17/Treg and Th1/Th2 cells in rats were related to KYD and depressive symptoms. Through this study, we found that WTJD can inhibit the activity of JAK2/STAT3 and TLR4/TRAF6/NF-κB pathways, balance Th17/Treg and Th1/Th2 cell homeostasis, regulate the levels of inflammatory factors in the hippocampus and peripheral blood, and reverse KYD and depression. Conclusion: This study confirmed that WTJD had a reliable effect on depression rats with KYD, and its mechanism was to regulate the immune homeostasis of hippocampal T cells and related inflammatory factors to improve KYD and depression symptoms in rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is frequently found in endomyocardial biopsies (EMBs) from patients with heart failure, but the detection of EBV-specific DNA has not been associated with progressive hemodynamic deterioration. In this paper, we investigate the use of targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS) to detect EBV transcripts and their correlation with myocardial inflammation in EBV-positive patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). Forty-four HFrEF patients with positive EBV DNA detection and varying degrees of myocardial inflammation were selected. EBV-specific transcripts from EMBs were enriched using a custom hybridization capture-based workflow and, subsequently, sequenced by NGS. The short-read sequencing revealed the presence of EBV-specific transcripts in 17 patients, of which 11 had only latent EBV genes and 6 presented with lytic transcription. The immunohistochemical staining for CD3+ T lymphocytes showed a significant increase in the degree of myocardial inflammation in the presence of EBV lytic transcripts, suggesting a possible influence on the clinical course. These results imply the important role of EBV lytic transcripts in the pathogenesis of inflammatory heart disease and emphasize the applicability of targeted NGS in EMB diagnostics as a basis for specific treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory joint disease characterised by the formation of a hyperplastic pannus, as well as cartilage and bone damage. The pathogenesis of RA is complex and involves broad interactions between various cells present in the inflamed synovium, including fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs), macrophages, and T cells, among others. Under inflammatory conditions, these cells are activated, further enhancing inflammatory responses and angiogenesis and promoting bone and cartilage degradation. Novel treatment methods for RA are greatly needed, and mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have been suggested as a promising new regenerative and immunomodulatory treatment. In this paper, we present the interactions between MSCs and RA-FLSs, and macrophages and T cells, and summarise studies examining the use of MSCs in preclinical and clinical RA studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Relapsing polychondritis is a chronic autoimmune inflammatory condition characterized by recurrent episodes of inflammation at the level of cartilaginous structures and tissues rich in proteoglycans. The pathogenesis of the disease is complex and still incompletely elucidated. The data support the important role of a particular genetic predisposition, with HLA-DR4 being considered an allele that confers a major risk of disease occurrence. Environmental factors, mechanical, chemical or infectious, act as triggers in the development of clinical manifestations, causing the degradation of proteins and the release of cryptic cartilage antigens. Both humoral and cellular immunity play essential roles in the occurrence and perpetuation of autoimmunity and inflammation. Autoantibodies anti-type II, IX and XI collagens, anti-matrilin-1 and anti-COMPs (cartilage oligomeric matrix proteins) have been highlighted in increased titers, being correlated with disease activity and considered prognostic factors. Innate immunity cells, neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, natural killer lymphocytes and eosinophils have been found in the perichondrium and cartilage, together with activated antigen-presenting cells, C3 deposits and immunoglobulins. Also, T cells play a decisive role in the pathogenesis of the disease, with relapsing polychondritis being considered a TH1-mediated condition. Thus, increased secretions of interferon γ, interleukin (IL)-12 and IL-2 have been highlighted. The "inflammatory storm" formed by a complex network of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines actively modulates the recruitment and infiltration of various cells, with cartilage being a source of antigens. Along with RP, VEXAS syndrome, another systemic autoimmune disease with genetic determinism, has an etiopathogenesis that is still incompletely known, and it involves the activation of the innate immune system through different pathways and the appearance of the cytokine storm. The clinical manifestations of VEXAS syndrome include an inflammatory phenotype often similar to that of RP, which raises diagnostic problems. The management of RP and VEXAS syndrome includes common immunosuppressive therapies whose main goal is to control systemic inflammatory manifestations. The objective of this paper is to detail the main etiopathogenetic mechanisms of a rare disease, summarizing the latest data and presenting the distinct features of these mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Persistent host inflammatory and immune responses to biofilm play a critical role in the mechanisms that govern soft and hard tissue destruction in periodontal disease. Among the less explored facets of these mechanisms are chemokines, including CCL5 (C-C motif chemokine ligand 5), also known as RANTES (regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted), a proinflammatory CC subfamily chemokine synthesized by T lymphocytes. Despite its importance, there is currently no comprehensive review of the role of CCL5 in periodontitis in the literature. Therefore, this paper aims to fill this gap by summarizing the existing knowledge on the involvement of CCL5 in the onset and progression of periodontitis. In addition, we aim to stimulate interest in this relatively overlooked factor among periodontitis researchers, potentially accelerating the development of drugs targeting CCL5 or its receptors. The review examines the association of CCL5 with periodontitis risk factors, including aging, cigarette smoking, diabetes, and obesity. It discusses the involvement of CCL5 in pathological processes during periodontitis, such as connective tissue and bone destruction. The data show that CCL5 expression is observed in affected gums and gingival crevicular fluid of periodontitis patients, with bacterial activity contributing significantly to this increase, but the reviewed studies of the association between CCL5 expression and periodontal disease have yielded inconclusive results. Although CCL5 has been implicated in the pathomechanism of periodontitis, a comprehensive understanding of its molecular mechanisms and significance remains elusive, hindering the development of drugs targeting this chemokine or its receptors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Myeloid-derived suppressor cells are a heterogeneous group of cells derived from bone marrow, which can inhibit the function of T cells and exert immunosuppressive effect. Mesenchymal stem cells are pluripotent stem cells, which can inhibit innate and adaptive immune responses. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells and mesenchymal stem cells have many similarities in immunosuppressive function, which can be related to each other in tumor, inflammation and transplantation. OBJECTIVE: To summarize the mechanisms of action based on myeloid-derived suppressor cells and the effect of mesenchymal stem cells on the negative regulatory effect of immune response in myeloid-derived suppressor cells. METHODS: A computer search of the Web of Science Core Collection database was conducted with key words of “myeloid-derived suppressor cells”, “mesenchymal stem cells”, “stem cells”. Finally, 49 papers were included for review. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Myeloid-derived suppressor cells play an important immunosuppressive role in vivo by secreting arginase-1, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells and mesenchymal stem cells interact through different mechanisms in the treatment of autoimmune diseases, organ transplantation, inflammatory infections, tumors and other diseases, causing tumor cells to evade immune surveillance and promoting further tumor progression. In non-tumor diseases, myeloid-derived suppressor cells play a certain benign regulatory role, weakening the body’s own immune response and improving clinical symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dysregulation of the immune response plays an important role in the progression of SARS-CoV-2 infection. A "cytokine storm", which is a phenomenon associated with uncontrolled production of large amounts of cytokines, very often affects patients with COVID-19. Elevated activity of chemotactic cytokines, called chemokines, can lead to serious consequences. CXCL10 has an ability to activate its receptor CXCR3, predominantly expressed on macrophages, T lymphocytes, dendritic cells, natural killer cells, and B cells. So, it has been suggested that the chemokine CXCL10, through CXCR3, is associated with inflammatory diseases and may be involved in the development of COVID-19. Therefore, in this review paper, we focus on the role of CXCL10 overactivity in the pathogenesis of COVID-19. We performed an extensive literature search for our investigation using the MEDLINE/PubMed database. Increased concentrations of CXCL10 were observed in COVID-19. Elevated levels of CXCL10 were reported to be associated with a severe course and disease progression. Published studies revealed that CXCL10 may be a very good predictive biomarker of patient outcome in COVID-19, and that markedly elevated CXCL10 levels are connected with ARDS and neurological complications. It has been observed that an effective treatment for SARS-CoV-2 leads to inhibition of "cytokine storm", as well as reduction of CXCL10 concentrations. It seems that modulation of the CXCL10–CXCR3 axis may be an effective therapeutic target of COVID-19. This review describes the potential role of CXCL10 in the pathogenesis of COVID-19, as well as its potential immune–therapeutic significance. However, future studies should aim to confirm the prognostic, clinical, and therapeutic role of CXCL10 in SARS-CoV-2 infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ethyl pyruvate (EP) has potent influence on redox processes, cellular metabolism, and inflammation. It has been intensively studied in numerous animal models of systemic and organ-specific disorders whose pathogenesis involves a strong immune component. Here, basic chemical and biological properties of EP are discussed, with an emphasis on its redox and metabolic activity. Further, its influence on myeloid and T cells is considered, as well as on intracellular signaling beyond its effect on immune cells. Also, the effects of EP on animal models of chronic inflammatory and autoimmune disorders are presented. Finally, a possibility to apply EP as a treatment for such diseases in humans is discussed. Scientific papers cited in this review were identified using the PubMed search engine that relies on the MEDLINE database. The reference list covers the most important findings in the field in the past twenty years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leukocyte extravasation into inflamed tissue is a complex process that is difficult to capture as a whole in vitro. We employed a bloodvessel- on-a-chip model in which human endothelial cells were cultured in a tube-like lumen in a collagen-1 matrix. The vessels are leak tight, creating a barrier for molecules and leukocytes. Addition of inflammatory cytokine TNF-α (also known as TNF) caused vasoconstriction, actin remodelling and upregulation of ICAM-1. Introducing leukocytes into the vessels allowed real-time visualization of all different steps of the leukocyte transmigration cascade, including migration into the extracellular matrix. Individual cell tracking over time distinguished striking differences in migratory behaviour between T-cells and neutrophils. Neutrophils cross the endothelial layer more efficiently than T-cells, but, upon entering the matrix, neutrophils display high speed but low persistence, whereas T-cells migrate with low speed and rather linear migration. In conclusion, 3D imaging in real time of leukocyte extravasation in a vessel-on-a-chip enables detailed qualitative and quantitative analysis of different stages of the full leukocyte extravasation process in a single assay. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first authors of the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The objective of this review is to describe the immunological mechanisms which facilitate maternal tolerance at the maternal‐placental interface, and to discuss how these mechanisms are disrupted in pre‐eclampsia. Methods: A literature review was performed based on the analysis of papers available on PubMed. The most important and relevant studies regarding the immunological mechanisms which facilitate maternal tolerance in healthy pregnancy and pre‐eclampsia are presented in this article. Results: The maternal‐placental interface is the site where the immune tolerance begins and develops. Within the innate immunity, natural killer cells, macrophages and dendritic cells play a pivotal role in tolerance through regulation of inflammation. On the other hand, within the adaptive immunity, the correct increase of regulatory T cells is crucial for ensuring immune tolerance toward placental cells. Disturbances in maternal tolerance can lead to the appearance of pregnancy complications such as pre‐eclampsia, which has a considerable impact on perinatal morbidity and mortality. Conclusion: Our partial knowledge of immunological mechanisms involved in tolerance at the maternal‐placental interface indicates that pre‐eclampsia is characterized by alterations of this maternal immune tolerance, which could represent the origin of the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Allergic conjunctivitis (AC) is a common allergic disease that is often associated with the onset of rhinitis or asthma. The incidence of AC has increased significantly in recent years possibly due to air pollution and climate warming. AC seriously affects patients' quality of life and work efficiency. Th (T-helper) 2 immune responses and type I hypersensitivity reactions are generally considered the basis of occurrence of AC. It has been found that new subpopulations of T-helper cells, Th17 cells that produce interleukin-17 (IL-17), play an important role in the Th2-mediated pathogenesis of conjunctivitis. Studies have shown that Th17 cells are involved in a variety of immune inflammation, including psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, and asthma. However, the role of Th17 and IL-17 in AC is unclear. This paper will focus on how T-helper 17 cells and interleukin-17 are activated in the Th2 immune response of allergic conjunctivitis and how they promote the Th2 immune response of AC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Synovitis is an inflammation-related disease linked to rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, infections and trauma. This inflammation is accompanied by immune cells infiltration which initiates an inflammatory response causing pain, discomfort and affecting the normal joint function. The treatment of synovitis is based on the administration of anti-inflammatory drugs or biological agents such as platelet rich plasma and mesenchymal stem cells. However, the evaluation and validation of more effective therapies of synovitis requires the establishment of clinically relevant animal models. Results: In this study, Large White pigs were pre-immunized to evaluate an antigen-induced synovitis. The immune monitoring of synovial fluids in this model allowed us the identification of IL-12p40 and T cell subsets as immune biomarkers. Moreover, the evolution of synovitis was performed by arthroscopic procedures and kinetic analysis. In summary, this paper describes an animal model of antigen-induced synovitis to be used in the evaluation of anti-inflammatory therapies. Conclusions: The novelty of this paper lies in the development of a clinically relevant model of synovitis which permits the simultaneous evaluation of synovitis from an immunological, surgical and kinetic point of view. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neurodegeneration is a pathological condition that predominantly affects neurons. It represents a large spectrum of disorders with heterogeneous symptoms and distinct clinical features. In addition to the devastating effects it can have on the affected individual, it constitutes a heavy burden to the society in terms of health care costs. Although the exact cause of neurodegeneration is not known, there are plenty of evidences supporting the notion that the immune system is strongly associated with various forms of neurodegenerative diseases. Given the numerous functions of immune cells, a change in their expression can either be beneficial or deleterious to the host. A better understanding of the molecular and cellular processes in neurodegeneration is therefore needed. This could facilitate the development of new therapeutic targets and provide effective means to dampen the progression of neurodegenerative disorders. The overarching aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the roles that the innate and adaptive immune systems play in the central nervous system, and to discuss their beneficial or detrimental effects during neurodegeneration. This paper also critically examines the contribution of immune and inflammatory-mediated responses in the development of neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), multiple sclerosis (MS), and amyloid lateral sclerosis by illustrating key findings from animal and human studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An interview with functional medicine healthcare provider Dr. Datis Kharrazian is presented. Topics of the interview include the start of Kharrazian's interest in being a chiropractor and a nutritionist, his stand on the move of some reviewers in medical journals to reject research paper without any useful commentary, and his clinical research fellowship at Harvard University.

Highlights • Few paper investigates the role of CD8+CD28+ T cells in patients with AMI. • The frequency of CD8+CD28+ T cells in patients with AMI were significant increased. • In patients with AMI, frequency of CD8+CD28+ T cells was positively correlated with TNI and negatively associated with LVEF. • The CD8+ CD28+ T cell might participate in the process of myocardial damage. Abstract CD8+ T cells accumulate in the necrotic myocardium of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). It is unclear whether CD8+CD28+ T cells, a specific subset of CD8+ T cells, contribute to myocardial injury. In this study, 92 consecutive patients with AMI and 28 healthy control subjects were enrolled. The frequency of CD8+CD28+ T cells in peripheral blood samples was assayed by flow cytometry. Plasma cardiac troponin I (TNI) and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) were determined. Long-term prognosis of the patients was evaluated by major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCE) over a 12-month follow-up period. Our findings indicated that patients with AMI who presented with high numbers of CD8+CD28+ T cells had an increased infarction size and aggravated ventricular function. We proposed that cytotoxic CD8+CD28+ T cell-mediated myocardial necrosis may act as a novel and alternative pathway of AMI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sepsis is characterized by the extensive release of cytokines and other mediators. It results in a dysregulated immune response and can lead to organ damage and death. Curcumin has anti-inflammatory properties and immunoregulation functions in various disorders such as sepsis, cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, cardiovascular diseases, lung fibrosis, gallstone formation, and diabetes. This paper investigates the effects of curcumin on immune status and inflammatory response in mice subjected to cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). Inflammatory tissue injury was evaluated by histological observation. Magnetic microbeads were used to isolate splenic CD4 + CD25 + regulatory T cells (Tregs), and phenotypes were then analyzed by flow cytometry. The levels of Foxp3 were detected by Western blot and real-time PCR and cytokine levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. We found that the administration of curcumin significantly alleviated inflammatory injury of the lung and kidney in septic mice. The suppressive function of Treg cells was enhanced and the plasma levels of IL-10 increased after treatment with curcumin. Furthermore, the secretion of plasma TNF-α and IL-6 was notably inhibited in septic mice treated with curcumin and administration with curcumin could improve survival after CLP. These data suggest that curcumin could be used as a potential therapeutic agent for sepsis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and purpose — In 3 papers in Acta Orthopaedica 10 years ago, we described that platelet-rich plasma (PRP) improves tendon healing in a rat Achilles transection model. Later, we found that microtrauma has similar effects, probably acting via inflammation. This raised the suspicion that the effect ascribed to growth factors within PRP could instead be due to unspecific influences on inflammation. While testing this hypothesis, we noted that the effect seemed to be related to the microbiota. Material and methods — We tried to reproduce our old findings with local injection of PRP 6 h after tendon transection, followed by mechanical testing after 11 days. This failed. After fruitless variations in PRP production protocols, leukocyte concentration, and physical activity, we finally tried rats carrying potentially pathogenic bacteria. In all, 242 rats were used. Results — In 4 consecutive experiments on pathogen-free rats, no effect of PRP on healing was found. In contrast, apparently healthy rats carrying Staphylococcus aureus showed increased strength of the healing tendon after PRP treatment. These rats had higher levels of cytotoxic T-cells in their spleens. Interpretation — The failure to reproduce older experiments in clean rats was striking, and the difference in response between these and Staphylococcus-carrying rats suggests that the PRP effect is dependent on the immune status. PRP functions may be more complex than just the release of growth factors. Extrapolation from our previous findings with PRP to the situation in humans therefore becomes even more uncertain. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

[Display omitted] • SARS-CoV-2 promotes an inflammatory phenotype in human monocytes. • In SARS-CoV-2 stimulated PBMC Tα1 mitigates monocyte and myeloid DC activation. • Tα1 dampens SARS-CoV-2 mediated induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines. • Tα1 promotes release of the anti-inflammatory factors IL-10 from SARS-CoV- 2-stimulated PBMC. The peculiar property of Thymosin alpha 1 (Tα1) to act as master regulator of immune homeostasis has been successfully defined in different physiological and pathological contexts ranging from cancer to infection. Interestingly, recent papers also demonstrated its mitigating effect on the "cytokine storm" as well as on the T-cell exhaustion/activation in SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals. Nevertheless, in spite of the increasing knowledge on Tα1-induced effects on T cell response confirming the distinctive features of this multifaceted peptide, little is known on its effects on innate immunity during SARS-CoV-2 infection. Here, we interrogated peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) cultures stimulated with SARS-CoV-2 to disclose Tα1 properties on the main cell players of early response to infection, namely monocytes and myeloid dendritic cells (mDC). Moving from ex vivo data showing an enhancement in the frequency of inflammatory monocytes and activated mDC in COVID-19 patients, a PBMC-based experimental setting reproduced in vitro a similar profile with an increased percentage of CD16+ inflammatory monocytes and mDC expressing CD86 and HLA-DR activation markers in response to SARS-CoV-2 stimulation. Interestingly, the treatment of SARS-CoV-2-stimulated PBMC with Tα1 dampened the inflammatory/activation status of both monocytes and mDC by reducing the release of pro-inflammatory mediators, including TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-8, while promoting the production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. This study further clarifies the working hypothesis on Tα1 mitigating action on COVID-19 inflammatory condition. Moreover, these evidence shed light on inflammatory pathways and cell types involved in acute SARS-CoV-2 infection and likely targetable by newly immune-regulating therapeutic approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inflammation induced by toxins, micro-organisms, or autoimmunity may result in pathogenic fibrosis, leading to long-term tissue dysfunction, morbidity, and mortality. Immune cells play a role in both induction and resolution of fibrosis. γδ T cells are an important group of unconventional T cells characterized by their expression of non-major histocompatibility complex restricted clonotypic T cell receptors for non-peptide antigens. Accumulating evidence suggests that subsets of γδ T cells in experimentally induced fibrosis following bleomycin treatment, or infection with Bacillus subtilis, play proinflammatory roles that instigate fibrosis, whereas the same cells may also play a role in resolving fibrosis. These processes appear to be linked at least in part to the cytokines produced by the cells at various stages, with interleukin (IL)-17 playing a central role in the inflammatory phase driving fibrosis, but later secretion of IL-22, interferon γ, and CXCL10 preventing pathologic fibrosis. Moreover, γδ T cells appear to be involved, in an antigen-driven manner, in the prototypic human fibrotic disease, systemic sclerosis (SSc). In this paper we review in brief the scientific publications that have implicated γδ T cells in fibrotic diseases and their pro- and anti-fibrotic effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Angiopoietin-1/Tie2 (ANG1/Tie2) signaling is well documented as regulating angiogenesis and vessel maturation. This pathway is complicated by involvement of the orphan receptor Tie1, which has been implicated as both a positive and negative regulator of ANG1/Tie2 signaling, and ANG2, which can serve as both a Tie2 agonist and antagonist, depending on the context. Two papers in this issue of the JCI provide new insight into this complicated pathway. Korhonen et al. reveal that Tie1 acts to modulate the effects of ANG1 and ANG2 on Tie2 in vitro and in vivo. Kim et al. demonstrate that ANG2 acts as a Tie2 agonist in non-pathological conditions, whereas in the setting of inflammation, ANG2 functions as a Tie2 antagonist and promotes vascular dysfunction. Both studies indicate that inflammation promotes cleavage of the ectodomain of Tie1 and that this cleavage event corresponds with the switch of ANG2 from a Tie2 agonist to an antagonist. The results of these studies lay the groundwork for future strategies to therapeutically exploit this pathway in diseases characterized by adverse vascular remodeling and increased permeability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system, and CD4+ T cells formthe core immunopathogenic cascade leading to chronic inflammation. Traditionally, Th1 cells (interferon-γ-producing CD4+ T cells) driven by interleukin 12 (IL12) were considered to be the encephalitogenic T cells in MS and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of MS. Currently, Th17 cells (Il17-producing CD4+ T cells) are considered to play a fundamental role in the immunopathogenesis of EAE. This paper highlights the growing evidence that Th17 cells play the core role in the complex adaptive immunity of EAE/MS and discusses the roles of the associated immune cells and cytokines. These constitute the modern immunological basis for the development of novel clinical and preclinical immunomodulatory therapies for MS discussed in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

B7-H3, a recently discovered B7 family member, is documented as a regulator in the inflammatory response as well as T cell-mediated immune responses. In this paper, we find that patients with acute pancreatitis revealed overwhelming levels of serum soluble B7-H3 (sB7-H3) associated with the clinical outcomes. Furthermore, B7-H3 protein was marked increased in l -arginine-induced acute experimental pancreatitis. Anti-B7-H3 monoclonal antibody treatment attenuated the proinflammatory cytokine production, downregulated the activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway, and ameliorated the pancreas disruption in l -arginine-induced pancreatitis. In addition, although l -arginine alone failed to induce the production of proinflammatory cytokine and anti-B7-H3 mAb had no effect on the proinflammatory cytokine production of acinar cells, administration of anti-B7-H3 mAb in the coculture model of acinar cells and macrophages stimulated by l -arginine displayed the similar effects. On the whole, B7-H3 participates in the development of acute pancreatitis, and anti-B7-H3 monoclonal antibody ameliorates severity of acute experimental pancreatitis via attenuation of the inflammatory response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The inflammation theory of depression, proposed over 20 years ago, was influenced by early studies on T cell responses and since then has been a stimulus for numerous research projects aimed at understanding the relationship between immune function and depression. Observational studies have shown that indicators of immunity, especially C reactive protein and proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin 6, are associated with an increased risk of depressive disorders, although the evidence from randomized trials remains limited and only few studies have assessed the interplay between innate and adaptive immunity in depression. In this paper, we review current knowledge on the interactions between central and peripheral innate and adaptive immune molecules and the potential role of immune-related activation of microglia, inflammasomes and indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase in the development of depressive symptoms. We highlight how combining basic immune methods with more advanced ‘omics’ technologies would help us to make progress in unravelling the complex associations between altered immune function and depressive disorders, in the identification of depression-specific biomarkers and in developing immunotherapeutic treatment strategies that take individual variability into account. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aimed to explore the roles of the combination of electroacupuncture (EA) and induced pluripotent stem cell-derived small extracellular vesicles (iPSC-EVs) on mice with ischemic stroke and the underlying mechanisms. A focal cerebral ischemia model was established in C57BL/6 mice through middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). After 3 days, neurological impairment and motor function were examined by performing behavioral tests. The infarct volume and neuronal apoptosis were examined using TTC staining and TUNEL assays. Flow cytometry was performed to assess the proliferation of T lymphocytes. The changes in the interleukin (IL)-33/ST2 axis were evaluated by immunofluorescence and Western blotting. The combination of EA and iPSC-EVs treatment ameliorated neurological impairments and reduced the infarct volume and neuronal apoptosis in MCAO mice. EA plus iPSC-EVs suppressed T helper (Th1) and Th17 responses and promoted the regulatory T cell (Treg) response. In addition, EA plus iPSC-EVs exerted neuroprotective effects by regulating the IL-33/ST2 axis and inhibiting the microglia and astrocyte activation. Taken together, the study shows that EA and iPSC-EVs exerted a synergistic neuroprotective effect in MCAO mice, and this treatment may represent a novel potent therapy for ischemic stroke and damage to other tissues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim To evaluate CD4+ CD28+ and CD8+ T-cell genes and the gene expression of IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-1-β, IL-17A, IL-10, CCL-2/ MCP-1, CCL-4, CCL-5 ( RANTES), CXCR4, CCR5 and RANKL from cells in the periapical interstitial fluid from root canal infections in healthy patients ( HIV−) and HIV-positive individuals ( HIV+). Methodology Subjects included 20 HIV− and 23 HIV+ patients referred to the School of Dentistry at the Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil). Almost all HIV+ patients were undergoing highly active antiretroviral therapy ( HAART). Clinical samples were taken from teeth with pulp necrosis, and no patients had acute periapical symptoms at the time of the appointments. After cleaning and drying, 3 paper points were introduced into the root canal, passing passively through the root apex (2 mm) into the periapical tissues for 1 min. The samples were collected immediately after root canal cleaning and 7 days later (restrained root canal bacterial load) to characterize those gene expressions using real-time PCR. Results Significantly higher levels of CD4+ CD28+ and CD8+ T cells in teeth with restrained bacterial loads (second collection) compared with the first collection were observed in both HIV− and HIV+ samples. In HIV− patients, an increase in IL-10 and CXCR4 expression was demonstrated as well as a decrease in pro-inflammatory cytokines such as RANKL, IFN-γ, IL1-β and CCL5. However, in HIV+ patients an increase in cytokines IFN-γ, IL-1-β, TNF-α and IL-17A, and chemokines CCL-2, CXCR4 and CCR5 were observed. The chemokine CCL-5 was not detected in HIV+ individuals. Conclusions These findings suggest that after reducing the root canal bacterial load in HIV− individuals an anti-inflammatory response is generated whilst in HIV+ patients a pro-inflammatory response is sustained in the periapical area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regulatory T cells play an important role in the progression of atherosclerosis. GARP is a newly biological membrane molecule existed on activated Tregs, which is related to the release of TGF-β. The antiatherosclerosis effects of statins partly depend on their multiple immune modulatory potencies. In this paper, we present that atorvastatin could upregulate the expression of GARP and TGF-β in CD4+ T cells and increase the numbers of CD4+LAP+ and CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells in ApoE−/− mice. Also, we indicate that atorvastatin promotes the aggregation of GARP+ and Foxp3+ cells and secretory of the TGF-β1 in atherosclerotic plaques. Furthermore, we prove that atorvastatin could delay the procession of atherosclerosis and improve the stability of atherosclerotic plaques. Interestingly, we report that inhibition of GARP distinctly inhibits the anti-inflammatory effects of atorvastatin. We conclude that atorvastatin improves the inflammatory response in atherosclerosis partly by upregulating the expression of GARP on regulatory T cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Real-world evaluation studies have shown that many patients with asthma remain symptomatic despite treatment with inhaled corticosteroids (ICSs). As conventional ICSs have poor access to the peripheral airways, the aim of the present paper was to study the relationship between peripheral airway inflammation and clinical control in allergic asthma. Consequently, bronchial and transbronchial biopsies were obtained from patients with poorly controlled asthma [n=12, asthma control test (ACT) score < 20], patients with well-controlled asthma (n=12, ACT score ≥ 20) and healthy controls (n=8). Tissue sections were immunostained to assess multiple leucocyte populations. To determine the degree of T-helper type-2 (Th2) immunity, the logarithmic value of the ratio between Th2 cells/mm2 and Th1 cells/mm2 was used as a surrogate score for Th2-skewed immunity. In the bronchi, the leucocyte infiltration pattern and the Th2-score were similar between patients with well-controlled asthma and those with poorly controlled asthma. In contrast, in the alveolar parenchyma, the expression of T-helper cells was significantly higher in patients with poorly controlled asthma than in patients with well-controlled asthma (P<0.01). Furthermore, the alveolar Th2-score was significantly higher in patients with poorly controlled asthma (median 0.4) than in the controlled patients (median -0.10, P<0.05). In addition, in contrast with bronchial Th2-score, the alveolar Th2-score correlated significantly with ACT score (rs=-0.62, P<0.01) in the pooled asthma group. Collectively, our data reveal an alveolar Th2-skewed inflammation, specifically in asthmatic patients who are poorly controlled with ICSs, and suggest that pharmacological targeting of the peripheral airways may be beneficial in this large patient category. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human Th17 pro-inflammatory cells are currently defined as cells that produce IL-17A and F, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-a, IL-6, IL-21, IL-22 and IL-23. Recently discovered related molecules are forming a family of cytokines, the IL-17 family, IL-17A, IL-17B, IL-17C, IL-17D, IL-17E and IL-17F . The associated receptors for the IL-17 family identified are IL-17R, IL-17RH1, IL-17RL (receptor like), IL-17RD and IL-17RE. This review introduces the roles of IL-17 and Th17 cells in human autoimmune diseases. Studies have shown that T cells with inflammatory effects on epithelial, endothelial and fibroblast cells express IL-17. Th17 cells are supposed to be involved in various autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, multiple sclerosis, and inflammatory bowel diseases. Base on the biologic functions and regulation, IL-17 has regulatory roles in host defense and chronic inflammation which result in tissue damage and autoimmunity. So the IL-17 links links innate and adaptive immunity and has both beneficial and pathological effects on the immune system. This paper will focus on the possible roles of IL-17 in autoimmune diseases, a fundamental player in immune regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tanshinone IIA (Tan II A) is widely used in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases as an active component of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge. It has been demonstrated to have pleiotropic effects for atherosclerosis. From the anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory mechanism perspective, this paper reviewed major progresses of Tan IIA in antiatherosclerosis research, including immune cells, antigens, cytokines, and cell signaling pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Context: Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is one of the most common diseases associated with the aging process in men, particularly men aged >50 yr, yet only a few predictive factors have been identified. In recent years, attention has focused on the role of prostatic inflammation in the pathogenesis and progression of BPH. Objective: This article reviews recent findings related to the potential link between local and systemic inflammation and BPH. Evidence acquisition: In March 2013, at the annual meeting of the European Association of Urology in Milan, Italy, a satellite symposium entitled “Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy (BPH) and Inflammation, from Lab to Clinic,” was held with the goal of reviewing the latest data relating to the link between inflammation and BPH. This paper is based on one of the presentations at this symposium. A structured PubMed literature search was performed, and emphasis was placed on results from the past 10 yr. Evidence synthesis: BPH is characterized by progressive hyperplasia of stromal and glandular cells, and clinically it is defined by lower urinary tract symptoms. In recent years, there has been accumulating evidence linking prostatic inflammation with BPH. The inflammatory infiltrates observed in patients with BPH are composed primarily of chronically activated T-lymphocytes. Cytokines and growth factors released from inflammatory cells create a proinflammatory environment that may support the fibromuscular growth seen in BPH and may also be responsible for inducing a state of relative hypoxia as a result of the increased oxygen demand of the proliferating cells. A number of clinical studies have confirmed the presence of inflammatory infiltrate in men with BPH, and this infiltrate has been shown to be involved in the pathogenesis, clinical appearance, and progression of this disorder. There is evidence emerging that systemic inflammation may also play a role in BPH, since in men with metabolic syndrome there was a significant correlation between prostate diameter/volume and the number of metabolic syndrome components. Conclusions: It is clear that a number of different mechanisms are involved in the development and progression of BPH. Prostatic inflammation is an important feature, since it appears to be involved in the pathogenesis, symptomatology, and progression of the disease. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Polarization of cell phenotypes, a common strategy to achieve cell type diversity in metazoa, results from binary cell-fate decisions in the branching pedigree of development. Such “either-or” fate decisions are controlled by two opposing cell fate-determining transcription factors. Each of the two distinct “master regulators” promotes differentiation of its respective sister lineage. But they also suppress one other, leading to their mutually exclusive expression in the two ensuing lineages. Thus, promiscuous coexistence of the antagonist regulators in the same cell, the hallmark of the common “undecided” progenitor of two sister lineages, is considered unstable. This antagonism ensures robust polarization into two discretely distinct cell types. But now the immune system's T-helper (Th) cells and their two canonical subtypes, Th1 and Th2 cells, tell a different story, as revealed in three papers recently published in PLOS Biology. The intermediate state that co-expresses the two opposing master regulators of the Th1 and Th2 subtypes, T-bet and Gata3, is highly stable and is not necessarily an undecided precursor. Instead, the Th1/Th2 hybrid cell is a robust new type with properties of both Th1 and Th2 cells. These hybrid cells are functionally active and possess the benefit of moderation: self-limitation of effector T cell function to prevent excessive inflammation, a permanent risk in host defense that can cause tissue damage or autoimmunity. Gene regulatory network analysis suggests that stabilization of the intermediate center in a polarizing system can be achieved by minor tweaking of the architecture of the mutual suppression gene circuit, and thus is a design option readily available to evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What's known on the subject? and What does the study add? Pervasive inflammatory infiltrates, mainly composed of chronically activated T cells and monocytes/macrophages, have been observed in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Permixon®, a hexanic lipidosterolic extract of Serenoa repens (hexanic LSESr) used to treat urinary dysfunction in BPH patients, has anti-inflammatory activities. This paper provides new insights into the anti-inflammatory properties of Permixon®. We report that hexanic LSESr inhibits early steps of leukocyte infiltration in vitro by downregulating MCP-1/CCL2 and VCAM-1 expression. OBJECTIVE To investigate the mechanisms by which hexanic lipidosterolic extract of Serenoa repens (hexanic LSESr) may prevent leukocyte infiltration in benign prostatic hyperplasia by studying its impact on monocyte chemoattractant protein 1/chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (MCP-1/CCL2) and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) expression in vitro., MATERIALS AND METHODS After pretreatment with hexanic LSESr, human prostate (epithelial and myofibroblastic) cells and vascular endothelial cells were stimulated with proinflammatory cytokines., MCP-1/CCL2 and VCAM-1 mRNA expression was quantified by real-time PCR., ELISA kits were used to determine MCP-1/CCL2 levels in culture supernatants and VCAM-1 expression in living cells., RESULTS Hexanic LSESr reduced MCP-1/CCL2 mRNA levels in both epithelial (BPH-1) and myofibroblastic (WPMY-1) prostate cell lines., Hexanic LSESr downregulated MCP1/CCL2 secretion by WPMY-1 cells in a concentration-dependent manner, more efficiently than Serenoa repens extracts obtained by supercritical carbon dioxide extraction., Hexanic LSESr inhibited tumour-necrosis-factor-α-induced MCP-1/CCL2 secretion by the human vascular endothelial cell line EAhy.926, as well as surface VCAM-1 protein expression, in a concentration-dependent manner., CONCLUSIONS Hexanic LSESr impedes key steps of monocyte and T cell attraction and adherence by inhibiting MCP-1/CCL2 and VCAM-1 expression by human prostate and vascular cells in an inflammatory environment., These findings provide new insights into the anti-inflammatory effects of the hexanic lipidosterolic extract of Serenoa repens, Permixon®, in benign prostatic hyperplasia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The regulators of Gprotein signaling (RGS) protein superfamily negatively controls Gprotein-coupled receptor signal transduction pathways. RGS16 is enriched in activated/effector T lymphocytes. In this paper, we show that RGS16 constrains pulmonary inflammation by regulating chemokine-induced T cell trafficking in response to challenge with Schistosoma mansoni. Naive Rgsl6-/- mice were "primed" for inflammation by accumulation of CCR10+ T cells in the lung. Upon pathogen exposure, these mice developed more robust granulomatous lung fibrosis than wild-type counterparts. Distinct Th2 or putative Thl7 subsets expressing CCR4 or CCR10 accumulated more rapidly in Rgsl6-/- lungs following challenge and produced proinflammatory cytokines IL-13 and IL-17B. CCRA+Rgsl6-/- Th2 cells migrated excessively to CCL17 and localized aberrantly in challenged lungs. T lymphocytes were partially excluded from lung granulomas in Rgsl6-/- mice, instead forming peribronchial/perivascular aggregates. Thus, RGS16-mediated confinement of T cells to Schistosome granulomas mitigates widespread cytokine-mediated pulmonary inflammation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The proinflammatory activity of T helper 17 (Th17) cells can be beneficial to the host during infection. However, uncontrolled or inappropriate Th17 activation has been linked to several autoimmune and autoinflammatory pathologies. Indeed, preclinical and clinical data show that Th17 cells are associated with several autoimmune diseases such as arthritis, multiple sclerosis, psoriasis, and lupus. Furthermore, targeting the interleukin-17 (IL-17) pathway has attenuated disease severity in preclinical models of autoimmune diseases. Interestingly, a recent report brings to light a potential role for Th17 cells in the autoinflammatory disorder adult-onset Still's disease (AOSD).Whether Th17 cells are the cause or are directly involved in AOSD remains to be shown. In this paper, we discuss the biology of Th17 cells, their role in autoimmune disease development, and in AOSD in particular, as well as the growing interest of the pharmaceutical industry in their use as therapeutic targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper reports the cloning and sequencing of interleukin (IL)-23 p19 subunit for the first time within a non-mammalian species, the zebrafish (Danio rerio), which was discovered using a synteny approach. In addition, amino acid sequences were for IL-23 p19 subunits were also predicted from the stickleback, Fugu and Tetraodon genomes and included in this investigation. The zebrafish IL-23 p19 cDNA consisted of a 66bp 5′ UTR, a 249bp 3′ UTR and a single open reading frame of 567bp giving a predicted 188 aa IL-23 p19 molecule. Multiple alignment of zebrafish IL-23 p19, with other known IL-23 p19 and IL-12 p35 amino acid sequences revealed areas of amino acid conservation, such as the presence of four predicted α-helixes, cysteines important for disulphide bond formation and the conservation of a tryptophan known to interact with the receptor. Amino acid homologies and phylogenetic analysis confirmed the relationship of the fish IL-23 p19 subunits with their mammalian homologues. All the teleost fish IL-23 p19 subunits were found to have 4 exons and 3 introns similar to that of human and mouse IL-23 p19 and a limited degree of synteny was found between the organisms for the regions containing the IL-23 p19 genes with only PAB-dependent poly(A)-specific ribonuclease subunit 2 (PAN2) and IL-23 p19 found in the same order on human chromosome 12 and all the fish genomes looked at. Lastly using real-time PCR, constitutive expression of IL-12 p40 and IL-23 p19 was observed in the kidney, liver, gut and muscle with IL-12 p40 expression higher than IL-23 p19. As soon as an hour after stimulation with LPS, there was an increase of IL-23 p19 in zebrafish leukocytes and an increase of IL-1β, IL-12 p40 and IL-23 p19 expression was found after infection of zebrafish for 1 or 6 days with Mycobaterium marinum strain E11. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic inflammatory disorder of oral mucosa, which represents cell-mediated autoimmune diseases. Pathological study demonstrated that abundant T lymphocytes infiltrated the oral mucosa, in which the activated T cells that trigger apoptosis of oral epithelial cells is an important mechanism for OLP. However, to date the molecular mechanisms underlying the T lymphocytes infiltration and accumulation in OLP remain unclear. In this paper, we found that the levels of plasma OPN were elevated and were associated with the up-regulated expressions of CD44 in OLP patients. In vitro, the addition of exogenous OPN can suppress the apoptosis of activated CD8+ T cells via CD44, and this T cell resistance to apoptosis may be attributed to the reduction of endogenous mature granzyme B. Our results suggested that the abnormally elevated levels of OPN may contribute to the abnormal infiltration and accumulation of the activated T cells by up-regulating CD44 in OLP. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

We previously described the NOD.c3c4 mouse, which is protected from type 1 diabetes (T1D) because of protective alleles at multiple insulin-dependent diabetes (Idd) genes, but develops autoimmune biliary disease (ABD) resembling primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC). In this paper, we characterize the NOD.ABD strain, which is genetically related to the NOD.c3c4 strain but develops both ABD and T1D. Histologically, NOD.ABD biliary disease is indistinguishable from that in NOD.c3c4 mice. The frequency of effector memory (CD44+CD62L-) and central memory (CD44+CD62L+) CD8 T cells is significantly increased in the intrahepatic lymphocyte fraction of NOD.ABD mice, and NOD.ABD CD8 T cells produce more IFN-γ and TNF-α, compared with controls. NOD.ABD splenocytes can transfer ABD and T1D to NOD.c3c4 scid mice, but only T1D to NOD scid mice, suggesting that the genetic origin of the target organ and/or its innate immune cells is critical to disease pathogenesis. The disease transfer model, importantly, shows that biliary duct damage (characteristic of PBC) and inflammation precede biliary epithelial cell proliferation. Unlike T1D where both CD4 and CD8 T cells are required for disease transfer, purified NOD.ABD CD8 T cells can transfer liver inflammation into NOD.c3c4 scid recipients, and disease transfer is ameliorated by cotransferring T regulatory cells. Unlike NOD.c3c4 mice, NOD.ABD mice do not develop anti-nuclear or anti-Smith autoantibodies; however, NOD.ABD mice do develop the antipyruvate dehydrogenase Abs typical of human PBC. The NOD.ABD strain is a model of immune dysregulation affecting two organ systems, most likely by mechanisms that do not completely coincide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Overexpression of the T cell cytokine IL-22 is linked to the development of some chronic diseases, but little is known about IL-22 deficiency in humans. As demonstrated in this study, acne inversa (AI; also designated as Hidradenitis suppurativa) lesions show a relative deficiency of IL-22 and IL-20, but not of IL-17A, IL-26, IFN-γ, IL-24, or IL-1β. Moreover, AI lesions had reduced expression of membranous IL-22 and IL-20 receptors and increased expression of the natural IL-22 inhibitor, IL-22 binding protein. AI is a chronic inflammatory skin disease with prevalence up to 4% of the population and in which cutaneous bacterial persistence represents an important pathogenetic factor. Accordingly, we also found a relative deficiency of antimicrobial proteins (AMPs) in AI lesions and a positive correlation between lesional IL-22 and IL-20 versus AMP levels. IL-22, like its tissue cell downstream mediator IL-20, upregulated AMPs in reconstituted human epidermis and was critical for increased AMP levels under inflammatory conditions. The relative IL-22 deficiency in AI was not linked to lesional T cell numbers or Th22/Th1/Th17 subset markers and -inducing cytokines. However, IL-10 was highly expressed in AI lesions and correlated negatively with IL-22 expression. Moreover, IL-10 inhibited IL-22 but not IL-17 production in vitro. The IL-10 overexpression, in turn, was not associated with an elevated presence of regulatory T cells but with the enhanced presence of an IL-10-inducing cytokine. We conclude that IL-22 deficiency may contribute to the pathogenesis of certain chronic disorders as postulated in this paper for AI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Please cite this paper as: In vitro and in vivo analysis of pro- and anti-inflammatory effects of weak and strong contact allergens. Experimental Dermatology 2010; : 1007-1013. Inflammation is a crucial step in the development of allergic contact dermatitis. The primary contact with chemical allergens, called sensitization, and the secondary contact, called elicitation, result in an inflammatory response in the skin. The ability of contact allergens to induce allergic contact dermatitis correlates to a great extent with their inflammatory potential. Therefore, the analysis of the sensitizing potential of a putative contact allergen should include the examination of its ability and potency to cause an inflammation. In this study, we examined the inflammatory potential of different weak contact allergens and of the strong sensitizer 2,4,6-trinitrochlorobenzene (TNCB) in vitro and in vivo using the contact hypersensitivity model, the mouse model for allergic contact dermatitis. Cytokine induction was analysed by PCR and ELISA to determine mRNA and protein levels, respectively. Inflammation-dependent recruitment of skin-homing effector T cells was measured in correlation with the other methods. We show that the sensitizing potential of a contact allergen correlates with the strength of the inflammatory response. The different methods used gave similar results. Quantitative cytokine profiling may be used to determine the sensitizing potential of chemicals for hazard identification and risk assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Please cite this paper as: Modulating T cell functions does not alleviate chronic inflammatory skin lesions in K5.TGFβ1 transgenic mice. Experimental Dermatology 2009; 19: 406–415. To use mice with chronic hyperproliferative skin inflammation as psoriasis models, their thorough phenotypic and functional characterization is indispensable. Mice with keratin 5 promoter-controlled overexpression of latent human Transforming Growth Factor (TGF)β1 within the basal epidermis (K5.TGFβ1 mice) show a psoriasiform phenotype, but the underlying pathogenic mechanisms are not entirely clear. To elucidate the contribution of T lymphocytes to the pathogenesis in K5.TGFβ1 mice, we used three complementary approaches: first, peripheral T cells were eradicated via systemic treatment with CD3- or CD4-depleting antibodies. However, this elimination did not alleviate the chronic inflammatory disorder. Second, bone marrow transplantation from transgenic mice into wildtype recipients and vice versa resulted in the expected reconstitution of both adaptive and innate immune system but had little effect on the cutaneous phenotype both in wildtype and transgenic chimeras. Third, based on the hypothesis that the disease course could be modulated by regulatory T cells (Tregs), we expanded Tregs in vivo using a superagonistic anti-CD28 antibody. While this treatment achieved a threefold increase in Foxp3-expressing Tregs, there was little, if any, effect on the chronic skin inflammation. We conclude from our findings that T cells play little, if any, role in the skin lesions of K5.TGFβ1 mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OTHER ARTICLES PUBLISHED IN THIS MINI-REVIEW SERIES ON Th17 CELLS Function and regulation of human T helper 17 cells in health and disease. Clin Exp Immunol 2009; doi:10.1111/j.1365-2249.2009.04037.x Are T helper 17 cells really pathogenic in autoimmunity? Clin Exp Immunol 2009; doi:10.1111/j.1365-2249.2009.04039.x CD4+ T helper cells: functional plasticity and differential sensitivity to regulatory T cell-mediated regulation. Clin Exp Immunol 2009; doi:10.1111/j.1365-2249.2009.04040.x Development of mouse and human T helper 17 cells. Clin Exp Immunol 2009; doi:10.1111/j.1365-2249.2009.04041.x Uncommitted (naive) CD4+ T helper cells (Thp) can be induced to differentiate to specific lineages according to the local cytokine milieu, towards T helper type 1 (Th1), Th2, Th17 and regulatory T cell (Treg) phenotypes in a mutually exclusive manner. Each phenotype is characterized by unique signalling pathways and expression of specific transcription factors, notably T-bet for Th1, GATA-3 for Th2, forkhead box P3 (FoxP3) for Tregs and receptor-related orphan receptor (ROR)α and RORγt for Th17 cells. Tregs and Th17 cells have been demonstrated to arise from common precursors in a reciprocal manner based on exposure to transforming growth factor (TGF)-β or TGF-β plus interleukin (IL)-6 and carry out diametrically opposing functions, namely suppression or propagation of inflammation, respectively. However, while epigenetic modifications in Th1 and Th2 differentiated cells prevents their conversion to other phenotypes, Th17 cells generated in vitro using TGF-β and IL-6 are unstable and can convert to other phenotypes, especially Th1, both in vitro and in vivo. Tregs are generated from naive precursors both in the thymus (natural, nTregs) and in the periphery (induced, iTregs). The highly suppressive function of Tregs enables them to control many inflammatory diseases in animals and makes them particularly attractive candidates for immunotherapy in humans. The stability of the Treg phenotype is therefore of paramount importance in this context. Recent descriptions of Treg biology have suggested that components of pathogens or inflammatory mediators may subvert the suppressive function of Tregs in order to allow propagation of adequate immune responses. Unexpectedly, however, a number of groups have now described conversion of Tregs to the Th17 phenotype induced by appropriate inflammatory stimuli. These observations are particularly relevant in the context of cell therapy but may also explain some of the dysregulation seen in autoimmune diseases. In this paper, we review Treg to Th17 conversion and propose some potential mechanisms for this phenomenon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) is one of the most common obstetrical complications. Multiple etiologies, such as endocrine, anatomic, genetic, hematological and immunological causes have been reported for this devastating disease. However, over half of the cases remain unexplained. Thrombotic/inflammatory processes are often observed at the maternal-fetal interface as the final pathological assault in many cases of RPL, including those of unexplained etiologies. In the present paper, cellular immune responses (T, natural killer [NK], natural killer-T [NKT], regulatory T [Treg] cells and their cytokines) and autoimmune abnormalities of women with RPL are reviewed. In addition, metabolic diseases and hematological conditions which often lead to thrombotic/inflammatory conditions are discussed in association with RPL. Finally, current therapeutic options for RPL are reviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The inflammatory bowel diseases (Crohn's disease; ulcerative colitis) are idiopathic chronic inflammatory disorders of the intestine and/or colon. A major advancement in our understanding of the pathogenesis of these diseases has been the development of mouse models of chronic gut inflammation. One model that has been instrumental in delineating the immunological mechanisms responsible for the induction as well as regulation of intestinal inflammation is the T cell transfer model of chronic colitis. This paper presents a detailed protocol describing the methods used to induce chronic colitis in mice. Special attention is given to the immunological concepts that explain disease pathogenesis in this model, considerations and potential pitfalls in using this model, and finally different "tricks" that we have learned over the past 12 years that have allowed us to develop a more simplified version of this model of experimental IBD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic inflammation of the adipose tissue (AT) is a critical component of obesity-induced insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Adipose tissue immune cells, including AT macrophages (ATMs), AT dendritic cells (ATDCs), and T cells, are dynamically regulated by obesity and participate in obesity-induced inflammation. Among AT resident immune cells, ATDCs are master immune regulators and engage in crosstalk with various immune cells to initiate and regulate immune responses. However, due to confounding markers and lack of animal models, their exact role and contribution to the initiation and maintenance of AT inflammation and insulin resistance have not been clearly elucidated. This paper reviews the current understanding of ATDCs and their role in obesity-induced AT inflammation. We also provide the potential mechanisms by which ATDCs regulate AT inflammation and insulin resistance in obesity. Finally, this review offers perspectives on ways to better dissect the distinct functions and contributions of ATDCs to obesity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monogenic autoinflammatory syndromes comprise disorders caused by mutations of different genes encoding for proteins that play a major role in the inflammatory response. They are characterized by seemingly unprovoked inflammatory episodes lacking high concentrations of autoantibodies or autoreactive T cells. The clinical spectrum of these syndromes are extremely variable and is represented by: recurrent fever episodes of variable duration (periodic/recurrent fever), skin lesions (cryopyrinopathies), noncaseating granulomas (granulomatous disorders) and, rarely, by sterile pyogen abscesses (pyogenic disorders). This paper represents a briefly presentation of these disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper describes the conditions under which autoimmune T cells enter the central nervous system to attack the local tissue. During a prodromal period preceding the onset of neurological disease, the CNS tissue is converted from its physiological immune-hostile state to an immune-friendly state. At the same time, in the peripheral immune system, activated autoimmune T cells undergo profound changes that allow them to enter through the blood-brain barrier and to finally interact with local autoantigen-presenting cells. Antigen recognition leads to T cell activation and the secretion of inflammatory mediators that are responsible for the development of the inflammatory lesions and the neurological deficits. To cite this article: H. Wekerle, C. R. Biologies 330 (2007). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-VPAC1 and VPAC2 G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) systems are autocrine and paracrine regulators of diverse T cell functions. It has been recognized that VIP evokes two types of T cell responses. The first are rapid in onset and brief in duration, such as altered traffic in blood, lymphoid corridors, and tissues. The second are slow in onset and sustained in duration, such as enhanced helper T cell (Th) differentiation in the thymus and increased survival in lymphoid tissues with biases favoring the Th2-type effector and memory subsets. Investigations of some other sets of GPCRs for peptide and lipid mediators have demonstrated expression both in nuclear membranes and plasma membranes with respective linkages to responses that are slow in onset and sustained, and those that are rapid in onset and brief in duration. The hypothesis presented in this paper suggests that plasma membrane VPAC receptors transduce short-term effects of exogenous VIP on T cell effector functions, whereas nuclear VPAC receptors mediate endogenous VIP alterations in differentiation, proliferation, and survival. The types of substantial additional proof needed to support this hypothesis are described, as are its advantages for more selective VIP-directed therapies. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This paper discusses some consequences of the discovery that antigen receptors are degenerate: Immune specificity, in contrast to the tenets of the clonal selection paradigm, must be generated by the immune response down-stream of initial antigen recognition; and specificity is a property of a collective of cells and not of single clones. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Objective It has been suggested that the development of uterine leiomyomas is positively influenced by an immune system in a chronically inflammatory state and that a lower level of regulating T cell (Treg cells) would play a central role. Since it has been suggested that the W620 variant of protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 22 (PTPN22) decreases the number of Treg cells, we investigated a possible relationship between PTPN22 polymorphism and uterine leiomyomas. Study design We studied 203 white women from Rome who were hospitalized for symptomatic leiomyomas requiring surgical intervention. These women were considered in a previous paper regarding the relationship between ACP1 and dimension of leiomyomas. As controls we studied 355 healthy women from the same population with comparable age and without clinical evidence of leiomyomas. All women gave written informed consent to participate to the study. Chi square test of independence and T -test for difference between means were performed by SPSS package. Results Considering the whole sample, a borderline association between PTPN22 and leiomyomas was observed: the *C/*T genotype is more frequent in cases than in controls. This association is marked and statistically significant in younger women only. The main diameter of tumor is significantly greater in *C/*T than in *C/*C women. This effect is present in younger women only. The *C/*T genotype also shows a higher tendency to intramural localization, but no effect of age is observed upon this association. Conclusions The data suggest a positive effect of *C/*T genotype on susceptibility to leiomyomas in younger women. In these women a *C/*T genotype favors the growth of leiomyomas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]