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Fever represents one of the most frequent causes of demand for attention in traditional medicine, its presence is an unequivocal warning sign of disease and when it is very high it becomes a cause of greater concern. Based on a bibliographic review, fever is described from the traditional medicine of various medical cultures in Mexico: how it is conceived, what causes it, what are the signs and symptoms that accompany it and what are the information gaps. In a special way, the herbalits resources and procedures used for their treatment (pharmacological and physical) are described and analyzed. Twenty-eight frequently reported species were selected, highlighting sauco (Sambucus mexicana), palo mulato (Bursera simaruba) and higuerilla (Ricinus communis). The pharmacological background suggests that 17 species possess antipyretic action by inhibiting prostaglandins that act as endopyrogens; of other seven species there are already preclinical studies that prove this property. Likewise, the possible effects of heat loss by conduction, convection, evaporation and radiation through the external application of traditional remedies are briefly analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) using plants has grown in significance in recent years. ZnO NPs were synthesized in this work via a chemical precipitation method with Jasminum sambac (JS) leaf extract serving as a capping agent. These NPs were characterized using UV-vis spectroscopy, FT-IR, XRD, SEM, TEM, TGA, and DTA. The results from UV-vis and FT-IR confirmed the band gap energies (3.37 eV and 3.50 eV) and the presence of the following functional groups: CN, OH, C=O, and NH. A spherical structure and an average grain size of 26 nm were confirmed via XRD. The size and surface morphology of the ZnO NPs were confirmed through the use of SEM analysis. According to the TEM images, the ZnO NPs had an average mean size of 26 nm and were spherical in shape. The TGA curve indicated that the weight loss starts at 100 °C, rising to 900 °C, as a result of the evaporation of water molecules. An exothermic peak was seen during the DTA analysis at 480 °C. Effective antibacterial activity was found at 7.32 ± 0.44 mm in Gram-positive bacteria (S. aureus) and at 15.54 ± 0.031 mm in Gram-negative (E. coli) bacteria against the ZnO NPs. Antispasmodic activity: the 0.3 mL/mL sample solution demonstrated significant reductions in stimulant effects induced by histamine (at a concentration of 1 µg/mL) by (78.19%), acetylcholine (at a concentration of 1 µM) by (67.57%), and nicotine (at a concentration of 2 µg/mL) by (84.35%). The antipyretic activity was identified using the specific Shodhan vidhi method, and their anti-inflammatory properties were effectively evaluated with a denaturation test. A 0.3 mL/mL sample solution demonstrated significant reductions in stimulant effects induced by histamine (at a concentration of 1 µg/mL) by 78.19%, acetylcholine (at a concentration of 1 µM) by 67.57%, and nicotine (at a concentration of 2 µg/mL) by 84.35%. These results underscore the sample solution's potential as an effective therapeutic agent, showcasing its notable antispasmodic activity. Among the administered doses, the 150 mg/kg sample dose exhibited the most potent antipyretic effects. The anti-inflammatory activity of the synthesized NPs showed a remarkable inhibition percentage of (97.14 ± 0.005) at higher concentrations (250 µg/mL). Furthermore, a cytotoxic effect was noted when the biologically synthesized ZnO NPs were introduced to treated cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fever is a common complaint in the Emergency Department. Despite being frequently benign, it's still a cause for anxiety for caregivers. This study aimed to characterize parents' knowledge and attitudes towards fever. A cross sectional and descriptive survey was conducted by applying a questionnaire to pediatric patients' caregivers that attended consultation from April to August 2021. It included questions regarding sociodemographic data, knowledge and myths about fever and interventions used to treat it. Descriptive analysis was performed. A total of 1014 questionnaires were considered valid. The thermometer was used by 97.7% caregivers to measure fever, with armpit being the preferred location (80.9%). Around 87% wrongly defined fever. About 11.8% didn't offer antipyretics before seeking health care, mostly because of fear of masking the disease (47.7%). Approximately 91% undressed the child in thermal ascent and 49% used sponging with cold water to decrease temperature. Caregivers sought help mainly in primary care (66.2%). The physician was the preferred source of information (75.8%). Seizures (83.4%) were named as the main complication, 10.3% thought death was a possible effect. Around 78% answered dental eruption was a cause of fever, 54.8% considered it to be harmful for children's health, 67% believed temperature will go up indefinitely if not treated and 85.2% answered that temperature should always reach normal values after taking antipyretics. Fever phobia is still a reality, with wrong beliefs and misconceptions about its consequences and treatment. It's important to inform parents about this subject to improve the management of fever and reduce caregivers' anxiety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Argyreia nervosa bojar, a traditional and aesthetic medicinal plant is native to the Indian subcontinent. It has a large variety of traditional uses and therapeutically proven activities such as analgesic & anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-convulsant, anti-diarrheal, anti-fungal, antimicrobial, anti-obesity, antipyretic, anti-stress, anti-ulcer, anti-viral, aphrodisiac, CNS effect, hepatoprotective, hypoglycaemic, immunomodulatory, nootropic, wound healing activity, skin disorders, gonorrhoea, diabetes and sexual disorders. We aimed to systematically analyse pharmacological importance of A. nervosa to treat respiratory tract infection. As respiratory tract infection is accompanied with fever, pain, and inflammation. We collected literature from various online databases on antimicrobial, antipyretics, analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of A. nervosa. We analysed the data based on eligibility criteria of the study and noted that, A. nervosa has high potential to treat many diseases, but it is ignored by researchers to find its pharmacological effect on respiratory tract infection. Our review found only four appropriate literatures available on various databases. This plant parts were noted effective against microbial activity of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Mycobacterium tuberculosis, responsible for causing respiratory tract infections. Its extracts also exhibited significant antipyretic, analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity in mice, an experimental model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cordia dichotoma Forst. has been utilized in the administration of diabetes in conventional medication. Nonetheless, the antidiabetic movement of the methanolic concentrate of C. dichotoma (MECD) bark has not been accounted for up to this point. In this review, the antidiabetic action of C. dichotoma was surveyed in alloxan-actuated diabetic Wistar rodents. The intense harmfulness study demonstrated that the MECD was protected up to the portion level of 2000 mg/kg body weight. In oral glucose resilience (OGT) test, the pre-treatment of MECD showed fractional security from hyperglycemia prompted by a glucose load (2 g/kg, body weight) in rodents at the portion levels of 250 and 500 mg/kg, body weight. The MECD altogether decreased the blood glucose levels in the alloxan-prompted diabetic rodents at the portion levels of 250 and 500 mg/kg, body weight when contrasted with ordinary control creatures. Examination of biochemical boundaries and histopathological examinations additionally exhibited the antidiabetic capability of the MECD with critical improvement of biochemical boundaries including body weight, serum lipid profile and cancer prevention agent chemicals/biomarkers in contrast with the ordinary control. The exercises of the MECD (500 mg/kg body weight) were similar somewhat with that of the standard medication, glibenclamide (5 mg/kg). Our concentrate experimentally approves the folkloric guarantee as well as customary purposes of C. dichotoma as antidiabetic medication. It is proposed that the antidiabetic movement of C. dichotoma might be because of the presence of phenolic phytoconstituents or plant flavonoids in the methanolic bark extricate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paracetamol has been employed over an extensive duration as an analgesic and antipyretic agent. Subsequently, there has been a notable escalation in the incidence of poisoning with paracetamol emerging as the predominant substance in cases of self-poisoning, associated with elevated fatality and morbidity rates. While the utilization, misuse, and strategies for mitigating paracetamol toxicity are under examination, serious consideration should be given to altering the drug's legal classification-potentially transitioning it to a prescription-only status, given the inherent risks. The most effective approach to quantifying the uneven distribution of resultant liver injury involves correlating plasma enzyme activity in the affected liver regions. Although liver glutathione levels decrease similarly with 3% casein + phenobarbitone and yeast diets, animals fed yeast exhibit heightened sensitivity to paracetamol despite lower cytochrome P- 450 levels. The addition of methionine to the oral dose of paracetamol proves preventive against fatalities and liver damage, suggesting a potentially valuable strategy for enhancing the safety of paracetamol administration, particularly in cases of potential overdose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to determine the effect of neurogenic, inflammatory, and infective fevers on acutely injured human spinal cord. In 86 patients with acute, severe traumatic spinal cord injuries (TSCIs; American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale (AIS), grades A–C) we monitored (starting within 72 h of injury, for up to 1 week) axillary temperature as well as injury site cord pressure, microdialysis (MD), and oxygen. High fever (temperature ≥38°C) was classified as neurogenic, infective, or inflammatory. The effect of these three fever types on injury-site physiology, metabolism, and inflammation was studied by analyzing 2864 h of intraspinal pressure (ISP), 1887 h of MD, and 840 h of tissue oxygen data. High fever occurred in 76.7% of the patients. The data show that temperature was higher in neurogenic than non-neurogenic fever. Neurogenic fever only occurred with injuries rostral to vertebral level T4. Compared with normothermia, fever was associated with reduced tissue glucose (all fevers), increased tissue lactate to pyruvate ratio (all fevers), reduced tissue oxygen (neurogenic + infective fevers), and elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines (infective fever). Spinal cord metabolic derangement preceded the onset of infective but not neurogenic or inflammatory fever. By considering five clinical characteristics (level of injury, axillary temperature, leukocyte count, C-reactive protein [CRP], and serum procalcitonin [PCT]), it was possible to confidently distinguish neurogenic from non-neurogenic high fever in 59.3% of cases. We conclude that neurogenic, infective, and inflammatory fevers occur commonly after acute, severe TSCI and are detrimental to the injured spinal cord with infective fever being the most injurious. Further studies are required to determine whether treating fever improves outcome. Accurately diagnosing neurogenic fever, as described, may reduce unnecessary septic screens and overuse of antibiotics in these patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acetaminophen (APAP) is a widely used drug known for its analgesic and antipyretic properties. However, its exact mechanism of action is still unclear and has been primarily associated with its effects on COX enzymes and serotonergic pathways. Till date, the immunological mechanisms affected by APAP has gained only inadequate attention. A distinct group of immune cells called Group 2 Innate Lymphoid Cells (ILC2s) are known to play an important role in type 2 cytokine-mediated immunity and their regulatory dysfunction is associated with numerous type 2 pathologies, such as allergy. Conversely, another class of recently characterized Innate Lymphoid Cells called Innate Regulatory Cells (ILCregs) suppress the activation of ILC2s. Maintaining a balance between ILC2s and ILCregs is vital for achieving a well-controlled immune response and tissue homeostasis. Recent studies have highlighted the critical role of prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) in the maturation and development of ILC2 functions. Since APAP also suppresses PGD2 synthesis, it was speculated that APAP treatment could reduce the number of ILC2s while potentially increasing the number of ILCregs. To investigate this hypothesis, here, we administered therapeutic doses of APAP to OVA-sensitized mice, a well-established model of type 2 pathological inflammation. The mice received oral doses of 200 mg/kg body wt. of APAP twice weekly, along with weekly OVA sensitizations for six weeks. The mice were sacrificed at different time points (days 14, 28 and 42) to assess the kinetics of ILC2s, ILCregs and immunoglobulins (IgE and IgG1). The results demonstrated that APAP treatment effectively suppressed OVA-induced ILC2s while significantly increasing the number of IL-10+ ILCregs. APAP exposure also led to decreased levels of serum PGD2, OVA-specific IgE and IgG1, and enhanced the level of IL-10 in OVA sensitized mice. Moreover, OVA sensitized mice treated with APAP did not develop pathological changes in spleen, when compared to OVA sensitized mice. Additionally, APAP treatment did not cause any adverse effects on mice liver in treatment groups. These preliminary findings suggest that APAP exhibits the capacity to modulate type 2 immune responses by suppressing ILC2s and inducing the expansion of IL-10+ ILCregs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: To determine the pharmacokinetics and clinical safety of acetaminophen after oral administration of 40 mg/kg q 12 hours or 60 mg/kg q 24 hours for 14 days. ANIMALS. 12 healthy light-breed neonatal foals. PROCEDURES: 6 foals received acetaminophen at 40 mg/kg q 12 hours and 6 foals received 60 mg/kg q 24 hours for 14 days. The study dates were January 31 to April 15, 2023. Physical examinations were performed daily. Plasma disposition of acetaminophen was determined after the first, mid-point drug administration. Hematology and biochemistry analysis was performed before the study, day 7, and the last day of drug administration. Plasma acetaminophen concentrations were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. Plasma pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated using noncompartmental analysis. RESULTS: No statistically significant changes occurred on hematology or biochemistry profiles. Elevations in γ-glutamyl transferase (GGT) and sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH) were noted in 4 foals at various time points. The maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) occurred within 2 hours for both doses. The 60 mg/kg dose resulted in a larger median Cmax (range) at 28 µg/mL (22-32) than the 40 mg/kg dose at 23 µg/mL (19-27). The median area under the concentration-vs-time curve from 0 to 8 hours (AUC0-8 hour [range]) was 100 h•µg/mL (82-100) at 40 mg/kg and 128 h•µg/mL (120-168) for 60 mg/kg. Trough concentrations decreased over time for both regimens. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Foals tolerate oral acetaminophen at 40 mg/kg q 12 hours or 60 mg/kg q 24 hours. Further analgesic and antipyretic studies will help to delineate optimal dosage regimens of acetaminophen to treat foals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By using Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy, Carbon -13 NMR spectroscopy, and mass spectroscopy, a novel series of pyrazolyl indoline-3-one (5a-5j) hybrids, were created. At a dose of ten mg, each final product's antiinflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic qualities were evaluated. The weight of each Wistar rat in kilograms were taken. The outcomes were compared with a reference standard, Indomethacin. It came to the conclusion that the final compounds had positive anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic properties. Further research is pivotal to exploit the reported compounds to get potent lead molecules for treating inflammation, pain, and fever. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Paracetamol (acetaminophen) is recommended as a first‐line drug in the management of pain and pyrexia in humans due to its minor gastrointestinal, renal and vascular side effects. Objectives: To explore the perceptions and use of paracetamol in dogs by UK veterinarians. Methods: Veterinarians were invited to complete an online survey. Questions addressed career history, previous use, and personal perceptions of the use of paracetamol in dogs. Results: A total of 450 veterinarians were included in the survey; 96% (n = 431) of whom worked in small animal practice only. The majority reported a frequency of use of 1–3 times a week (n = 197), with oral dosing being the most common route of administration (n = 440). Only 8 had never prescribed paracetamol. Paracetamol was more commonly used to provide analgesia (n = 431) than for the treatment of pyrexia (n = 292) and was predominantly used as an alternative to NSAIDs (n = 408) or as part of multimodal analgesia (n = 406). Hepatotoxic (n = 311) and gastrointestinal (n = 120) side effects were a common concern, although the majority perceived a low risk of side effects and felt they were likely to be mild if they did occur (n = 279). Only 5% (n = 24) of respondents reported having experienced side effects, with gastrointestinal signs (n = 14) and hepatotoxicity (n = 6) being the most common. Conclusions: Paracetamol is widely used by veterinarians working in the UK. Most veterinarians have changed their perception on the use of paracetamol over the last decade and consider it to be associated with fewer side effects and with more effective analgesic and antipyretic effects than they had previously believed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To compare the clinical effectiveness of Paracetamol with Ibuprofen as an antipyretic, fever relief and linked discomfort in children. Study Design: Comparative cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Combined Military Hospital, Abbottabad Pakistan from Apr to Nov 2019. Methodology: Children aged six months to five years, who reported fever between 38-41°C were included. Two temperature groups were developed, i.e., 37.8--38.9ºC and 39-41ºC with baseline temperatures of 38.60±0.56 for Paracetamol-Group and 38.58± 0.56ºC for Ibuprofen-Group. The prescriptions were given over to the parents with clarification about the dose of the medication. The medication had active and placebo forms. Information was gathered until saturation was done. Results: A total of 104 children were taken in the study. Of these, 77(74.08%) were females, and 27(24.96) were males. Comparing Ibuprofen-treated children with Paracetamol-Group, the final result showed that the extent of children's temperature management was greater in the Ibuprofen-Group 37(71%) than in the Paracetamol-Group 34(65%). Conclusion: Doctors, attendants and guardians wishing to use medications to treat children suffering from fever should be encouraged to use Ibuprofen first and to consider the relative risks and advantages of using Ibuprofen in addition to Paracetamol for fever. Comparatively, Ibuprofen is more effective than Paracetamol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluates the pharmacological activity of the methanolic extract of Cissus elongata Roxb. leaves. Dried leaves of C. elongata were extracted with methanol. The crude extract was then tested to identify the presence of different phytoconstituents. To evaluate the pharmacological effects of this plant-analgesic, anti-diarrheal, antiinflammatory and antipyretic, tests were conducted using animal models. Analgesic activity was evaluated by an acetic acid-induced writhing test, formalin-induced paw-licking test paw-licking immersion test. Castor oilinduced anti-diarrheal test was performed to evaluate anti-diarrheal activity. Xylene-induced ear edema and brewer's yeast-induced pyrexia test were performed to investigate anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activity respectively. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of carbohydrates, tannins, fat, and fixed oil. In writhing test, the extract showed 45.68±3.99 % and 52.28±1.67 % inhibition of writhing at a dose of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg respectively whereas it was 73.09±1.01 % for the standard drug compared to the control group. In the formalin-induced paw-licking test, the percentage inhibition of licking by both doses of the extract was more in the delayed phase than in the acute phase. In the tail immersion test, 200 mg/kg dose didn't show a significant effect but 40 0mg/kg showed significant (*P<0.05 vs. control) analgesic activity at 30 min, 60 min and 120 min time periods. In an anti-diarrheal study, 400 mg/kg dose showed (68.42±0.87 % inhibition of diarrhea) almost similar anti-diarrheal effect as the standard drug loperamide HCl (71.05±0.58 %). In xylene induced ear edema test, both doses of the extract showed little anti-inflammatory effect compared to the standard drug but both doses showed significant (*P<0.05 vs. control) reduction in body temperature in the antipyretic study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to evaluate the anti-obesity, anti-hyperglycaemic, analgesic and antipyretic activities of Globularia alypum (GA). GA methanol and water extracts (GAME, GAWE) were administered to high-fat-high-glucose diet (HFFD) rats. This study showed that GAME exhibited the highest antioxidant, anti-α-amylase and anti-lipase activities, with half inhibitory concentration (IC50) values 0.067, 1.05 and 2.97 mg/ml respectively. In HFFD rats, the administration of GAME inhibited lipase activity by 36, 37 and 30% in the intestine, pancreas and serum, respectively, reduced body weight by 17.7% and modulated lipid profile. In addition, administration of GAME to HFFD-rats decreased α-amylase activity, improved glucose level and protected liver function. Furthermore, the administration of GA extracts to rats revealed antipyretic (reduction in writhing by 64%) and analgesic (decrease of temperature by 1.11 °C) activities. This study showed that GA extracts exhibited an anti-obesity, anti-hyperglycaemia, anti-pyretic and analgesic activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discovering safe and efficacious therapeutic agents for treating diseases is the need of the day. Pain, inflammation, and pyrexia are frequently associated with various pathological disorders. Scutellaria linearis plant is widely used for the management of fever and pain in traditional system of medicines. In this study, we explored anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic and acute toxicity properties of this plant crude extract in animal model. First, the acute toxicity was tested at various concentrations. The analgesic effect was checked using hot plate method and acetic acid induced writhing test. The brewer’s yeast induced pyrexia and carrageenan induced inflammation bioassays were used for assessing the antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory potential of the plant. The crude methanolic extract of S. linearis at various doses, 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg (i.p) inhibited writhing by 35.77, 43.06 and 72%, respectively. The crude extract produced 54.25 % inhibition at maximum dose 300 mg/kg in the hot-plate model. The anti-inflammatory effect was assessed against carrageenan induced paw edema in mice. The results showed that the crude extract of S. linearis exert potent anti-inflammatory effect in the second phase (PGs dominant phase) which lasted up to the 5th hour. Activity of the methanolic extract against hyperpyrexia was assessed using the brewer’s yeast-induced pyrexia bioassay. In this model, the test extract significantly attenuated (74.35%) the yeast induced rectal temperature of mice. Acute oral toxicity test was performed in BALB/C mice of both sexes for assessing the toxicity potential of crude extract. The extract showed no signs of toxicity or behavioral changes at all tested doses. Further in-vivo experiments were conducted after confirming safety of test extract. The phytochemical screening confirmed the existence of natural constituents such as flavonoids, saponins, tannins, glycosides, terpenoids, amino acids and carbohydrates. Overall, this study revealed that crude extract of S. linearis possesses analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic potential in mice which suggests the strong ethno-pharmacological use of plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Swertia Mussotti is used as febrifuge, analgesic and to treat calculous cholecystitis, however, the underling mechanism remains unclear. This study investigates the therapeutic effect of the active fraction named iridoid and xanthone glycoside (IXG) extracted from S. mussotii on six animal models related to calculous cholecystitis and its complications, and to explore its potential target proteins. Four main compounds including swertiamarin (STR), sweroside (SRS), gentiopicroside (GPS) and mangiferin (MGR) were identified from the IXG by UHPLC-TOF-MS. The in vivo experiments results confirmed that IXG significantly decreased the level of total bilirubin (TBIL), direct bilirubin (DBIL) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) in calculous cholecystitis. IXG treatment dramatically reduced the number of twists and the time of clicking foot in 2nd phase induced by glacial acetic acid and formalin, however, no effect was showed on central pain established by hot plate test. IXG also significantly decreased the anal temperature induced by yeast and 2,4-dinitrophenol. These results indicated that IXG alleviate calculous cholecystitis and its clinical symptom. In addition, IXG suppressed the expression of Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in vitro. Mechanistically, COX2 was identified as the direct target of IXG in RAW264.7 cells, and downregulated the protein levels of COX2. The results confirmed that IXG ameliorates calculous cholecystitis and its clinical symptom (pain and fever) by suppressing the production of PGE2 through targeting COX2. [Display omitted] • IXG protects against the liver injury induced by calculous cholecystitis. • IXG inhibits peripheral pain induced by glacial acetic acid and formalin, respectively. • IXG inhibits inflammatory fever induced by yeast and non-inflammatory fever induced by 2,4-dinitrophenol. • IXG exerts analgesia and antipyretic effect by targeting COX2 to reduce the production of PGE2 in vitro. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To explore factors influencing fever management practices and antipyretic use among New Zealand Emergency Department (ED) doctors and nurses using the Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF).Methods: Cross-sectional survey of doctors and nurses across 11 New Zealand EDs. The questionnaire examined eight of 12 TDF domains, based on a generic questionnaire validated to assess TDF-based determinants of health-care professional behaviour. Relevant domains were identified by the frequency of beliefs; the presence of conflicting beliefs within a domain; and the likely strength of impact of a belief on paediatric fever management in the ED.Results: About 602 participants (243 doctors, 353 nurses and 6 unknown) completed the survey (response rate 47.5%). Over half (351/591, 59.6%, 95% confidence interval (CI) 55.5-63.5%) knew the content of clinical practice guidelines regarding antipyretic use in febrile children (TDF Domain Knowledge), or had been trained to ensure antipyretics are given to febrile children only if they appear distressed (347/592, 58.6%, 95% CI 54.5-62.6%) (Skills). Over 40% (246/590, 95% CI 37.7-45.8%) aim to reduce the fever before discharge (Goals). Most (444/591, 75.1%, 95% CI 71.4-78.6%) participants felt capable of explaining appropriate antipyretic use to parents/care givers (Beliefs about Capabilities). Only a minority (155/584, 26.5%, 95% CI 23.0-30.3%) thought that they can ensure antipyretics are given to febrile children only if they appear distressed when the ED is busy (Environmental Context and Resources).Conclusions: Using the TDF, we identified factors influencing fever management practices and antipyretic use in the ED. These factors can guide the design of targeted, theory-informed knowledge translation strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Respiratory illness is one of the most important public health problems in many countries worldwide. Even though most of the ailments are treatable with normal care, respiratory-related mortality continues to increase year after year. The global situation is deteriorating as a result of the COVID-19 epidemic. Numerous Unani formulations are beneficial against a variety of respiratory disorders, but they must be clinically researched before they can obtain widespread acceptance in the modern world. At the moment, no antiviral medication is either available for each respiratory disease or is costly and not easy to use in pandemics like COVID-19 on large scale, although Unani medicines may be considered an option. Khamira Banafsha (KB) is a semi-solid blend of three dried flowers, Viola odorata L., Borago officinalis L., and Rosa damascena Mill and the distillate of Rosa damascena, and sugar. The components in this formulation are well-known and frequently utilized in the treatment of respiratory problems. The formulation has been used to treat a wide range of illnesses for decades. This review will discuss the pharmacology, ethnopharmacology, and repurposing of KB as an adjuvant or symptomatic treatment for Covid-19 illness. The chemical composition of the ingredients may be evaluated In-silico to identify their eligibility for Covid-19 disease symptomatic management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background A severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) mRNA vaccine booster elicits sufficient antibody responses that protect against coronavirus disease 2019, whereas adverse reactions such as fever have been commonly reported. Associations between adverse reactions and antibody responses have not been fully characterized, nor has the influence of antipyretic use. Methods This is a prospective observational cohort study in Japan, following our prior investigation of BNT162b2 2-dose primary series. Spike-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) titers were measured for SARS-CoV-2–naive hospital healthcare workers who received a BNT162b2 booster. The severity of solicited adverse reactions, including the highest body temperature, and self-medicated antipyretics were reported daily for 7 days following vaccination through a web-based self-reporting diary. Results The data of 281 healthcare workers were available. Multivariate analysis extracted fever after the booster dose (β =.305, P <.001) as being significantly correlated with the specific IgG titers. The analysis of 164 participants with data from the primary series showed that fever after the second dose was associated with the emergence of fever after the booster dose (relative risk, 3.97 [95% confidence interval, 2.48–6.35]); however, the IgG titers after the booster dose were not associated with the presence or degree of fever after the second dose. There were no significant differences in the IgG titers by the use, type, or dosage of antipyretic medication. Conclusions These results suggest an independent correlation between mRNA vaccine–induced specific IgG levels and post–booster vaccination fever, without any significant influence of fever after the primary series. Antipyretic medications for adverse reactions should not interfere with the elevation of specific IgG titers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antipyretic drugs such as suspensions of Mefenamic acid (Ponstan), Ibuprofen and paracetamol (acetaminophen) are the most common drugs that wildly used in children to decrease the fever, pain and inflammation, and from clinical observations of children using these drugs, found they cause gastrointestinal complications and from this, the idea of this research was to find the effect of these drugs on the mucous membrane of the gastrointestinal tract in Swiss albino mice. In the present study, we used 30 mice classified into five groups which are G1 as control group, G2 receive 15 mg kg-1day-1 panadol, G3 receive 30 mg kg-1day-1ibuprofen, G4 receive 5 mg kg-1 day-1 Ponestan and G5 receive a combination of panadol and ibuprofen in same the previously doses respectively for 7 days. The gastric histological sections of G2 were normal mucosal, G4 shown mild mucosal glandular hyperplasia, while G3 and G5 groups appear flat mucosal surface with submucosal hyperplasia of gland mild atypical cells, and G2 showing mucosal glandular hyperplasia. The intestine histological sections of G2 appears normal intestinal villi with mild inflammatory cells infiltration, G3 shown dispersed slight shortening of intestinal villi with mild inflammatory cells infiltration, finally G4 and G5 shown villi hyperplasia with a slight widening of villi with mild inflammatory cells infiltration. NSAIDs are available over-the-counter drugs for adult and in pediatric population And it is considered a safe medicine if used in properly dose in the short-term, the decision to pick an antipyretic should be dictated by safety, efficacy, effectiveness, duration of action and the integrity of the patient gut. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cattle bile Arisaema (CBA) and Pig bile Arisaema (PBA) are both processed products fermented from Arisaema erubescens (Wall.) Schott and animal bile, which are recorded in China Pharmacopoeia. Traditionally, bile Arisaema was often used for clearing heat and eliminating phlegm, calming wind and calming panic. Modern pharmacological researches suggest that both two drugs exert an antipyretic effect, while there is lack of the systematical and comparative evidence on underlying mechanism. To comprehensively clarify the differences and underlying mechanisms of antipyretic effect of the two drugs. In this study, an accurate and reliable detection method based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UPLC-TQ MS) for comparing the content difference of bile acids from the two drugs was successfully established and applied. Besides, a dry yeast-induced fever rat model was established, and rectal temperature and content of pyrogenic cytokines were conducted to evaluate the antipyretic effect of CBA and PBA. Serum and hypothalamus untargeted metabolomics analysis based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-time of flight-mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS) technology were performed for elucidating the changes of metabolic profile. The results indicated that CBA and PBA both exerted a significantly antipyretic effect, but CBA showed the characteristic of quicker onset and longer duration than that of PBA. The ELISA and western blotting analysis exhibited that the underlying antipyretic mechanism of the two drugs was closely associated with inhibiting inflammation through regulating TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway. Moreover, the metabolism pathway analysis revealed that lipid metabolism and amino acid metabolism were greatly disturbed, which showed a certain correlation with antipyretic effect of two drugs. Collectively, our results delineate a potential mechanism of two different bile Arisaema s against febrile via regulating metabolic disorders and targeting inhibition of inflammation for the improvement of fever symptom of the body. Notably, our current study suggested that CBA might be a better choice for suppressing fever clinically. The comprehensive experimental protocol for comparative study of antipyretic effect of different bile-fermented Arisaemas on dry yeast-induced fever rats. [Display omitted] • The antipyretic effect of CBA and PBA was comparatively investigated in the fever rats induced by dry yeast. • The antipyretic mechanism of CBA and PBA was discussed through metabolomics. • CBA and PBA may inhibit the inflammation induced by fever through regulating TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The antipyretic, analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of two concentrations (100 and 200 mg/kg) of ethanolic extract of leaf, bark, flower and fruit pulp of C. fistula were determined in male wistar albino rats. Methods: Antipyretic activity was assessed by E. coli endotoxin induced pyrexia. Analgesic activity was assessed by hot plate, tail immersion and acetic acid induced writhing test. Anti-inf lammatory activity was evaluated by carrageenan-induced rat paw edema assay. Result: Significant (p<0.05) antipyretic activity was exhibited from 2 h onwards by bark extract @ 200 mg/kg and from 3h onwards by bark extract @100 mg/kg and leaves extract @ 200 mg/kg as compared to control group. Significant (p<0.05) analgesic activity was shown by extract of bark @ 200 mg/kg as it is evident by increase in reflex time in hot plate (90,120,180 min), tail immersion test (120,180 min) and inhibition of writhing (32.12%). Significant (p<0.05) anti-inf lammatory activity was exhibited from 3 h post administration by bark @ 200 and leaves @ 100 and 200 mg/kg. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dimethyl dimethoxy biphenyl (DDB) dicarboxylate has been applied as a therapeutic modality for curing liver diseases, particularly hepatitis virus. The objective of this study was to assess the protective potential against Triton X-100 induced abnormal fat metabolism in addition to anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic effects of DDB. The anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, and antipyretic of DDB were investigated through induction of paw edema, pain, and fever in experimental rats. DDB decreased cholesterol and triglyceride contents. DDB resulted in inhibition of inflammation, nociception, and fever in the experimental models. DDB improved lipid profile, as evidence of hypolipidemic potential. It also showed anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The anti-spike IgG titers of healthcare workers were measured after COVID-19 vaccination. • Reactogenicity and antipyretic use after each dose were investigated. • Female sex and younger age were associated with higher IgG response. • Maximum body temperature after the second dose was associated with the IgG level. • Antipyretic use to mitigate adverse reactions did not interfere with IgG response. The reactogenicity of BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccine has been commonly reported and antipyretic medications are often used for mitigating adverse reactions. Possible associations between the reactogenicity events and specific antibody responses have not been fully investigated, nor has the influence of using antipyretics. Serum samples were collected from hospital healthcare workers with no COVID-19 history and the SARS-CoV-2 spike-specific IgG titer after two doses was measured. Degree of solicited adverse reactions in a day, including the highest body temperature, were reported using a self-reporting diary for five days after each dose. The highest body temperature during the five days was divided into three grades (<37.0 °C, 37.0–37.9 °C, or ≥ 38.0 °C). Self-medicated antipyretics were reported using a questionnaire. The data of 335 participants were available for analysis. Multivariate analysis extracted the fever grade after the second dose (standardized coefficient beta = 0.301, p < 0.0001), female sex (beta = 0.196, p = 0.0014), and age (beta = -0.119, p = 0.0495) as being significantly correlated with the IgG titers. The positive correlation of the fever grade after the second dose with the IgG titers was also observed when analyzed by sex and age. The use of antipyretics did not interfere with the IgG titers irrespective of the fever grade. The fever intensity after the second dose was associated with the IgG titer and antipyretic medications may be beneficial to mitigate the suffering from adverse reactions, without interfering with the acquisition of sufficient antibody responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Self-medication is an attempt to self-medicate without a doctor's prescription. Antipyretics was the most purchased drugs in the implementation of self-medication. Many students also applying self-medication method. However, errors in self-medication were still found. This study aimed to describe the knowledge about the use and practice of self-medicated antipyretic drug selection by non-health students of Universitas Airlangga. This research was a cross-sectional study. Data was collected by a survey design. Respondents were selected by the purposive sampling. The data collecting instrument was an online questionnaire through google form. A total of 111 non-health major students of Universitas Airlangga who did self-medication with antipyretic drugs participated in this study. The results showed that 13 (11.71%) respondents had low knowledge, 74 (66.67%) had moderate knowledge, and 24 (21.62%) had high knowledge about self-medication use of antipyretic drugs. The majority of knowledge level of non-health students of Universitas Airlangga about the use of antipyretic medications for self-medication were in the moderate category. Knowledge of use and practice in selecting self-medication antipyretic drugs needs to be improved to achieve successful treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fernandoa adenophylla is well-known Thai medicinal tree used for treating skin disorders, as antiviral, antihypertensive, antidiabetic, and anti-diarrheal remedies, and muscle relaxant. In the present work, anthelmintic activity was studied on Pheretima posthuma (earth worm) specie. For analgesic activity (hot plate method), three groups of mice (n = 6 per group) were taken followed by intake of 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg dose of all extracts. Tramadol (0.1 mg/kg) and normal saline (0.9 g/L) were taken as positive and negative control, respectively. For antipyretic activity (Brewer's yeast induced pyrexia), 5 groups of mice (n = 6 per group) were kept on fasting for 5 h before activity testing, while only water intake was allowed. Doses of 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg of all three extracts were administered. Paracetamol and NaCl were administered as standard and negative control, respectively. The rectal temperature was measured every hour for 5 h after dosing to observe changes in temperature. Toxicologically, all extracts were determined up to 4 g/kg in mice. In case of anthelmintic activity, the aqueous extract (60 mg/mL) significantly caused paralysis of P. posthuma in 15.4 ± 1.9 min. The aqueous extract showed greater analgesic activity at dose of 300 mg/kg for 60 min, continued till 90 min (p < 0.001) as compared to other extracts. The antipyretic activity of aqueous extract was significantly raised at 200 mg/kg after treatment (p < 0.01) and maximum level was observed in 4th and 5th hour of treatment. As a result, the plant extract showed no toxicity during toxicological analysis in mice, the highest dose of extracts was 4 g/kg. It can be concluded that the aqueous extract of F. adenophylla leaves exhibited best pharmacological potentials against model test organisms. Clinical trials are recommended for the above mentioned pharmacological activities of the aqueous extract of F. adenophylla leaves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study is the evaluation of the antibacterial (in vitro) and antipyretic (in vivo) activity of the hydroalcoholic extracts of three organs (leaves, twigs and berries) of Jeniperus phoenicea L. The susceptibility test of bacterial strains (Escherichia coli ATCC25922, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC27853, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC25923, Staphylococcus aureus subsp. aureus ATCC43300) was evaluated against our extracts by the agar medium diffusion method. Acute toxicity was determined by Lorke's method, to our extracts by the agar diffusion method. Mice induced by 20% beer yeast. The results show that leaf and twig extracts have a remarkable antibacterial effect on Gram+ bacteria. The acute toxicity text reveals that extracts from three organs are considered as weakly toxic substances, intraperitoneal administration of the hydro-alcoholic extracts of three organs at different doses significantly reduces hyperthermia. These results support, at least partially, some traditional therapeutic indications of the plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sesuvium sesuvioides (Fenzl) Verdc is traditionally used in the treatment of inflammatory diseases such as arthritis and gout The aim of present study was to assess the possible anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic potential of the methanol extract of Sesuvium sesuvioides (SsCr) to prove scientifically its folklore use in the inflammatory diseases and to screen its total antioxidant capacity by multiple methods and phytocompounds by GC–MS. The preliminary phytochemical studies showed the presence of phenols, flavonoids, glycosides, coumarin, terpenoids, saponins, fats and carbohydrates in crude extract. The total phenolic contents (27.31 ± 0.28 mg GAE/g) and total flavonoids (3.58 ± 0.12 mgRE/g) values were observed. The antioxidant capacity of SsCr showed significant DPPH, ABTS, CUPRAC, FRAP, PBD and metal chelating results. GC–MS analysis displayed the phytoconstituents with anti-inflammatory potentials such as 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol, vanillin, umbelliferone, methyl ferulate, palmitoleic acid, methyl palmitate and phytol. SsCr presented noteworthy HRBC membrane stability with maximum inhibition of cell hemolysis (47.79%). In carrageenan-induced hind paw edema assay result showed dose-dependent anti-inflammatory action. SsCr presented significant (p < 0.05) analgesic activity in hot-plate and tail flicking tests similarly it also showed the noteworthy inhibition in pain latency against formalin induced analgesia at 1st and 2nd phases. SsCr reduced the acetic acid-induced writhes at different doses (250, 500 and 750 mg). Results of antipyretic activity of SsCr extract were significant at 500 and 750 mg. The results of in vitro and in vivo experimental studies verified the anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic potential of Sesuvium sesuvioides and supported the folklore uses of this plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The desiccative ripe fruits of Gardenia (Gardenia jasminoides Ellis) (called Zhizi in China) are known with cold character and the effects of reducing fire except vexed, clearing away heat evil, and cooling blood and eliminating stasis. Zhizi is often clinical formulated to treat various types of fever. Fever is a sign of inflammation and, geniposide from Zhizi has been proved with anti-inflammatory in various inflammatory models. The aim of this study was to investigate the antipyretic role of geniposide with three classical inflammatory fever models and explore the underlying mechanisms. Water extract (WE), high polar part (HP), iridoid glycoside part (IG), and gardenia yellow pigment part (GYP) from Gardeniae Fructus (GF) were obtained from Zhizi. The antipyretic activities of these composes were tested with dry yeast induced fever rats. Geniposide was further purified from IG and the antipyretic activity was evaluated by gavage, intraperitoneal injection, and caudal intravenous injection to rats of fever induced by dry yeast, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and 2, 4-dinitrophenol (DNP) in rats. Then, the mechanism of geniposide by intragastric administration was studied. The contents of thermoregulatory mediators and inflammatory factors relating to TLR4/NF-κB pathway in serum were determined by ELISA and Western blot, and the pathological changes of the hypothalamus were observed by HE staining. The temperature was decreased by geniposide in the three fever model rats. Geniposide can not only inhibit the increase of inflammatory factors in serum but also protect the hypothalamus from fever pathological damage in the three fever models. Western blot showed that geniposide could inhibit the TLR4/NF-κB pathway. Geniposide exerts antipyretic effect in febrile rats through modulating the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway. [Display omitted] • Iridoid glycoside part from Gardeniae Fructus showed antipyretic effect. • Antipyretic effect of geniposide was proved with three fever model rats. • Geniposide inhibit inflammatory through the TLR4/NF-κB pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tetrastigma hemsleyanum Diels et Gilg, is one of the perennial evergreen plants with grass vine, which has obvious curative effect on severe infectious diseases. Although Tetrastigma hemleyanum has long been recognized for its capacity of antipyretic and antitoxic, its specific mechanism is unknown. To evaluate the antipyretic effect of Tetrastigma hemleyanum polysaccharide (THP) on mice with dry yeast-induced fever, and to explore its specific antipyretic mechanism. In this study, THP was administered by aerosol in febrile mice. The rectal temperatures of treated animals were monitored at different time points. Histopathological evaluation and various inflammatory indexes were used to assess inflammatory damage. The concentration variations of the central neurotransmitter, endocrine system, substance and energy metabolism indicators were measured to explore the physiological mechanism. Quantitative real-time PCR, Western bolt and Immunohistochemistry were performed to identify the correlation between antipyretic and TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway. THP reduced the body temperature of febrile mice induced by dry yeast, as well as the levels of thermogenic cytokines and downregulated the contents of thermoregulatory mediators. THP alleviated the pathological damage of liver and hypothalamus caused by fever. In addition, THP decreased the secretion of thyroid hormone, substance and energy metabolism related indicators. Furthermore, THP significantly suppressed TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway-related indicators. Conclusions : In conclusion, our results suggest that inhaled THP exerts antipyretic effect by mediating the thermoregulatory mediator, decreasing the content of pyrogenic factors to lower the body temperature, and eventually restoring the high metabolic level in the body to normal via inhibiting TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway. The study provides a reasonable pharmacodynamic basis for the treatment of polysaccharide in febrile-related diseases. Mechanism of the antipyretic activity of THP. THP regulates the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway to achieve an antipyretic role through the central nervous system to reduce cytokine levels, histopathological damage and then mediates the endocrine system, substance metabolism and energy metabolism. The figure was created with BioRender.com (accessed on July 10, 2023). [Display omitted] • THP was administered by aerosol in the treatment of pyrexia mice induced by dry yeast. • The antipyretic effect of THP was related to substances and energy metabolism indicators such as Glu, PA, PA, LD, TG, etc. • The antipyretic activity of THP was related to the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electrochemical sensors modified with various nanomaterials, polymers, and biomaterials have been used efficiently for the selective determination of antipyretic and antibiotic drugs. The sensors have showed good applicability in both environmental and biological samples. [Display omitted] • Overview of Electrochemical sensors for the determination of antipyretic and antibiotic drugs. • Classification of Electrochemical sensors based on different fabricating materials. • Analytical performance of the selected drug Electrochemical sensors have been tabulated for comparison. • Future scope of sensors have been discussed. Antipyretic and antibiotic medications are the most commonly used drugs to treat pain, fever, inflammation and bacterial infections. But an overdose can be harmful to the human being, and unregulated discharge into environments poses serious threats to the environment. Conventional analytical methodologies have been replaced by electrochemical sensors, which have tremendous potential for selective and sensitive determination of pharmaceutical drugs in various biological and environmental samples at low cost. The current review provides an overview of electrochemical sensors fabricated by various nanomaterials, polymer and biological compounds for the determination of antipyretic and antibiotic drugs. These modifiers provide additional functional groups, surface area and conductivity which enhance the recovery response of the sensors. Additionally, other analytical performances like linear range, limit of detection, real sample analysis and detection technique have been provided. Finally, this review finishes by going through potential future developments, difficulties, and opportunities for developing economical and environment friendly electrochemical sensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current investigation was designed to evaluate the analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory effects of various extracts (methanol, ethanol, and aqueous) of dried fruit of Illicium verum hook.f, using 3 different doses (150, 250, and 350 mg/kg p.o) to verify the traditional uses of this spice. In the hot plate model of analgesia, ethanol extract showed a significant reduction in pain in a dose-dependent manner compared to the control group. The maximum effect was observed at 350 mg/kg dosage i.e., 16.90±0.17 s compared to the control group i.e., 5.03±0.05 s. The antipyretic activity was assessed in rats by Brewer's yeast induction. The methanol and ethanol extracts produced a significant reduction in rectal temperature compared to the control group throughout the three doses. The maximum effect was observed at 350 mg/kg dosage of ethanol extract i.e., 37.1±0.8* compared to the control i.e., 39.1±0.3. In the paw edema model, methanol and ethanol extracts disclosed a significant reduction in paw edema at 350 mg/kg of dose. The maximum effect was observed at 350 mg/kg dosage of ethanol extract i.e., 0.25±0.23* compared to the control i.e., 0.97±0.4. In a behavioral study, locomotor activity (rearing) and exploratory activity (grooming) in mice was reduced significantly at higher doses (350 mg/kg p.o) involving the three extracts. However, scratching was increased non-significantly at all doses compared to the control group. This study concluded that various extracts of Illicium verum hook.f showed significant analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory effects at different doses in a dose-dependent manner with varying potencies. The ethanol extract was found to be more potent among all, followed by methanol and aqueous extracts, whereas maximum effects were observed at 350 mg/kg of dose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective(s): The present study determines the chemical constituents of Persea americana using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and its different activities. Materials and Methods: Air-dried powdered leaves of Persea americana were extracted by 95% methanol and fractionated consecutively with petroleum ether, chloroform, and ethyl acetate. The saponifiable matter, EtOAc and aqueous fractions were subjected to GC-MS. The analgesic, antiinflammatory, antipyretic, and antihyperglycemic properties of extracts, different fractions, and crude polysaccharide were determined by hot plate, carrageenan-induced paw edema, yeast-induced pyrexia, and alloxan-induced hyperglycemia methods, respectively. Results: Fourteen fatty acid methyl esters were identified in GC-MS-based profiling of the saponifiable matter. Alongside, 13 compounds were determined from EtOAc fraction and 6 compounds from the aqueous fraction of P. americana leaves. The ethyl acetate fraction and total stem extract displayed high anti-inflammatory potential with percentage of paw edema reduction by 48.99 and 47.54 %, respectively, compared with that of indomethacin (42.90 %). The ethyl acetate fraction and total stem extract revealed the highest analgesic activity with 137.95 and 137.12 % percent of protection against external stimulus, respectively. Investigation of antipyretic efficiency showed the total stem extract and crude polysaccharides attained normal temperature after 3 hr, which was very close to that of acetylsalicylic acid. The total leaf and stem extracts displayed significant antihyperglycemic activity with significant reduction in the level of blood glucose by 76.67 and 59.05 %, respectively. Conclusion: P. americana had analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and antihyperglycemic properties, which refer to its bioactive metabolites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was aimed at evaluation of the analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activity of total methanolic and aqueous extract of Fruit of P. aculeate Linn in mice and rats. The methanolic extract of P. aculeate L Fruit at a dose of 200 mg/kg body weight has shown significant analgesic, antipyretic and antiinflammatory activity as compared to aqueous extract. The result of hot plate indicated that the total methanolic extract shows a significant increase (P<0.01) in reaction time at 2 and 3 hours comparable to the reference drug Pentazocin but lesser (P<0.05) at 1 hr. The tail immersion and hot plate test reveal that this plant has high analgesic activity. This is because some form of error may be introduced with the animal handing while the test is being elicited. Both test show highest degree of analgesia in methanolic extract compared to aqueous extract. The total methanolic extract of P. aculeate L fruit at the a dose of 200 mg/kg body weight has shown significant (p<0.001) antipyretic activity as compared to aqueous extract, it has shown significant fall in body temperature up to 4h following its admistration. The antipyretic activity stared as early as 1h and the effect was maintain for 4h. The response was comparable to that antipyretic activity of paracetamol a standard antipyretic drug. Total methanolic extract significantly inhibited Carrageenin-induced paw oedemaas compared; it may be due to possible inhibition of lipooxygenase pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In conventional methods of medication, Marsdenia tenacissima (family: Apocynaceae) is used in the treatment of scurvy, urinary diseases, arthritis, heart disease, skin disease, pruritus, vomiting and intermittent fever. Estimation of biological activities confirmed that M. tenacissima plant shows antipyretic, antioxidant, anticancer and anti-HIV activities. This assessment presents the phytochemical constituents, traditional importance and pharmacological activities accounted for the plant in recent literature and it will be supportive to explore incisive information about M. tenacissima for the researchers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antipyretic, children, drug allergy, drug hypersensitivity reactions, drug-induced enterocolitis syndrome Keywords: antipyretic; children; drug allergy; drug hypersensitivity reactions; drug-induced enterocolitis syndrome EN antipyretic children drug allergy drug hypersensitivity reactions drug-induced enterocolitis syndrome 1 3 3 03/29/22 20220301 NES 220301 Drug-induced enterocolitis syndrome (DIES) is a new clinical presentation similar to food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome (FPIES). Drug-induced enterocolitis syndrome is currently considered to be a syndrome equivalent to FPIES but involving allergens of a different nature, respectively, drug versus food. [Extracted from the article]

Piper nigrum L. also called black pepper is popular for its numerous uses. The present research is designed to investigate the pharmacological potential of methanol extract of Piper nigrum (MEPN). The antidepressant investigation was performed by using both in vivo forced swimming test (FST) and tail suspension test (TST) methods while the anxiolytic research by hole‐board test (HBT) method. Again, the antipyretic analysis was conducted through yeast‐induced pyrexia method, whereas clot lysis activity was employed by the thrombolytic method. Furthermore, in silico studies followed by molecular docking analysis of several secondary metabolites, pass prediction, and ADME/T were evaluated with AutoDock Vina, Discovery Studio 2020, UCSF Chimera software PASS online, and ADME/T online tools. The plant extract demonstrated dose‐dependent potentiality in antidepressant, anxiolytic, antipyretic, and thrombolytic activities. Induction of MEPN produced a significant (p <.5, p <.001) increase of mobility in FST and TST, and increased the head dipping and decreased the latency of time (p <.01, p <.001) in HBT. MEPN 400 (mg/kg; b.w.; p.o.) lowered the rectal temperature of yeast‐induced pyrexia substantially (p <.001). Besides, MEPN produced promising (p <.001) clot lysis activity. In the computational approach, among all the proteins, a docking score was found ranging from −1.0 to −7.90 kcal/mol. Besides, all the compounds were found safe in ADME/T study. The results of our scientific research validate the suitability of this plant as an alternative source of novel therapeutics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dipyrone (metamizole) is well-known for its powerful effect with central and peripheral activity. This meta-analysis involved articles published between 1973 and 2021, revealing that Brazil is the country which most published scientific articles relating the use of dipyrone in dogs, and this drug is widely recommended as an analgesic to control pain in cases of postoperative and cancer. Dipyrone is one of the favorite drugs used in small animal clinic in Brazil, and 12 commercial brands are available to use in dogs at doses among 25 to 50mg/kg for oral, intravenous and intramuscular administration. The effects of dipyrone may be potentiated when used in combination with other analgesic agents such as tramadol. In several studies, the occurrence of vomiting has been observed as an adverse effect, especially when the drug is used during surgical procedures, but metamizole has presented a low potential to cause gastric ulceration. The meta-analysis study of the use of dipyrone in dogs shows the clinical importance of this drug in Brazil, being an effective and safe medication, as long as it is used in the indicated dose of 25 mg/kg. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The classical Siddha formulation Nilavembu Kudineer (NVK) is more effective in treating fever, infection, pain, and inflammation, but it is a liquid, is bitter in taste, is in a non-palatable form, and hence it was converted into a portable and palatable NVK capsule with increased shelf-life to comply with the needs of patients. The present study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the NVK capsule in comparison with the classical NVK by using animal models. Materials and Methods: NVK and NVK capsules were processed as per the standard operating procedures, and the extracts were prepared for oral administration. The antibacterial and antifungal activities of the drug in comparative assay with the standards – ciprofloxacin and fluconazole – were evaluated by the agar diffusion method. Analgesic activity of NVK and NVK Capsule was studied in Swiss albino mice of either sex (n=4), compared with positive control group; Antipyretic and antiinflammatory activity was studied in Wistar rats of either sex (n=4), compared with the positive control of Paracetamol and Indomethacin respectively.. Results: The zone of inhibition in antimicrobial assay revealed that NVK capsule is more effective than the extract of NVK. The NVK capsule at 200 mg/kg has equal and consistent efficacy (P < 0.01) to reduce pyrexia compared to paracetamol 150 mg/kg at 1–5 h. Furthermore NVK capsule at 400 mg/kg showed a statistically significant analgesic effect (P < 0.01) and higher level of inhibition of inflammation in comparison with NVK and indomethacin (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The study concludes that NVK capsule has very effective antimicrobial, analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities in comparison with classical NVK. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Narcotics (e.g., opioids) or non-narcotics (e.g., salicylates and corticosteroids) are used in the management of pain and inflammation, both of which have side effects, thereby emphasizing the search for natural substances. Piperine found naturally in plants of the Piperaceae family has shown inhibitory activity against 5-lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase-1 in in vitro studies. Objectives: To evaluate the analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic activity of piperine in comparison to aspirin. Materials and Methods: Albino Wistar rats of either sex weighing 180–200 g and Swiss mice weighing 25–30 g were used. The tail-flick method and hot plate method in rats and acetic acid-induced writhing method in mice were used for the evaluation of analgesic activity. The carrageenan-induced paw edema method, cotton pellet-induced granuloma method, and formalin-induced arthritis method were used for the evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity. Baker's yeast-induced pyrexia model was used to evaluate antipyretic activity. Results: Piperine showed significant analgesic effect of 40%–55% in tail-flick method, 58% in hot plate method, and 54% in acetic acid-induced writhing model, when compared to negative controls. The percentage inhibition of inflammation, in comparison to controls, was significant at 56% for carrageenan-induced paw edema model and 40% for formalin-induced arthritis model. In the cotton pellet-induced granuloma model, however, it was only 10%. In the yeast model of pyrexia, piperine significantly reduced rectal temperature at 4 h. However, aspirin had better effect than piperine in all these models. Conclusion: Piperine exhibits significant analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic activity though not comparable to aspirin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research describes an investigation of the antipyretic and hepatoprotective properties of both a crude organic extract and various subfractions of the ethnomedicinal plant Tinospora crispa, using appropriate animal models. In an attempt to identify potential lead hepatoprotective compounds, in silico experiments were utilized. Antipyretic activity was assessed via the Brewer's yeast‐induced pyrexia method, while hepatoprotective effects were evaluated in a carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)‐induced animal model. A computer‐aided prediction of activity spectra for substances (PASS) model was applied to a selection of documented phytoconstituents, with the aim of identifying those compounds with most promising hepatoprotective effects. Results were analyzed using Molinspiration software. Our results showed that both the methanol extract (METC) and various subfractions (pet ether, PEFTC; n‐hexane, NHFTC; and chloroform, CFTC) significantly (p <.05) reduced pyrexia in a dose‐dependent manner. In CCl4‐induced hepatotoxicity studies, METC ameliorated elevated hepatic markers including serum alanine amino transferase (ALT), aspartate amino transferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and total bilirubin. Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were significantly reduced, while superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels were significantly increased. Among a selection of metabolites of T. crispa, genkwanin was found to be the most potent hepatoprotective constituent using PASS predictive models. These results demonstrate that both the methanolic extract of T. crispa and those fractions containing genkwanin may offer promise in reducing pyrexia and as a source of potential hepatoprotective agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The objectives of the study were to compare the antipyretic effect and safety profile of oral and rectal paracetamol in febrile children. Materials and Methods: The prospective observational study was conducted in 76 children in a tertiary care teaching hospital in Bengaluru. Subjects were divided into two groups, Groups O (oral) and R (Rectal) based on the route of administration of paracetamol. Group O was given oral paracetamol at a dose of 15 mg/kg and Group R was given rectal paracetamol at a dose of 15 mg/kg. Required data were collected in specially modified case report form. Baseline axillary temperature and temperature after 1, 2, and 3 h of drug administration were recorded using digital thermometer. The adverse drug reactions (ADRs) associated with oral and rectal paracetamol were monitored. The suspected ADRs were assessed for causality using the WHO scale and severity using Hartwigs and Siegel scale during study. The collected data were compared using two sample t-test and followed by one-way analysis of variance and appropriate post hoc test. Results: It was observed that the antipyretic effectiveness of equal doses of oral and rectal paracetamol (15 mg/kg) is non-significant in terms of mean change in temperature in comparison to the baseline values in between patients of both the groups after 1 h (P = 0.364), 2 h (P = 0.900), and 3 h (P = 0.757) which is more than 0.05. Conclusion: The difference in the antipyretic effect of oral and rectal paracetamol is still unclear. The results of the study conclude that both the oral and rectal paracetamol have similar effectiveness in reducing the temperature in febrile children. Rectal route can be preferred in case of unconscious patient, patient with complaints of vomiting and any condition which precludes the administration of oral paracetamol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The World Health Organization has listed approximately 21,000 plants, which are used for medicinal purpose around the world. Among these 2500 varieties are in India, out of which 150 species are used commercially on a fairly large scale. The role of traditional medicines in the solution of health problems is priceless on a global level. As estimated by WHO, 80% population of underdeveloped countries rely on traditional system of medicine. India is the chief producer of medicinal herbs and is called as botanical garden of the world. Plant based drugs are used as remedial agents or their chief constituent separated by chemical processes which are employed as medicines. The most common illness is fever which is pharmacological known as pyrexia characterized by elevation of body temperature above 37° C. Fever is associated with symptoms of sickness behavior which consist of lethargy, depression, anorexia, sleepiness, & inability to concentrate. Traditional use of herbal medicine is very basic and integral part of various cultures and spread of modern science. Medicinal plants are the only easily accessible health care alternative for most of our population and traditional medicines remained a part of our integral health system. The use of Ayurvedic medicines are common in both adults and children and are increasing in many areas of the world. This review article will discuss the benefits with use of herbal medicines as Antipyretic activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inflammation is the response of the body to noxious stimuli such as infections, trauma, or injury. Experimental studies have shown that vanillic acid has anti‐inflammatory effects. The objective of this study was to investigate the anti‐inflammatory and antipyretic properties of the derivative of vanillic acid, isopropyl vanillate (ISP‐VT), in mice. The results of this study indicated that ISP‐VT reduced paw edema induced by carrageenan, dextran sulfate (DEX), compound 48/80, serotonin, bradykinin (BK), histamine (HIST), and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). Furthermore, ISP‐VT reduced recruitment of leukocytes and neutrophils and reduced its adhesion and rolling, and decreased myeloperoxidase enzyme activity (MPO), cytokine levels (tumor necrosis factor‐α and interleukin‐6), and vascular permeability. ISP‐VT also significantly reduced the expression of cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) in subplantar tissue of mice. ISP‐VT inhibited COX‐2 selectively compared to the standard drug. Our results showed that although ISP‐VT binds to COX‐1, it is less toxic than indomethacin, as evidenced by MPO analysis of gastric tissue. Treatment with the ISP‐VT significantly reduced rectal temperature in yeast‐induced hyperthermia in mice. Our results showed that the main mechanism ISP‐VT‐induced anti‐inflammatory activity is by inhibition of COX‐2. In conclusion, our results indicate that ISP‐VT has potential as an anti‐inflammatory and antipyretic therapeutic compound. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crude extracts prepared from aerial parts and nut galls of Quercus floribunda Lindl. Ex. A. Camus were evaluated for phytochemical screening, in vitro antioxidant, and in vivo analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activities. Various solvents including methanol (M), acetone (A), distilled water (DW), distilled water + methanol (DWM) were used for extraction. Highest total phenolic (66.9 ± 0.05 μg GAE/mgE) and flavonoid content (38.4 ± 0.72 μg QE/mgE) were measured in QFAA extract by colorimetric methods. Cumulative maximum concentrations of polyphenols were quantified in QFMG, QFAA, and QFMA extracts i.e. 19.036, 15. 574 and 11.647 μg/mg of extract by RP-HPLC analysis. From aerial parts extracts, apentacyclic tritepenoid, glutinol was isolated using column chromatography techniques and structure was elucidated using spectroscopic techniques. QFDWMA (205.5 ± 0.56 μg AAE/mg of extract) showed highest total reducing power while highest total antioxidant capacity (207.1 ± 0.49 AAE/mg of extract) and free radical scavenging potential (96.1 ± 0.42%) were observed in QFAA extract. QFAA extract showed significant (p ≤ 0.001) analgesic potential in different pain models i.e. hot plate method, cold plate method, Haffner's tail clip method and acetic acid induced writhing assay having 50.20%, 62.07%, 57.26% and 70.49% analgesia respectively at 300 mg/kg. QFAA extract showed maximum anti-inflammatory activity in croton oil induced edema (68.83%) and in carrageenan induced paw edema models (72.32%) at 300 mg/kg concentration. QFAA extract markedly reduced the rectal temperature at 300 mg/kg concentration, in brewer's yeast induced pyrexia model. Detailed investigations can be executed in future to determine the molecular mechanisms of these pharmacological attributes. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This retrospective cohort study aimed to describe antipyretic use among healthy patients in a pediatric emergency department (ED) with nonurgent fever defined as: triage level 4 or 5, chief complaint fever or temperature 38°C to 39°C, and otherwise normal vital signs, and determine if antipyretic administration is associated with increased ED length of stay (LOS). We compared continuous variables using Kruskal-Wallis and Wilcoxon rank sum testing. We adjusted confounding variables using logistic regression modeling. A total of 22 169 patients were included. Of these, 52% received antipyretic: acetaminophen (38%), ibuprofen (19%), or both antipyretics (5%). ED LOS (median hours) varied by number of antipyretic types given (none, 2.2; ibuprofen, 2.7; acetaminophen, 2.7; and both 3.4, P < .001) and number of doses (0 doses, 2.2, 1 dose, 2.7; 2 doses, 3.4, P < .001). Patients who received antipyretic were more likely to have ED LOS greater than 2 hours (adjusted odds ratio 1.99, 95% CI 1.88-2.11) compared with those with no antipyretic, controlling for age, imaging studies, laboratory studies, antibiotic administration, and disposition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The antinociceptive, antipyretic and antimicrobial activities possessed by different solvent extracts of Chrozophora tinctoria were investigated. Analgesic activity of the crude methanol extract was studied using the hot plate and acetic acid-induced writhing methods and antipyretic activity using standard procedures on mice. Chrozophora tinctoria extract had highest latency time on the hot plate. The plant extracts reduced the number of abdominal constriction by 50 % at a dose of 150 mg/kg. The antipyretic effect of all doses tested was comparable to that of normal saline. Maximum decrease in the body temperature of the mice was observed at a dose of 300 mg/kg extract. Ethyl acetate extract revealed good antibacterial potential against Salmonella typhi (83 % inhibition) and Shigella sonnei (63 % inhibition). Chloroform extract showed highest antifungal activity against Rhizopus sp. (68 % inhibition). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paracetamol [N‐(4‐hydroxyphenyl)acetamide, C8H9NO2] has several polymorphs, just like many other drugs. The most stable polymorphs, denoted Forms I and II, can be obtained easily and their crystal structures are known. Crystals of the orthorhombic, less stable, room‐temperature Form III are difficult to grow; they need a special recipe to crystallize and suffer from severe preferred orientation. A crystal structure model of Form III has been proposed and solved from a combination of structure prediction and powder X‐ray diffraction (PXRD) [Perrin et al. (2009). Chem. Commun.22, 3181–3183]. The final Rwp value of 0.138 and the corresponding considerable residual trace were reasons to check its validity. A new structure determination of Form III using new high‐resolution PXRD data led to a final Rwp value of 0.042 and an improvement of the earlier proposed model. In addition, a reversible phase transition was found at 170–220 K between the orthorhombic Form III and a novel monoclinic Form III‐m. The crystal structure of Form III‐m has been determined and refined from PXRD data to a final Rwp value of 0.059. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]