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Determining the post-mortem interval (PMI) is one of forensic pathology's primary objectives and one of its most challenging tasks. Numerous studies have demonstrated the accuracy of histomorphology and immunohistochemical investigations in determining the time of death. Nevertheless, the skin, a robust and easy-to-remove tissue, has only been partially analyzed so far. By studying 20 adult male mice, we tried to determine whether post-mortem immunohistochemical detection in the skin of HMGB1 proteins and associated components (Beclin1 and RAGE) could be used for this purpose. We discovered that nuclear HMGB1 overexpression indicates that death occurred within the previous 12 h, nuclear HMGB1 negativization with high cytoplasmic HMGB1 intensity indicates that death occurred between 12 and 36 h earlier and cytoplasmic HMGB1 negativization indicates that more than 48 h have passed since death. RAGE and Beclin1 levels in the cytoplasm also decreased with time. The latter proteins' negativization might indicate that more than 24 and 36 h, respectively, have passed from the time of death. These indicators might potentially be helpful in forensic practice for determining the PMI using immunohistochemistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Estimating the post-mortem interval is a fundamental, albeit challenging task in forensic sciences. To this aim, forensic practitioners need to assess post-mortem changes through a plethora of different methods, most of which are inherently qualitative, thus providing broad time intervals rather than precise determinations. This challenging problem is further complicated by the influence of environmental factors, which modify the temporal dynamics of post-mortem changes, sometimes in a rather unpredictable fashion. In this context, the search for quantitative and objective descriptors of post-mortem changes is highly demanded. In this study, we used computed tomography (CT) to assess the post-mortem anatomical modifications occurring in the time interval 0–4 days after death in the brain of four corpses. Our results show that fractal analysis of CT brain slices provides a set of quantitative descriptors able to map post-mortem changes over time throughout the whole brain. Although incapable of producing a direct estimation of the PMI, these descriptors could be used in combination with other more established methods to improve the accuracy and reliability of PMI determination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using postmortem CT (PMCT), changes in the volume of the lateral cerebral ventricles (LCVs) and modifications of the radiodensity of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) have been examined to identify a possible relationship between these changes and the time of death. Subsequent periodical CT scans termed "sequential scans" for ten corpses at known time of death were obtained, and a 3D segmentation of the entire LCV was carried out to measure its volume and radiodensity over time from ~ 5.5- h up to 273-h postmortem. A linear decrease of the LCV volume for all the cases was observed in the investigated time range, together with an overall logarithmic increase of radiodensity. Although a larger sampling should be performed to improve the result reliability, our finding suggests that the postmortem variation of CSF radiodensity can be a potentially useful tool in determining postmortem interval, a finding that is worthy of further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cadaveric rigidity—also referred to as rigor mortis—is a valuable source of information for estimating the time of death, which is a fundamental and challenging task in forensic sciences. Despite its relevance, assessing the level of cadaveric rigidity still relies on qualitative and often subjective observations, and the development of a more quantitative approach is highly demanded. In this context, ultrasound shear wave elastography (US SWE) appears to be a particularly well-suited technique for grading cadaveric rigidity, as it allows non-invasive quantification of muscle stiffness in terms of Young's modulus (E), which is a widely used parameter in tissue biomechanics. In this pilot study, we measured, for the first time in the literature, changes in the mechanical response of muscular tissues from 0 to 60 h post-mortem (hpm) using SWE, with the aim of investigating its applicability to forensic practice. For this purpose, 26 corpses were included in the study, and the muscle mechanical response was measured at random times in the 0–60 hpm range. Despite the preliminary nature of this study, our data indicate a promising role of SWE in the quantitative determination of cadaveric rigidity, which is still currently based on qualitative and semiquantitative methods. A more in-depth study is required to confirm SWE applicability in this field in order to overcome some of the inherent limitations of the present work, such as the rather low number of cases and the non-systematic approach of the measurements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Methiopropamine is a structural analog of methamphetamine that is categorized as a novel psychoactive substance. It primarily acts as a norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitor and, secondarily, as a serotonin reuptake inhibitor. In humans, methiopropamine induces stimulation and alertness and increases focus and energy. However, significant side effects are reported, such as tachycardia, anxiety, panic attacks, perspiration, headache, and difficulty in breathing. To date, little data is available regarding its pharmacodynamic effects, thereby we aimed to investigate the acute in vivo effects induced by this drug on sensorimotor responses, body temperature, pain thresholds, motor activity, and cardiovascular and respiratory systems in CD-1 male mice. We selected a range of doses that correspond to the whole range of human reported use, in order to evaluate the threshold of adverse effects presentation. This study demonstrates that methiopropamine acts as a dopaminergic and noradrenergic stimulating drug and that the highest doses (10–30 mg/kg) impair the visual placing response, facilitate the acoustic and tactile response, induce hypothermia, increase mechanical and thermal analgesia, stimulate locomotor activity, induce motor stereotypies, and strongly affected cardiovascular and respiratory parameters, increasing heart rate, breath rate, and blood pressure but reducing oxygen saturation. On the contrary, lower doses do not show any of those effects. We hypothesize that there is a range of doses that do enhance performance but do not seem hazardous to users: this gap could induce the perception of safety and increase the abuser population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this work was to characterise three non-toxic ammunition (NTA) from the GECO and Fiocchi brands, which are available in the Italian market. Characterisation was carried out by considering both the elemental chemical composition and morphology, using scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM-EDS). Particles were collected from both the cartridge cases and the shooters' hands after shooting tests. Six volunteers fired two shots for each ammunition. Several elements, such as aluminium, potassium, silicon, sulphur, titanium and zinc were found in gunshot residue (GSR) particles from different ammunition. We also studied the persistence of these types of GSR on the hands of the shooters in a range between 1 and 6 h after shooting. The GSR particles from the three NTA tested were found on the hands of shooters until 6 h after the shots. The characterisations undertaken in this work will be useful for specialists in forensic science and legal medicine to evaluate trace evidence from these new NTA in casework, as such formulations are in growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 34-year-old man, who was previously fit and healthy, died suddenly on exercise. A post-mortem exam performed by forensic pathologists and a toxicological screening were normal; therefore, the cause of death was suspected to be sudden arrhythmic death syndrome, prompting the need for a molecular autopsy. Screening for genetic variations underlying arrhythmogenic genes by next-generation sequencing highlighted a heterozygous single-nucleotide variant in the exon n. 94 of the ryanodine receptor type 2 gene. This gene, encoding the cardiac ryanodine receptor, is one of the main genetic variants of catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia, estimated to affect 1 in 10,000 individuals. It manifests with syncope, seizures, or sudden death due to exercise- or emotional stress-induced bidirectional or polymorphic ventricular tachycardia, usually in children and young adults with morphologically normal hearts and normal baseline electrocardiograms. Even if this de novo missense mutation has not yet been associated with catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia, it is likely to be a disease-causing variant which leads to a defective protein responsible for disturbed ion flow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

MDPV is a synthetic cathinone illegally marketed and consumed for its psychostimulant effects, which are similar to those produced by cocaine, amphetamines, and MDMA. Clinical reports indicate that MDPV produces euphoria, increases alertness, and at high doses causes agitation, psychosis, tachycardia and hypertension, hallucinations, delirium, hyperthermia, rhabdomyolysis, and even death. In rodents, MDPV reproduces the typical physiological effects of psychostimulant drugs, demonstrating greater potency than cocaine. Nevertheless, its role in aggressive behavior has been reported but not yet experimentally confirmed. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of acute and repeated MDPV (0.01–10 mg/kg i.p.) administration on aggressive behavior in mice and to compare them with those of cocaine (0.01–10 mg/kg i.p.) administration. To this purpose, the resident–intruder test in isolated mice and the spontaneous and stimulated aggressiveness tests for group-housed mice were employed. The present study shows for the first time that MDPV enhances aggressive behavior and locomotion in mice with greater potency and efficacy than cocaine treatment. Moreover, the aggressive and locomotor responses are enhanced after repeated administration, indicating that a sensitization mechanism comes into play. These results, although from preclinical investigation, are suggestive that human MDPV intake could be a problem for public health and the criminal justice system. Thus, investigation by police officers and medical staff is needed to prevent interpersonal violence induced by the consumption of synthetic cathinones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forensic estimation of post-mortem interval relies on different methods, most of which, however, have practical limitations or provide insufficient results, still lacking a gold standard method. In order to better understand the phenomenon of rigor mortis and its applicability to the post-mortem interval estimation, we decided to use atomic force microscopy, a tool often employed to measure mechanical properties of adherent cells. Thus, we surgically removed skeletal muscle samples of three forensic cases from 0 to 120 h post-mortem and quantitatively evaluate two parameters: the Young's modulus (E), which gives information about the sample stiffness, and the hysteresis (H), which estimates the contribution of viscous forces. Despite being a preliminary study, the obtained results show that the temporal behavior of E well correlates with the expected evolution of rigor mortis between 0 and 48 h post-mortem, and then monotonically decreases over time. Unfortunately, it is strongly affected by inter-individual variability. However, we found that H provides measurable data along a time-dependent curve back to the starting point, and these data measured on different subjects collapse onto a single master curve, getting rid of the inter-individual variability. Although a larger sampling should be performed to improve the result reliability, this finding is strongly suggestive that the evaluation of rigor mortis should involve the measure of the nanoscale dissipative behavior of muscular tissues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

However, the 20 mg dose is not the highest ever dose reported, as stated by the authors. As well as this, the authors only considered the dose of 10 mg/kg, but the protocol began at 0.01 mg/kg, which corresponds to a human dose of 0.7 mg (following the example of the authors), and continued with 0.1 mg/kg, which corresponds to a human dose of 7 mg. Furthermore, in the study, we avoided using an aggression threshold (e.g. considering only those mice that bit 10 times in 5 minutes) [[10]], but we considered all resident mice that showed aggression (whether low, normal or high aggression; see Supplementary Materials). Serotonin transporter selectivity is crucial when discussing aggressive and violent behaviour due to the fact that, as already described, the serotoninergic system generally reduces aggression so that high levels of aggressiveness are correlated with low cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, the serotonin metabolite [[14]]. [Extracted from the article]

In particular, APS type 2 is defined by at least two of the following three endocrinopathies: primary adrenocortical deficiency (or "Addison's disease", the presence of which is mandatory); autoimmune thyroid disease (Grave's disease or autoimmune hypothyroidism); and type 1 diabetes mellitus. APS is a rare immune-mediated endocrinopathy that is often suspected when immune dysfunction affects two or more endocrine glands and other nonendocrine immune disorders appear. [Extracted from the article]

Pure ankle dislocation is a rare event that primarily results from high-energy trauma. Predisposing anatomical factors such as talar hypoplasia, ligament laxity, and previous sprains may play a key role. This report presents the case of a 55-year-old man with fatal anterior and posterior tibial artery tears following a pure anterolateral dislocation of the right ankle. To the best of our knowledge, no such cases have previously been reported in the English-language literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

References 1 O'Donnell C, Iles L, Woodford N. Post-mortem CT lung findings at a medicolegal institute in SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR positive cases with autopsy correlation. B) Postmortem CT (mediastinal window) acquired on the fourth day postmortem, before autopsy. [Extracted from the article]

Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) is a rare cerebrovascular condition that affects approximately 5 per 1 million people annually, and develops in 0.5 % of all stroke patients. Herein we report a case involving a 31-year-old woman with CVST. She initially presented with a 2-month history of intermittent headaches at the nape of her neck with cervical pain. Other than these symptoms, she was in apparently good health and was a nonsmoker. She had no children and did not take contraceptives. She became comatose with unequal pupil size and CVST was diagnosed. An autopsy revealed CVST that extended from the confluence of the sinuses to the transverse sinuses and tip of the superior sagittal sinus, as well as a thrombus that obstructed the right internal jugular vein. A correct and early diagnosis of CVST combined with heparin-based therapy and/or interventional endovascular strategies may be of benefit by preventing intracerebral extension of jugular venous thrombosis and subsequent serious or even fatal neurological sequelae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The differential diagnosis between self-inflicted and nonself-inflicted, suicidal and homicidal, injuries is difficult or impossible in many cases and, above all, cannot be made on the basis of information obtained solely from the autopsy or the medicolegal clinical examination. The purpose of this study is to analyze the literature on suicidal and homicidal sharp force injuries and identify the relevant parameters that may help differentiate between suicidal and homicidal deaths. To achieve this goal, a review of 595 potentially relevant articles was performed. After excluding the nonrelevant papers by screening the titles, all abstracts were reviewed, and articles meeting the inclusion criteria underwent a full-text review. The following parameters were compiled into a table: number of cases, localization of the injuries, and number of injuries. The data were statistically analyzed and compared with those available in the forensic literature. On the basis of the heterogeneity of data revealed by the present review, a simple and short checklist of the parameters that should be included when reporting suicides and homicides by sharp force has been proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forensic Science, Medicine and Pathology https://doi.org/10.1007/s12024-021-00439-0 The presentation of the author's name Gian Pio Sorice has been corrected in this Erratum and in the original publication. Publisher's Note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. [Extracted from the article]

We read with interest the paper by Geile and colleagues [[1]], and we would like to clarify some crucial points. References 1 Geile J, Doberentz E, Madea B. Rapid development of an iatrogenic aortic dissection following transcatheter aortic valve implantation. [Extracted from the article]

Acetaminophen or paracetamol, a commonly used over-the-counter analgesic, is known to elicit severe adverse reactions when taken in overdose, chronically at therapeutic dosage or, sporadically, following single assumptions of a therapeutic dose. Damage patterns including liver damage and, rarely, acute tubular necrosis or a fixed drug exanthema. We present a case of fatal acetaminophen toxicity with postmortem blood concentration 78 μg/mL and unusual clinical features, including a visually striking and massive epidermolysis and rhabdomyolysis, disseminated intravascular coagulation and myocardial ischemia. This case is compared with the most similar previous reports in terms of organ damage, clinical presentation, and cause of death. We conclude that a number of severe patterns of adverse effects to acetaminophen are emerging that were previously greatly underestimated, thus questioning the adequacy of the clinical spectrum traditionally associated with acetaminophen intoxication and leading to the need to review this spectrum and the associated diagnostic criteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anomalies of coronary number and course represent an opinion-dividing topic in cardiopathology, particularly for their relationship with sudden cardiac death. To the best of our knowledge, we herein report the first fatal case of a young female whose coronary anatomy was characterised by the absence of any septal perforator branch in the proximal segment of the LAD. This case could be useful for pathologists, coronary angiographers, and interventional cardiologists in detecting this infrequent anomaly, thus providing a more accurate estimation of its incidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Supine hypotensive syndrome is characterized by severe supine hypotension in late pregnancy, whose clinical presentation ranges from minimal cardiovascular alterations to severe shock, resulting from inferior vena cava compression by gravid uterus. We report a case of a 41-year-old 39-week-pregnant woman found dead supine. Autopsy revealed the following: cyanosis of the limbs; congestion of the jugular and subclavian veins; abundant abdominal subcutaneous fatty tissue; uterus displacing intestine and diaphragm; collapsed inferior vena cava; both femoral veins dilated and filled with blood; edematous and congested lungs; and placenta 790 g, fetus 3475 g, amniotic fluid 800 cm3. The diagnosis of supine hypotensive syndrome as the probable cause of death is supported by the position of the body and autopsy findings. This syndrome can be considered as the first stage of the physio-pathological mechanism that led to death in the case presented herein and should be considered by pathologists as a cause of sudden death. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a case study of an 11-year-old girl who undergone thoracolumbar scoliosis surgery. The girl was pronounced dead during spine surgery. The cause of her death was a fatal paradoxical air venous cerebral embolism, although pedicular screw insertion and rod positioning were technically successful. Her autopsy showed a diffused paradoxical cerebral cortical venous air embolism of cortical veins. It also discusses possible mechanism involving azygos and jugular veins systems.

Abstract: Several theories have been proposed to explain the Blunt Traumatic Aortic Rupture (BTAR) because different mechanical forces act on the aorta, at anatomically susceptible sites, including shearing, torsion and stretching, but the origin, transduction and relative importance of these forces remain uncertain. We report a case of a 74-year-old man injured by a kick to the abdomen. After 2 days he felt chest pain paroxysm and weakness in his left leg. The patient was admitted to an emergency care department where he experienced sudden and severe hemodynamic deterioration, dying rapidly. The autopsy, performed 3 days later, showed haemorragic infarction of hypogastric subcutaneous tissues and revealed an extended dissecting aneurysm of the thoracic aorta with following haemopericardium. In our case we considered that a low energy compression to the abdomen, in presence of underlying atherosclerosis, caused aortic dissection rather than rupture and then the 48h time span after the traumatic event and the cardiac tamponade was enough to complete the aortic retrograde dissection. We finally emphasise the importance of the careful surveillance of any trauma close to the abdomen in view of initially unpredictable, as well as eventful injuries. The finding of early signs of neointima formation in thoracoabdominal portions of aortic dissection strongly supported our interpretation. The forensic interest of this case is correlated to the voluntary character of the inflicted injury. The culprit was thus charged with manslaughter. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Background: Reports concerning the causal link between aggressive behavior and use and abuse of different substances (i.e., alcohol, MDPV) can be found in the literature. Nonetheless, the topic concerning the effects of acute ethanol administration on MDPV and cocaine induced aggressive behavior has yet to be thoroughly investigated. The aim of this study was to investigate such synergistic effects.Materials and Methods: A total of 360 male mice were employed in the study. Ethanol was diluted with saline solution and administered 10 min before MDPV or cocaine injection via oral gavage needles. Similarly, MDPV and cocaine were dissolved in saline solution and administered by intraperitoneal injection. Different associations of specific drug doses were then tested. To investigate the acute effects of MDPV and cocaine and their interaction with ethanol on aggression in mice, a resident-intruder test was used.Results: Ethanol alone was ineffective at dosages of 0.05 g/kg and 0.25 g/kg but increased the aggressiveness of the mice at 0.125 g/kg. Similarly, the injection of both cocaine alone and MDPV alone did not significantly increase the aggressiveness of the mice; conversely, the combination of ethanol and cocaine and ethanol and MDPV enhanced aggression at specific ethanol dosages (0.05 g/kg and 0.125 g/kg).Conclusion: This study demonstrated that acute ethanol administration enhances MDPV- and cocaine-induced aggressive behavior in mice. This aggressive response is particularly enhanced when MDVP and cocaine are coupled with specific ethanol dosages, proving that psychostimulant drugs may act synergistically under certain conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Fatalities due to animal bites, the vast majority of which are associated with dogs and big cats, are relatively uncommon and rarely described in the literature. Especially rare are fatal bear attacks on humans. We herein present a forensic investigation of a fatal assault, involving numerous bites on a 42-year-old man in Finland by an European brown bear (Ursus arctos arctos). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

A fatality due to the intravenous self-injection of Ketorolac (Toradol®) is reported. Ketorolac is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) with marked analgesic activity. There is limited information of fatalities attributed to ketorolac toxicity. Here we report the case of a 53-year-old woman with a medical history of depression that was found deceased at home with no evidence of trauma or injuries. Near the body, a syringe and three empty vials (30 mg) of Toradol® were found. A fresh needle mark on the right arm was noticed. Toxicological analyses were performed using a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) technique. The estimated ketorolac concentration in the blood was 8 μg/ml; urine and gastric content were negative for this compound. Based on the autopsy, histologic findings and toxicological results of anaphylactic shock associated with ketorolac self-administration was assumed to be the underlying pathophysiological mechanism of death and the manner, suicide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gastromalacia is the acute autolytic erosion of the gastric wall. It generally occurs postmortem, and it appears as a slimy brownish black region of the wall which occurs principally in the gastric fundus. A 59-year-old woman died in the Emergency Department following a 2-day period of mild abdominal pain, vomiting, and diarrhea. A forensic autopsy was performed which revealed a rupture of the gastric fundus that had caused leakage of gastric content into the abdominal cavity. There was no macroscopic evidence of peritonitis, and the stomach wall adjacent to the rupture site showed marked thinning. The gross appearance was typical of gastromalacia. In contrast, histological observations revealed the presence of an ulcer at the site of perforation and a severe acute inflammatory reaction indicating a robust reaction with an antemortem rupture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: COVID-19 is an extremely challenging disease, both from a clinical and forensic point of view, and performing autopsies of COVID-19 deceased requires adequately equipped sectorial rooms and exposes health professionals to the risk of contagion. Among one of the categories that are most affected by SARS-Cov-2 infection are the elderly residents. Despite the need for prompt diagnoses, which are essential to implement all isolation measures necessary to contain the infection spread, deceased subjects in long-term care facilities are still are often diagnosed post-mortem. In this context, our study focuses on the use of post-mortem computed tomography for the diagnosis of COVID-19 infection, in conjunction with post-mortem swabs. The aim of this study was to assess the usefulness of post-mortem whole CT-scanning in identifying COVID-19 pneumonia as a cause of death, by comparing chest CT-findings of confirmed COVID-19 fatalities to control cases.Materials and Methods: The study included 24 deceased subjects: 13 subjects coming from long-term care facility and 11 subjects died at home. Whole body CT scans were performed within 48 h from death in all subjects to evaluate the presence and distribution of pulmonary abnormalities typical of COVID-19-pneumonia, including: ground-glass opacities (GGO), consolidation, and pleural effusion to confirm the post-mortem diagnosis.Results: Whole-body CT scans was feasible and allowed a complete diagnosis in all subjects. In 9 (69%) of the 13 cases from long-term care facility the cause of death was severe COVID 19 pneumonia, while GGO were present in 100% of the study population.Conclusion: In the context of rapidly escalating COVID-19 outbreaks, given that laboratory tests for the novel coronavirus is time-consuming and can be falsely negative, the post-mortem CT can be considered as a reliable and safe modality to confirm COVID-19 pneumonia. This is especially true for specific postmortem chest CT-findings that are rather characteristic of COVID-19 fatalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a case study of a 70-year-old man with an unusual genital piercing that divided the two corpora cavernosa. It says that prosecutors ordered a forensic autopsy to determine whether the case was an autoerotic death/sexual asphyxia or a natural death. Complications of genital piercing are also mentioned such as erectile dysfunction and urinary tract infections.

• PMI determination is essential in criminal investigations. • Forensics researchers have focused chiefly on eye-based biochemical methods. • We reviewed the literature on the post-mortem ocular-structural parameters. • Some methods, like OCT, are highly promising for determining early PMI. The forensics literature on the relationship between ocular changes and the postmortem interval (PMI) has traditionally focused on time-related variations in concentrations of metabolites and elements within the eye. However, structural changes within the eye over time deserve the same attention because there is significant evidence of their importance in determining the time since death. Therefore, we reviewed publications that provided substantial evidence on this issue. In light of our inclusion and exclusion criteria, 26 papers were eligible for review. On the basis of the ocular parameters considered, we grouped the reviewed evidence into eight thematic areas: corneal opacities, corneal thickness, drug-induced pupil diameter variations, retinal changes, segmentation of retinal vessels, intraocular pressure reduction, globe temperature and crystalline alterations. The most important and common limitations of the reviewed studies were small study populations (many were monocentric studies), absence of robust statistical methodology, use of mathematical models valid only in ideal conditions and validation only for short PMIs. Although many phenomena cannot be used to reliably estimate PMI, there is rigorous evidence suggesting that promising factors, including corneal thickness, require methodological innovations for application to forensics practice but could be used in the near future to reliably estimate the time since death. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This case study reports a fatal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) with concomitant accidental carbon monoxide (CO) exposure in 32-year-old man. Autopsy results indicated an antemortem aspiration of smoke, and a massive SAH was identified as the cause of death. Intriguingly, the carboxyhemoglobin level was 30%, suggesting that CO could have played a specific role. Intracranial hemorrhages following CO exposure in brain areas and tissues such as the basal ganglia, globus pallidus, or white matter are rare, but well characterized, whereas SAH related to CO exposure has not been previously described. In this case report, the possible role of CO, either as a primary cause or as a facilitating factor, in the pathogenesis of SAH is discussed. In particular, we propose the hypothesis that the excessive vasodilating effects produced by CO on the cerebral endothelium results in consequential loss of microvascular integrity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coarctation of the aorta (CA) is diagnosed mainly in pediatric patients, and therapy is conservative if asymptomatic, but surgical treatment is required if advanced arterial hypertension is present. Moderate to severe forms contraindicate any type of physical activity requiring cardiac effort. Here, we describe the first documented death of an apparently healthy 35-year-old woman because of cardiac tamponade by rupture of an aortic aneurysm, possibly related to congenital CA, prolonged use of oxymetazoline hydrochloride, and physical and/or emotional stress during sexual activity. Our patient was asymptomatic for classical CA symptoms. The patient's breathing difficulties likely in hindsight were due not so much to nasal congestion, but rather to an ineffective oxygenation of the blood from the abnormal heart. In an attempt to treat the 'nasal disease,' the patient ingested chronic and excessive doses of decongestants, aggravating her fatal disease. The danger of inhaling large doses of nasal decongestants without an appropriate medical indication is highlighted here. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This case concerns an unusual suicidal plastic bag suffocation. An elderly white man was found dead and partially disrobed in his apartment lying supine on a sofa with a plastic bag closed by a rope over the head and the upper and lower extremities tightly tied with two other ropes, the end of both arranged into slipknots (self-rescue mechanism). Police investigations found no pornography in the apartment, and circumstantial data alleged no psychiatric disorders or suicidal intentions. The autopsy excluded signs of struggle and sexual intercourse as well as any type of injury or physical illness. Chemical analyses on the peripheral blood excluded acute drugs and/or alcohol intoxication. A differential diagnosis of the manner of death was performed, including scenarios of accidental autoerotic asphyxiation, homicide during either sexual activity or ritualistic, elderly suicide. The collected data most strongly supported the hypothesis of a suicidal asphyxiation simulating homicide to devolve a life insurance to the victim's sons because of economic difficulties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: We report on a case of a fatal pulmonary embolism—an unexpected finding at autopsy of a 71-year-old man who had suffered from severe erosive gouty arthritis. Using morphological findings, medical history and histopathological results, we show the potentially devasting complications of this fairly common medical condition, occurring as a result of massive bone marrow erosion and detachment and finally leading to embolization of the lungs. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

We report a rare case of sudden death due to cardiac tamponade following intrapericardial rupture of a main pulmonary artery dissecting aneurysm. On pathology examination, the pulmonary artery showed an intimal tear in an arterial wall area with reduced thickness. However, no degenerative, inflammatory or necrotic processes were evident within the vessel wall. Hypertrophy of the wall of vasa vasorum in the adventitia of the pulmonary artery was found, as well as bilaterally diffuse myointimal arterial hyperplasia of the lung vasculature. According to these findings, we conclude that pulmonary artery rupture occurred in a patient with chronic unrecognized primary pulmonary hypertension. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Background and Purpose: AKB48 is a synthetic cannabinoid illegally sold for its psychoactive cannabis‐like effects that have been associated with acute intoxication and whose effects are poorly known. Experimental Approach: Using a behavioural, neurochemical, and immunohistochemical approach, we investigated the pharmaco‐toxicological effects, pharmacokinetics, and neuroplasticity at cannabinoid CB1 receptors in the cerebellum and cortex induced by repeated AKB48 administration in male and female mice. Key Results: The effects of AKB48 varied significantly depending on sex and treatment duration. The first injection impaired sensorimotor responses and reduced body temperature, analgesia, and breath rate to a greater extent in females than in males; the second injection induced stronger effects in males while the third injection of AKB48 induced weaker responses in both sexes, suggesting emergence of tolerance. The CB1 receptor antagonist NESS‐0327 prevented the effects induced by repeated AKB48, confirming a CB1 receptor‐mediated action. Blood AKB48 levels were higher in females than in males and repeated administration caused a progressive rise of AKB48 levels in both sexes, suggesting an inhibitory effect on cytochrome activity. Finally, immunohistochemical analysis revealed higher expression of CB1 receptors in the cerebellum and cortex of females, and a rapid CB1 receptor down‐regulation in cerebellar and cortical areas following repeated AKB48 injections, with neuroadaptation occurring generally more rapidly in females than in males. Conclusion and Implications: We have shown for the first time that AKB48 effects significantly vary with prolonged use and that sex affects the pharmacodynamic/pharmacokinetic responses to repeated administration, suggesting a sex‐tailored approach in managing AKB48‐induced intoxication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We herein outline the experience matured in our equipped Cranio-Vertebral Junction Laboratory for anatomic dissection. An extreme lateral approach (ELA) was performed on 4 fresh cadavers and submandibular approach was performed on 5. An endoscope and navigation-assisted far lateral approach (FLA) was performed in 5 injected specimens. In these specimens, a transoral approach was also performed, as well as a neuronavigation-assisted comparison between transoral and transnasal explorable distances. As calculated with neuronavigation, statistically significant differences both in the explored craniocaudal (P = 0.003) and lateral (P = 0.008) distances were observed between the transoral approach and endoscopic endonasal approach. In FLA, neuronavigation facilitated identification and partial removal of the occipital condyle; in one case, during endoscopic intradural exploration, tearing of the emerging roots of the 11th cranial nerve occurred. In ELA, the site where the accessory nerve pierces into the sternocleidomastoid muscle was found at a distance from the tip of the mastoid between 3 and 4 cm. During dissections, as in the clinical setting, endoscope and image guidance give the surgeon a constant orientation, increasing the accuracy and the safety of the approach. Nonetheless, the encumbrance of the endoscope could represent a limit in deep and narrow corridors as those running across the craniovertebral junction, especially in "oblique" FLA and ELA, in which the surgical target is often hidden by a delicate tangle of nerves and vessels. Its use appears more suitable and safer in "straight" approaches as transoral and transnasal in which there are no neurovascular structures interposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A letter to the editor is presented in response to the article "The role of histology in forensic autopsies: is histological examination always necessary to determine a cause of death?" by J. Fronczek and colleagues that was published in 2014 issue.

The authors discuss research in geriatric psychiatry, with a focus on the death of an older homeless man and speculations concerning Diogenes syndrome, or senile squalor syndrome. Topics include biopsychosocial stressors and aging, major depressive disorder and psychotic symptoms, and poor personal hygiene and social withdrawal.

We report a rare case of ostial plication as a potential cause of sudden death. Very few reports and images are available in the specialized literature regarding this anomaly. Ostial plication may be a source of sudden death or cause of death when no other significant autopsy findings are present. Ostial plication is a congenital severe obstruction/occlusion of the right or left ostium. Plication of the aortic wall leads to a "valve-like" ridge that can act as a door blocking inflow during diastolic filling, with consequent ischemia and a potentially life-threatening arrhythmia. The true incidence of this condition and its relationship to sudden death have not been reported in the literature. We believe that this case will be useful to autopsy pathologists in detecting this infrequent anomaly, thus providing a more accurate estimation of its incidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents the case of a self-inflicted fatal thoracic penetrating wound with the usage of a pencil. Case report; Results of the autopsy; Potential danger of a pencil; Analysis of the legislation in Italy and Finland concerning the regulation of privacy in special care institutions.

Introduction: Due to its peculiar anatomy and physiology, the pericardial fluid is a biological matrix of particular interest in the forensic field. Despite this, the available literature has mainly focused on post-mortem biochemistry and forensic toxicology, while to the best of authors' knowledge post-mortem metabolomics has never been applied. Similarly, estimation of the time since death or post-mortem interval based on pericardial fluids has still rarely been attempted. Objectives: We applied a metabolomic approach based on 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to ascertain the feasibility of monitoring post-mortem metabolite changes on human pericardial fluids with the aim of building a multivariate regression model for post-mortem interval estimation. Methods: Pericardial fluid samples were collected in 24 consecutive judicial autopsies, in a time frame ranging from 16 to 170 h after death. The only exclusion criterion was the quantitative and/or qualitative alteration of the sample. Two different extraction protocols were applied for low molecular weight metabolites selection, namely ultrafiltration and liquid-liquid extraction. Our metabolomic approach was based on the use of 1H nuclear magnetic resonance and multivariate statistical data analysis. Results: The pericardial fluid samples treated with the two experimental protocols did not show significant differences in the distribution of the metabolites detected. A post-mortem interval estimation model based on 18 pericardial fluid samples was validated with an independent set of 6 samples, giving a prediction error of 33–34 h depending on the experimental protocol used. By narrowing the window to post-mortem intervals below 100 h, the prediction power of the model was significantly improved with an error of 13–15 h depending on the extraction protocol. Choline, glycine, ethanolamine, and hypoxanthine were the most relevant metabolites in the prediction model. Conclusion: The present study, although preliminary, shows that PF samples collected from a real forensic scenario represent a biofluid of interest for post-mortem metabolomics, with particular regard to the estimation of the time since death. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) at low dosages has anxiolytic effects and promotes REM sleep and low-wave deep sleep. In the U.S., the legal form of GHB is prescribed to adults suffering from narcolepsy-associated cataplexy; the sodium salt of GHB is reserved for alcohol-addiction treatment. GHB is also a molecule of abuse and recreational use, it is a controlled substance in several countries, so gamma-valerolactone (GVL) has frequently been used as a legal substitute for it. GHB's abuse profile is most likely attributable to its anxiolytic, hypnotic, and euphoric properties, as well as its widespread availability and inexpensive/low cost on the illicit market. Methods: Our study is focused on evaluating the potential effects on the mouse brain after repeated/prolonged administration of GHB and GVL at a pharmacologically active dose (100 mg/kg) through behavioral study and immunohistochemical analysis using the markers tetraspanin 17 (TSPAN17), aldehyde dehydrogenase 5 (ALDH5A1), Gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor (GABA-A), and Gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor (GABA-B). Results: Our findings revealed that prolonged administration of GHB and GVL at a pharmacologically active dose (100 mg/kg) can have effects on a component of the mouse brain, the intensity of which can be assessed using immunohistochemistry. The findings revealed that long-term GHB administration causes a significant plastic alteration of the GHB signaling system, with downregulation of the putative binding site (TSPAN17) and overexpression of ALDH5A1, especially in hippocampal neurons. Our findings further revealed that GABA-A and GABA-B receptors are downregulated in these brain locations, resulting in a greater decrease in GABA-B expression. Conclusions: The goal of this study, from the point of view of forensic pathology, is to provide a new methodological strategy for better understanding the properties of this controversial substance, which could help us better grasp the unknown mechanism underlying its abuse profile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We performed external autopsies and examinations on two inmates who had committed suicide by hanging themselves with their underwear and using the window bars of their cells as ligature points after they had been placed in solitary confinement. In one case, the inmate had even been deprived of her clothing (with the exception to her underwear). Underwear has been rarely described as a means for self-harm and, to the best of our knowledge, no previous study has focused on cases of prison suicides committed using this garment, even though it is available to every inmate. The two cases were very similar; both inmates were young, physically aggressive and in their first week at a new facility; both had been affected by mental disorders, had been prescribed psychotropic medications and had histories of psychiatric hospitalisation. In each case, the psychiatric evaluations had highlighted significant suicidal risk. We discuss these two cases in an attempt to describe the complexity of and contradictions within the management of suicidal inmates at correctional facilities. We aim to propose new strategies and emphasise the need to introduce evidence-based standardised protocols over inhumane, ineffective and simplistic punitive measures in the management of these individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The estimation of post-mortem interval (PMI) remains a major challenge in forensic science. Most of the proposed approaches lack the reliability required to meet the rigorous forensic standards. Objectives: We applied 1H NMR metabolomics to estimate PMI on ovine vitreous humour comparing the results with the actual scientific gold standard, namely vitreous potassium concentrations. Methods: Vitreous humour samples were collected in a time frame ranging from 6 to 86 h after death. Experiments were performed by using 1H NMR metabolomics and ion capillary analysis. Data were submitted to multivariate statistical data analysis. Results: A multivariate calibration model was built to estimate PMI based on 47 vitreous humour samples. The model was validated with an independent test set of 24 samples, obtaining a prediction error on the entire range of 6.9 h for PMI < 24 h, 7.4 h for PMI between 24 and 48 h, and 10.3 h for PMI > 48 h. Time-related modifications of the 1H NMR vitreous metabolomic profile could predict PMI better than potassium up to 48 h after death, whilst a combination of the two is better than the single approach for higher PMI estimation. Conclusion: The present study, although in a proof-of-concept animal model, shows that vitreous metabolomics can be a powerful tool to predict PMI providing a more accurate estimation compared to the widely studied approach based on vitreous potassium concentrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

JWH-018 is the most known compound among synthetic cannabinoids (SCs) used for their psychoactive effects. SCs-based products are responsible for several intoxications in humans. Cardiac toxicity is among the main side effects observed in emergency departments: SCs intake induces harmful effects such as hypertension, tachycardia, chest pain, arrhythmias, myocardial infarction, breathing impairment, and dyspnea. This study aims to investigate how cardio-respiratory and vascular JWH-018 (6 mg/kg) responses can be modulated by antidotes already in clinical use. The tested antidotes are amiodarone (5 mg/kg), atropine (5 mg/kg), nifedipine (1 mg/kg), and propranolol (2 mg/kg). The detection of heart rate, breath rate, arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2), and pulse distention are provided by a non-invasive apparatus (Mouse Ox Plus) in awake and freely moving CD-1 male mice. Tachyarrhythmia events are also evaluated. Results show that while all tested antidotes reduce tachycardia and tachyarrhythmic events and improve breathing functions, only atropine completely reverts the heart rate and pulse distension. These data may suggest that cardiorespiratory mechanisms of JWH-018-induced tachyarrhythmia involve sympathetic, cholinergic, and ion channel modulation. Current findings also provide valuable impetus to identify potential antidotal intervention to support physicians in the treatment of intoxicated patients in emergency clinical settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Methane is a suffocating gas, and “methane deaths” are largely the result of suffocation by gas–air displacement after accidental or deliberate exposure. Neither methane gas nor other suffocating gases are a common means of homicide, with the potential exception of the use of gas in chemical weapons or gas chambers. Here, we report the case of a 53-year-old woman who was killed by her husband with methane gas. The man had given his wife a dose of Lorazepam before setting up a hose that conveyed methane from the kitchen into the apartment''s bedroom. The man subsequently faked his own suicide, which was later discovered. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]