Search

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a most prevalent neurologic disorder characterized by cognitive dysfunction, amyloid-β (Aβ) protein accumulation, and excessive neuroinflammation. It affects various life tasks and reduces thinking, memory, capability, reasoning and orientation ability, decision, and language. The major parts responsible for these abnormalities are the cerebral cortex, amygdala, and hippocampus. Excessive inflammatory markers release, and microglial activation affect post-synaptic neurotransmission. Various mechanisms of AD pathogenesis have been explored, but still, there is a need to debate the role of NF-κB, Nrf2, inflammatory markers, CREB signaling, etc. In this review, we have briefly discussed the signaling mechanisms and function of the NF-ĸB signaling pathway, inflammatory mediators, microglia activation, and alteration of autophagy. NF-κB inhibition is a current strategy to counter neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in the brain of individuals with AD. In clinical trials, numbers of NF-κB modulators are being examined. Recent reports revealed that molecular and cellular pathways initiate complex pathological competencies that cause AD. Moreover, this review will provide extensive knowledge of the cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) and how these nuclear proteins affect neuronal plasticity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this study is to investigate the effect of curing temperature on the mechanical properties of hemp fiber reinforced polymer (HFRP) composites. In this study, hemp fiber was considered as a reinforcement and epoxy resin with hardener as a matrix. The mercerization process was used to remove contaminants from the fiber surface. The overall volumetric fraction used was 40% fiber and 60% matrix. One composite sample was cured at open temperature (27 ± 3 °C) for 15 days and others at elevated temperatures such as 80, 120 and 160 °C for various durations such as 1, 2, and 3 h (h). Different mechanical tests were performed under ASTM standards to examine the mechanical performance of HFRP composites. The tensile and compressive properties such as Young's modulus, tensile and compressive strengths are higher in the specimens cured at 120 °C for 3-h. The flexural strength and stiffness are maximum in the composites cured at 80 °C for 3-h. The maximum interlaminar shear strength representing the composite's resistance to delamination is observed at 120 °C for 3-h curing condition. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) study identifies that the chemical treatment has reduced the impurities present on the fiber surface. Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) studies indicate better fiber/matrix adhesion in specimens cured at elevated temperatures than those cured at open temperature. Finally, this study emphasizes that curing at elevated temperature (120 °C for 3-h) improves the mechanical performance of the NFRP composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aceclofenac (ACE) is a drug that was precisely devised to circumvent the shortcomings associated with diclofenac. However, ACE too corresponds to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)-related adverse effects, but with a lower amplitude. The present investigation seeks to develop liposomes loaded with ACE adopting a central composite design (CCD) and formulate a chitosan-based hydrogel for synergistic anti-inflammatory efficacy and improved ACE dermal administration. On the basis of preliminary vesicle size, Poly Dispersity Index (PDI), and drug entrapment, the composition of lipid, cholesterol, and vitamin E TPGS were chosen as independent variables. The formulation composition met the specifications for an optimum liposomal formulation, with total lipid concentration (13.5% w/w), cholesterol concentration (10% w/w), and surfactant concentration (2% w/w). With particle size and PDI of 174.22 ± 5.46 nm and 0.285 ± 0.01 respectively, the optimised formulation achieved an entrapment effectiveness of 92.08 ± 3.56%. Based on the CCD design, the optimised formulation Acec-Lipo opt was chosen and was subsequently transformed to a chitosan-based gel formulation for in vitro drug release, penetration through the skin, in vivo analgesic therapeutic activity, and skin irritation testing. % age oedema inhibition was found to be greatest with the Acec-Lipo opt gel formulation, followed by Acec gel. These results reinforce the notion that the inclusion of chitosan resulted in a synergistic effect despite the same strength of the drug. The findings suggested that Acec-Lipo incorporated in chitosan gel for skin targeting might be an effective formulation for topical ACE administration in clinical subjects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this study is to investigate the effect of combining natural and synthetic fibers on the mechanical characteristics of hybrid and novel functionally graded hybrid composites by considering hemp as natural fiber and carbon and glass as synthetic fibers. Before manufacturing, the natural fibers were treated with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution to remove the impurities on the fiber surface. The fibers were reinforced in an epoxy‐based matrix using a hand‐layup technique. The volumetric fraction of the hybrid composites was 40% fibers and 60% matrix. Different types of composites, such as plain fiber reinforced polymer (FRP), sandwich hybrid (SH), alternative hybrid (AH), and functionally graded hybrid (FH), were manufactured from hybridizations of hemp/carbon and hemp/glass. In accordance with ASTM standards, the tensile, compression, flexural, short beam shear, water absorption, and wettability properties of composites were determined. FH composites with hemp fiber at the top surface had the highest improvement in tensile strength, stiffness and compressive strength compared with pure hemp FRP (HFRP) composites. Hemp SH composites had the highest improvement in flexural and short beam properties in both hybridizations compared with HFRP composites due to the stacking of synthetic fiber at the outer layers. Scanning electronic microscopic (SEM) studies identified the failure mechanism of the tensile failure specimens and also the effect of mercerization on fiber surfaces. In conclusion, this work identified the structural capacity of hybrid composites and emphasizes that FH and hemp SH composites can replace glass FRP composites in structural applications. Highlights: Treating hemp fiber with 2 g/L of NaOH for an hour had a better impact.Functionally graded composites had better in‐plane strength and stiffness.Composites made with synthetic fiber on the outer layers were good at bending.In structural applications, hemp/carbon hybrid composites can replace GFRP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a second most common neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the selective and progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra pars compacta. Rotenone is a neurotoxin which selectively degenerate dopaminergic neurons in striatum, leading to cause PD like symptoms. Rotenone was administered at a dose of 1.5 mg/kg, i.p. from day 1 to day 40. Treatment with doxycycline (50 and 100 mg/kg, p.o), tocopherol (5 mg and 10 mg/kg, p.o) alone, doxycycline (50 mg/kg, p.o) in combination with tocopherol (10 mg/kg, p.o), and ropinirole (0.5 mg/kg, i.p.) was given for 40 days 1 h prior to administration of rotenone. All behavioral parameters were analyzed on weekly basis. On day 41, animals were sacrificed and the striatum region was isolated for neurotransmitters estimation (dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine, GABA and glutamate), biochemical analysis (GSH, nitrite, LPO, mitochondrial complexes I and IV), inflammatory markers estimation (IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α) and activity of MAO-A, MAO-B. Doxycycline and tocopherol in combination significantly attenuated behavioral, neurotransmitters and biochemical alterations induced by rotenone in experimental rats as compared to alone treatment with DOX and TOCO. Similarly, DOX and TOCO combination significantly reduced the level of inflammatory markers, prevented the biochemical changes, decreased MAO-A and MAO-B and improved complex-I, complex-IV, cAMP levels significantly. The current study revealed that a combination of doxycycline with tocopherol contributed to the prevention of PD like symptoms in rats by antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, MAO inhibitory and neuromodulatory mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the influence of fiber dimensions on the bridging performance of polyvinyl alcohol fiber-reinforced cementitious composite (PVA-FRCC) through an experimental and analytical program. Bending tests, bridging law calculations, and section analysis are conducted. Bending tests of notched specimens of PVA-FRCC with six different PVA fiber dimensions are performed to determine the load–deflection (LPD) and bending moment–crack mouth opening displacement (CMOD) relationships. The fiber volume fraction for all PVA-FRCCs is set to 2%. It is found that the load capacity of PVA-FRCC with a 27 μm diameter fiber is much higher than that of the other fibers, and the load capacity decreases as the fiber diameter increases. The study proposes parameters for the characteristic points of the tri-linear model for the single-fiber pullout model as functions of diameter, bond fracture energy, elastic modulus, cross-sectional area, and perimeter of the fiber. These findings provide valuable insights into the behavior of PVA-FRCC under different fiber dimensions. Bridging law calculations are conducted to obtain tensile stress–crack width relationships using the developed single-fiber pullout models. The Popovics model for the complete tensile stress–crack width relationship is adopted to obtain a better fit with the bridging law calculation, and then section analysis is conducted. The bridging law calculation results show that the maximum tensile stress decreases as the fiber diameter increases. It is also determined that most of the smaller-diameter fibers ruptured, whereas the larger fiber diameters pulled out from the matrix. The section analysis results show good agreement with the maximum bending moments obtained from the bending test. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Apigenin (APG) is a plant-based flavonoid that possesses antioxidants, anti-inflammatory, and modulates P38 MAPK as well as tyrosinase. Hydroquinone (HQ), a phenolic compound was used to induce vitiligo in C57BL/6 mice. The present study was performed to check the therapeutic potential of apigenin in HQ-induced vitiligo via targeting P38 MAPK pathway. In the present study, 41 C57BL/6 mice were divided into six groups containing seven animals per group except normal group. (I) normal group, (II) HQ group, (III) to (IV) APG with (1%, 2.5%, 5%), and (VI) tacrolimus (TAC) group. Topical application of HQ was performed from day 1 to day 20 to, (II), (III) to (IV) APG with (1%, 2.5%, 5%), (VI) tacrolimus (TAC) group, and then APG; tacrolimus (TAC) was applied from day 21 to day 60 after removing the hair. In the case of (I) normal group and (II) HQ group, we smeared them with water for 60 days and HQ for 20 days in their individual group. On day 61 after anesthesia, a part of the target skin was peeled and blood serum was taken to check the level of malondialdehyde, cholinesterase, catalase, tyrosinase, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and expression of P38 MAPK, histology of melanin containing hair follicles and depigmentation evaluation. Applying HQ topically had a noticeable impact on depigmentation, inflammatory indicators, oxidative stress, and lowered tyrosinase activity. Further HQ reduced melanin containing hair follicles and increased expression of P38 MAPK was confirmed by histopathology and immunohistochemistry. Furthermore, application of APG and TAC after day 21 to 60 significantly reduced depigmentation, inflammatory markers, oxidative stress, and increased tyrosinase. Furthermore, APG increased melanin containing hair follicles and decreased expression of non-phosphorylated P38 MAPK, as confirmed by histopathology and immunohistochemistry. Our finding demonstrated that APG significantly prevented HQ-induced vitiligo by acting as an anti-inflammatory, increasing tyrosine, and reducing the expression of non-phosphorylated P38 MAPK. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is the most common endocrine disorder characterized by increased blood glucose levels resulting from defective insulin secretion, resistance to insulin action, or both. DM is often associated with severe complications, and there is an increasing appreciation that cognitive function declines in DM. The aim of this research work was to evaluate Kigelia pinnata root bark extract in Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced type-2 diabetes. Experimental diabetes was induced by a single administration of STZ (60 mg/kg, intraperitoneal [i.p.]), immediately after the STZ administration, and all animals were fed with normal food and water. Nicotinamide was administered (120 mg/kg, i.p.) 15 min before STZ. The development of hyperglycemia was confirmed by the elevated blood glucose levels determined at fixed intervals, which was confirmed by measuring fasting blood glucose levels in rats' blood taken from the tail vein. Supplementation with ethanolic extract of K. pinnata root bark (EEKP) significantly reduced the elevated blood glucose in STZ-induced hyperglycemia in rats. EEKP significantly restored the biochemical and antioxidant defense system. On the final day of the protocol, the extract also reduced inflammatory cytokines in the blood serum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nylon-CF is an important thermoplastic 3D printable material that can be used to develop high-quality functional parts with slight modifications in low-cost machines like material extrusion (MEX) technology. This paper investigates the tensile behavior of Nylon-CF samples produced by material extrusion. The influence of seven process parameters is studied on response characteristics. The Taguchi design is used to investigate the effect of process parameters on Young's modulus and yield strength of specimens fabricated as per ASTM D-638. A two-level fractional factorial design supplements the L27 design results. The results show that the layer height, infill pattern, density, and raster angle significantly affect the tensile behavior. The apparent Young's modulus is also significantly affected by the interaction between layer height, infill pattern, and infill density. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The various stressors in chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) triggers depressive behavior, impairs learning, and decision-making abilities. The present study investigated the effects of Celastrus paniculatus seed oil (CPSO) alone and in combination with fluoxetine (FLU) in modified CUS (mCUS) induced depression in mice. In this study, adult albino mice were subjected to a modified version of CUS protocol having six different stressors and were applied daily consistently for 15 days. The post-treatment with CPSO (50 and 100 mg/kg) and FLU (10 mg/kg) alone and in combination from day 16th to 36th. Group I: normal control; group II: diseased control (mCUS subjected group); group III: CPSO (50 mg/kg); group IV: CPSO (100 mg/kg); group V: CPSO (50 mg/kg)+FLU (10 mg/kg); group VI: CPSO (100 mg/kg)+FLU (10 mg/kg); group VII: FLU (10 mg/kg); group VIII: FLU (20 mg/kg). During experimentation, various behavioral, biochemical, oxidative stress, inflammatory, and neurotransmitters level were checked. The CUS treated mice exhibited increased escaped latency, decreased number of open arm entries, increased immobility time, decreased percentage of sucrose consumption, and number of the boxes crossed as compared to the normal group. The post-treatment with the CPSO 50 + FLU 10, CPSO 100 + FLU 10, FLU 10 significantly (p < 0.05) attenuated behavioral, biochemical, inflammation, corticosteroid, and neurotransmitters level as compared to CPSO 50, CPSO 100, and FLU 20 alone. CPSO along with FLU appreciably achieved anti-depressant effect via lowering stress, inflammation, corticosteroid level, and restoration of neurotransmitters level in mCUS induced depression mice model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a multifactorial neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by restrictive and repetitive behavior followed by impairment in social, verbal, and non‐verbal interaction and communication. Valproic acid (VPA) is a well‐known anti‐epileptic drug, but its prenatal exposure to animals causes social impairment, neurotransmitters imbalance, and neuroinflammation with ASD‐like phenotypes. Syringic acid (SA) is a polyphenolic compound with anti‐inflammatory, anti‐apoptotic, antioxidant, and neuromodulator activity. The purpose of study was to investigate the protective effect of Syringic acid (SA) in prenatal VPA‐treated rats through behavioral, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, neurotransmitters, neuronal integrity, and apoptotic marker. Single dose of VPA was administered 600 mg/kg, i.p. on a gestational day (GD) 12th and SA was administrated from PnD 26th to 54th at the dose of 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg, p.o. On PnD 56th behavioral parameters (Pain sensitivity, open field test, narrow beam walks test and social impairment test) were performed and all animals were sacrificed, and brain tissue was isolated for oxidative stress (GSH, CAT, and LPO), neuroinflammation (TNF‐α and IL‐6) and neurotransmitters (GABA and Glutamate), histopathology (H&E, Nissl), immunohistochemistry (p38 MAPK) analysis. Rat treated with SA dose‐dependently prevented behavioral alteration, restored antioxidant enzymes, neurotransmitters level, decreased neuroinflammatory markers, and improved neuronal integrity. Furthermore, immunohistochemistry confirmed the reduced p38 MAPK marker expression by SA in VPA induced autistic behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, a compact, wideband, circularly polarized wearable antenna is proposed using asymmetric coplanar strip feeding for wireless health monitor applications in the ISM frequency band. The proposed antenna consists of a composite right/left transmission line (CRLH TL) inspired structure to achieve compactness and a rectangular ring slot is created in the metallic ground to enhance the CP radiation of the antenna. A 5 × 5 artificial magnetic conductor unit cell-based metasurface is designed which is operating at 2.4 GHz as a ground plane for the CRLH-based CP antenna. Implementation of AMC-based metasurface as a ground plane results in enhancement of radiation characteristics of CRLH TL antenna. The proposed antenna has a small footprint of 50 × 50 mm2 with measured impedance bandwidth of 2.3–3.2 GHz. The 3 dB axial ratio bandwidth of the proposed antenna is 2.36–2.78 GHz with peak gain of 5.89 dBi. Simulation and experimental results show that proposed AMC-based antenna is robust in terms of structural deformation. Further, to validate the performance of the antenna for biomedical applications, we have simulated the proposed antenna with human phantom model. The proposed antenna exhibits stable scattering and radiation characteristics with the phantom body environment and due to the inclusion of AMC structure, the proposed design satisfies maximum specific absorption rate value given as per the IEEE standard safety guidelines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a prevalent neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, resulting in motor and non-motor symptoms. Although levodopa is the primary medication for PD, its long-term use is associated with complications such as dyskinesia and drug resistance, necessitating novel therapeutic approaches. Recent research has highlighted the potential of targeting opioid and cannabinoid receptors as innovative strategies for PD treatment. Modulating opioid transmission, particularly through activating µ (MOR) and δ (DOR) receptors while inhibiting κ (KOR) receptors, shows promise in preventing motor complications and reducing L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia. Opioids also possess neuroprotective properties and play a role in neuroprotection and seizure control. Similar to this, endocannabinoid signalling via CB1 and CB2 receptors influences the basal ganglia and may contribute to PD pathophysiology, making it a potential therapeutic target. In addition to opioid and cannabinoid receptor targeting, the NLRP3 pathway, implicated in neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration, emerges as another potential therapeutic avenue for PD. Recent studies suggest that targeting this pathway holds promise as a therapeutic strategy for PD management. This comprehensive review focuses on neuromodulation and novel therapeutic approaches for PD, specifically highlighting the targeting of opioid and cannabinoid receptors and the NLRP3 pathway. A better understanding of these mechanisms has the potential to enhance the quality of life for PD patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The additive manufacturing (AM) technology can manufacture complex parts with considerable improvements in lead times and lower material wastages. It has enabled technological advances across many domains, from space to medical devices. The polymer composites fabricated through AM have tremendous advantages over conventional polymers in terms of mechanical performance and are, therefore, better suited for producing functional parts and assemblies. However, AM of polymer composites still presents several technological obstacles that prevent their full commercial utilization. These challenges include limited combinations of matrix and reinforcements, a requirement for hardware modification of existing machines, and challenges in mechanical characterization. This article attempts to comprehensively review the fundamentals and features of contemporary additively manufactured polymer composites (AMPCs) and examines current cutting‐edge research and development. This review highlights the gaps in the mechanical characterization of polymer composites fabricated through various technologies like material extrusion, vat‐photopolymerization, binder jetting, material jetting, powder bed fusion, and sheet lamination. There is a need to fill the identified research gaps to make AMPCs more appealing for widespread industrial use for advanced applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rationale : Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by loss of dopaminergic neurons. The pathogenesis of PD includes oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, neuroinflammation, and neurotransmitter dysregulation. L-theanine is found in green tea and has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective effects with a high blood brain barrier permeability. Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the possible neuroprotective effect of L-theanine in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced motor deficits and striatal neurotoxicity in a rat model of PD. Methods: LPS was infused at a dose of 5 μg/5 μl PBS stereotaxically into SNpc of rats. Treatment with L-theanine (50 and 100 mg/kg; po) and Sinemet (36 mg/kg; po) was given from day 7 to 21 in of LPS injected rat. On a weekly basis all behavioral parameters were assessed, and animals were sacrificed on day 22. The striatum tissue of brain was isolated for biochemicals (Nitrite, GSH, catalase, SOD, mitochondrial complexes I and IV), neuroinflammatory markers, and neurotransmitters (serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine, GABA, and glutamate) estimations. Results: Results revealed that L-theanine dose-dependently and significantly reversed motor deficits, assessed through locomotor and rotarod activity. Moreover, L-theanine attenuated biochemical markers, reduced oxidative stress, and neurotransmitters dysbalance in the brain. L-theanine treatment at 100 mg/kg; po substantially reduced these pathogenic events by increasing mitochondrial activity, restoring neurotransmitter levels, and inhibiting neuroinflammation. Conclusions: These data suggest that the positive effects of L-theanine on motor coordination may be mediated by the suppression of NF-κB induced by LPS. Therefore, L-theanine would have a new therapeutic potential for PD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Autism is a complex neurodevelopmental broad-spectrum disorder characterized by social interaction, and aberrant restrictive and repetitive behavior. The complex pathophysiology and unexplored drug targets make it difficult to standardize and validate the animal models of autism. The review was purposed for determining the benefits of younger animal models over adult models of autism. Similarly, animal models with respect to age, sex, body weight, number of animals used, along with autism inducing agents have been reviewed in this article. The differentiation of behavioral parameters has shown the benefits in the selection of younger animal models. Thus, we conclude that young and adolescence animal models of autism will be supporting for early detection and interventions with significant results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper aims to investigate the dimensional accuracy and surface roughness of printed masked stereolithography (m-SLA) parts. The fabricated specimens of photosensitive polymer resin have complex shapes and various features. The influence of four process parameters of m-SLA, including layer height, exposure time, light-off delay and print orientation, is studied on response characteristics. Design/methodology/approach: The Box–Behnken design of response surface methodology is used to examine the effect of process parameters on the shrinkage of various geometrical dimensions like diameter, length, width, and height of different features in a complex shape. Additionally, a multi-response optimization has been carried out using the desirability function to minimize the surface roughness and printing time and maximize the dimensional accuracy. Findings: The layer height and print orientation influence the surface roughness of parts. An increase in layer height results in increased surface roughness, and the orientation parallel to the z-axis of the machine gives the highest surface roughness. The dimensional accuracy of m-SLA parts is influenced by layer height, exposure time, and print orientation. Although not significant in dimensional accuracy and surface roughness, the light-off delay can affect printing time apart from other parameters like layer height and print orientation. Originality/value: The effect of layer height and print orientation on dimensional accuracy, printing time, and surface roughness is investigated by researchers using simple shapes in other vat photopolymerization techniques. The present work is focused on studying the effect of these parameters and additional parameters like light-off delay in complicated geometrical parts in m-SLA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Medical devices are undergoing rapid changes because of the increasing affordability of advanced technologies like additive manufacturing (AM) and three-dimensional scanning. New avenues are available for providing solutions and comfort that were not previously conceivable. The purpose of this paper is to provide a comprehensive review of the research on developing prostheses using AM to understand the opportunities and challenges in the domain. Various studies on prosthesis development using AM are investigated to explore the scope of integration of AM in prostheses development. Design/methodology/approach: A review of key publications from the past two decades was conducted. Integration of AM and prostheses development is reviewed from the technologies, materials and functionality point of view to identify challenges, opportunities and future scope. Findings: AM in prostheses provides superior physical and cognitive ergonomics and reduced cost and delivery time. Patient-specific, lightweight solutions for complex designs improve comfort, functionality and clinical outcomes. Compared to existing procedures and methodologies, using AM technologies in prosthetics could benefit a large population. Originality/value: This paper helps investigate the impact of AM and related technology in the field of prosthetics and can also be viewed as a collection of relevant medical research and findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, a circularly polarised (CP) slot antenna based on linear polarisation conversion metasurface (PCM) is proposed for broadband radar cross-section (RCS) reduction and gain improvement. The proposed metasurface is designed using the chequerboard alignment of PCM unit cells and its mirrored ones to meet the phase cancellation principle required for RCS reduction. An improved loading technique of the PCM consisting of rearrangement of the PCM unit cells across the radiating slot is employed to enhance the gain of the proposed antenna. The measured results show that the operating bandwidth of the proposed antenna is in the range of 9.8–10.8 GHz. The maximum gain achieved is 2.4 dB more than the reference antenna while the 3-dB axial ratio bandwidth (ARBW) obtained is 9.8–10.6 GHz. The proposed antenna achieves an average RCS reduction of 11 dB in the frequency region of 6–18 GHz in comparison to the reference antenna. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The studies conducted a decade ago showed that the Ponseti method, suffers from many execution-related issues-particularly in low and middle-income countries including poverty, physical distance, lack of transportation etc. The society has undergone many changes, including improvements in literacy, connectivity (both transport and digital), etc., in the last decade. Therefore, this study is designed to identify the contemporary apprehensions, concerns, and challenges of parents seeking CTEV treatment for their child through the Ponseti Method in India. A descriptive cross-sectional study of 200 parents of the children undergoing treatment at a multi-specialty hospital is carried out using an interview guide. The semi-structured interviews were conducted telephonically and recorded. The statistical analysis shows that a male child is presented late than a female child. The physical distance is associated with child discomfort during the casting and bracing phase, with the travel method affecting the follow-up. The increase in travel time may result in increased casts due to a lack of regular follow-up. Parents' income level is also strongly associated with regularity of follow-up and child discomfort during treatment. The patients traveling long distances in public transport are the most vulnerable group regardless of gender. The children in such cases are more likely to experience discomfort during the casting and bracing phase with a lack of regular follow-up. Expert doctors and brace unavailability in the local area remain vital challenges for the parents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a numerical study to evaluate the fire resistance of concrete beams and slabs incorporating natural fiber-reinforced polymers (FRP). A validated finite element model was applied to carry out a series of numerical studies on fire-exposed reinforced concrete (RC) beams and slabs strengthened with conventional and bio-based FRP composites. The model calculates the temperature-dependent moment–curvature relationship for various segments of the member at each time step, which are then used to calculate the moment capacity and deflection of the member. The variables in the beams and slabs include different strengthening techniques (externally bonded FRP and near-surface mounted FRP), different fiber composites, and fire insulation schemes (uninsulated and insulated). The results from the study indicate that the bio-based FRP-strengthened RC members undergo a faster degradation in moment capacity and also experience higher deflections under fire exposure. This leads to a lower fire resistance in RC members with bio-based FRP composites compared to beams and slabs with conventional FRP-strengthened concrete members. The addition of fire insulation to the bio-based FRP-strengthened members can enhance their fire performance and help achieve the required fire resistance ratings for use in building applications. In this study, the NSM CFRP-strengthened RC beams were found to have a fire resistance of 3 h without any fire insulation; however, the bio-based FRP-strengthened beams required a layer of vermiculite–gypsum-based fire insulation material (of about 25 mm) to achieve similar fire resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study aimed to investigate the neuroprotective effect of 3-acetyl-11-keto-β-boswellic acid (AKBA) in combination with bioenhancer piperine in lateral fluid percussion injury-induced TBI in experimental rats. Fluid percussion injury was introduced in the rat brain by delivering 50 mmHg of pressure for 3 min to the exposed brain. AKBA 25 mg/kg, 50 mg/kg orally, and AKBA (25 mg/kg, p.o.) in combination with piperine (2.5 mg/kg, p.o.) were administered from day 1 to day 14 to the assigned groups. On the 1st, 7th, and 14th day, behavioral parameters were checked. On the 15th day, animals were euthanized. In TBI rat model, AKBA-piperine combination significantly restored the altered performance of grip strength, rotarod test, open field task, narrow beam task (beam crossing time and no. of foot slips), and Morris water maze (escape latency and time spent in target quadrant) (p < 0.001 vs TBI control). Furthermore, the AKBA-piperine combination significantly reduced pro-inflammatory cytokine level in TBI rat model (&p < 0.001 vs TBI control). The combined effect of AKBA and piperine significantly restored oxidative stress parameters level, catecholamines level, and neurotransmitters level (p < 0.001 vs TBI control). Further findings showed that the AKBA-piperine combination prevented histopathological changes (p < 0.001), and the immunohistological study confirmed increased Nrf2-positive cells (p < 0.001 vs TBI control) and reduced nuclear factor kappa B (NFkB) expression (p < 0.001 vs TBI control, p < 0.01 vs TBI + AKBA 50 mg/kg) in the cortical region following AKBA-piperine administration. The present study concluded that AKBA along with piperine achieved anti-oxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects, and also prevented neuronal injury via targeting Nrf2 and NFkB expressions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heterocyclic scaffolds are playing the important role in drug discovery and development. Currently many heterocyclic scaffolds like thiazole, thiazolidinone or thiazolidinedione have proved to be vital or provide life support against cancer and inflammation. The present work reports the ten 4-thiazolidinone derivatives synthesized via conventional route using three subsequent steps. The structural identification of the compounds was determined through spectrophotometric analysis. Further, the synthesized compounds were subjected to antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer activities. All the synthesized derivatives possessed good to moderate antioxidant effects with maximum scavenging exhibited by FP7 and FP10. The in vivo anti-inflammatory activity was performed by the carrageenan-induced rat paw edema method and the compounds FP4 and FP7 possessed maximum inhibition. The synthesized analogs were subjected to in vitro antitumor activity over MOLT-4, EAC cell lines and it was found that compounds FP4, FP7, and FP10 emerged out as the most potent analogs against the tested cell lines. Molecular docking studies were carried out using Auto Dock 4.2.6 software. Structure-activity relationship gave a clear picture of title compounds such as electron-donating (OH, OCH3) groups at arylidene ring at position-5 increase antioxidant activity and is decreased by the presence of an electron-withdrawing group at the same position. Chloro substituted phenyl imino group at second position enhanced the anti-inflammatory activity while substituting electron-donating groups on arylidene moiety attached with fifth position of 4-thiazolidinone improved the anticancer activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acoustic Emission (AE) is a non-destructive Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) technique used to detect the presence and movement of defects in reinforced concrete structures. Various AE based techniques help to identify the occurrence of damage, but there is a need to develop a mechanism for the evaluation of damage index based on AE parameters. This study investigates the ability of AE energy parameters to detect damage to a reinforced concrete (RC) beam-column joint (BCJ). An experimental study has been conducted to test BCJ under cyclic load, and damage progression has been monitored using AE parameters. The results showed a significant increase in energy dissipated and AE energy when a BCJ is reinforced with ductile detailing. Further, a relationship has been developed between energy dissipated and AE energy to determine the damage index. A novel damage index based on AE energy has been developed for reinforced concrete beam-column joints. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative movement disorder characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons, which results in motor impairment. The rationale and objective of the review article is to determine whether CCBs use contributes to a lower risk of developing a first-time diagnosis of PD. Ca2+ homeostasis disruption and mitochondrial dysfunction play a vital role in PD aetiology. In addition, the L-type voltage-gated calcium channel is expressed at high levels amongst nigral neurons, and could play a role in the pathogenesis of PD. In the dopaminergic neurons, Ca2+ entry through plasma membrane Cav1 channels drives a sustained feed-forward stimulation of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. This study investigates the therapeutic potential of R- and T-type Ca2+ channel inhibition in light of new preclinical and clinical data and the feasibility of available Ca2+ channel blockers to cure PD progression. The R-type calcium channel is a type of voltage-dependent calcium channel. Available findings suggest that calcium homeostasis in dopaminergic neurons might be a valuable target for developing new drugs for PD patients. The limitations of our study include reports of observational studies with different follow-up periods. The specific roles of individual drugs and doses were also not mentioned because of nonreporting in the studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Numerical Model of Dielectric Engineered Triple Metal Source/Drain Pocket Doped Nanowire (DETMS/DPDN) FET Based Biosensor are investigated in this brief. The DETMS/DPDN (Dielectric Engineered Triple Metal Source/Drain Pocket Doped Nanowire) FET Based Biosensor was compared to the TNM (Triple Metal Nanowire) FET DETMS/DPDN FET has been shown to have a substantially greater efficiency in Bio-sensing, as well as higher sensitivity, drain current drift, and threshold voltage drift. In this study, we looked at two different biomolecule conditions: first, altering biomolecule concentrations, and second, introducing various organic-molecules. Manifestation of Source/ Drain Pocket Doping (S/DPD) junctions improves bio sensing in DETMS/DPDNFET. DETMS/DPDN FET has also been used to simulate the analytical results by solving the 2-D Poisson equation in compliance with the boundary constraints. The analytical results are very consistent with the simulator's findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemotherapy-induced cognitive impairment (CICI) comprises different neurological problems, including difficulty in learning new things, concentrating and making decisions that affect daily life activities. Clinical reports indicate that around 70% of cancer patients receiving chemotherapy suffer from cognitive impairment. The purpose of the present study is to examine the effects of widely used anticancer medication (Carmustine) on cognitive function using mice model and investigation of the neuroprotective effects of Cerebrolysin (CBN). Cerebrolysin (CBN) is a mixture of several neurotrophic factors and active peptides with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and neuroprotective actions. Our study aimed to establish a mice model of Carmustine (BCNU)-induced cognitive deficits and determine the protective effects of CBN. BCNU (10 mg/kg, i.v.) was administered to mice for 28 days, and behavioral parameters were measured on a weekly basis. CBN (44 and 88 mg/kg, i.p.) was administered daily from day 1 to 28 to BCNU treatment mice. All animals were sacrificed on day 29 and brain hippocampus tissues were used for biochemical, neuroinflammatory, neurotransmitters analysis. BCNU administration animals showed impaired cognition and memory, confirmed from behavioral analysis. Further, BCNU increased oxidative stress, inflammatory cytokines release and altered neurotransmitters concentration as compared to the control group (p < 0.01). However, mice treated with CBN (44 and 88 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly and dose-dependently improved cognitive functions, reduced oxidative stress markers, inflammatory cytokines and restored neurotransmitters concentration as compared to BCNU administered mice (p < 0.05). The finding of current study suggested that CBN could be the promising compound to reverse cognitive impairment associated with use of chemotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most prevalent progressive neurodegenerative disease, characterized by loss of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra, with deficiency of dopamine in the striatum. Tramadol is safe analgesic but long-term use confirmed to elevate oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, in brain leads to motor deficits. l-Theanine is an active constituent of green tea which prevents neuronal loss, mitochondrial failure and improves dopamine, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), serotonin levels and in the central nervous system (CNS) via antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuromodulatory properties. In the present study, tramadol was injected intraperitoneally to Wister rats for 28 days at a dose of 50 mg/kg. l-Theanine (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg) was administered orally 3 h before tramadol administration from day 14 to day 28. Behavioral analyses including rotarod, narrow beam walk, open field, and grip strength were used to evaluate motor coordination on a weekly basis. On the day 29, all Wistar rats were sacrificed and striatum homogenates were used for biochemical (lipid peroxidation, nitrite, glutathione, glutathione peroxidase activity, superoxide dismutase, catalase, mitochondrial complex I, IV, and cyclic adenosine monophosphate), neuroinflammatory markers (tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, and interleukin-17), and neurotransmitters (dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, GABA, and glutamate) analysis. Chronic tramadol treatment caused motor deficits reduced antioxidant enzymes level, increased striatal proinflammatory cytokines release, dysbalanced neurotransmitters, and reduced mitochondrial complex activity I, IV, and cAMP activity. However, l-theanine administration attenuated behavioral, biochemical, neuroinflammatory, neurotransmitters, and mitochondrial activity indicated it as a promising neuroprotective potential against degenerative changes in experimental model of PD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive hypokinetic movement disorder caused by selective degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in striatum and dopamine deficiency in a region of the midbrain. LPS is an endotoxin, used as animal model to induce microglial activation, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and neurotransmitter alteration with PD-like symptoms. Therefore, to prevent neuroinflammation and neurotransmitter changes and to restore normal brain physiology, we tried apigenin (AGN) alone and in combination with piperine (bioenhancer), in LPS experimental model of rats. In this study, rats were treated with single unilateral intranigral injection of LPS at a dose of 5 μg/5 μl on day 0. The oral administration of AGN (25 and 50 mg/kg; p.o.) alone, AGN (25 mg/kg; p.o.) in combination with piperine (2.5 mg/kg; p.o.), and bromocriptine (10mg/kg; p.o.) started from day 7th once in a day. Intranigral injection of LPS significantly altered body weight and behavioral parameters assessed on weekly basis. Furthermore, the biochemical and neuroinflammatory analysis confirmed (on day 22nd) increased level of nitrite, MDA, SOD, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and caspase-1, and decreased level of CAT, GSH, and complex-I. Furthermore, altered level of neurotransmitters (DA, GABA, and glutamate) and cellular changes were observed from histopathological and immunohistochemistry (NF-kB and Nrf-2) analysis. Treatment with AGN (25 and 50 mg/kg; p.o.) alone and AGN (25 mg/kg; p.o.) in combination with piperine (2.5 mg/kg; p.o.) significantly attenuated the alteration in body weight, motor impairments, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and neurotransmitters in rat brain. The neuroprotective effect of AGN against LPS-induced cell death is attributed by modulating NF-kB and Nrf2 signaling pathway in the striatum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this manuscript a subthreshold model has been proposed to the effect of Mobile charges/ Trap Charges Induced on the Dual Metal Junctionless Accumulation Mode Nanowire FET (DM-JAM-NW-FET). It is done by solving the 2D boundary equations by applying the appropriate boundary conditions (including Trap Charges Induced/ Mobile charges) on the structure. The results so obtained have been compared with the simulation results for potential, Ez and Isub. The effect of Trap Charges Induced/ Mobile charges on the Dual Metal Junctionless Accumulation Mode Nanowire FET (DM-JAM-NWFET) and the traditional Single Metal Junctionless Accumulation Mode Nanowire FET (SM-JAM-NWFET) has also been analysed for potential and electron concentration. It is so found that for the DM-JAM-NWFET the aberration in the aforesaid characteristics is very limited in contrast to SM-JAM-NWFET because of the elevated immunity of trap charges effect owing to the minimization of the ionization effect of double metal gate structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this brief, we have explored the impact of Triple Metal Stack Engineered Pocket Dielectric Gate All Around (TMSEPDGAA) MOSFET for Improved Analog Applications. It is so found that the TMSEPDGAA MOSFET shows improved analog performance in terms of high Ids, gm, gains, cut off frequency and lower CGG and Drain Induced Barrier Lowering (DIBL) over the conventional GAA MOSFET's. We have also formulated a subthreshold analytical model for TMSEPDGAA MOSFET by solving the 2D Poisson's equation by application of the accurate boundary conditions. The analytical has been analysed for different channel lengths (L = 30 nm, 45 nm and 60 nm) for surface potential, electric field (Ez), sub-threshold current (Isub) and Subthreshold Slope. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent research trends focus on developing bio-based (derived from agricultural byproducts) fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites for structural applications. Fire resistance is one of the key issues that need to be addressed for the use of these FRP materials in buildings. The thermal and mechanical properties of the constituent materials essentially determine the fire performance (and the fire resistance rating) of a structural member, and these properties vary with temperature. Further, the properties of composite materials such as the FRP are highly influenced by the composition and type of fibers and matrix, and these thermo-mechanical properties also vary significantly with temperature. Due to this variation, the fire resistance of FRP materials (both conventional and bio-based) poses a major concern for use in buildings. Currently, very few standardized test procedures are available for evaluating the high-temperature material properties of FRP composites. In this paper, a review of testing protocols and procedures for undertaking tests on FRP materials at various elevated temperatures for evaluating their properties is carried out. Recommendations are provided on the most suitable test methods, specimen conditions, testing regime, and other issues associated with testing at elevated temperatures. In addition, the applicability of the proposed test methods is illustrated through a case study on conventional FRP specimens. Further, the applicability of the recommended test procedures for measuring high-temperature properties of bio-based FRP composites is highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of new clubbed aryl oxadiazole-1,2,4-triazine derivatives (6a-l) were designed and synthesized using appropriate chemical routes. The structures were designed to have the required structural elements for any compounds to be potential anticonvulsant. Preliminary screening of anticonvulsant activity was performed using maximal electroshock seizure (MES), subcutaneous pentylenetetrazole-induced seizure (scPTZ) and behavioral activity were assessed by motor impairment test and actophotometer test. The derivatives 6-((5-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)amino)-1,2,4-triazine-3(2H)-thione (6f) and 6-((5-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)amino)-1,2,4-triazine-3(2H)-thione (6g) revealed significant activity against both MES and scPTZ indicating that the compounds are effective against both generalized tonic-clonic and absence seizure. The lead compound (6g) was further evaluated for quantitative evaluation and emerged as the most effective anticonvulsant with median effective dose of 28.5 mg/kg (MES ED50), 76.6 mg/kg (scPTZ) and toxic dose (TD50) was found to be >500 mg/kg. In the GABA estimation study results showed significantly increased GABA concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Beam‐column joint (BCJ) is the most critical element of a RC structure and plays an important role in the sound seismic performance of buildings. A number of joint failures have been reported in the literature and it is important to monitor the BCJ regularly to assess their performance so that the damage is predicted much before it reaches a catastrophic level. This study aims to monitor the initiation and progression of damage in BCJ reinforced with and without ductile reinforcement detailing under cyclic loading using a real‐time passive acoustic emission (AE) technique. Results have been analyzed on the basis of AE parameters such as cumulative AE hits, cumulative energy, rise angle, average frequency, and Ib‐value. The Ib‐value analysis has demonstrated good correlation with the experimental observations and it has been established that macroscopic fracture occurs in a RC BCJ during loading. The AE event map successfully gives pictorial representation of the crack development inside the concrete and crack pattern plotted by the AE event maps gives an idea of presence of cracks near the damage area of BCJ. It is also possible to distinguish between tensile and shear crack developing at the joint by using AE data. A linear relationship has been observed between the AE energy and energy dissipated by BCJ to evaluate damage indices in seismically damaged structures. The AE energy gives better representation of quantum of damage than AE hits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of growth regulation and nitrogen on yield, quality and lodging in two basmati rice cultivars was studied at Ludhiana and Rupnagar during summer 2018. The field experiment was laid out in a split-split plot design having basmati cultivars (Basmati 370 and CSR 30) in main plots, nitrogen levels (20 and 30 kg N ha-1) in sub plots and growth regulation treatments (untreated control, lopping, mepiquat chloride at 300, 400 and 500 ppm) in sub-sub plots. Basmati rice cv. CSR 30 recorded 6.9% higher tiller density, 11.4% higher leaf area and 10.9% higher panicles while lodging was 37.4% lower as compared to Basmati 370. Basmati 370 had 43.0, 21.5 and 31.0% higher grains per panicle, panicle length and panicle weight than CSR 30. Both cultivars gave similar grain yield, milling quality and net returns. Nitrogen application at 30 kg N ha-1 increased growth attributes, however, it had no effect on yield attributes and grain yield other than 20 kg N ha-1 level. Growth regulation treatments of lopping, or mepiquat chloride at 300 ppm significantly reduced lodging and increased grain yield by 7-10% and net returns by 14-16% over untreated control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent type of dementia, characterized by a gradual decline in cognitive and memory functions of the aged peoples. Long-term exposure to heavy metals (aluminium and iron) cause neurotoxicity by amyloid plaques accumulation, tau phosphorylation, increased oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and cholinergic neurons degeneration, contributes to the development of AD-like symptoms. The present research work is designed to investigate the neuroprotective effect of spermine in aluminium chloride (AlCl3), and iron (Fe) induced AD-like symptoms in rats. Rats were administered of AlCl3 (100 mg/kg p.o.) alone and in combination with iron (120 μg/g, p.o.) for 28 days. Spermine (5 and 10 mg/kg) through intraperitoneal (i.p.) route was given for 14 days. The recognition and spatial memory impairment were tasted using Morris water maze (MWM), actophotometer, and Novel Object Recognition test (NORT). All the rats were sacrificed on day 29, brains were isolated, and tissue homogenate was used for neuroinflammatory, biochemical, neurotransmitters, metals concentration, and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) analysis. In the present study, AlCl3 and iron administration elevated oxidative stress, cytokines release, dysbalanced neurotransmitters concentration, and biochemical changes. Rats treated with spermine dose-dependently improved the recognition and spatial memory, attenuated proinflammatory cytokine release, and restored neurotransmitters concentration and antioxidant enzymes. Spermine also mitigated the increased beta-amyloid (Aβ42), with downregulation of tau phosphorylation. Furthermore, spermine augmented the hippocampal levels of B cell leukaemia/lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), diminished nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and caspase-3 (casp-3) expression. Moreover, spermine exhibited the neuroprotective effect through anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, neurotransmitters restoration, anti-apoptotic Aβ42 concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prime objective of this study was to ascertain the financial inclusion of marginal farmers and landless categories in border area of Punjab. The study was conducted in one of districts the border areas of Punjab i.e. Amritsar district selected purposively during the year 2017-18. A multistage stratified random sampling technique was employed to select blocks, villages & households from the study area. Out of 10 blocks of the district, Chogawan & Attari block were randomly selected. Further, one village from each selected block i.e. Kakkar and Bhakna Kalan was randomly selected. For this investigation, from both the villages 40 marginal farmers and an equal matching sample of 40 landless farmers were selected, thus, comprising of a sample of 80 farmers to achieve the objectives of the study. The results indicated poor financial inclusion among farmers. The basic components of financial inclusion like availing of insurance, forex transaction, and locker facility were completely lacking among the respondents. No respondent was reported to be having availed any of these services. Other components such as seeking financial advice investing FDRs also showed poor response. This can be attributed to low income of the respondent and the vicious circle of debt leave little income for saving and availing government sponsored scheme for financial inclusion of weaker section. Such government initiative in lifting the weaker section poverty line or debt trap becomes an obstacle causes financial exclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper researches the effect of social media marketing on buying behavior of consumers in automobile industry. This paper discusses SMM from the perspective of the consumers and their perception. It also examines the factors considered and explore the affiliation among these factors and demographics. Design/Methodology: For this exploration, an organized survey study is done to gather information from 283 respondents who are the occupants of Delhi and additionally the clients of Social Media. The focal point of the investigation are all those consumers who are either owner of the cars or intending to buy a car in Delhi. Multivariate technique like Factor analysis, ANOVA & Regression analysis is done to analyse the data. Findings: The factor analysis resulted in 7 factors which influences respondents in their purchasing decision. The factors identified are: Information Gathering (IG), Opinion Seeking & Sharing (OSS), Individual Engagement (IE), Advertisement Content (AC), Information Source (IS), Information Evaluation (IEV) & Final Decision (FD). The findings of ANOVA showed that the importance of these factors do vary across different demographic variables. The analysis states that there is significant difference in perception towards social media marketing and consumer buying behaviour related to automobile buying behavior across different gender level of respondents. Additionally, through regression analysis it was also found that SMM has an impact on CBB. Limitations: Data is collected through the questionnaire only in Delhi and hence the findings cannot be generalized for the whole country. Respondents are constrained with time and willingness otherwise the sample could be larger than the present one. The factors identified provide only a glimpse of the factors which could be affecting consumer perception and behaviour. There is a strong possibility of many exogenous variables which might be affecting and playing role in this relationship of variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

STZ is a glucosamine-nitrosourea compound, causes dysfunctioning of insulin receptors in the brain and disrupts glucose metabolism, produces cognitive decline and AD-like symptoms. ICV injection of STZ causes accumulation of Aβ and cognitive dysfunctions. Andrographolide (ANDRO) is a major bioactive constituent of Andrographis paniculata, has various biological activities such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cholinesterase, and neuroprotective properties. The study aimed to evaluate the neuroprotective effect of ANDRO against ICV-STZ induced AD-like symptoms in rats. To conduct the study, the Wistar rat received two injections of STZ (3 mg/kg) through the ICV route. Rats were treated with three different doses of ANDRO (15, 30, and 60 mg/kg, p.o.) and donepezil (5 mg/kg, p.o.) for 14 days. The behavioral impairments were analyzed on weekly basis. Subsequently, rats were sacrificed for the assessment of biochemical (MDA, Nitrite, GSH, SOD, Catalase and AChE), neuroinflammatory markers (IL-1β, IL-16, and TNF-α), neurotransmitters (glutamate and GABA), level of Aβ1–42 and p tau in the hippocampus on day 21st. Our result indicated that ANDRO treatment provided a protective effect against STZ induced behavioral deficits and changes in the biochemical, neuroinflammatory mediators, and neurotransmitters of the hippocampus. Further, ANDRO also reduced the level of Aβ1–42 and p tau in the rat hippocampus. These findings suggested that the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cholinesterase potential of ANDRO contributed to its neuroprotective effect as well as promising therapeutic candidate for the treatment of cognitive impairment and AD-like symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SARS-CoV-2 is an enveloped positive-sense RNA virus, contain crown-like spikes on its surface, exceptional of large RNA genome, and a special replication machinery. Common symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 include cough, common cold, fever, sore throat, and a variety of severe acute respiratory disease (SARD) such as pneumonia. SARS-CoV-2 infects epithelial cells, T-cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells and also influences the production and implantation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Repurposing of various drugs during this emergency condition can reduce the rate of mortality as well as time and cost. Two druggable protein and enzyme targets have been selected in this review article due to their crucial role in the viral life cycle. The eukaryotic translation initiation factor (eIF4A), cyclophilin, nucleocapsid protein, spike protein, Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), 3-chymotrypsin-like cysteine protease (3CLpro), and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) play significant role in early and late phase of SARS-CoV-2 replication and translation. This review paper is based on the rationale of inhibiting of various SARS-CoV-2 proteins and enzymes as novel therapeutic approaches for the management and treatment of patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. We also discussed the structural and functional relationship of different proteins and enzymes to develop therapeutic approaches for novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a multifactorial neurological disorder associated with neuropathological and neurobehavioral changes, like cognition and memory loss. Pathological hallmarks of AD comprise oxidative stress, formation of insoluble β-amyloid (Aβ) plaques, intracellular neurofibrillary tangles constituted by hyperphosphorylated tau protein (P-tau), neurotransmitters dysbalanced (DA, NE, 5-HT, GABA and Glutamate) and metal deposition. Chronic exposure to metals like aluminium and copper causes accumulation of Aβ plaques, promotes oxidative stress, neuro-inflammation, and degeneration of cholinergic neurons results in AD-like symptoms. In the present study, rats were administered with aluminium chloride (200 mg/kg p.o) and copper sulfate (0.5 mg/kg p.o) alone and in combination for 28 days. Allicin (10 and 20 mg/kg i.p) was administered from day 7 to day 28. Spatial and recognition memory impairment analysis was performed using Morris water maze, Probe trial, and Novel Object Recognition test. Animals were sacrificed on day 29, brain tissue was isolated, and its homogenate was used for biochemical (lipid peroxidation, nitrite, and glutathione), neuro-inflammatory (IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF- α), neurotransmitters (DA, NE, 5-HT, GABA and Glutamate), Aβ(1–42) level, Al concentration estimation, and Na+/K+-ATPase activity. In the present study, aluminium chloride and copper sulfate administration increased oxidative stress, inflammatory cytokines release, imbalanced neurotransmitters' concentration, and promoted β-amyloid accumulation and Na+/K+-ATPase activity. Treatment with allicin dose-dependently attenuated these pathological events via restoration of antioxidants, neurotransmitters concentration, and inhibiting cytokine release and β-amyloid accumulation. Moreover, allicin exhibited the neuroprotective effect through antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, neurotransmitters restoration, attenuation of neuro-inflammation and β-amyloid-induced neurotoxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The study is an attempt to measure the risk perception of consumers according to their demographic profile in online buying. Design/Methodology/Approach: The empirical study has been conducted for Delhi, NCR region (Noida, Ghaziabad, Gurugram, Faridabad). The primary data was collected through an online survey using a structured questionnaire. 536 eligible responses were received and analysed based on objectives. Findings: This study has revealed that there was no impact of consumers' gender and education on the three identified risk factors; financial risk, performance risk, and privacy risk. However, age and income have a partial effect. Consumers' age difference has an impact on financial risk and performance risk but no effect on privacy risk. Consumers' income has a significant effect on privacy risk but only a limited effect on financial and performance risk. Limitations: The study area was limited to Delhi and NCR region only. Therefore, the result may not be generalized for the entire country. The scope was for the study of the impact of demographic variables on perceived risk and did not cover its impact on consumer online buying. Practical Implications: The study provides valuable insights into the impact of demographic factors on perceived risk which will help marketers to develop an appropriate strategy for online business. Originality/Values: There is a lack of studies regarding consumers' risk perception in online buying based on demographics. This study seeks to examine and analyse differences in perceived risk based on the demographic profile of online consumers. This research paper is the original work of the researchers. No ideas, processes, results, or words of others have been presented as authors' work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary objective of this study was to explore the pharmacological potential of tocopherol and doxycycline against traumatic brain injury-induced cognitive/motor impairment in rats. Weight drop model of traumatic brain injury. After TBI, the animals were treated with doxycycline (50 and 100 mg/kg; p.o), tocopherol (5 and 10 mg/kg; p.o) alone and in combination as doxycycline and tocopherol (50 and 10 mg/kg; p.o) from 1st day to 28th day. The behavioral parameters were performed on a weekly basis from 1st day to 28th day. On 29th day, animals were sacrificed and striatum and cortex were homogenized for the estimation of biochemical (LPO, nitrite, and GSH), neuroinflammatory (IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α), and neurotransmitters (dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, GABA, and glutamate) analysis. Induction of TBI had significantly reduced locomotor activity, recognition memory, increased neuroinflammatory markers, and imbalance neurotransmitter levels. The treatment with doxycycline and tocopherol alone and in combination significantly attenuated locomotor activity, memory recognition, reduced neuroinflammation, preserved oxidative balance, and restored the level of neurotransmitters. The neuroprotective effect of doxycycline and tocopherol might be due to its anti-inflammatory and free radical scavenging mechanisms. TBI: Traumatic brain injury; Doxy: Doxycycline; Toco: Tocopherol; LPO: Lipid peroxidation; MDA: Malondialdehyde; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha; IL-1b: Interleukin-1 beta; GSH: Glutathione; GABA: gamma-Aminobutyric acid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A parametric study of out-of-plane performance of engineered cementitious composite (ECC) strengthened brick masonry wallets with openings through numerical modeling has been performed. The out-of-plane responses of masonry wallets are determined by applying the four-point loading and analyzed with numerical modeling. For validation of numerical modeling, four burnt-clay brick masonry wallets with openings at the center are cast. The parametric study is conducted on ECC strengthened masonry wallets with opening to investigate the effect of several parameters such as percentage of ECC, width to thickness (b/h) ratio and span to depth (L/d) ratio. Furthermore, the study includes varying opening dimensions in terms of square and rectangular openings. The present investigation shows that the utilization of precast ECC sheet enhance the load-carrying capacity and ductility of masonry wallets with openings. Moreover, the design charts have been prepared for ECC strengthened masonry wallets with openings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]