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Tooth decay is the main oral pathology and a worldwide public health problem. The paediatrician is the first medical professional to assess and treat children. Therefore, it is important that they are well informed. The aim is to determine the level of dental knowledge of paediatricians practising in the public and private health sectors in Catalonia (Spain).Cross-sectional, descriptive, and analytical study of the basic dental knowledge of paediatricians through an anonymous and voluntary survey of 17 questions on prevention, trauma and dental cavities. The results are segmented based on professional experience, type of centre and whether it has a paediatric dentistry area.A total of 129 paediatricians from Catalonia participated. Almost all paediatricians (86.82%) normally perform an oral examination in a routine visit; 31.8% refer the child to the paediatric dentist when the first permanent molars have erupted, and 41.9% indicate that toothpaste should contain a minimum of 1,000 ppm of fluoride. It is proven that paediatricians practising in the private sector have greater dental knowledge than those in the public sector (p = 0.019). Experience is not related to knowledge (p = 0.0691). The paediatricians who have a paediatric dentistry area in their workplace show greater knowledge (p = 0.046).Only half of the surveyed paediatricians follow the recommendations of paediatric societies on prevention aspects. In dental traumatology, professionals mostly follow the recommendations supported by the literature with high scientific evidence.

This work reports the CMOS compatible and monolithic fabrication of a conventional planar field effect transistor (FET) co-integrated with a quantum dot (QD) based single electron transistor (SET). The FET process fabrication is adapted to fulfill the restrictions imposed by the pre-fabricated SET, such as reduced thermal budget, extra protection layers and modified doping in order to obtain low threshold voltage. The resulting FET presents good subthreshold characteristics and the SET preserves its integrity at the end of the fabrication.

The inherent three-dimensional topology of vNWs imposes several constraints to their fabrication and their integration in other circuits. We present here the use of Hydrogen silsesquioxane (HSQ) for the fabrication of single electron transistors (SETs) based on vNWs.

The main objective was to study supernumerary teeth diagnosed during the routine checkups at the Paediatric Dentistry Service of Hospital de Nens, Barcelona (Spain), for four months.A transversal, descriptive study, was performed in 1,960 patients, aged 1 to 17 years, visited during routine oral checkups. An intraoral exploration (with intraoral mirror and probe) was performed to all patients, and subjects older than 5 years also underwent panoramic x-ray examination.A total of 33 patients showed supernumerary teeth (1.68%), 22 boys and 11 girls. A total of 10 patients (8 boys/2 girls) had supernumerary teeth in the temporary dentition, 20 patients (12 boys/8 girls) in the permanent dentition and 3 patients (2 boys/1girls) in both temporary and permanent dentition. A total of 46 supernumerary teeth were diagnosed.Any alteration in the number of teeth in patients younger than 5 years are difficult to diagnose, as x-rays are usually not taken. We believe that starting at 5 years old, a radiological exploration (panoramic x-ray) has to be carried out as a complement to the clinical examination.

The purpose of this unique case report is to describe a very unusual dentoalveolar fracture associated with avulsion of the near-complete root. A 3-year-old male patient came for consultation after a dentoalveolar trauma with a “fragment that looks like canine” found in his mouth by his mother. This boy suffered root fracture of the upper primary central right incisor, accompanied by transalveolar and transmuco-gingival avulsion of the tooth root fragment, leaving the crown in its position in the dental arch. Clinical and radiological examinations were performed in order to follow up the case: 15 days, one month, and three months after trauma, the crown had a slight mobility without other clinical or radiological signs. After six months, the upper primary central right incisor’s crown was exfoliated. Open bite due to the persistence of the pacifier habit favored the crown retention in the mouth. This case emphasizes the importance of primary diagnosis and follow-up of trauma cases. To the best of our knowledge, this kind of dental injury has not been previously described in the literature nor in the current Dental Trauma guidelines for the management of traumatic dental injuries in the primary dentition.

The different effects induced by AMP and its analogues on the tertiary structure and the coenzyme environment of phosphorylase b were studied by titration of the slowly reacting thiol groups and by quenching of the coenzyme fluorescence, respectively, to determine the possible differences that activate phosphorylase b. The following results were obtained: The coenzyme environment depends upon the nucleotide studied. AMP, when bound to its first site, opens the coenzyme pocket. The slow cysteines were shielded by the nucleotides against their DTNB titration depending on the nucleotide studied. The enzyme difference spectra in presence of the nucleotide showed that the negative band of 260 nm is similar for all nucleotides possessing the same base, but the positive band obtained in the presence of AMP was diminished when other nucleotides were present.

Scaling of device dimensions toward nano-scale regime has made it essential to innovate novel design techniques for improving the circuit robustness. This work proposes an implementation of adaptive proactive reconfiguration methodology that can first monitor process variability and BTI aging among 6T SRAM memory cells and then apply a recovery mechanism to extend the SRAM lifetime. Our proposed technique can extend the memory lifetime between 2X to 4.5X times with a silicon area overhead of around 10% for the monitoring units, in a 1kB 6T SRAM memory chip.

Unerupted supernumerary teeth, depending on the morphology, number and distribution can give rise to various alterations in the eruption and development of those permanent teeth to which they are related. Objectives: We aimed to make an epidemiological and descriptive study of the clinical characteristics of patients in Barcelona, their surgical treatment and how said treatment was hindered. Materials and methods: A descriptive study including 113 supernumerary teeth from 79 healthy pediatric patients between 5 and 19 years of age, which underwent surgery in our hospital during a 2 year period (May 2005 / May 2007), taking into account the variables of personal data, gender, age, location, number, morphology, positionaxis, radiological study, surgical treatment, related pathologies, and surgical complications. Results: Male patients (51) were more frequently affected than female (28) patients mainly within the central incisors-mesiodens (53.16%), in which the unique form (68.52%) predominates in conoid morphology (69.62%). Surgical treatment was done by palatal/lingual extraction (49.37%), with few surgical complications (only 1 case of post-surgical bleeding). Conclusion: Incidence in supernumerary teeth is higher among male patients (ratio M:F of 1.82:1). They are most frequently located in the maxilla (82%), specifically, in the premaxilla (77%). Most cases presented only one supernumerary tooth (68.5%) and, in multiple cases, the premolar region is predominant. The conoid shape is the commonest morphology (69.62%). Surgical extraction, was done by palatal/lingual in 49.37% of the cases, as opposed to the vestibular approach in 45.57%.