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This work aims to screen the extraction of oil and bioactive compounds including carotenes and tocochromanols from oil palm fruit with subcritical propane and without using a cosolvent. The overall extraction curves of palm oil with subcritical propane were studied and compared to those extracted with supercritical carbon dioxide. Carotenes and tocochromanols were evaluated not only in the extracted oil. but also in the oil of residual fiber in order to calculate the efficiency to recover these valuable compounds. The experimental results showed that oil yield of up to 70 % could be obtained within 120 minutes with subcritical propane at 50 bar and a flow rate of 35 kg·h-1·kg-1-. It was also shown that compressed propane is an excellent solvent for the extraction of oil enriched in carotenes and tocochromanols. Subcritical propane extraction can be used as an alternative process for the simultaneous recovery of these valuable minor components from palm fruit.

This study examined the changes in the quality of the Pacific white shrimps coated with chitosan incorporated with custard apple peel extract (ASE). Generally, there was a positive effect on texture, color, and biochemical characteristics of shrimp samples treated with either chitosan coating or chitosan coating combined with ASE as against the control after 12 days of storage at 4°C. The increases in the values of weight loss, pH, peroxide values, total volatile basic nitrogen, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances of shrimps were significantly inhibited in shrimps treated with a chitosan-ASE coating. Coating with chitosan combined with ASE at a concentration of 300 mg GAE/L was proven as the most effective preservation method for whiteleg shrimp during cold storage. Thereby, it may suggest that the combination of chitosan and ASE could be used as an effective alternative for the natural coating to extend the shelf-life and maintain the shrimp quality.

The solar wind is a continuous outflow of charged particles from the Sun's atmosphere into the solar system. At Earth, the solar wind's outward pressure is balanced by the Earth's magnetic field in a boundary layer known as the magnetopause. Plasma density and temperature differences across the boundary layer generate the Chapman-Ferraro current which supports the magnetopause. Along the dayside magnetopause, magnetic reconnection can occur in electron diffusion regions (EDRs) embedded into the larger ion diffusion regions (IDRs). These diffusion regions form when opposing magnetic field lines in the solar wind and Earth's magnetic field merge, releasing magnetic energy into the surrounding plasma. While previous studies have given us a general understanding of the structure of these diffusion regions, we still do not have a good grasp of how they are statistically differentiated from the non-diffusion region magnetopause. By investigating 251 magnetopause crossings from NASA's Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) Mission, we demonstrate that EDR magnetopause crossings show current densities an order of magnitude higher than non-EDR magnetopause crossings - crossings that either passed through the reconnection exhausts or through the non-reconnecting magnetopause. Significant current signatures parallel to the local magnetic field in EDR crossings are also identified, which is in contrast to the dominantly perpendicular current found in the non-EDR magnetopause. Additionally, we show that the ion velocity along the magnetopause is highly correlated with a crossing's location, indicating the presence of magnetosheath flows inside the magnetopause current sheet.

We present EUV solar observations showing evidence for omnipresent jetting activity driven by small-scale magnetic reconnection at the base of the solar corona. We argue that the physical mechanism that heats and drives the solar wind at its source is ubiquitous magnetic reconnection in the form of small-scale jetting activity (a.k.a. jetlets). This jetting activity, like the solar wind and the heating of the coronal plasma, is ubiquitous regardless of the solar cycle phase. Each event arises from small-scale reconnection of opposite-polarity magnetic fields producing a short-lived jet of hot plasma and Alfvén waves into the corona. The discrete nature of these jetlet events leads to intermittent outflows from the corona, which homogenize as they propagate away from the Sun and form the solar wind. This discovery establishes the importance of small-scale magnetic reconnection in solar and stellar atmospheres in understanding ubiquitous phenomena such as coronal heating and solar wind acceleration. Based on previous analyses linking the switchbacks to the magnetic network, we also argue that these new observations might provide the link between the magnetic activity at the base of the corona and the switchback solar wind phenomenon. These new observations need to be put in the bigger picture of the role of magnetic reconnection and the diverse form of jetting in the solar atmosphere., The Astrophysical Journal, 945 (1), ISSN:0004-637X, ISSN:2041-8213

A pre-registration for a scoping review exploring the theoretical and practical models of medical school teaching in dermatology.

This work aims to screen the extraction of oil and bioactive compounds including carotenes and tocochromanols from oil palm fruit with subcritical propane and without using a cosolvent. The overall extraction curves of palm oil with subcritical propane were studied and compared to those extracted with supercritical carbon dioxide. Carotenes and tocochromanols were evaluated not only in the extracted oil, but also in the oil of residual fiber in order to calculate the efficiency to recover these valuable compounds. The experimental results showed that oil yield of up to 70 % could be obtained within 120 minutes with subcritical propane at 50 bar and a flow rate of 35 kg·h−1·kg−1. It was also shown that compressed propane is an excellent solvent for the extraction of oil enriched in carotenes and tocochromanols. Subcritical propane extraction can be used as an alternative process for the simultaneous recovery of these valuable minor components from palm fruit.

Chúng tôi nghiên cứu hồi cứu, trong 14 năm (2004 – 2018), trên những bệnh nhân phẫu thuật tim (n=6720) được sử dụng dung dịch liệt tim máu ấm để bảo vệ cơ tim. Chúng tôi đánh giá mức độ tổn thương cơ tim dựa vào các biến số ghi nhận vào các thời điểm từ trước mổ (T0), 2 giờ sau kết thúc phẫu thuật (T2), 8 giờ sau mổ (T8) và 24 giờ sau mổ (Toff) về nồng độ Troponin T, tỷ lệ khử rung tim tự nhiên sau mở cặp động mạch chủ, sử dụng hỗ trợ tuần hoàn bằng kỹ thuật bơm bóng đối xung trong động mạch chủ, sử dụng thuốc trợ tim inotrope, và chức năng tim sau mổ như cung lượng tim, phân suất tống máu thất trái cũng như các kết quả hồi sức về thời gian thở máy, thời gian điều trị tại phòng hồi sức. Tỷ lệ đáng kể những bệnh nhân có nguy cơ cao trước mổ như suy tim nặng NYHA.III-IV (81,3%), tăng áp phổi với PAPS≥55 mmHg (27,7%) hoặc phải trải qua phẫu thuật phức tạp (39,3%) như phẫu thuật đa van tim, hoặc phối hợp phẫu thuật van tim với bắc cầu chủ vành… Tuy nhiên, có cải thiện đáng kể chức năng tim sau mổ như phân suất tống máu thất trái (p

The Wesbrook Mall Redesign project is a UBC roadway rehabilitation plan that has been proceeding over several years that is nearing completion. This report contains a detailed design for the fourth and final phase of the project developed by our consulting team. There is an extensive amount of information regarding the redesign of this final phase and its components outlined throughout the report. Details that can be found include roadway alignments, water retention plans, construction strategies, scheduling, as well as a Class A cost estimation for the project. Team 14 has developed a design that contains many benefits to improve this portion of Wesbrook Mall on the University grounds. Key features that our design implements include: • Enhancing sustainable transportation infrastructure • Implementing rain water retention strategies • Considering environmental concerns and impacts • Increasing safety for all corridor users • Maximizing on-street parking available The noted elements above are further outlined in the body of this report. Our team focused primarily on enhancing infrastructure for sustainable modes of transportation. The established design emphasizes infrastructure enhancements in hopes of enabling users to shift away from personal vehicle use. The City of Vancouver has implemented a goal for 2040 for transit, cycling, and walking to be two-thirds of all trips taken in the city. Our team has taken a similar approach by creating a safer and more accessible framework for users of all ages and abilities. Primary components of the project that emphasize safety include clearly marked and designated cycling lanes, additional drive lanes to reduce transit disruption, widened sidewalks, and a newly constructed overpass for pedestrians to cross Wesbrook Mall. The design our team has developed has a tentative timeline starting in May 2022 and taking approximately 25 weeks to complete. Our tentative schedule is limited to weather constraints and recent infrastructure damages in British Columbia that may cause delays due to material shortages. A detailed cost estimate is enclosed in the report highlighting action items and unit rates for the complete construction of the project. We expect the total cost of construction to be roughly $3,840,000 with $27,000 of annual operating and maintenance costs. A slightly higher contingency of 15% was used to account for the current shortage of construction materials, as well as other unforeseen events that may occur. To view a 3D rendering that our team developed of the Wesbrook Mall Redesign – Phase 4 corridor, please visit the following link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G51U1FlnjDU. Disclaimer: “UBC SEEDS provides students with the opportunity to share the findings of their studies, as well as their opinions, conclusions and recommendations with the UBC community. The reader should bear in mind that this is a student project/report and is not an official document of UBC. Furthermore readers should bear in mind that these reports may not reflect the current status of activities at UBC. We urge you to contact the research persons mentioned in a report or the SEEDS Coordinator about the current status of the subject matter of a project/report.”

International audience; Parker Solar Probe data below 0.3 AU have revealed a near-Sun magnetic field dominated by Alfvénic structures that display back and forth reversals of the radial magnetic field. They are called magnetic switchbacks, they display no electron strahl variation consistent with magnetic field foldings within the same magnetic sector, and are associated with velocity spikes during an otherwise calmer background. They are thought to originate either at the photosphere through magnetic reconnection processes, or higher up in the corona and solar wind through turbulent processes.In this work, we analyze the spatial and temporal characteristic scales of these magnetic switchbacks. We define switchbacks as a deviation from the parker spiral direction and detect them automatically through perihelia encounters 1 to 6. We analyze the solid angle between the magnetic field and the parker spiral both over time and space. We perform a fast Fourier transformation to the obtained angle and find a periodical spatial variation with scales consistent with solar granulation. This suggests that switchbacks form near the photosphere and may be caused, or at least modulated, by solar convection.

Global-scale energy flow throughout Earth's magnetosphere (MSP) is catalyzed by processes that occur at Earth's magnetopause (MP). Magnetic reconnection is one process responsible for solar wind entry into and global convection within the MSP, and the MP location, orientation, and motion have an impact on the dynamics. Statistical studies that focus on these and other MP phenomena and characteristics inherently require MP identification in their event search criteria, a task that can be automated using machine learning. We introduce a Long-Short Term Memory (LSTM) Recurrent Neural Network model to detect MP crossings and assist studies of energy transfer into the MSP. As its first application, the LSTM has been implemented into the operational data stream of the Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) mission. MMS focuses on the electron diffusion region of reconnection, where electron dynamics break magnetic field lines and plasma is energized. MMS employs automated burst triggers onboard the spacecraft and a Scientist-in-the-Loop (SITL) on the ground to select intervals likely to contain diffusion regions. Only low-resolution data is available to the SITL, which is insufficient to resolve electron dynamics. A strategy for the SITL, then, is to select all MP crossings. Of all 219 SITL selections classified as MP crossings during the first five months of model operations, the model predicted 166 (76%) of them, and of all 360 model predictions, 257 (71%) were selected by the SITL. Most predictions that were not classified as MP crossings by the SITL were still MP-like; the intervals contained mixed magnetosheath and magnetospheric plasmas. The LSTM model and its predictions are public to ease the burden of arduous event searches involving the MP, including those for EDRs. For MMS, this helps free up mission operation costs by consolidating manual classification processes into automated routines., 21 pages, 8 figures, 3 tables, submitted to Frontiers: Space Science

A significant quantity of tocochromanols and carotenoids remains in the residual from palm oil production by traditional screw pressing. Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction was used as alternative method with the purpose to recover better these valuable minor compounds. Total oil yield and co-extracted water were investigated in the course of extraction. Tocochromanols and carotenoids were evaluated, not only in the extraction oil, but also in the oil of residual fibre. Modelling of extraction process was also performed for a further up-scaling. The results showed that oil yield up to 90% could be observed within 120 min. Supercritical carbon dioxide (SCCO2) could extract tocochromanols and carotenoids with concentration in the same range of normal commercial processing palm oil, while co-extracted water remained rather low at a level of 2&ndash, 4%. Moreover, recovery efficiencies of these minor compounds were much higher in case of extraction processed with supercritical carbon dioxide than those with screw pressing method.

We identify a dayside electron diffusion region (EDR) encountered by the Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) mission and estimate the terms in generalized Ohm's law that controlled energy conversion near the X-point. MMS crossed the moderate-shear (130 degrees) magnetopause southward of the exact X-point. MMS likely entered the magnetopause far from the X-point, outside the EDR, as the size of the reconnection layer was less than but comparable to the magnetosheath proton gyro-radius, and also as anisotropic gyrotropic "outflow" crescent electron distributions were observed. MMS then approached the X-point, where all four spacecraft simultaneously observed signatures of the EDR, e.g., an intense out-of-plane electron current, moderate electron agyrotropy, intense electron anisotropy, non-ideal electric fields, non-ideal energy conversion, etc. We find that the electric field associated with the non-ideal energy conversion is (a) well described by the sum of the electron inertial and pressure divergence terms in generalized Ohms law though (b) the pressure divergence term dominates the inertial term by roughly a factor of 5:1, (c) both the gyrotropic and agyrotropic pressure forces contribute to energy conversion at the X-point, and (d) both out-of-the-reconnection-plane gradients (d/dM) and in-plane (d/dL,N) in the pressure tensor contribute to energy conversion near the X-point. This indicates that this EDR had some electron-scale structure in the out-of-plane direction during the time when (and at the location where) the reconnection site was observed., Comment: Submitted to JGR Space Physics (November 2017), resubmitted after 1st round of minor revisions (January 2018)

The outflow velocity of jets produced by collisionless magnetic reconnection is shown to be reduced by the ion exhaust temperature in simulations and observations. We derive a scaling relationship for the outflow velocity based on the upstream Alfv��n speed and the parallel ion exhaust temperature, which is verified in kinetic simulations and observations. The outflow speed reduction is shown to be due to the firehose instability criterion, and so for large enough guide fields this effect is suppressed and the outflow speed reaches the upstream Alfv��n speed based on the reconnecting component of the magnetic field.

Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of Gac (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng) aril was performed at pressures ranging from 200 to 400 bar, temperatures from 313 to 343 K and specific flow rates from 50 to 90 kg h−1 CO2 kg−1 Gac aril. Total oil recovery and carotenes concentration were investigated in the course of extraction. Mathematical modelling of oil solubility data was also performed. The results showed that at specific flow rate of 70 kg h−1 kg−1, pressure of 400 bar and temperature of 343 K, Gac oil recovery exceeded 95% after 120 min of extraction. Gac oil loading of supercritical carbon dioxide was successfully described by Chrastil's model. Carotenes concentration of extracted Gac oil was found at level of thousands of ppm.

The effects of air-drying temperature, particle size and enzymatic pre-treatment on the oil yield and content of carotenoids in the resultant Gac oil using supercritical CO 2 extraction method were investigated. It was found that the highest oil yield was obtained when using the enzyme concentration at 0.1% (w/w) for pretreatment before air-drying. Furthermore, the content of carotenoids was also enhanced by suitable drying temperature and the particle size. High oil yield (34% g/g) and high content of β-carotene (83 mg/100 mL oil) and lycopene (508 mg/100 mL oil) were obtained using the drying temperature of 50 °C and particle size of 0.45 mm as pre-treatments prior to SC-CO 2 extraction at pressure of 200 bar and extraction temperature of 50 °C. Results also indicated that the most suitable extraction time was 120 min. It was concluded that Gac oil containing high amount of carotenoids could be extracted using the chosen air-drying temperature, particle size, enzymatic pre-treatment and extraction time.

Enzymatic esterification of glycerol and palmitic acid was performed in acetone expanded by CO 2 at 40–60 °C and 65–85 bar. Novozyme 435, Lipozyme RM IM, Lipozyme TL IM and Lipomod 34P were screened to select a suitable enzyme for the study. The effects of additional water and molar ratio of glycerol to palmitic acid on the selectivity to mono- and di-acylglycerol were investigated. Response surface method was used to describe the dependency of pressure, temperature, and enzyme concentration on the conversion of palmitic acid. Optimum condition was finally selected at 85 bar, 50 °C and 25% of Novozyme 435 related to the amount of dissolved fatty acid.

Total anthocyanin content (TAC) and total phenolics in “Nhật tim” purple-fleshed sweet potato (PFSP) variety were analyzed as affected by four cooking methods: steaming, baking, roasting, and frying. Moisture content (%), core flesh temperature (oC) and color characteristics of cooked PFSP were evaluated. TAC in steamed, fried (skin-on), roasted, baked, and fried (skin-off) PFSP were 234.18; 217.14; 208.11; 195.25; 173.68 mg/100g dry weight (DW), respectively. Under the same cooking time, steaming was good for the retention of total phenolics and anthocyanins as compared with baking. Cooking by steaming, roasting, baking, skin-on or skin-off frying produced significant increase (P ≤ 0.05) of TAC and total phenolics as compared to the respective fresh samples. Steaming resulted in the greatest increase of TAC whereas skin-on frying showed a good cooking method to retain high total phenolics (826.47 mg GAE/100g DW) in shred PFSP.

Esterification of palmitic acid and glucose by Novozyme 435 was performed in CO2-expanded acetone. The study included investigating key process parameters such as pressure, temperature, concentrations of substrate and enzyme. An amount of acetone up to 3% (v/v) is required to ensure that the reaction takes place in an expanded liquid phase. A good esterification performance could be found with 30 wt.% enzyme related to the amount of dissolved fatty acid at an optimum temperature of 50 °C and a pressure of 65 bar. Additionally, a new mechanism for the removal of water as a by-product of the reaction is discussed, which is due to the multi-phase distribution of acetone–CO2–water–glucose system.

This paper proposes a new approach for monitoring brown planthoppers (BPH) swarms using a surveillance network at provincial scale. The topology of this network is identified to a wireless sensor network (WSN), where each node is a real light trap and each edge describes the influence between two nodes, allowing gathering BPH information. Different communication ranges are evaluated to choose a suitable network. The experiments are performed on the light traps surveillance network of Hau Giang province, a typical rice province in the Mekong Delta region of Vietnam.

International audience; This paper proposes a new approach for monitoring brown planthoppers (BPH) swarms using a surveillance network at provincial scale. The topology of this network is identified to a wireless sensor network (WSN), where each node is a real light trap and each edge describes the influence between two nodes, allowing gathering BPH information. Different communication ranges are evaluated to choose a suitable network. The experiments are performed on the light traps surveillance network of Hau Giang province, a typical rice province in the Mekong Delta region of Vietnam.

A sustainable process to produce herbal tea from Vietnamese water hyssop ( Bacopa monnieri ) has been conducted. The product can be used as traditional Ayuvedic medicinal herb. In this study, factors affecting drying process have been investigated including temperature ranging from 60 to 80°C, material thickness from 0.18 to 0.54 g/cm 2 and air velocity from 0.5 to 1.5 m/s. Total polyphenols and soluble solid contents were observed during the process. Antioxidant capacity of raw and dried water hyssop have been also evaluated. The optimum result showed that at temperature of 60°C, material thickness of 0.18 g/cm 2 and air velocity of 1.5 m/s, polyphenols content and total soluble solids in final herbal tea were found at 15.13 mg/g gallic acid equivalent and 4.00%. With saponins concentrations of 0.53% and 0.50%, the IC50 values of 3.94 µg/ml and 4.45 µg/ml were found in the raw and dried water hyssop tea, respectively. It’s required to dry water hyssop at optimum condition in 180 minutes and chop materials into 1mm lengths before being used as herbal tea.

[1] In a recent case study, Borg et al. (2007) reported that an inverted V structure, caused by a field-aligned potential drop of 30 kV producing very strong X-ray aurora, was found in connection with tail reconnection. However, the in situ particle measurements indicated clearly that the particles responsible for the X-ray aurora were not accelerated by the reconnection process. In this article, we report the predicted auroral intensities of thirteen reconnection events where Cluster passed through the reconnection region. For six of the events, global auroral imaging data were available and the predicted auroral intensities could be compared with the observed intensities. Our main findings are as follows: (1) Acceleration in the reconnection region is generally not sufficient to account for the observed auroral intensities. (2) Additional acceleration between the reconnection region and the ionosphere is needed to explain the auroral intensities. Although we see signatures that point toward potential drops at the flanks of bursty bulk flows (BBFs), we also find signatures of Alfvén wave accelerated electrons at 700 km and we are not able to determine the most likely acceleration mechanism. (3) The reconnection events are observed 2–14 min after substorm onset and indicate that reconnection is an expanding process observed along the poleward boundary of the aurora. publishedVersion

Dermatological diseases are widespread and have a significant impact on the quality of life of patients; however, access to appropriate care is often limited. Improved early training during medical school represents a potential upstream solution. This scoping review explores dermatology education during medical school, with a focus on identifying the factors associated with optimizing the preparation of future physicians to provide care for patients with skin disease. A literature search was conducted using online databases (Embase, MEDLINE, CINAHL and Scopus) to identify relevant studies. The Joanna Briggs Institute methodological framework for scoping reviews was used, including quantitative and qualitative data analysis following a grounded theory approach. From 1490 articles identified, 376 articles were included. Most studies were from the USA (46.3%), UK (16.2%), Germany (6.4%) and Canada (5.6%). Only 46.8% were published as original articles, with a relatively large proportion either as letters (29.2%) or abstracts (12.2%). Literature was grouped into three themes: teaching content, delivery and assessment. Core learning objectives were country dependent; however, a common thread was the importance of skin cancer teaching and recognition that diversity and cultural competence need greater fostering. Various methods of delivery and assessment were identified, including computer-aided and online, audiovisual, clinical immersion, didactic, simulation and peer-led approaches. The advantages and disadvantages of each need to be weighed when deciding which is most appropriate for a given learning outcome. The broader teaching–learning ecosystem is influenced by (i) community health needs and medical school resources, and (ii) the student and their ability to learn and perform. Efforts to optimize dermatology education may use this review to further investigate and adapt teaching according to local needs and context.