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This report gives an exposition of the application of advanced, probabilistic calculation methods to assess of the fire endurance of structures. The particular application case that we address is glulam wooden structures in a hall-like large single-space building. The first method used is a reliability analysis based on the approximation of the fire exposure by the standard time-temperature curve and the second method is a novel simulation-based probabilistic approach integrating passive and active fire safety measures to an estimate of the risks involved.

V magistrskem delu sem se podrobneje seznanil s slovensko zakonodajo o varstvu pred požarom, požarni varnosti v stavbah in načinu projektiranja evakuacijskih poti. V uvodnem delu sem obdelal osnovne definicije pojma evakuacija, potek razvoja načrtovanja evakuacij, načine načrtovanja v sedanjosti in podatke, ki jih moramo zajeti med samim načrtovanjem. Na podlagi tehnične smernice za graditev TSG-1-001:2019 in Zakona o varstvu pred požarom ter podzakonskih aktov, ki obravnavajo evakuacijske poti, sem izdelal različne načrte prostorov ter scenarije evakuacije znotraj le-teh. Izdelal sem načrte treh osnovnih prostorov: učilnice, knjižnice in hodnika. Vsakemu od prostorov sem dodal različne predmete in opremo, ki sovpadajo z namenom prostora ter predstavljajo ovire na evakuacijski poti. V programu AutoCAD sem izdelal dvodimenzionalne načrte. Te sem nato izvozil v program Pyrosim in jim dodal še tretjo dimenzijo. Modele sem izvozil v program Pathfinder, kjer sem v prostore dodal ljudi z različnimi hitrostmi gibanja. Nato sem izvedel simulacijo evakuacije in dobil rezultate oz. evakuacijske čase, ki sem jih prikazal v obliki grafov in tabel. V magistrskem delu sem obravnaval vpliv ovir in orientiranost postavitve le-teh na evakuacijski poti, vpliv širine in dolžine evakuacijske poti, vpliv števila ljudi, njihove hitrosti gibanja in zadolžitve ter vpliv števila izhodov v prostoru na evakuacijski čas. V namenu magistrskega dela sem postavil pet hipotez. Na podlagi rezultatov eksperimentalnega dela sem štiri hipoteze ovrgel in eno delno potrdil. Prav tako sem iz dobljenih rezultatov ugotovil, da povečanje širine evakuacijske poti z 1,2 m na 2,0 m skrajša čas evakuacije za 8 %, da se čas evakuacije podaljša za največ 1,75-krat pri podaljšanju evakuacijski poti z 20 m na 40 m, da pravokotna postavitev predmetov v primerjavi z vzporedno postavitvijo predmetov na evakuacijsko pot podaljša čas evakuacije za 4 sekunde. Ugotovil sem tudi, da se čas evakuacije skrajša za več kot polovico v enem scenariju, v ostalih scenarijih pa za manj kot polovico, ko imamo dva zasilna izhoda na izbranih lokacijah v primerjavi z enim zasilnim izhodom, in da se čas evakuacije poveča do 1,33-krat, ko je v prostoru 20 ljudi v primerjavi z 10 ljudmi. Ugotovitve magistrskega dela lahko v prihodnje pripomorejo pri raziskovanju področja evakuacij in k razmisleku ob načrtovanju in postavitvi objektov ter vzpostavitvi evakuacijskih poti. This thesis closely examines the Slovenian legislation with regard to fire protection, fire safety requirements in buildings and the planning of evacuation routes. In the introduction, it elaborates on the basic definitions of the term evacuation, the history of the development of evacuation planning, the methods of contemporary planning and the data that must be collected during the planning stage itself. Following the technical guidelines for the construction of TSG-1-001:2019 and the Fire Protection Act with its by-laws on evacuation routes, I designed various room plans and their corresponding evacuation scenarios. I designed the plans for three basic room types: a classroom, a library and a corridor. I added multiple objects and pieces of equipment to each of the rooms in such a way that they coincided with the purpose of the room while also representing obstacles on the evacuation route. I made two-dimensional plans in AutoCAD and exported them to the Pyrosim program, where a third dimension was added to them. I then exported these models to the Pathfinder program, where people with different movement speeds were added to the rooms. An evacuation simulation was subsequently carried out which provided the results or evacuation times which have been presented in the form of graphs and tables. This master’s thesis discusses how the evacuation time is influenced by obstacles and the orientation of their placement on evacuation routes, the width and length of the evacuation route, the number of people, their speed of movement and workload, the number of exits in the room. The thesis proposes five hypotheses. Based on the results of the experimental part of the thesis, four hypotheses were refuted an one was partially confirmed. Based on the results, I found that increasing the width of the evacuation route from 1.2 m to 2.0 m reduces the evacuation time by 8 %, that the evacuation time is, at most, 1.75-times longer when extending the evacuation route from 20 m to 40 m, and that a perpendicular placement of objects on the evacuation route increases the evacuation time by 4 seconds compared to a parallel placement. I also found that when we have two emergency exits at selected locations as opposed to one, the evacuation time is cut by more than half in one scenario and less than half in the other scenarios, and that the evacuation time increases up to 1.33 times when there are 20 people in the room compared to 10 people. The findings of this thesis could contribute to evacuations research, to the planning and placement of objects and the design of evacuation routes.

Uživanje drog kot so alkohol, marihuana, kokain, plesne droge, heroin in ostale droge predstavljajo velik problem sodobne družbe. Vedno lažja dostopnost do drog, vedno večja sprejemljivost in rekreativna uporaba med mladimi ter vpliv industrije zabave predstavljajo ene izmed vodilnih problemov sodobne družbe. V magistrskem delu smo se posvetili problemu uporabe drog in alkohola med mladimi in vplivom na varnost in zdravje pri delu ter na posledice in nevarnosti njihove uporabe na delovnem mestu in delovni organizaciji. Poleg problemov povezanih z delavci migranti iz držav tretjega sveta in vedno starejše delovne sile, gre namreč za enega izmed največjih problemov oziroma izzivov varnosti in zdravja pri delu na trgu dela v Evropi in tudi svetu. V magistrskem delu so predstavljeni študentsko delo in razne definicije, kot so stimulansi, halucinogeni, depresorji, rekreativna uporaba drog, zdravstveni pregledi po Zakonu o varnosti in zdravju pri delu ter kako zakon opredeljuje položaj alkohola in drog na delovnem mestu. Predstavili smo razširjenost uporabe drog in alkohola med mladimi, njihovo vpetost v delo oziroma vplive na varnost in zdravje pri delu. Dotaknili smo se tudi družbene tematike in sicer v smislu osebnih dejavnikov mladih, ki pripomorejo k uporabi drog. Splošno so bile opisane skupine drog, kot so depresorji centralnega živčnega sistema, stimulansi, halucinogeni in kanaboidi ter predstavil glavne predstavnike teh skupin alkohol, kokain, krek, ekstazi, LSD. Opisali smo kratkoročne učinke uporabe drog, ki bi se morebiti pojavili pri delavcih ali delavcih študentih na delu in tudi dolgoročne posledice, ki bi se lahko pojavile po daljši zlorabi. V naslednjih poglavjih smo predstavili naraščajočo problematiko rekreativne uporabe drog in opisali znake ter posledice zlorabe drog na delovnem mestu. Dotaknili smo se tudi dejavnikov, ki lahko pripomorejo k uporabi drog na delovnem mestu. Opisali smo naloge vodstva, nadzornih delavcev in ukrepanje v povezavi z drogami in alkoholom, testiranja, obravnavo zlorab in preventivne programe uporabe drog na delovnem mestu. V okviru eksperimentalnega dela je bilo anketiranih več kot 1100 študentov različnih fakultet univerze v Ljubljani. Zanimal nas je njihov oseben odnos do drog, dojemanje in uporaba psihoaktivnih snovi v zasebnem in predvsem službenem življenju, med opravljanjem študentskega dela ter tudi na delovnem mestu, kaj morda opazijo njihovi sodelavci študenti in redno zaposleni ter kakšen pomen ima delodajalec v smislu problematike drog in alkohola. Ugotovili smo, da anketiranim študentom uporaba drog in alkohola v prostem času ni tuja, saj je bilo ugotovljeno, da jih 67 % uporablja tedensko. Največ jih je pričakovano uporabilo marihuano (68 %) in alkohol (97 %). Prav tako je bilo ugotovljeno, da je 46 % anektiranih študentov že čutilo posledice omamljenosti oziroma pijanosti na delovnem mestu, 23 % študentov pa je bilo na delovnem mestu omamljenih oziroma pijanih. Ugotovili smo, da kar 79 % delodajalcev delavce študente ne pošlje na preventivni zdravstveni pregled pred študentskim delom, prav tako pa 90 % delodajalcev ne izvaja nobenih preventivnih ukrepov na področju problematike uporabe drog in alkohola na delovnem mestu. Ugotovljeni je tudi bilo, da večina delodajalcev ne izvaja preizkuse na droge in alkohol. 59 % anketiranih študentov meni, da je problematika uporabe drog in alkohola pri bodoči delovni sili vedno večja. Cilji magistrskega dela so bili doseženi. Predstavil sem, da je uporaba drog in alkohola med mladimi, kot bodoči in tudi že sedanji delovni sili velika, da se delodajalci ne zavedajo problematike uporabe drog in alkohola in problematičnih vplivov na njihovo delovno organizacijo, in da bo ta problematika postajala vedno večja. The use of drugs such as alcohol, marijuana, cocaine, party drugs, heroin and other drugs is a major problem of modern society. Increasing access to drugs, increasing acceptance and recreational use among young people, and the influence of the entertainment industry are one of the leading problems of modern society. In master's thesis we focused on this topic which represents major problem on safety and health at work as well. In addition to problems related to migrant workers from third world countries and an increasingly aging workforce, it is one of the biggest problems and challenges of safety and health at work on the labor market in Europe and the world. The master's thesis presents student work and various definitions, medical examinations under the Law of Occupational safety and health and how the law defines the position of alcohol and drugs in the workplace. We presented the prevalence of drug and alcohol use among young people, their involvement in work and occupational health and safety. We also touched social issues, what are the personal factors of young people which contribute to drug use. We generally presented groups of drugs such as central nervous system depressants, stimulants, hallucinogens, and cannabinoids, and introduced the main representatives of these groups alcohol, cocaine, crack, ecstasy, LSD. We have described the short-term effects of drug use that may occur in workers or student workers at work, as well as long-term effects and consequences that could occur after prolonged abuse. In the following chapters, we presented the increasingly problematic recreational drug use and described the signs and consequences of drug abuse in the workplace and what are the factors that contribute to drug use in the workplace. We described the tasks of management and supervisors and drug and alcohol policy, drug testing, dealing with abuse, and prevention programs for drug use in the workplace. As part of the experimental work, more than 1,100 students from various faculties of the University of Ljubljana were surveyed. We were interested in their personal attitude to drugs, their perception and use of psychoactive substances in their private and, above all, work life, as well as how their colleagues, students and full-time employees perceive drugs and alcohol at work and the importance of the employer in drugs and alcohol work problem. We found that the surveyed students are no strangers with use of drugs and alcohol in their free time, as it was found that 67% of them use it on a weekly basis. As expected, most of them used marijuana (68%) and alcohol (97%). It was also found that 46% of the surveyed students already felt the effects of dazedness or drunkenness at the workplace, and 23% of students were dazed or drunk at the workplace. We found that as many as 79% of employers did not send student workers to a preventive health check-up before student work, and 90% of employers do not implement any preventive measures in the field of drug and alcohol use at the workplace. It was also found that most employers do not conduct drug and alcohol tests. 59% of surveyed students believe that the problem of drug and alcohol use in the future workforce is increasing. The objectives of the master's thesis have been achieved. I emphasized that the use of drugs and alcohol among young people, as a future and already the current workforce, is high, that employers are not aware of the problem of drug and alcohol use and the problematic effects on their work organization, and that this problem will continue to grow.

Study of the mechanical properties of glued laminated beech beams is presented in this doctoral thesis. The high strength and stiffness properties of beech wood require that special attention be paid to the tensile strength of different finger joint profiles with different adhesives used for longitudinal gluing of beech boards. The results of experimental testing of finger joints in tension have shown that longer and slimmer finger joints are required to increase the load bearing capacity of finger joints. The influence of the type of adhesive used decreases with the length of the finger joints, so that existing structural adhesives are suitable for use with glued laminated beech beams. Fourteen glued laminated beech beams were produced. The beams were then tested and the strength and stiffness properties were measured. In addition to flexural strength and flexural elastic modulus, shear modulus and contact stiffness between layers were measured. Analytical and numerical models for the analysis of glued laminated beech beams were established. The models are based on Reissner’s planar beam theory and take into account the slip between laminations and the influence of finger joints. The analytical solution for Euler-Bernoulli and Timoshenko-Ehrenfest glued laminated beech beams is presented. The numerical model can be used for modelling glued laminated beams with an arbitrary number of laminations and an arbitrary number of finger joints. The model has been validated with the experimental results and the results agree well. Stochastic analysis of glued laminated beech beams is also performed using analytical and numerical model and the results showed a good agreement with the experimental results and that numerical model can simulate the mechanical behaviour of the glued laminated beech beams. V doktorski disertaciji je predstavljena analiza mehanskih lastnosti lameliranih lepljenih nosilcev iz bukovega lesa. Zaradi visokih mehanskih lastnosti bukovega lesa je potrebno posebno pozornost posvetiti zobatim spojem ter njihovi natezni nosilnosti. Pri tem sta geometrija zobatih spojev in lepilo, ki se uporablja za dolžinsko spajanje bukovih desk, bistvenega pomena. Rezultati eksperimentalnih testov so pokazali, da z daljšimi in ožjimi zobatimi spoji nosilnost zobatega spoja narašča pri tem pa se vpliv lepila zmanjšuje. Obstoječa konstrukcijska lepila so se izkazala kot ustrezna za uporabo v lepljenih lameliranih nosilcih iz bukovega lesa. Štirinajst lameliranih lepljenih nosilcev iz bukovega lesa je bilo testiranih v upogibu. Poleg upogibne trdnosti in upogibnega elastičnega modula lepljenih lameliranih nosilcev iz bukovega lesa, smo izmerili tudi strižni modul nosilcev in togost stika med lamelami. Za analizo lameliranih lepljenih nosilcev iz bukovega lesa sta pripravljena analitični in numerični model. Oba temeljita na Reissnerjevi teoriji ravninskih nosilcev. Pri analizi je upoštevan zdrs med sloji in vpliv zobatih spojev. Analitična rešitev je prikazana za Euler-Bernoullijev in Timoshenko-Ehrenfestov nosilec. Z numeričnim modelom je mogoče modelirati lamelirane lepljene nosilce s poljubnim številom lamel ter poljubnim številom zobatih spojev. Model je validiran z rezultati eksperimentalnih testov in pokazalo se je dobro ujemanje med izracunanimi in izmerjenimi vrednostmi. Za ovrednotenje rezultatov je bila opravljena tudi stohastična analiza, tako z analitičnim, kot tudi numeričnim modelom lameliranega lepljenega nosilca.

Procesi, ki se izvajajo v kamnolomih, ob uporabi eksplozivnih sredstev predstavljajo tveganje, ki lahko v večji ali manjši meri vplivajo na varnost ter zdravje delavcev in drugih vpletenih oseb. Posledično je zelo pomembno usposabljanje delavcev in drugih ključnih oseb, ki morajo biti seznanjene z vsemi tveganji, ki lahko pri tem delu nastanejo. Pomembno je tudi poznavanje in seznanitev z varno uporabo eksplozivov in z njimi povezanih sredstev s katerimi rokujejo delavci. Prav tako je ključnega pomena, da delavci upoštevajo varnostne ukrepe za preprečevanje tveganj, ki bi ogrožale varnost in zdravje delavcev. Processes carried out in quarries using explosives pose a risk that can affect the safety and health of workers and others involved in these processes. Therefore, it is very important to prepare workers and other relevant persons who must be aware of all the risks that may occur during this work. It is also important that workers know and master the safe handling of explosives and related materials. It is also crucial that workers follow safety measures to avoid risks that would endanger the safety and health of workers.

V magistrskem delu je predstavljen matematični model za analizo in simulacijo požarov v naravi. Računalniški program je namenjen ponazoritvi razvoja talnih požarov. Sprogramiran je v programskem orodju Wolfram Mathematica po metodi celične avtomate (CA), ki spada med diskretne načine matematičnega modeliranja. Osnova algoritma CA je semiempirični matematični model, ki je izpeljan iz splošne energijske bilance, poenostavljene na podlagi osmih predpostavk. Koncept prenosa toplote je empirične narave. Uporablja geometrijski model, ki je analogen točkastemu modelu, vendar je velikost toplotnega toka plamena (Q̇c) odvisna od kalibracijskega faktorja (η), umerjenega na osnovi eksperimentalnih podatkov iz literature. Osnovnemu algoritmu CA je dodan še t. i. razširitveni del, ki je namenjen simulaciji požarnih preskokov in v nasprotju z osnovnim delom temelji na stohastičnem principu ter uporablja večjo sosesko CA. Obnašanje umerjenega matematičnega modela smo preizkusili s parametrično študijo in z analizo občutljivosti. Rezultate parametrične študije, v kateri smo spremljali odvisnost hitrosti požara (ROS) od vrednosti posamezne spremenljivke, smo primerjali z ugotovitvami iz literature. Analizo občutljivosti smo izvedli po principu polne dvostopenjske faktorialne analize po metodi DOE (angl. Design Of Experiments). Na podlagi standardnih odklonov ROS (s) smo primerjali velikosti vplivov testiranih spremenljivk v matematičnem modelu. Eksperimentalne rezultate smo analizirali tudi v programu Minitab, kjer smo s pomočjo t-testa določili, ali so testirane spremenljivke v matematičnem modelu statistično signifikantne. Na podlagi rezultatov analize matematičnega modela smo ugotovili, da je le-ta primeren za ponazoritev razvoja talnih požarov, saj se simulacije v različnih pogojih obnašajo skladno z opažanji iz literature. Pokazali smo, da je za uspešno širjenje požara potrebno minimalno razmerje gorljivih in negorljivih celic (p), ki je pri pogojih numeričnega eksperimenta znašalo 0,54. Kritična vrednost masnega deleža vlage v gorivu (Hu,k), pri kateri širjenje požara ni več možno, je odvisna od površinske gostote goriva (W). Vse testirane spremenljivke v matematičnem modelu so statistično signifikantne, pri čemer med velikostma vplivov začetne temperature goriva (T0) in temperature vžiga (Tvž) ni statistično signifikantne razlike. Najvplivnejši spremenljivki matematičnega modela sta konstanta hitrosti reakcije (kr) in kurilna vrednost goriva (Hcom), ki primarno vplivata na velikost toplotnega toka plamena (Q̇c) in višino plamena (Hf). Najmanjši vpliv med vsemi spremenljivkami pa je imela specifična toplota suhe snovi (cs). The master's thesis presents a mathematical model for analysis and simulation of wildfires. The computer program is intended to emulate the progression of ground fires. It is programmed in the Wolfram Mathematica software tool using the cellular automata (CA) method, which belongs among discrete techniques of modelling. The fundament of the CA algorithm is a semiempirical mathematical model. It is derived from the general energy balance, which is simplified based upon eight assumptions. The concept of heat transfer is empirical in nature. It uses a geometric model that is analogous to the point source one, but the magnitude of the flame heat flux (Q̇c) is contingent on the calibration factor (η), which is calibrated based on experimentally obtained data from the scientific literature. Moreover, to the primary CA algorithm an extension section is added, which is designed to simulate firebrand spreading. Unlike the elementary part of the program, it is founded on the stochastic principle and uses a larger CA neighbourhood. The response of the calibrated mathematical model was tested by a parametric study and sensitivity analysis. The results of the parametric study, where we observed the dependence of rate of fire spread (ROS) on the value of individual model parameters, were compared with other published research data. The sensitivity analysis was performed on the principle of two level full factorial analysis in accordance with the DOE (Design Of Experiments) method. Based on the standard deviations (s), we determined which variables our mathematical model depended on the most. Data of the full factorial analysis was also evaluated in the Minitab program, where we used a t-test to assess whether influence of model parameters is statistically significant. Considering the behaviour of simulations in different circumstances and results of the analysis of the mathematical model we have concluded, that the computer program is suitable to represent the development of ground fires. Furthermore, we have shown that a minimal ratio of combustible to non-combustible cells (p) is required for successful fire spread, which in the conditions of our numerical experiment was equal to 0,54. Moreover, the critical value of mass fraction of moisture in the fuel (Hu,k) is dependent upon the fuel load (W). All the tested variables in the mathematical model were statistically significant without any statistically significant difference between the influences of the initial fuel temperature (T0) and ignition temperature (Tvž). The predominant variables of the mathematical model are the reaction rate constant (kr) and the heat of combustion (Hcom), which primarily affect the heat release rate of the flame (Q̇c) and flame height (Hf). However, the specific heat of dry fuel matter (cs) had the smallest effect among all tested variables.

Gorenje odprtih kurišč poteka značilno pri nizki temperaturi in omejenem dostopu kisika, pri čemer nastajajo škodljivi produkti, kot so: trdni delci (PM), ogljikov oksid (CO), metan (CH4), hlapne organske spojine (VOC-i), policiklični aromatski ogljikovodiki (PAH-i), »težke kovine«, dioksini (PCDD-ji) in furani (PCDF-ji). Ob uporabi neustreznih goriv, kot so na primer odpadki, se količina nastalih emisij znatno poveča. V diplomskem delu so identificirani in na kratko opisani glavni produkti, ki nastajajo pri odprtih kuriščih. Predstavljena je tudi zakonodaja v Sloveniji, ki zadeva problematiko odprtih kurišč. Ugotovljeno je bilo, da globalne emisije odprtega kurjenja odpadkov prispevajo velik delež k emisijam vseh antropogenih virov (predvsem trdni delci (PM), benzen, policiklični aromatski ogljikovodiki (PAH-i), formaldehidi in vodikovi kloridi). Obravnava vseh odpadkov bi bila preobsežna, zato smo se v tem delu podrobneje posvetili odprtemu kurjenju odpadnih pnevmatik, ki so zaradi številčnosti in uporabe svetovni problem. Iz podatkov meritev koncentracij emisij, ki nastanejo pri odprtem kurjenju odpadnih pnevmatik (meritve so povzete iz že opravljenih študij), in s primerjavo rezultatov z mejnimi vrednostmi v Sloveniji je bilo ugotovljeno, da odprto kurjenje pnevmatik povzroča onesnaženje, ki presega dopustne meje. Visoka odstopanja od postavljenih mejnih vrednostih v Sloveniji so bila zaznana pri naslednjih produktih: trdnih delcih (PM10), policikličnih aromatskih ogljikovodikih (PAH-ih), benzenu, težkih kovinah (tako v dimnih plinih kot v pepelu) in vodikovem sulfidu (H2S). V praksi ni mogoče nadzirati in zaznati vseh nepravilnih uporab odprtih kurišč (sploh individualnih kurišč), zato se zdi, da bi bil najboljši ukrep za zmanjšanje emisij odprtih kurišč izobrazba ljudi o njihovi škodljivosti in uporabi v naravnem okolju. Open burning typically occurs at lower temperatures and with limited oxygen, producing harmful products such as particulate matter (PM), carbon monoxide (CO), methane (CH4), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), »heavy metals«, dioxins (PCDDs) and furans (PCDFs). The amount of produced emissions increases significantly when inappropriate fuels, such as waste, are used. In the thesis, the main products generated by open burning are identified and briefly described. Legislation in Slovenia concerning open burning is also presented. The global emissions from open burning of waste were found to contribute a large share to the total anthropogenic emissions (mainly particulate matter (PM), benzene, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), formaldehydes and hydrogen chlorides). Since it is too large to cover all the types of waste, this thesis focuses in more detail on open burning of scrap tyres, which are a global problem due to their abundance and use worldwide. Through measured concentrations of emissions from open burning scrap tyres (measurements were taken from other studies) and comparison of the results with limit values in Slovenia, it is concluded that open burning of scrap tyres causes pollution exceeding the acceptable limits. High deviations from the limit values in Slovenia were detected for the following products: particulate matter (PM10), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), benzene, heavy metals (both in flue gases and ash) and hydrogen sulphide (H2S). In reality, it is not possible to monitor and detect all improper uses of open burning (especially individual open burning). Therefore, it seems that the best measure to reduce emissions from open burning would be to educate people about harmful effects and use of open burning in the natural environment.

V magistrskem delu sem preučeval požarne scenarije Wellness centra Lipa. Najbolj me je zanimal evakuacijski čas in vpliv ovir, vidljivosti in psihofizična pripravljenost oseb na sam evakuacijski čas. Analizo sem opravil s pomočjo računalniških programov AutoCAD, Pathfinder in PyroSim. V izbranih prostorih sem opazoval osem izbranih oseb. Najprej sem v računalniškem programu AutoCAD narisal načrt evakuacije Wellness centra Lipa. Nato sem vnesel podatke v Pathfinder in analiziral potek evakuacije samih izbranih oseb in vpliv ovir na njihov evakuacijski čas. V nadaljevanju sem prostore Wellness centra Lipa analiziral še v računalniškem programu PyroSim. Tu sem izvedel dva evakuacijska scenarija. Zanimal me je evakuacijski čas posamezne izbrane osebe glede na vpliv vidljivosti. Vpliv dima se je poznal vsem osebam v izbranih prostorih. Dim in slaba vidljivost sta močno oslabila reakcijske sposobnosti vseh oseb v prostorih. Evakuacijski čas se s slabo vidljivostjo in neprehodnostjo evakuacijskih poti močno poveča. Evakuacija je tako upočasnjena in lahko postane tudi nevarna za reševalce. In my master thesis I studied fire scenarios from the Lipa Wellness Centre. I was most interested in the evacuation time and the impact of obstacles, visibility and the psychological readiness of the occupants on the evacuation time itself. The analysis was managed using AutoCAD, Pathfinder and PyroSim. I observed eight selected people in selected rooms. First, I drew an evacuation plan for the Lipa Wellness Centre in AutoCAD. I then entered the data into Pathfinder and analysed the evacuation process of the selected persons themselves and the impact of the obstacles on their evacuation time. Next, I analysed the premises of the Lipa Wellness Centre in the PyroSim computer programme, where I ran two fire scenarios. I was interested in the evacuation time of each selected person in relation to the impact of visibility. All people in the selected rooms were affected by the smoke. Smoke and poor visibility severely weakened everyone in the room. Evacuation times increase significantly with low visibility and impassable evacuation routes.

Varnost dirkačev, športnih funkcionarjev in gledalcev se je skozi čas spreminjala. Če smo še pred leti lahko zabeležili ogromno smrti med gledalci ali dirkači, se je statistika v zadnjih letih znatno izboljšala. Na varnost dirkačev vpliva ogromno faktorjev, največji faktorji pa so zagotovo sestavni deli varnostne opreme v avtomobilih ter uporaba osebne varovalne opreme dirkačev. Skozi leta se je tehnologija razvijala, obenem pa so se razvijali tudi varnostni elementi. Rally spada med avto moto šport in kot vsak drugi šport je lahko nevaren vendar varnostni elementi znatno povečajo možnost preživetja ali pa vsaj zmanjšajo možnost nastanka hudih poškodb. Zaradi kompleksnosti športa sem se na začetku seznanil najprej s termini povezanimi z dirkami, nato pa z uradniki, ki jih imenujemo športni funkcionarji. Za vsakega športnega funkcionarja sem opisal njegove naloge in zadolžitve. Najpomembnejši dokument, ki je pomemben pri načrtovanju dirk je varnostni načrt – v motošportu ga imenujejo biblija med organizatorji. Varnostni načrt določa vse nevarnosti, ki bi se lahko pripetile med izvedbo dirko, prav tako pa določa število in pozicijo uradnih oseb, ki so prisotni ob trasi hitrostne preizkušnje. Ugotavljal sem pomen nesreče na dirkah in postopke v primerih dirkaške nesreče. Najpomembnejši del pa je bil požar, pri čemer sem mogel najprej ugotoviti vzroke za nastanek požara v dirkalnikih. Za preprečevanje požara se uporabljajo naslednji varnostni elementi: gasilni aparati, centralni gasilni sistem, varnostni rezervoar, požarna stena ter obloge na varnostni kletki. Dirkače pred plameni varuje osebna oprema – podkapa, kombinezon, spodnje perilo, nogavice ter rokavice. Vsak del opreme, ki je vgrajen v vozilu ali osebna oprema dirkača mora biti izdelan po strogih navodilih FIA, obenem pa je potrebno upoštevati tudi FIA standard. Dirkač na dirki ne sme nastopiti, če vsa oprema ni homologiran. Opremo se vedno preveri pred začetkom dirke oziroma na tehničnem pregledu. Rally v Sloveniji žal ni najbolj prepoznaven šport, za kar pa obstaja cel kup dejavnikov. Diplomsko delo sem poskusil sestaviti na takšen način, da se bralcu na najboljši možen način predstavi organizacijski del, seznani z dokumenti, ki so pomembni za varno organizacijo dirk ter podrobneje spozna varnostne elemente tako dirkalnika kakor dirkača. The safety of racers, racing sports functionaries and observers of the sport has been changing constantly over time. If only a few years ago many deaths were recorded between racers and race fans alike, the statistics of these events happening have lowered significally. A lot of factors concerning safety must be taken into account with the races and their participants, the most prominent of which are the safety components of the cars themselves and the racers' body safety gear. Through the years as automobile technology advanced the advancement of these safety elements also played a crucial part in protecting the participants of races. Rally is a part of the auto-moto sport family and as such can be very dangerous, but the afforementioned safety elements highly increase the chances of survival or, at the very least, prevent heavy bodily injuries. Because of the complexity of the sport I first got familiar with the terminology concerning racing and then the officials we call racing sports functionaries. For every one of these functionaries I explained his role in the sport - meaning his duties and assignments. The most important document needed when planning a race is the safety document - between organisers in motosports it is called "the bible". It defines any and all dangerous events that might occur during the duration of the race, while also defining the number and position of safety personnel, who are also present during the speed test of the track. I also researched the meaning of accidents on races and the actions taken upon one occuring. The most important part though were possible fires, where I had to find out the reasons for their occurence in race cars. For fire prevention the following safety elements are used: fire extinguishers, central fire prevention systems, safety reservoirs, firewalls and the lining of the safety cages of race cars. The racers themselves are protected by their personalised safety equipment - an undercap, the racing suit itself, proper socks and proper gloves. Every piece of equipment in the car or the racers' personalised equipment must follow the rules of the FIA and meet FIA standards. A racer can't perform on a race if all equipment isn't homologated. The equipment is always checked before the race or on the vehicles' technical reviews. Rally racing sadly isn't a very recognised sport in Slovenia, having many contributing factors. This thesis was designed in a way that could present the reader many different elements of racing in the best way possible, from the organisation part to the documents needed to safely organise these races and an in-depth insight into the personalised safety equipment of race cars and the drivers themselves.

Pojav požara v športnih objektih, kjer je prisotnih veliko število ljudi, predstavlja zelo resno grožnjo za njihova življenja, povzroča pa tudi veliko materialno škodo. Pred takšnimi situacijami se je potrebno ustrezno obvarovati z uporabo sistemov aktivne požarne zaščite znotraj objekta. Posebej pomembna je ustrezna namestitev požarnih javljalnikov v vseh prostorih, da se karseda hitro prepreči nadaljnje širjenje požara, glede na vrsto zaznavanja je pomembno, da so le-ti ustrezni, ter da so pravilno razporejeni v prostoru. Poleg javljalnikov je potrebno zagotoviti tudi ustrezno število evakuacijskih poti in ročnih gasilnikov požara ter jih označiti s predpisanimi simboli. The occurrence of fire in sports facilities, where large numbers of people are present, poses a very serious threat to their lives and also causes significant material damage. Such situations must be adequately protected by the use of active fire protection systems within the facility. It is of particular importance that fire detectors are installed in all premises in order to prevent the further spread of the fire as quickly as possible, depending on the type of detection, it is important that these are adequate and that they are properly spaced. In addition to the detectors, an adequate number of evacuation routes and manual fire extinguishers must be provided and marked with the prescribed symbols.

Diplomsko delo obsega celovito analizo sistema za varno in hitro evakuacijo. Za višjo stopnjo preglednosti je bila najprej preučena zakonodajna podlaga evakuacije in nato glede na ugotovitve pripravljene ustrezne hipoteze o pomanjkljivosti sistema. Pri analiziranju hipotez sta bila uporabljena simulacijska programa Pyrosim in Pathfinder, ki v komplementarni obliki podajata realen vpogled v želene nevarne situacije in nudita popoln pregled nad prisotnimi parametri. Za izvedbo simulacij je bil nato izdelan model večnadstropne stavbe s preglednim in enostavnim tlorisom. Ta je bila opremljena v stilu pisarn in je vsebovala štiri izhode in dva ločena stopnišča. Dve izmed treh hipotez so bile analizirane s pomočjo pripravljenega modela, medtem ko je bila ena analizirana s preučevanjem strokovne literature iz tega področja. Ugotovljeno je bilo, da so podane hipoteze veljavne, kar je potrdilo začetne pomisleke glede pomanjkljivosti sistema. The work includes a comprehensive analysis of the system for safe and fast evacuation. In order to achieve a higher level of transparency, the legal basis for evacuation was first examined and then, based on the results, appropriate corresponding hypotheses were made about the shortcomings of the evacuation system. The Pyrosim and Pathfinder simulation programmes were used to analyse the hypotheses, which provide a realistic insight into the desired hazardous situations in a complementary form and offer a complete overview of the existing parameters. A model of a multi-storey building with a transparent and simple floor plan was created and used to perform the simulations. The building was office-like style and contained four exits and two separate staircases. Two of the three hypotheses were analysed using the relevant literature in the field. The hypotheses were found to be valid and confirmed the initial concerns about the inadequacies of the evacuation system.

Prevoz nevarnih snovi po cestah se iz leta v leto povečuje, kar pomeni, da se povečuje tudi verjetnost za nastanek nesreče. Manjše nesreče z razlitji nevarnih snovi se pogosto dogajajo. Redkeje pride do večjih nesreč, ob katerih se razlije večja količina nevarnih snovi, do požara ali eksplozije in so večje ter bolj obširne posledice. V magistrskem delu sem s pomočjo računalniškega programa ALOHA modelirala nesrečo, pri kateri je udeležena cisterna, ki prevaža naftne derivate. Predpostavila sem, da je prišlo do nesreče na parkirišču mejnega prehoda Obrežje, kjer se v povprečju letno zgodita dve nesreči z iztekanjem nevarnih snovi. V teoretičnem delu magistrskega dela sem raziskala zakonodajo s področja prevoza nevarnih snovi, definirala, kaj so nevarne snovi in kako se jih razvršča, ter pregledala literaturo o uporabi in delovanju programa ALOHA. V eksperimentalnem delu sem preučila fizikalne in kemijske lastnosti bencina in dizelskega goriva ter modelirala gorečo lužo za obe vrsti goriv. Zanimalo me je tudi, kako vplivajo vremenski pogoji na velikost ogroženega območja. Program ALOHA kot rezultat modeliranja poda ogrožena območja, ki predstavljajo nevarnost za človeško populacijo. Glede na primerjavo rezultatov med bencinom in dizelskim gorivom sem prišla do ugotovitve, da bi bila večja nevarnost toplotnega sevanja pri bencinu pozimi. Takšen rezultat lahko pripišemo večji hitrosti vetra v zimskem letnem času, saj veter nagiba plamene v smeri vetra. V nadaljevanju sem preverila, kako bi različen premer odprtine, skozi katero izteka gorivo, vplival na rezultate. Modelirala sem toplotno sevanje ob razlitju bencina iz cisterne, ki tvori gorečo lužo, ter kako bi se gibal toksičen oblak hlapov, če bi prišlo samo do razlitja in izhlapevanja goriva. Večja kot je odprtina, skozi katero izteka gorivo, večje je toplotno sevanje in s tem tudi ogroženo območje. V zadnjem delu magistrskega dela sem modelirala še eksplozijo tipa BLEVE. The transportation of dangerous substances by road increases from year to year, which means that the probability of an accident is also increased. Smaller accidents with various dangerous substances often happen. More rarely, major accidents occur where a larger amount of hazardous material spreads, fires or explosions occur, resulting in more widespread consequences. In this master's thesis, I modeled an accident involving a tanker dominated by petroleum products using the computer program ALOHA. I have assumed an accident in the parking lot of the border food Obrežje, where on average two accidents occur per year with the course of dangerous substances. In the theoretical part of the master's thesis, I researched the legislation in the field of transportation of dangerous substances, defined what such a dangerous substance and how to distinguish them, and reviewed the literature on the use and operation of the program ALOHA. In the experimental part, I investigated the physical and chemical properties of gasoline and diesel fuel and modelled the fuel for both types of fuels. I was also interested in how they affect the weather conditions in most of the area at risk. The program ALOHA as a result of modelling the given areas that poses a threat to human population. Based on a comparison of the results between gasoline and diesel, I concluded that gasoline has a higher risk of heat radiation in winter. Such a result can be attributed to several fast speeds in the winter season due to the wind tipping the flames in the wind direction. Next, I checked how the different diameter of the orifice through which the fuel flows affects the results. I modelled the heat radiation when a gasoline leaks from a tank forming a burning puddle, and how a toxic vapour cloud would move when only fuel leaks and vaporizes. More than an opening from leaking fuel, heating is also a vulnerable area in this background. I also modelled a BLEVE type explosion in the last part of my thesis.

Požar je nevaren vsem ljudem, predvsem pa ranljivejšim skupinam, kot so starejši, gibalno ovirani in invalidi. V objektih, kot so zdravilišča, se nahajajo tudi nepokretni, ki so popolnoma odvisni od pomoči drugih. Pri načrtovanju ukrepov požarne varnosti je pomembno, da se zavedamo, kakšne so posameznikove zmožnosti in kaj jim lahko predstavlja oviro. V magistrskem delu so predstavljeni aktivni in pasivni ukrepi požarne zaščite in možne rešitve oz. predlogi za izboljšanje požarne varnosti objekta. Namen magistrskega dela je bil preučiti požarne načrte in skladno s požarnovarnostnim ogledom objekta ugotoviti obstoječe stanje in preveriti možnosti za izboljšave ter analizirati ozaveščenost zaposlenih o postopanju v primeru požara v zdravilišču. Na podlagi analize anket je bilo ugotovljeno, da se zaposleni zavedajo pomembnosti požarne varnosti v njihovem objektu in bi znali postopati v primeru izrednega dogodka. Z rednimi vajami evakuacije in usposabljanji s področja varstva pred požarom pomembno skrajšamo evakuacijski čas. Zaposleni poznajo zvok sirene, evakuacijske poti, zbirno mesto, načine gašenja začetnega požara, predvsem pa svoje naloge in odgovornosti s področja varstva pred požarom. Glede na to, da gre za starejši objekt, ki po celoti nima vgrajenih sistemov aktivne požarne zaščite, je preventivno ravnanje vseh zaposlenih še kako pomembno, saj v primeru požara prevzamejo vodilno vlogo pri evakuaciji gostov. Smiselno je dajati večji poudarek na usposabljanju zaposlenih, odgovornih oseb za gašenje začetnih požarov in izvajanje evakuacije. Fire poses a great danger to all people, not to mention people from critical health groups such as the elderly, physically impaired, disabled and invalids. Wellness/spa facilities also deal extensively with totally immobile guests who are entirely dependent on the assistance of others. When preparing fire safety instructions, it is important to consider all possible obstacles for people staying in such a facility. The subject of this work is a list of passive and active measures to improve fire safety in a particular facility. First of all, an inspection of the existing fire safety concept is necessary in order to find possibilities for improvement and to determine the level of knowledge of the employees regarding fire safety regulations and requirements. Based on several studies conducted among employees, it was found that employees are highly aware of fire hazards and are able to follow fire safety procedures correctly. Random fire drills can significantly reduce response time. Employees are familiar with the siren alarm, evacuation route, emergency exits, assembly points and various fire fighting options, but most importantly, they are aware of their fire safety duties and responsibilities. Due to the age of the building and therefore the lack of active fire protection installations, it is of the utmost importance that employees act responsibly and knowledgeably when it comes to extinguishing small fires or their beginnings and that they are familiar with the evacuation plan.

Veliko študij in raziskav se je do sedaj ukvarjalo z raziskovanjem, kako usposabljanje vpliva na znanje zaposlenih. Vendar pa so se te študije in raziskave običajno navezovale na področje varnosti in zdravja pri delu in le redke na znanje s področja požarne varnosti pri zaposlenih. V večini držav ta področja ureja ustrezna zakonodaja in v Sloveniji ni nič drugače. V delu je na začetku na kratko predstavljena zakonodaja s področja požarne varnosti, ki velja v Sloveniji. V nadaljevanju se delo posveti značilnostim izbranega objekta, ki so bistvenega pomena za pripravo predavanja ali usposabljanja za zaposlene. Objekti se med seboj razlikujejo, prav tako kot dejavnosti in snovi, ki se v njih uporabljajo. Iz tega izhajajo tudi različne stopnje požarne ogroženosti in druge pomembne informacije, ki jih morajo poznati tako zaposleni kot tudi strokovni delavci, ki izvajajo usposabljanja. V sklopu tega dela je bil zato izdelan vprašalnik, prilagojen značilnostim izbranega objekta, ki so ga zaposleni rešili trikrat. Prvič v septembru 2020, drugič takoj po predavanju iz požarne varnosti v oktobru 2020 in tretjič po treh mesecih od predavanja, v januarju 2021. V eksperimentalnem delu te naloge so podani rezultati vprašalnikov. V raziskavi je sodelovalo 40 zaposlenih izbranega podjetja. Rezultati so predstavljeni kot celota in po naslednjih kategorijah: spol, starost, stopnja izobrazbe, delovno mesto v podjetju in dolžina zaposlitve v podjetju. Predstavljeni so tudi rezultati posameznih vprašanj, za katere smo že vnaprej predvideli, da bodo povzročala težave. Nekateri pridobljeni rezultati so bili pričakovani že v začetku, nekateri pa so zavrgli hipoteze, ki smo si jih postavili na začetku. Many studies and researches have addressed the question of how training affects employee knowledge. However, these studies and researches have been mostly linked in the field of occupational health and safety and rarely in the field of employee fire safety. In most countries fire safety is regulated by legislation and Slovenia is no different. At the beginning of the paper, the legislation in the field of fire safety that we have in Slovenia is briefly presented. In the following, the work focuses on the characteristics of the selected facility, which is essential for the preparation of lectures or training for employees. Facilities differ from each other, as do the activities and substances used in them. This also results in different levels of fire risk and other important information that both employees and training experts need to know. Therefore, as part of this work, a questionnaire was adapted to the characteristics of the selected facility, which the employees completed three times. The first time in September 2020, the second time immediately after the lecture on fire safety in October 2020 and the third time three months after the lecture in January 2021. In the experimental part of this paper, the results of the questionnaires are reported. 40 employees of the selected company participated in the survey. The results are presented as a whole in the following categories: gender, age, level of education, job in the company and length of employment in the company. In addition, the results were presented on individual issues that we believe will cause problems in the future. Some of the results obtained were expected from the outset, others disproved the hypotheses.

V praksi se srečujemo z različnimi tipi požarov, ki pa so glede na njihovo naravo najbolje obvladljivi z ustreznimi gasilnimi sredstvi. V magistrskem delu bomo podrobneje predstavili požare z elektro izvorom in delovanje heptafluoropropana kot njihovega mogočega gasila. Heptafluoropropan (FM-200) je bil razvit kot nadomestek halona 1301, ki je zdravju in okolju škodljiv. Primernejša je uporaba gasil, ki vsebujejo heptafluoropropan, saj ta ne povzroča škode okolju, ljudem in niti opremi, ki jo s takim gasilom gasimo. Požari z elektro izvorom se lahko pojavijo v vseh okoljih oz. prostorih, kjer so prisotne elektro naprave in inštalacije, tj. v elektro omaricah, električni napeljavi, računalniških ter drugih električnih napravah. Prednost magistrskega dela bodo požari z elektro izvorom v manjših prostorih. Pregled in analiza literature kaže, da je najpriročnejši in najhitrejši način gašenja takih požarov s predhodno nameščenimi cevkami s heptafluoropropanom (FM-200) nad potencialnim izvorom požara. Te se ob stiku z ognjem ali če temperatura v prostoru preseže 120 °C, zmehčajo, sprožijo in nemudoma pogasijo požar. Zaradi učinka dušenja in hlajenja se temperatura v okolici zniža. Učinkovitost delovanja cevk s heptafluoropropanom smo preizkusili v eksperimentalnem delu, v katerem nas je zanimala temperatura proženja cevk s heptafluoropropanom in čas, potreben za pogasitev požara, ter padec temperature po proženju. Z večkratno simulacijo požara v eksperimentalni komori smo ugotovili, da se cevke s heptafluoropropanom, ki morajo biti praviloma nameščene nad potencialni vir gorenja, v povprečju sprožijo pri temperaturi 131,1 °C (rezultat termočlena 1) in 181 °C (rezultat termočlena 2). Od začetka segrevanja prostora (testne komore) do aktivacije cevke s FM-200 je v povprečju preteklo 42,3 sekunde. Cevke s heptafluoropropanom so ob sprožitvi nemudoma pogasile vir gorenja, kar potrjuje navedbe proizvajalca, da je čas, potreben za pogasitev požara, krajši od 10 sekund. Gašenje s cevkami s heptafluoropropanom je potekalo po načelu dušenja in hlajenja. S poskusi smo potrdili učinkovitost heptafluoropropana pri gašenju požarov v manjšem prostoru, npr. v elektro omarici. In practice, we encounter different fires, which are, depending on their nature, the most manageable fire extinguishers compatible with it. In the master's thesis, we will present in detail the fires with an electrical source and functioning of Heptafluoropropane as a possible extinguisher. Heptafluoropropane (FM-200) was developed as a substitute for Halon 1301, which is harmful to health and the environment. It is more appropriate to use fire extinguishers containing Heptafluoropropane, as it is not harmful to the environment, people, or the equipment that is extinguished with this type of fire extinguishers. Fires with electrical origin can occur in all environments or premises where electrical devices and installations are present, i.e., electrical cabinets, electrical wiring, computer, and other electrical devices. The priority of the master's thesis are fires with an electrical source in smaller rooms. A review and analysis of the literature show that the most convenient and the fastest way to extinguish such fires is with the pre-installed Heptafluoropropane (FM-200) tubes above the fire's potential source. When in contact with fire, or when the temperature exceeds 120 °C, Heptafluoropropane tubes are softened, triggered, and immediately extinguish the fire. Due to the cooling effect, the ambient temperature decreases. The efficiency of Heptafluoropropane tubes was tested in the experimental part. We were interested in the trigger temperature of Heptafluoropropane tubes, the time required to extinguish the fire, and the temperature drop after triggering. By repeatedly simulating a fire in the experimental chamber, we found that Heptafluoropropane tubes, which should typically be placed above a potential combustion source, are on average triggered at a temperature of 131,1 °C (the result of thermocouple 1) and 181 ° C (the result of thermocouple 2). On average, 42.3 seconds elapsed between the start of space heating (test chamber) and the activation of the FM-200 tube. Heptafluoropropane tubes extinguished the combustion source immediately upon initiation, confirming the manufacturer's statement that the time required to extinguish the fire was less than 10 seconds. The fire was extinguished with Heptafluoropropane tubes according to the principle of quenching and cooling. Experiments have confirmed the effectiveness of Heptafluoropropane in extinguishing fires in a small space, e.g., electrical cabinets.

Ogljikov oksid je strupen plin za katerega se uporablja ime tihi ubijalec, saj nima vonja, barve in okusa. Raven koncentracije ogljikovega oksida v zaprtih prostorih predstavlja resno nevarnost za zdravje ljudi, tako doma kot na delovnem mestu, in je tako vzrok več nenamernih in namernih smrti, kot katerakoli druga oblika zastrupitve po celem svetu. Ogljikov oksid je zelo pogosta nevarnost tudi v industriji, saj nastane ob nepopolnem zgorevanju zemeljskega plina in kateregakoli drugega materiala, ki vsebuje ogljik (npr. bencin, olje, propan, premog ali les). Tako se lahko v stanovanju pojavlja povsod, kjer se uporablja peči na trdno gorivo, peči na naftne derivate in peči oz. bojlerje na zemeljski plin. Ogljikov oksid nastaja tudi med delovanjem motorjev z notranjim zgorevanjem. Tako lahko povečane koncentracije CO najdemo tudi v domačih garažah in v podzemnih garažnih hišah že med običajnim obratovanjem vozil. Poleg naštetega pa se moramo zavedati da ogljikov oksid nastane tudi pri gorenju različnih tekstilnih materialov, dišečih palčkah in spiralah za komarje. Pri zgorevanju ene blazine v srednje velikem prostoru lahko nastane smrtonosna količina ogljikovega oksida. Količina dima in strupenih plinov je odvisna od materiala, zato sem magistrsko delo posvetila analizi nastajanja ogljikovega oksida pri gorenju različnih tekstilnih materialov. Teoretični del magistrske naloge sem podkrepila z eksperimentalnim delom, katerega glavni cilj je bil ugotoviti koncentracijo ogljikovega oksida pri gorenju treh različnih tekstilnih materialov. Pri eksperimentalnem delu sem prav tako upošetevala nekatere dejavnike, ki vplivajo na rezultate meritev koncentracije ogljikovega oksida. S povezavo teoretičnega in eksperimentalnega dela sem ugotovila, da so koncentracije ogljikovega oksida pri gorenju tekstilnih materialov dovolj visoke, da ob določenih okoliščinah povzročijo nevarnost človeškemu zdravju. Carbon monoxide is a toxic gas, also called a silent killer, because it has no smell, colour or taste. Indoor carbon monoxide levels pose a serious threat to human health, both at home and in the workplace. It is also the cause of more unintentional and intentional deaths than any other form of poisoning worldwide. As said, carbon monoxide is a very common hazard in industry, as it is formed by incomplete combustion of natural gas and any other carbon-containing material (petrol, propane, coal, wood). Thus, it can occur in the apartment wherever solid fuel stoves, oil stoves are used. Carbon monoxide is also formed during the operation of internal combustion engines. Thus, increased concentrations of carbon monoxide can also be found in domestic garages and underground garage houses during normal vehicle operation. In addition to the above, we bust be aware that carbon monoxide is also formed during the burning of various textile materials, scented sticks and mosquito spirals. Burning one pillow in a medium-sized room can produce a lethal amount of carbon monoxide. The amount of smoke and toxic gases depends on the material, so I devoted my thesis to the analysis of the formation of carbon monoxide in the combustion of various textile materials. I supported the theoretical part of thesis with an experiment. Main goal of which was to determine the concentration of carbon monoxide in the combustion of three different textile materials. I also took into account some of the factors that can influence the results of measurements of concentration of carbon monoxide. By linking theoretical and experimental part of my thesis I have found out that the concentrations of carbon monoxide in the combustion of textile materials are high enough to, under certain circumstances, pose danger to human health.

Absentizem je po Slovarju slovenskega knjižnega jezika definiran kot izostajanje, odsotnost z dela. Zdravstveni absentizem se razume kot izgubljeni čas, izgubljene delovne dneve, ko je zaposleni odsoten od dela zaradi bolezni ali poškodbe. V magistrskem delu je obravnavan zdravstveni absentizem v določenem podjetju, ki se ukvarja s kovinsko industrijo. Cilj analize podatkov o bolniškem staležu zaposlenih v podjetju je ugotoviti glavne vzroke, zaradi katerih so zaposleni najpogosteje odsotni iz dela in opredeliti kaj vse vpliva na stanje bolniškega staleža v podjetju. Primerjati delež bolniškega staleža glede na vzrok odsotnosti s slovenskim povprečjem v podjetjih, ki se ukvarjajo s podobno panogo. Z namenom izvedbe analize bolniškega staleža med leti 2012 – 2018 sem pridobil podatke o stanju bolniškega staleža v obravnavanem podjetju in slovenskih podjetjih s strani Nacionalnega inštituta za javno zdravje (NIJZ). NIJZ je državna organizacija, ki spremlja in hrani podatke o deležu bolniških odsotnosti za vsa slovenska podjetja. Analiza temelji na podatkih pridobljenih s strani NIJZ in internih statističnih podatkih obravnavanega podjetja. V magistrskem delu bom uporabil kavzalno metodo s katero bom ugotavljal vzročno posledično povezanost med pojavi na področju zdravstvenega absentizma v obravnavanem podjetju. Za obdelavo podatkov bom uporabil statistično in komparativno metodo. Za analizo je bila sprva planirano tudi neposredno anketiranje zaposlenih, ki pa se je tekom analize izkazalo za nepotrebno metodo, ki zaradi možnih prikrivanj in posledično nerealnih podatkov nebi prinesla dodane vrednosti magistrskemu delu. Obravnavano podjetje je hitro rastoče podjetje pri katerem je v zadnjih letih opaziti stalno višanje števila zaposlenih, kar ima vpliv tudi na delež bolniškega staleža v podjetju. Povprečni bolniški stalež obravnavanega podjetja za leta analize znaša 3,78 %BS. Med analizo je bilo ugotovljeno kateri so dejavniki in vzroki zaradi katerih so zaposleni v obravnavanem podjetju v največji meri odsotni z dela. Največji delež predstavljajo poškodbe izven dela, in sicer 0,86 % celotnega bolniškega staleža v podjetju. Sledijo še bolezni kostno-mišičnega sistema s 0,60 % celotnega bolniškega staleža in bolezni dihal s 0,38 % celotnega bolniškega staleža v podjetju. Ostali vzroki zdravstvenih odsotnosti zaposlenih v podjetju so še poškodbe pri delu, boleznine, nega družinskega člana, porodniška... Kljub temu je delež bolniškega staleža v primerjavi s slovenskim povprečjem v podobni panogi nižji. Ker vsaka odsotnost zaposlenih iz delovnega mesta za obravnavano podjetje pomeni manjšo produktivnost, oteženo organizacijo dela, čas in strošek so v magistrskem delu predstavljeni ukrepi, ki bi pripomogli k znižanju deleža bolniškega staleža. Navedeni so kadrovski ukrepi, poglabljanje v zdravstvene preglede zaposlenih, poudarjen je namen usposabljanja iz varnosti in zdravja pri delu ter omenjen je problem med zavarovalnico, delodajalcem in oškodovancem. Ključne besede: Absentizem, bolniški stalež, varstvo pri delu, poškodbe, boleznine According to the Dictionary of the Slovene Literary Language, absenteeism is defined as non-attendance, absence from work. Medical absenteeism is understood as lost time, lost working days when an employee is absent from work due to illness or injury. The master's thesis deals with medical absenteeism in a certain company from the metal industry branch. The aim, by analyzing data on the sick leave of employees in the company is to determine the main reasons why employees are most often absent from work and to determine what mostly affects the state of the sick leave in the particular company, thus compare the share of sick leave with regard to the reason for absence with the Slovenian average in companies engaged in a similar industry. In order to perform an analysis of the sick stock between 2012 and 2018, I obtained data on the state of matter - the sick leave in the particular company and Slovenian companies by the National Institute of Public Health (NIJZ). The NIJZ is a state organization that monitors and stores data on the share of sick leave for all Slovenian companies. The analysis is based on data obtained by the NIJZ and internal statistics of the company in question. In my master's thesis, I will use the causal model method with which I will determine the causal relationship between the phenomena in the field of medical absenteeism in the company at issue. In order to process the data, I will use a statistical and comparative method. Initially, a direct survey of the employees was also planned as a part of the analysis, which turned out to be an unnecessary method that would not bring added value to the master's thesis due to possible concealments and consequently unrealistic data. The company in question is a fast-growing company with a steady increase in the number of employees in recent years, which also has an impact on the share of sick leave in the company. The average sick leave of the company for the years of analysis is 3.78% BS. In the course of the analysis, it was determined what are the factors and reasons why employees in the company in question are most absent from work. The largest share is represented by injuries outside of work, namely 0.86% of the total sick leave in the company. They are followed by diseases of the musculoskeletal system with 0.60% of the total sick stock and respiratory diseases with 0.38% of the total sick leave in the company. Other causes of health absences of employees in the company are injuries at work, illness, care of a family member, obstetrics etc. Nevertheless, the share of sick leave in the company of issue is lower compared to the Slovenian sick leave average in the similar industry. Since any absence of employees from the workplace in question means lower productivity, difficult organization of work, time and cost, the master's thesis presents measures that would help reduce the share of sick leave. Personnel measures, as well as deepening in medical examinations of employees, with emphasis on the purpose of training in safety and health at work, furthermore the problem between the insurance company, the employer and the injured party.

Določeni materiali redno uporabljeni pri toplotni izolaciji zgradb niso dovolj ognjevarni. Drugačen problem se pojavi pri požarnovarnih in toplotno zaščitnih oblačilih. Ustrezni požarnovarni in toplotno izolacijski materiali pogosto niso obnovljivi. Ovčja volna je obnovljiv in požarnovaren izolator. Zaradi teh lastnosti sem hotel raziskati, če lahko volno uporabimo kot nadomesten požarnovaren in obnovljiv material. Primerjal sem jo z polistirensko izolacijsko peno in ugotovil, da ima volna primerne fizikalne lastnosti za zamenjavo. Ovčjo volno sem primerjal tudi z redno uporabljenimi tkaninami, da bi ugotovil, če je zadovoljiv material za termična in ognjevarna oblačila. Za izolacijo stavb je volna primerna le delno, predvsem zaradi svoje trajnosti in protipožarnih lastnosti. Polistiren, uporabljen za izolacijo sten, je izjemno gorljiv in volna predstavlja izjemno zamenjavo. Za razliko od polistirena pa mineralna volna, ki se uporablja za izolacijo podstrešji ni tako gorljiva in je ni smiselno zamenjati. Varnostna oblačila iz ovčje volne so veliko bolj požarno varna in odporna pred toploto ter ognjem kot drugi redno uporabljeni materiali. Certain materials regularly used in the thermal insulation of buildings are not fireproof. A different problem occurs with fireproof and thermal clothing. Appropriate fire and thermal insulation materials are often non-renewable. Sheep wool is a renewable and fireproof insulator. Because of these properties, I wanted to explore whether wool could be used as a substitute for fire-retardant and renewable material. I compared it to polystyrene insulation foam and found that wool has suitable physical properties for replacement. I also compared sheep wool to regularly used fabrics to determine if it is a satisfactory material for thermal and fireproof clothing. Wool is only partially suitable for building insulation, mainly due to its durability and fire-retardant properties. The polystyrene used to insulate the walls is extremely flammable and wool is an exceptional replacement. Unlike polystyrene, however, the mineral wool used to insulate attics is not as flammable and it does not make sense to replace the material. Sheep wool safety clothing is much more fireproof and resistant to heat and fire than other regularly used materials.

Pri diplomskem delu, kjer se osredotočam na požare v naravnem okolju, sem raziskoval kako lahko tak požar, kar se da učinkovito pogasimo. Predstavil sem kdaj se določen požar sploh dojema kot požar v naravnem okolju, kakšne vrste le teh poznamo, vzroke za njihov nastanek ter osnove gašenja takih požarov. Različni taktični postopki, v katere so te osnove gašenja implementirane, in katere sem v delu tudi povzel, pa zagotavljajo učinkovito gašenje, ki je en izmed bolj pomembnih delov zagotavljanja varnosti in varovanja zdravja gasilcev. Raziskoval sem opremljenost gasilskih enot ter kako in na kakšen način se to opremo uporablja pri gašenju. S pomočjo strokovne literature sem opisal možnosti gašenja, ki so na voljo tako pri velikih in intenzivnih, kakor tudi pri manjših in manj intenzivnih požarih. Spoznal sem, da je gašenje zapleten, nevaren proces, ki zahteva obilo znanja ter izkušenj, da se izpelje hitro in kar se da varno. In my dissertation, where I focus on wildfires, I researched how such a fire can be extinguished as effectively as possible. I presented when a certain fire is perceived as a wildfire, what types of fires we know, the causes of their occurrence and the basics of extinguishing such fires. The various tactical procedures in which these basics of firefighting are implemented, and which I have also summarized in my work, ensure effective firefighting, which is one of the more important parts of ensuring the safety and health of firefighters. I researched the equipment of fire brigades and how and in what way this equipment is used in firefighting. With the help of literature, I have described the possibilities of firefighting large and intensive, as well as smaller and less intense fires. I have learned that extinguishing is a complex, dangerous process that requires a wealth of knowledge and experience to be carried out quickly and as safely as possible.

V diplomskem delu sem na področju varnosti in zdravja pri delu ter na področju požarne varnosti analizirala zahteve standarda IWAY 5.2 ter zahteve slovenske zakonodaje in slednje med seboj primerjala ter ovrednotila kot bolj ali manj zahtevne. Natančneje sem predstavila preteklo organizirano evakuacijsko vajo. V sklopu diplomskega dela sem izdelala tri različne varnostne točke, ki služijo lažji orientaciji zaposlenih v kritičnih situacijah ter boljši seznanjenosti zaposlenih z organizacijskimi zahtevami. In my graduate work in the field of safety and health at work and in the field of fire safety, I analyzed the requirements of the IWAY 5.2 standard and the requirements of Slovenian legislation, and compared and evaluated the latter as more or less demanding. I presented the past organized evacuation exercise in more detail. As part of my graduate work, I created three different safety points, which serve to facilitate the orientation of employees in critical situations and better familiarity of employees with organizational requirements.

Analiza aktivne požarne zaščite zajema razvoj požara in načine delovanja sistemov aktivne požarne zaščite. Pri izbiri sistemov aktivne požarne zaščite je potrebno dobro poznavanje lastnosti obravnavanega prostora in pričakovati potek požara. Na podlagi pričakovanega poteka požara pa je možno izbrati primerna sistema za odkrivanje in gašenje požara, ki vplivata na hitrost pogasitve požara in njegove posledice. Diplomsko delo je v prvem delu namenjeno predstavitvi teoretičnih osnov aktivne požarne zaščite in postopka analize vplivov aktivne požarne zaščite. Pri tem so predstavljeni sistemi za odkrivane in gašenje požara, ter lastnosti gasilskih enot v okolici objekta. Drugi del diplomske naloge pa vsebuje analizo vplivov aktivne požarne zaščite na požar v komunalnem zabojniku pod samostoječim nadstreškom. Pri analizi vplivov aktivne požarne zaščite na požar v komunalnem zabojniku sta bila obravnavana dva scenarija požara z različnimi sistemi aktivne požarne zaščite. V obeh obravnavanih primerih je bilo ugotovljeno, da aktivna požarna zaščita zadošča za pogasitev požara. Ugotovitev obravnavanega primera je, da je možno zagotoviti uspešnost pogasitve požara zgolj z namestitvijo sistema za odkrivanje požara in alarmiranja gasilske enote. Te ugotovitve niso namenjene končnemu načrtovanju sistemov aktivne požarne zaščite, ampak je njihov namen zgolj zoženje nabora sistemov aktivne požarne zaščite za natančno analizo aktivne požarne zaščite, ki ni del tega diplomskega dela. The analysis of active fire protection covers the development of fire and the ways in which active fire protection systems operate. When choosing active fire protection systems, it is necessary to have a good knowledge of the properties of the area in question and to expect the course of the fire. Based on the expected fire development, it is possible to select suitable systems for fire detection and extinguishment, which affects the speed of fire extinguishing and its consequences. The first part of the diploma thesis is intended for the presentation of the theoretical foundations of active fire protection and the process of analysis of the effects of active fire protection. The systems for detecting and extinguishing fires and the properties of fire brigades in the vicinity of the building are presented. The second part of the diploma thesis contains an analysis of the effects of active fire protection on fire in a municipal container under a free-standing canopy. In the analysis of the effects of active fire protection on the fire in the municipal container, two fire scenarios with different active fire protection systems were considered. In both cases, active fire protection was found to be sufficient to extinguish the fire. The present case concludes that it is possible to ensure the success of fire extinguishing only by installing fire detection and alarm system of the fire brigade. These findings are not intended for the final design of active fire protection systems but are intended only to narrow the set of active fire protection systems for a detailed analysis of active fire protection, which is not part of this thesis.

Magistrsko delo ''Analiza gorenja talnih oblog'' predstavlja analizo rezultatov preskusov hitrosti gorenja po površini različnih talnih oblog in količino dima, ki se sprosti pri tem. Pravilna vgradnja vseh elementov v objekt je zelo pomembna za ustrezno požarno zaščito objekta, saj lahko vpliva na razvoj požara in tudi širjenje požara po objektu. Problematika pri talnih oblogah z vidika požarne varnosti je, da se talne obloge preskušajo v standardnih oziroma idealnih razmerah, kjer so nadzorovani pogoji gorenja. Vzorce talnih oblog se pripravi za preskušanje, pravilno po navodilih proizvajalca. Praska je drugačna. V realnosti se pogosto srečujemo z nepravilno položenimi ali poškodovanimi talnimi oblogami. Pri pregledu literature tako v Sloveniji kot tudi v tujini nisem zasledila literature o preskušanju požarnih lastnosti nepravilno izvedenih oziroma poškodovanih talnih oblog. Zato sem se odločila, da za prikaz bolj realnega stanja izvedem nestandardne požarne preskuse poškodovanih oziroma nepravilno položenih vzorcev talnih oblog in rezultate opišem v magistrskem delu. The master's thesis ''Analysis of burning of floor coverings'' presents an analysis of results of spread of flame tests over the surface of different floor coverings and of generation of smoke during those tests. Proper installation of all building materials in the building is very important for proper fire protection of a building, and is an important factor of development and spread of fire in the building. From fire safety point of view, the problem of floor coverings is that they are tested with standard test methods, under very defined and controlled conditions. Test samples of floor coverings are prepared precisely, according to manufacturer instructions. In reality, the situation is quite different many floor coverings are installed in an improper manner or they could be damaged. I found no information on testing of fire characteristics of improperly installed or damaged floor coverings in Slovenian or other literature. Therefore, I decided to carry out non-standard fire testing of improperly installed or damaged floor coverings and report results in the master's thesis.

V diplomskem delu sem preučevala čas, ki ga osebe potrebujejo, da se evakuirajo iz prostora. Zanimalo me je, kako število in postavitev ovir v prostoru ter lega vrat vplivajo na evakuacijski čas. Z računalniškim programom Pathfinder sem analizirala prostor dimenzij 20 x 10 metrov z vrati širine 2 metra, ki so bila najprej nameščena na sredino daljše stene in nato v levi kot prostora. V prostor sem dodala naključno porazdeljene osebe in izvedla simulacijo njihove evakuacije. Poleg vpliva, ki ga ima lega vrat na evakuacijski čas, sem analizirala še vpliv širine vrat. V prostor sem dodala vrata, ki so bila široka 1–6 metrov, in izvedla simulacijo evakuacije. Analizirala sem tudi vpliv lege ovire na evakuacijski čas. To sem naredila tako, da sem v prostor dodala oviro na razdalji 1–3 metre od vrat. Nato sem analizirala vpliv dolžine ovire na evakuacijski čas, tako da sem v prostor dodala oviro, ki sem ji spreminjala dolžino. Zanimal me je tudi vpliv števila ovir na evakuacijski čas, zato sem v prostor dodala 1–4 ovire in analizirala še vpliv števila ovir. Izkazalo se je, da lega vrat v obravnavanem prostoru ni imela vpliva na evakuacijski čas. Za razliko od lege je širina vrat vplivala, a le do določene širine. Razdalja med vrati in oviro je vplivala le do določene razdalje od vrat. Prav tako dolžina ovire vpliva le od določene širine ovire naprej. Vpliva števila ovir nisem uspešno analizirala, saj je na rezultate vplivala še sprememba postavitve oseb. In my thesis I studied the time that is needed for a successful room evacuation. I was interested in knowing how the number and layout of the obstacles impact the evacuation time. With a computer program called Pathfinder I analyseda 20 meters long and 10 meters wide room with a 2 meters wide door in the middle of the longer wall. I added randomly distributed persons to the room and I simulated their evacuation. Then I moved the door to the left corner of the room and ran another simulation. In addition to the impact of door position on evacuation time, I also analysed the impact of the door width. I added a door that was 1-6 meters wide and ran an evacuation simulation. I also analysed the impact of the location of the obstacle on the evacuation time. I did this by adding an obstacle that was 1-3 meters from the door. I then analysed the effect of the length of the obstacle on the evacuation time by changing the length of the obstacle. I was also interested in the impact of the number of obstacles on the evacuation time, so I added 1-4 obstacles to the room and ran an evacuation simulation. It turned out that the position of the door in the room in question had no effect on the evacuation time. Unlike the position, the door width had an effect, but only up to a certain width. The distance between the door and the obstacle only affected evacuation time below a certain distance. Likewise, the length of the obstacle affects only over acertain length of the obstacle. I did not successfully analyse the impact of the number of obstacles, as the results were influenced by the change in the positioning of persons.

O varnosti in varnosti kulturi je v zadnjih letih veliko govora, kar omogoča razvijanje in razumevanje celotnega koncepta varnosti. Čeprav sta to dva različna pojma, sta v resnici zelo povezana, sploh, ko pride do nekega nesrečnega dogodka. Pred leti se različna podjetja ter ljudje niso, oziroma se niso hoteli zavedati, kako slaba varnostna kultura vpliva na varnost in kakšne so posledice. V svojem delu se nisem osredotočil na posledice, ki so vedno žareča tema, ko omenimo jedrsko energijo, temveč o pomenu varnostne kulture ter, kako ta vpliva na varnost in druge dejavnike. S preučevanjem postopkov in različnih metod sem zajel pojem zelo široko, saj si tako lažje predstavljamo vse malenkosti, ki se mnogim zdijo nepomembne in že stokrat izrečene. Varnostno kulturo v jedrskih elektrarnah sem se odločil raziskati, ker je to res neko posebno področje, saj v nobeni industriji ni take aktivnosti, ki bi lahko imele varnostne posledice za cel svet. Da bi lahko razumeli, kaj varnostna kultura v jedrskih elektrarnah sploh je, sem se odločil na kratko opisati varnostne sisteme, ki jih v jedrskih elektrarnah uporabljajo, prav tako pa pojem varnostne kulture v celoti, ki je, oziroma naj bi bila prisotna na vseh, še tako varnih, delovnih mestih. Razvitih je bilo ogromno metod ter navodil, ki nam kažejo, v kakšni smeri se varnostna kultura mora razvijati, kako lahko nanjo vplivamo, kakšen je njen vpliv na varnost, zdravje, zadovoljstvo delavcev, pogoje dela, kako lahko izboljša odnose ter neposredno dobiček zaradi nemotenega delovanja ter nepotrebnega zaustavljanja obratov zaradi okvar, ki bi lahko bile preprečene. Z različnimi potmi sem pokazal, kako se takšna kultura uči, hkrati pa tudi raziskal morebitne negativne učinke napačnega vedenja ter neupoštevanja varnostne kulture. During the recent years, there have been many discussions about safety and safety culture, which enable the development and understanding of the whole concept of safety. Although these are two different notions, they are in fact closely related, especially when accident events occur. Years ago, different companies and people were not or did not want to be aware of how bad safety culture is affecting the safety and what the consequences are. In my thesis, I did not focus on the consequences which are an ever-burning topic when it comes to nuclear energy, but on the meaning of safety culture and how it affects safety and other factors. The concept is dealt with widely by examining procedures and different methods, since this makes it easier to understand all the little things that seem irrelevant to many and have been said hundreds of times. I decided to investigate the safety culture in nuclear power plants, as this is a really specific field and since no other industry performs activities that could affect the safety of the whole world. In order to understand what safety culture in nuclear power plants really is, I decided to briefly describe the safety systems used in nuclear power plants, as well as the notion of safety culture on the whole, which is or is supposed to be present at all workplaces, no matter how safe they are Many methods have been developed and many instructions given to show us in what direction safety culture should evolve, how it can be influenced, what its impact on safety, health, employees’ satisfaction, and working conditions is, how it can improve relationships and directly influence profits due to smooth operation and unnecessary shutdowns of plants because of failures which could have been prevented. I have shown in different ways how to teach such a culture, and at the same time researched the potential negative effects of misconduct and disregard of safety culture.

Požarna varnost je zelo regulirano področje, kjer mora država kot zakonodajalec poskrbeti predvsem za varnost ljudi, še posebej v primerih, ko gre za javne zgradbe in zbirališča večjega števila ljudi, ki so prvič prisotni na objektu in niso poučeni o nevarnostih in možnostih ukrepanja v primeru požara. V to kategorijo objektov spadajo tudi lekarne. Diplomsko delo se deli na dva dela. Namen prvega dela je seznanitev s splošnimi informacijami ter s cilji in ukrepi požarne varnosti. V njem sem predstavil zakonodajo, sistem aktivne požarne zaščite, osnove gorenja ter gašenja. Z razumevanjem osnov in teorije iz prvega dela lažje razumemo drugi del, v katerem sem preveril skladnost objekta z vidika vgrajenega sistema aktivne požarne zaščite, specificiral vnetljive snovi, ki se skladiščijo v objektu lekarne, in pregledal projektne rešitve za učinkovito intervencijo in gašenje. Po podrobnejšem pregledu ter analizi stanja požarne varnosti v lekarni sem ugotovil, da je v objektu zadostno število gasilnikov, v vsakem prostoru sta nameščena izvleček požarnega reda ter načrt evakuacije, evakuacijske poti so prehodne in primerno označene. Po objektu so nameščeni javljalniki, ki so povezani s centralo - ta je zaradi 24-urne dežurne lekarniške službe stalno pod nadzorom. Zato je rezultat izračuna ocene požarne ogroženosti 1. stopnje, kar pomeni, da je v objektu lekarne zelo majhna požarna ogroženost. V zaključku diplomskega dela sem na podlagi navedenega opredelil in dodal organizacijske ukrepe, ki naj bi jih uvedli za dodatno požarno preventivo, saj je primarni cilj požarne zaščite varovanje ljudi, premoženja in okolja. Fire safety is highly regulated area where the state, as a legislator, has to primarily ensure the safety of people, especially in public buildings or gatherings with a lot of first timers or occasional visitors, unaware of the possible dangers and uninformed of the ways to act in case the fire breaks out. Pharmacies definitely are premises that fit this description. The thesis consists of two parts. The aim of the first part is to get acquainted with general informations, goals and measures of fire safety. It introduces legislation, active fire safety system and basics of combustion and fire extinguishing. Understanding basic facts and theories presented in the first part is crucial for understanding the second part of the thesis where the compliance of the building with regard to the built-in active fire safety system has been checked, the potentially flammable substances, stored at the pharmacy premises, specified, and project solutions for effective intervention and fire extinguishing reviewed. After a detailed examination and analysis of the state of fire safety in a pharmacy building, it has been concluded, that there is a sufficient number of fire extinguishers in the facility, each room is equipped with extract from Fire Safety Policy and Evacuation Plan, and evacuation routes are transient and appropriately marked. The premises are fitted with detectors connected to the central station that is being supervised 24/7 due to the pharmacy duty service. Therefore the result of the Pharmacy Fire Risk Assessment shows level 1 threat meaning that at the pharmacy premises there is a very low fire risk. In a conclusion certain organisational measures have been defined and recommended to be implemented in order to improve fire prevention because the prime goal of fire safety is to protect people, property and environment.

Dandanes povsod okoli nas stremimo k čim višji varnosti. Prav tako poskušamo objekte narediti čim bolj varne tudi v primeru nesreče, požara. Da bi bila evakuacija kar se da uspešna, moramo poznati tako zakonodajo, osnovne pojme, kot tudi načine delovanja v praksi. Nezgode se namreč dogajajo tudi v športnih objektih. Obiskovalci so lahko tudi osebe, ki ne poznajo samega objekta, zato mora biti dobro poskrbljeno za njihovo evakuacijo v primeru požara ali druge nezgode. Diplomsko delo v uvodnem delu obravnava zakonodajo, pojme evakuacija, evakuacijske poti, evakuacijski čas, na koncu pa je prav tako predstavljena analiza evakuacijskih časov s programom Pathfinder. Pri analizi sem delal s programom Pathfinder, ki se uporablja za simulacijo evakuacije ljudi iz objekta. Osredotočil sem se na večanje števila oseb v dvorani, psiho-fizično stanje oseb ter na število izhodov iz dvorane. Pri tem sem poizkušal odgovoriti na hipoteze, podane pred pričetkom dela. Glavni namen diplomske naloge je bil čim bolj približati pomembne pojme evakuacije vsem bralcem in v praksi preveriti, kako spreminjanje določene komponente vpliva na samo evakuacijo. Ugotovil sem, da dvorana, kjer sem izvajal analize, potrebuje še vsaj en dodaten zasilni izhod, saj bi se s tem izboljšal skupni evakuacijski čas. Nowadays, everyone is striving for maximum security. We try to make the objects as safe as possible, even in the case of an accident, fire. To make evacuation as successful as possible, we need to know the legislation, basic terms, but also, how it all looks in practice. Accidents also occur in sports facilities. Visitors may also be people who are unfamiliar with the building itself, so it must be well taken care of to evacuate them in the event of a fire or other incident. Thesis in the introductory part deals with the legislation, concepts of evacuation, evacuation paths, evacuation times, and the analysis of evacuation times with the Pathfinder program is also presented at the end. Through my analysis I worked with the Pathfinder program, which is used to simulate the evacuation of people from the facility. I focused on increasing the number of people in the room, the psycho-physical condition of people, and the number of exits from the hall. Through the analysis, I tried to confirm or reject the hypotheses that were formed before the beginning. The main purpose of my thesis was to bring the important concepts of evacuation as close as possible to all readers, and to practically check how changing a particular component affects evacuation. I found that the sports Hall where I took measurements needed at least one additional emergency exit, as this would improve the overall evacuation time.

Diplomsko delo je rezultat zbiranja in interpretiranja statističnih podatkov, ki so jih pridobile industrijsko neodvisne organizacije in nekateri moji kolegi na področju klimatskih sprememb in gozdnih požarov. Glavno motivacijsko gonilo za nastanek dela je želja po čim bolj objektivnem opisu stanja na tem področju, kjer si mnoge klimatske študije močno nasprotujejo pri interpretaciji izmerjenih/pridobljenih podatkov. V vsebini dela so opisani mehanizmi gorenja, širjenja požarov in vplivi klimatskih sprememb na različne aspekte gozdov, kot ekosistemov, ki so pomembni za požarno varnost le teh. Osrednje teme razprave so vplivi povišanih temperatur, premiki klimatskih pasov, podaljševanje sušnih obdobij, migracije insektov, ekstremni vremenski dogodki, ekonomska škoda, ekološka škoda, kdo je ogrožen in napovedi na osnovi trendov spreminjanja. S študijo trendov sem želel predvsem ugotoviti, če se ozračje spreminja tudi v Sloveniji in bližnji okolici, kako spreminja, kakšne so lahko posledice v prihodnjih letih, ali izvajamo zadostne preventivne ukrepe, in ali smo pripravljeni na efektivno izvedbo ukrepov v primeru neželenega dogodka. Gozdni požar je skratka oblika nekontroliranega širjenja ognja po gozdni površini. Proces gorenja pospešuje predvsem veter in nizka vlažnost goriva. Odvisnost celotnega procesa gozdnega požara enostavno opišemo s tremi soodvisnimi faktorji: vremenom, gorivom in topografijo. Izmed treh sta stanje vremena in goriva vseskozi prisotni spremenljivki, ki najbolj vplivata na stopnjo tveganja za nastanek požara, hkrati pa narekujeta tudi njegovo intenziteto in hitrost širjenja. V glavnem so gozdni požari nezaželeni dogodki, ki ogrožajo prosto živeče živali, obgozdno infrastrukturo in posledično tudi človeka. Rezultat končanega gozdnega požara je najpogosteje velika pogorela površina in hkrati ogromna finančna škoda. The diploma is result of collecting and interpreting statistical data obtained by industrially independent organizations and some of my colleagues in the field of climate change and forest fires. The main motivational drive for creation of this diploma is the desire to provide objective description of the situation in this field, where many climate studies strongly oppose the interpretation of the measured/obtained data. The content of the work describes the mechanisms of combustion, spread of fire and the effects of climate change on various aspects of forests, as ecosystems, that are important for the forest fire safety. The main topics of the discussion are the effects of elevated temperatures, movement of climatic zones, prolongation of drought periods, migration of insects, extreme weather events, economic damage, ecological damage, who is threatened and forecasts based on changing trends. By studying the trends, I wanted to primarily find out if the atmosphere is changing in Slovenia as well as in the vicinity, how it changes, what the consequences might be in the coming years, do we take sufficient preventive measures and are we able to carry out effective measures in case of the unwanted event. Forest fire is a form of uncontrolled spread of fire across the forest surface. The burning process is primarily driven by wind and low fuel humidity. The dependence of the entire process of forest fire is easily described by three interdependent factors: weather, fuel and topography. Of the three, the state of weather and fuel, are constantly present variables that have the greatest influence on the degree of risk for the occurrence of a fire, and at the same time dictate its intensity and rate of spread. In the wild, forest fires are unwanted events that threaten wildlife, environmental infrastructure and consequently also human beings. The result of a finished forest fire is most often a large burned area and at the same time enormous financial damage.

''Gasilec je psihično in fizično sposoben človek, ki je ustrezno izurjen za gašenje požarov in zna pomagati ob naravnih in drugih nesrečah – intervencijah'', s to trditvijo v veliki večini opisujemo gasilca. Da pa bi preverila kako drži, sem se odločila izdelati anketni vprašalnik, ki bo zajemal vprašanja glede njihove pripravljenosti in počutja na delovnem mestu. Vprašalnik je bil razdeljen med poklicne in prostovoljne gasilce na območju osrednje Slovenije, razdeljenih je bilo nekaj več kot 100 anketnih vprašalnikov, a zaradi zelo nizkega zanimanja nisem dobila vrnjenih vseh. Sodelovalo je 53 gasilcev različne starosti in z različno dolžino poklicnega staža. Sodelujoči so odgovarjali na vprašanja s pomočjo točkovne lestvice, vprašalnik pa je bil sestavljen iz vprašanj, ki so zajemala situacije in dogodke pred, med in po intervenciji. V osnovi nas je zanimalo počutje na delovnem mestu gasilca, to pomeni, da je bil namen raziskovanja ugotoviti, koliko negativnih občutenj pomnijo gasilci na njihovem delovnem mestu, ter koliko stresa ob tem poklicu občutijo. Ugotovljeno je bilo, da imajo gasilci kljub obširnemu delu, kjer je velika verjetnost tragičnih dogodkov, dober odnos do svojega poklica, ki jim ne predstavlja pretiranega stresa in negativnih občutkov. Zaključimo lahko, da se z višanjem delovne dobe, manjšajo negativni občutki in stres, ki ju gasilci doživljajo na delovnem mestu. A firefighter is a psychologically and physically fit person who is adequately trained in fire fighting and can help with natural and other disasters - interventions. With this statement, we describe the firefighter in the vast majority, but in order to verify how it is, I decided to create a survey questionnaire, which will cover issues of preparedness. There were over one hundred questionnaires distributed among professional and volunteer firefighters in central Slovenia. Due to the lack of interest only 53 of them came back. The participants were firefighters of different ages and with a different number of service years. The participants gave answers with the help of a grading system. The questions involved situations before, during and after intervention. Basically, the focus was on the workplace welfare of firefighters. The research purpose was to find out how many negative feelings they can recollect at the workplace and how much stress they feel within the profession. It has been established that firefighters, despite their extensive work, where there is a high probability of tragic events, have a good relationship with their profession, which does not present excessive stress and negative feelings. We can conclude that the increase in working lives reduces the negative feelings and stress experienced by firefighters at the workplace.

V diplomski nalogi je predstavljena problematika masivnih betonov, tj. betonov, pri katerih je potrebna kontrola zaradi povišanja temperature v betonskem prerezu, ki je posledica sproščanja hidratacijske toplote ob vezanju cementa, in s tem povezanim nastankom razpok. Opisana je sestava cementa in vpliv sestave cementa na sproščanje hidratacijske toplote. Hidratacija je opisana po fazah, ki si sledijo med vezanjem cementa. Natančneje sta predstavljeni dve vrsti cementa, in sicer CEM I 42,5 R ter CEM III/B 32,5 N SR-LH, ki se med seboj bistveno razlikujeta glede na količino sproščene hidratacijske toplote. Podan je tudi izraz za opisovanje hitrosti sproščanja toplote med procesom hidratacije. V nadaljevanju naloge je prikazana diskretizacija problema in izpeljava enačb končnega elementa za povezan problem temperature in vlage. Izpeljane enačbe so nato uporabljene za sestavo sistema linearnih algebrajskih enačb, s pomočjo katerega izračunamo vrednosti temperature in koncentracije vlage v izbranih točkah. S pomočjo izpeljanih enačb je bil izdelan računalniški program v programskem okolju MATLAB, ki nam v nadaljevanju služi za numerično temperaturno vlažnostno analizo masivnega betona. V zadnjem delu diplomske naloge so predstavljeni rezultati treh analiz. Najprej analiziramo stopnjo povezanosti problema, pri čemer dobimo pri nepovezanem in delno povezanem problemu pričakovane rezultate. Nasprotno so pri povezanem problemu rezultati nezanesljivi, zato v nadaljevanju slednjega ne obravnavamo.. Z drugo analizo pokažemo, da za oceno temperature in koncentracije vlage v betonu upoštevanje delne povezanosti problema med fazo hidratacije ni potrebno, saj je razlika med povezanim in delno povezanim problemom zanemarljiva. S tretjo analizo pa pokažemo nujnost uporabe cementov z nizko stopnjo hidratacijske toplote pri izdelavi masivnih betonov. The present thesis deals with problems regarding mass concrete, in which the temperature rises due to the heat of cement hydration during the curing phase. A rise of temperature in concrete may result in cracking of young concrete. In the first part of the thesis cement composition and its influence on the released hydration heat is described. The hydration process is explained by its individual phases which occur during hardening of concrete. Two types of cement are presented, the CEM I 42,5 R and CEM III/B 32,5 N SR-LH. The hydration heat released by those two types of cement differs significantly. Also an analytical expression is given for evaluation of heat release of cement. Next, the discretization of the problem and the derivation of the coupled equations is made for a single finite element. The derived equations are used to form a system of linear algebraic equations, which is needed for calculation of the temperature and moisture distribution. Also the derived equations are used to write a computer program in MATLAB environment. The program is used as a tool for numerical hygrothermal analysis of mass concrete. The last part of the thesis presents the results of three different. The purpose of the first analysis is to investigate the influence of the coupling degree between heat and moisture transfer. While the results of non-coupled and semi-coupled models seem reliable, the results of a fully-coupled model are not realistic and therefore are not used in further analyses. The second analysis confirmed there is not much influence of semi-coupling on temperature fields, so the equations can be solved separately and still give useful results. The third analysis shows the necessity of low heat cement use in mass concrete structures.

V diplomski nalogi so predstavljene betonske pregrade in vzroki za nastanek razpok v njih. Predstavljena je tudi zgodovina in energijska zmogljivost hidroelektrarne Moste ter njena mehanska analiza z računalniškim programom CADAM. S programom CADAM je bila določena varnost HE Moste in sicer za različne nivoje razpokanosti pri različnih obtežnih kombinacijah, drenažnih modelih, višinah in naklonih razpok in vrednostih povprečnih horizontalnih pospeškov tal. Poleg tega so bile na osnovi zahtevanih varnostnih faktorjev za zdrs izračunane dopustne dolžine razpok v vseh treh obravnavanih obtežnih kombinacijah. Ugotovljeno je bilo, da ima razpokanost pomemben vpliv na samo varnost pregrade. In the thesis, the influence of cracking on safety of concrete gravity dams has been analysed. This influence has been studied on the case study of hydroelectric power plant Moste. The mechanical analysis has been performed with a computer program CADAM. The safety of the Moste dam has been analysed for various load combinations, drainage systems, crack heights, and values of horizontal ground accelerations. It has been proved that cracking has an important influence on safety of Moste concrete gravity dam.

V diplomskem delu je narejen kratek povzetek o betonskih pregradah, potresih, njihovih značilnostih ter škodi, ki so jo povzročili na betonskih težnostnih pregradah po svetu. Na kratko je predstavljen računalniški program RS-DAM, ki se uporablja za dinamično analizo razpokanih betonskih težnostnih pregrad. S pomočjo programa je narejena analiza stabilnosti pregrade pri različnih lokacijah in usmerjenostih razpoke ter različnih faktorjih trka. Podobna analiza je nato, za primerjavo nekaterih količin, narejena še v programu CADAM. Za geometrijo pregrade je bila uporabljena pregrada Moste na reki Savi, pospeški tal pa so iz akcelerograma potresa, ki se je zgodil leta 2009 v mestu L'Aquilla, v Italiji. In the thesis there is a short summary about concrete gravity dams, earthquakes and the damage they caused on concrete dams around the world. Later on, a computer program RSDAM, that is designed to evaluate the transient response of a cracked section, is presented. This program is then also used to perform a dynamic analysis of a cracked dam, subjected to base accelerations from L'Aquilla earthquake, occurred in 2009 in Italy. The analysis is made for different crack locations and compared with the results of the similar analysis made with computer program CADAM. Geometry used in the analysis is the same as the geometry of the Moste dam, located on river Sava in Slovenia.

V sklopu diplomskega dela sem se seznanjala z vplivi eksplozij na vodne pregrade. Naredila sem zgodovinski pregled napadov na vodne pregrade in njihove poškodbe. Na podlagi pregleda dosegljive literature s tega področja sem se usmerila na učinek udarnega vala, ki ga povzroči eksplozija. Posebej sem obravnavala podvodni udarni val in njegov vpliv na betonsko težnostno pregrado ter pri tem opisala poškodbe učinka udarnega vala. Izvedla sem statično analizo v računalniškem programu CADAM v katerem sem namesto dinamične obremenitve eksplozije uporabila nadomestno statično obtežbo udarnega vala. Ugotovila sem, da ima mesto in količina eksplozivnega materiala pomemben vpliv na varnost obravnavane pregrade. In the thesis, the influence of underwater explosion on safety of concrete gravity dams has been analysed. Moreover, a historical overwiew of various attacks on different dams and their failures has been made based on the available literature. A special attention has been given to the effects of shock wave caused by the explosion. A parametric study has been conducted in a computer program CADAM. The safety of concrete gravity dam Moste, which has been subjected to equivalent static load of the shock wave, has been analysed in detail. It has been found that the position and quantity of the explosive material has a significant influence on safety of concrete gravity dam.