38 results on '"Sung Min Cha"'
Search Results
2. Development of manufacturing method of simulated stormwater for indoor performance testing of nonpoint source pollution management facilities
- Author
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Seung Won Lee, Hyun Suk Shin, Sung Min Cha, and Jong Bin Park
- Subjects
Stormwater ,Environmental engineering ,Environmental science ,Nonpoint source pollution - Published
- 2021
3. Assessment of suspended solid and particles removal efficiency for hybrid systems connecting a technical BMP device to low impact development technology
- Author
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Dong Wan Kim, Seung Won Lee, Hyun Suk Shin, Sunghoon Hong, Jong Bin Park, Nayoung Kim, Soonchul Kwon, Sung Min Cha, and Taeyoon Kim
- Subjects
Suspended solids ,Materials science ,business.industry ,Hybrid system ,Low-impact development ,Process engineering ,business - Published
- 2020
4. Assessment of Factors Affecting the Removal Efficiency of Suspended Solids and Particulate Matters for Pretreatment Units in a Stormwater Management Facility
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Seung Won Lee, Juwan Lee, and Sung Min Cha
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Pollutant ,Pollution ,lcsh:TD201-500 ,Suspended solids ,lcsh:Hydraulic engineering ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Geography, Planning and Development ,Environmental engineering ,stormwater runoff ,Aquatic Science ,Particulates ,Contamination ,Biochemistry ,pretreatment unit ,lcsh:Water supply for domestic and industrial purposes ,Flow conditions ,lcsh:TC1-978 ,Environmental science ,water quality management ,Particle size ,aspect ratio ,Low-impact development ,Water Science and Technology ,media_common - Abstract
Non-point source (NPS) pollution is one of the primary sources of contamination in aquatic systems, such as rivers and lakes. Various techniques and devices, including low impact development (LID) and best management practice (BMP) devices, can reduce NPS pollution. These devices are installed with pretreatment units to remove NPS pollutants more efficiently and to facilitate maintenance. In this study, suspended solids (SS) and particle size distributions (PSD) were investigated in a pilot-scale facility to determine the effect of various pretreatment unit types and inflows on SS removal. We found that the efficiency of SS concentration and particulate matter removal changed significantly (p <, 0.05) based on the aspect ratio of the pretreatment unit. Three flow conditions were also tested (10, 15, and 20 m3/h), SS removal was most efficient at 15 m3/h. These findings can be applied to the design of NPS management facilities, which is expected to help increase the efficiency of new NPS facilities while reducing operating costs.
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Advanced hydrological streamflow simulation in a watershed using adjusted radar-rainfall estimates as meteorological input data
- Author
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Sung Min Cha and Seung Won Lee
- Subjects
Environmental Engineering ,Watershed ,Meteorology ,Soil and Water Assessment Tool ,Calibration (statistics) ,Rain ,0208 environmental biotechnology ,Climate change ,02 engineering and technology ,010501 environmental sciences ,Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law ,01 natural sciences ,Streamflow ,Radar imaging ,Tributary ,Waste Management and Disposal ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,geography ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,Radar ,Flood myth ,General Medicine ,Models, Theoretical ,020801 environmental engineering ,Environmental science ,Hydrology ,Environmental Monitoring - Abstract
Among the input data of the watershed model for simulating changes of flowrate in the watershed, weather input data, especially input data related to rainfall, are the most important. Therefore, it is important to ensure the accuracy of rainfall input data to increase the accuracy of the watershed model results. Securing rainfall measurements with finer spatial and temporal resolutions is important in predicting flowrate variations at a sub-catchment, especially as they relate to global and local climate changes in weather conditions such as rainfall depth, rainfall intensity, etc. In this study, adjusted radar-rainfall estimates were suggested as alternative input data for watershed modeling. Through a statistical analysis of the representativeness of a ground rainfall measurement (10 km × 10 km grid), the necessity of radar-rainfall estimates (2 km × 2 km grid) was identified. By applying calibration factors to initial radar-rainfall estimates and comparing adjusted radar-rainfall estimates with ground rainfall measurements, it was proven that adjusted radar-rainfall estimates could be used as input data for watershed simulations (NSE > 0.92; n = 12). Adjusted radar-rainfall estimates and ground rainfall measurements were used as input data of the Soil and Water Assessment Tool model to predict flowrate variations at the outlets of a tributary and the entire watershed. As a result, the accuracies of the simulation results were improved for the outlets of a tributary and the entire watershed (NSE: 0.33 to 0.48 and 0.19 to 0.55, respectively). To obtain more reliable rainfall data, radar images easily accessible to users were applied, and the accuracy of the data was increased by applying simple equations to numerical data extracted from radar image processing. Additionally, the applicability of the adjusted radar-rainfall estimates was demonstrated by comparing the modeling results using the suggested rainfall data and existing ground-based rainfall data. The suggested methodologies are expected to contribute to more accurately predict the possibility of flood disasters in other regions and countries lacking infrastructure related to rainfall measurements and to establish appropriate countermeasures.
- Published
- 2020
6. Achieving a High Areal Capacity with a Binder-Free Copper Molybdate Nanocone Array-Based Positive Electrode for Hybrid Supercapacitors
- Author
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Jae Su Yu, Ramulu Bhimanaboina, Sung Min Cha, and S. Chandra Sekhar
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Supercapacitor ,chemistry.chemical_element ,02 engineering and technology ,Electrolyte ,Molybdate ,010402 general chemistry ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,01 natural sciences ,Copper ,Hydrothermal circulation ,0104 chemical sciences ,Inorganic Chemistry ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Crystallinity ,Nickel ,chemistry ,Chemical engineering ,Electrode ,Physical and Theoretical Chemistry ,0210 nano-technology - Abstract
Herein, we develop a binder-free copper molybdate nanocone array with a prism-like morphology on nickel foam (Cu3Mo2O9 NCAs/Ni foam) using a single-step hydrothermal method. With an optimal growth time (10 h) under hydrothermal conditions, the prism-like Cu3Mo2O9 NCAs are uniformly decorated on Ni foam with good adhesion and crystallinity. The prepared Cu3Mo2O9 NCAs/Ni foam has been directly used as a binder-free electrode to examine its suitability as a positive electrode in hybrid supercapacitors. In an aqueous 1 M KOH electrolyte, the binder-free Cu3Mo2O9 NCAs/Ni foam showed battery-type behavior with a high areal capacity of 449.5 μAh cm–2 at a discharge current density of 2 mA cm–2 and also exhibited a good cycling stability. In addition, the pouch-type hybrid supercapacitor is assembled using the prism-like Cu3Mo2O9 NCAs/Ni foam as a positive electrode and the activated carbon as a negative electrode in a 1 M KOH electrolyte. The hybrid supercapacitor achieves a maximum cell potential of 1.6 V with ...
- Published
- 2018
7. Fallen leaves derived honeycomb-like porous carbon as a metal-free and low-cost counter electrode for dye-sensitized solar cells with excellent tri-iodide reduction
- Author
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Jae Su Yu, S. Chandra Sekhar, Goli Nagaraju, Sung Min Cha, and L. Krishna Bharat
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Auxiliary electrode ,Materials science ,Carbonization ,chemistry.chemical_element ,02 engineering and technology ,010402 general chemistry ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Tin oxide ,Electrochemistry ,01 natural sciences ,0104 chemical sciences ,Surfaces, Coatings and Films ,Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials ,Biomaterials ,Dye-sensitized solar cell ,Colloid and Surface Chemistry ,chemistry ,Chemical engineering ,0210 nano-technology ,Platinum ,Pyrolysis ,Carbon - Abstract
Utilizing carbon-based counter electrodes (CEs) in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have received much attention in recent times, owing to their low cost, good electrochemical activity, natural abundance and eco-friendly nature. Herein, we have facilely prepared quince leaves derived porous carbon (QLPC) using fallen quince leaves (QLs) and it was used as a cost-effective CE for the fabrication of DSSCs. By means of alkali treatment and pyrolysis process (at different temperatures of 700, 800 and 900 °C), the QLs powder undergoes chemical activation and carbonization, which results in a honeycomb-like QLPC with abundant micro/mesopores and large surface area. Simple and straightforward coating of QLPC samples onto fluorine doped tin oxide glass substrates led to improved electrocatalytic activity and good tri-iodide reduction in DSSCs. When the DSSCs were illuminated under 1 sun condition (AM 1.5; 100 mW cm −2 ), the device assembled with QLPC-based CE (prepared at 800 °C) showed a higher current density of ∼14.99 mA/cm 2 and power conversion efficiency of ∼5.52% among the other QLPC-based CEs, which are comparable with the platinum-based CE in DSSCs. This facile process for the preparation of biomass derived carbon-based CE provides an alternative to the noble metal-free CE in DSSCs.
- Published
- 2018
8. Three-dimensional activated porous carbon with meso/macropore structures derived from fallen pine cone flowers: A low-cost counter electrode material in dye-sensitized solar cells
- Author
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Goli Nagaraju, Joo Ho Lim, Sung Min Cha, and Jae Su Yu
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Auxiliary electrode ,Materials science ,Mechanical Engineering ,Metals and Alloys ,chemistry.chemical_element ,02 engineering and technology ,010402 general chemistry ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Tin oxide ,01 natural sciences ,0104 chemical sciences ,Dye-sensitized solar cell ,chemistry ,Chemical engineering ,Mechanics of Materials ,Specific surface area ,Materials Chemistry ,medicine ,Composite material ,0210 nano-technology ,Inert gas ,Pyrolysis ,Carbon ,Activated carbon ,medicine.drug - Abstract
Honeycomb-like activated porous carbon (HPC) powder with meso/macropore structures was successfully prepared via chemical activation and pyrolysis processes under inert gas atmosphere. Herein, the naturally available pine cone flowers with abundant carbon contents were employed as a biomass to synthesize the HPC sample. The structure and morphology of the HPC powder were characterized by various physicochemical techniques. Moreover, the as-prepared HPC sample was uniformly coated on fluorine doped tin oxide glass using a smooth brush and used as a cost-effective counter electrode (CE) in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). Under AM1.5G illumination, the fabricated DSSCs with HPC-based CE exhibited a high short-circuit current density (JSC) of 13.51 mA/cm2 and an excellent power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 4.98%, which is attributed to the high specific surface area and hierarchical porous property of the HPC sample. The obtained results were improved compared to the commercially available activated carbon-based CE in DSSCs (JSC = 12.11 mA/cm2 and PCE = 4.45%). This facile fabrication of highly porous activated carbon-based materials from the biomass can be utilized as a high-performance electrode material in DSSCs and energy storage device applications.
- Published
- 2017
9. A facile drop-casting approach to nanostructured copper oxide-painted conductive woven textile as binder-free electrode for improved energy storage performance in redox-additive electrolyte
- Author
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Sung Min Cha, S. Chandra Sekhar, Goli Nagaraju, and Jae Su Yu
- Subjects
Supercapacitor ,Copper oxide ,Materials science ,Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment ,Oxide ,Nanotechnology ,02 engineering and technology ,General Chemistry ,Substrate (electronics) ,Electrolyte ,010402 general chemistry ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Electrochemistry ,01 natural sciences ,0104 chemical sciences ,Nanomaterials ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,Chemical engineering ,Electrode ,General Materials Science ,0210 nano-technology - Abstract
Hierarchical copper oxide (CuO) nanostructures (NSs) with caterpillar-like morphologies were facilely integrated onto a highly flexible conductive woven textile substrate (CWTs) by a drop-casting approach. Initially, the CuO NSs were synthesized via a simple and green wet-chemical method in 30 min and the obtained colloidal solution of CuO was easily dropped onto well-cleaned CWTs. By virtue of their interesting structural features, the caterpillar-like CuO NSs on CWTs were employed as binder-free electrodes for supercapacitors and their electrochemical properties were investigated in 1 M KOH solution. Additionally, a small portion of redox-additive potassium ferricyanide (K3Fe(CN)6) was added to the 1 M KOH solution, which led to efficient enhancement of energy storage performance with superior cycling stability for the caterpillar-like CuO NSs on CWTs. Furthermore, the fabricated asymmetric supercapacitor (SC) with CuO NSs on CWTs and activated carbon with an operating potential window of 1.5 V simultaneously exhibited excellent energy density and power density values. Such a simple and low-cost approach to easily construct metal oxide nanomaterials on flexible textiles with redox-additive electrolyte may be useful for several potential applications in high-performance energy storage devices.
- Published
- 2017
10. Improved Coastal Erosion Prevention Using a Hybrid Method with an Artificial Coral Reef: Large-Scale 3D Hydraulic Experiment
- Author
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Jooyong Lee, Soonchul Kwon, Seungil Baek, Taeyoon Kim, Yongju Kwon, and Sung Min Cha
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lcsh:Hydraulic engineering ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Geography, Planning and Development ,020101 civil engineering ,submerged breakwater ,02 engineering and technology ,Aquatic Science ,01 natural sciences ,Biochemistry ,0201 civil engineering ,lcsh:Water supply for domestic and industrial purposes ,return flow ,lcsh:TC1-978 ,wave attenuation ,coastal erosion ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Water Science and Technology ,lcsh:TD201-500 ,geography ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,Subsidence ,Coral reef ,Inlet ,Coastal erosion ,artificial coral reef ,Breakwater ,Erosion ,Environmental science ,Submarine pipeline ,Return flow ,Marine engineering - Abstract
Coastal erosion, a worldwide social issue, has garnered substantial attention. Numerous methods have been implemented to control coastal erosion problems, however, the presence of rigid structures limits erosion mitigation, thereby causing various challenges. For instance, in the case of submerged breakwaters, local scour in front of the structure and scour caused by the flow occurring in open inlets affect the subsidence and stability of the structure and can also cause structural failure. To solve these problems, this paper proposes a hybrid method of using a submerged breakwater with an artificial coral reef installation, further, this study evaluates the attenuation of waves and mitigation of sediment transportation through large-scale 3D hydraulic experiments. We found that the hybrid method with an artificial coral reef installed in the open inlet shows excellent wave control and plays a clearly beneficial role in the advancement of the shoreline. The artificial coral reef method reduced the return flow generated by the drag force at the breakwater shoulder and open inlet. In addition, scour at the breakwater shoulder was inhibited by collecting the sand escaping offshore. Simultaneously, scour at the open inlet was also mitigated. The application of the hybrid method compensated for the problems caused by local scour and erosion in the submerged breakwater, thereby leading to the improvement of its function. Therefore, the hybrid method proposed in this paper was determined to be applicable not only for submerged breakwaters, but also for various structures for controlling coastal erosion.
- Published
- 2020
11. Controlled Electrochemical Synthesis of Nickel Hydroxide Nanosheets Grown on Non-woven Cu/PET Fibers: A Robust, Flexible, and Binder-Free Electrode for High-Performance Pseudocapacitors
- Author
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Sung Min Cha, Goli Nagaraju, and Jae Su Yu
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Materials science ,Nanotechnology ,02 engineering and technology ,Electrolyte ,010402 general chemistry ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Electrochemistry ,01 natural sciences ,0104 chemical sciences ,Surfaces, Coatings and Films ,Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials ,Crystallinity ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,General Energy ,Chemical engineering ,chemistry ,Electrode ,Pseudocapacitor ,Conductive textile ,Hydroxide ,Physical and Theoretical Chemistry ,0210 nano-technology ,FOIL method - Abstract
Using a simple electrochemical deposition (ECD) method, β-nickel hydroxide (β-Ni(OH)2) nanosheets (NSs) are facilely integrated on non-woven conductive textile substrate (NWCTs). The NWCTs with copper-plated polyethylenterephthalate (Cu/PET) fibers serves as a highly conductive and low-cost working substrate for the ECD method. With an aid of direct current voltage in the growth solution, the β-Ni(OH)2 NSs well adhere to NWCTs fibers with good uniformity. The surface morphology and crystallinity properties of the synthesized β-Ni(OH)2 NSs on NWCTs are characterized by various physicochemical techniques. Furthermore, the hierarchical β-Ni(OH)2 NSs on NWCTs reveal superior energy storage performance in 1 M KOH electrolyte solution as a binder-free electrode for pseudocapacitors. Compared to the conventional conductive foil-based electrode, the pseudocapacitive electrode in this work exhibit a relatively high electrochemical performance (specific capacitance of 2185.6 F g–1 at 5 A g–1) and stable capacitance...
- Published
- 2016
12. Birnessite-type MnO2 nanosheet arrays with interwoven arrangements on vapor grown carbon fibers as hybrid nanocomposites for pseudocapacitors
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Jae Su Yu, S. Chandra Sekhar, Sung Min Cha, and Goli Nagaraju
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Aqueous solution ,Materials science ,Fabrication ,Nanocomposite ,Birnessite ,Oxide ,Nanotechnology ,02 engineering and technology ,010402 general chemistry ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Electrochemistry ,01 natural sciences ,0104 chemical sciences ,Inorganic Chemistry ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,Pseudocapacitor ,0210 nano-technology ,Nanosheet - Abstract
Manganese dioxide nanosheet arrays with interconnected arrangements are easily synthesized on vapor grown carbon fibers (MnO2 NSAs@VCFs) by a simple wet-chemical method at low temperature. The conductive nature of the VCFs serves as a scaffold and easily reduces potassium permanganate species for the formation of hierarchical MnO2 NSAs@VCFs. When utilized as an electroactive material for pseudocapacitors, the sophisticated configuration of the nanocomposite provides an effective electrochemical activity and an electron pathway for higher electrochemical performance in 1 M Na2SO4 aqueous solution. The hierarchical MnO2 NSAs@VCFs exhibit a maximum specific capacitance of 115.3 F g−1 at a current density of 0.5 A g−1 with an excellent cycling stability of 85.6% after 2000 cycles at a current density of 5 A g−1. Such facile and cost-effective fabrication of a metal oxide nanocomposite with improved electrochemical performance allows it to be considered as a promising electroactive material for energy storage devices.
- Published
- 2016
13. Highly flexible conductive fabrics with hierarchically nanostructured amorphous nickel tungsten tetraoxide for enhanced electrochemical energy storage
- Author
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Ramesh Kakarla, Goli Nagaraju, Jae Su Yu, and Sung Min Cha
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Materials science ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Nanotechnology ,Tungsten ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Electrochemistry ,Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics ,Nanomaterials ,Amorphous solid ,Nickel ,Chemical engineering ,chemistry ,Specific surface area ,Pseudocapacitor ,Electrode ,General Materials Science ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering - Abstract
Amorphous nickel tungsten tetraoxide (NiWO4) nanostructures (NSs) were successfully synthesized on a flexible conductive fabric (CF) using a facile onestep electrochemical deposition (ED) method. With an applied external cathodic voltage (–1.8 V for 15 min), the amorphous NiWO4 NSs with burl-like morphologies adhered well on the seed-coated CF substrate. The burl-like amorphous NiWO4 NSs on CF (NiWO4 NSs/CF) are employed as a flexible and binder-free electrode for pseudocapacitors, which exhibit remarkable electrochemical properties with high specific capacitance (1,190.2 F/g at 2 A/g), excellent cyclic stability (92% at 10 A/g), and good rate capability (765.7 F/g at 20 A/g) in 1 M KOH electrolyte solution. The superior electrochemical properties can be ascribed to the hierarchical structure and large specific surface area of the burl-like amorphous NiWO4 NSs/CF. This cost-effective facile method for the synthesis of metal tungsten tetraoxide nanomaterials on a flexible CF could be promising for advanced electronic and energy storage device applications.
- Published
- 2015
14. Analysis of the relation between pollutant loading and water depth flowrate changes in a constructed wetland for agricultural nonpoint source pollution management
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Seung Won Lee, Joon Ha Kim, and Sung Min Cha
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Hydrology ,Pollutant ,geography ,Environmental Engineering ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,Stormwater ,First flush ,Wetland ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,Inflow ,010501 environmental sciences ,Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law ,01 natural sciences ,Water level ,040103 agronomy & agriculture ,Constructed wetland ,0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries ,Environmental science ,Surface runoff ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Nature and Landscape Conservation - Abstract
When stormwater runoff flows into a constructed wetland, the water level changes inside, and the volume of the wetland changes accordingly. In this study, the relationship between pollutant removal and water depth flowrate changes was analyzed with velocity phase analysis, using the concepts of horizontal velocity and vertical velocity. A constructed wetland located in an agricultural area was used for the velocity phase analysis. Analysis results revealed that all four ponds and Phases I and III accounted for over 90% of the pollutant load. In particular, Phase III, where vertical and horizontal velocities were reduced, was responsible for approximately twice the load on average. The reason for the highest load in Phase III was due to the inflow of contaminants into the constructed wetland through the first flush effect occurred at the time when the flow rate decreased due to the difference in runoff strength. Therefore, it is necessary to maximize Phases I and III in the velocity phase when designing multi-stage wetlands to make the flow of water more natural. Furthermore, considering pollutant load levels, a design review is needed to expand the size of downstream wetlands, so that they can optimize water quality management functions.
- Published
- 2020
15. Development of early-warning protocol for predicting chlorophyll-a concentration using machine learning models in freshwater and estuarine reservoirs, Korea
- Author
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Kyung Hwa Cho, Yongeun Park, Sung Min Cha, Joon Ha Kim, and Jihwan Park
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Chlorophyll ,Engineering ,Environmental Engineering ,Fresh Water ,Interval (mathematics) ,Algal bloom ,Artificial Intelligence ,Republic of Korea ,Water Pollution, Chemical ,Environmental Chemistry ,Sensitivity (control systems) ,Waste Management and Disposal ,Hydrology ,Warning system ,Artificial neural network ,business.industry ,Chlorophyll A ,Pollution ,Support vector machine ,Models, Chemical ,Neural Networks, Computer ,Water quality ,Estuaries ,business ,Eutrophication ,Water Pollutants, Chemical ,Environmental Monitoring - Abstract
Chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) is a direct indicator used to evaluate the ecological state of a waterbody, such as algal blooms that degrade the water quality in lakes, reservoirs and estuaries. In this study, artificial neural network (ANN) and support vector machine (SVM) were used to predict Chl-a concentration for the early warning in the Juam Reservoir and Yeongsan Reservoir, which are located in an upstream region (freshwater reservoir) and downstream region (estuarine reservoir), respectively. Weekly water quality data and meteorological data for a 7-year period were used to train and validate both the ANN and SVM models. The Latin-hypercube one-factor-at-a-time (LH-OAT) method and a pattern search algorithm were applied to perform sensitivity analyses for the input variables and to optimize the parameters of the two models, respectively. Results revealed that the two models well-reproduced the temporal variation of Chl-a based on the weekly input variables. In particular, the SVM model showed better performance than the ANN model, displaying a higher prediction accuracy in the validation step. The Williams-Kloot test and sensitivity analysis demonstrated that the SVM model was superior for predicting Chl-a in terms of prediction accuracy and description of the cause-and-effect relationship between Chl-a concentration and environmental variables in both the Juam Reservoir and Yeongsan Reservoir. Furthermore, a 7-day interval was determined as an efficient early warning interval in the two reservoirs. As such, this study suggested an effective early-warning prediction method for Chl-a concentration and improved the eutrophication management scheme for reservoirs.
- Published
- 2015
16. Ultrathin nickel hydroxide nanosheet arrays grafted biomass-derived honeycomb-like porous carbon with improved electrochemical performance as a supercapacitive material
- Author
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Jae Su Yu, Goli Nagaraju, and Sung Min Cha
- Subjects
Supercapacitor ,Multidisciplinary ,Materials science ,Cost effectiveness ,chemistry.chemical_element ,02 engineering and technology ,Electrolyte ,010402 general chemistry ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Electrochemistry ,01 natural sciences ,Article ,0104 chemical sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,Chemical engineering ,Hydroxide ,0210 nano-technology ,Carbon ,Pyrolysis ,Nanosheet - Abstract
Three-dimensional hierarchical honeycomb-like activated porous carbon pillared ultrathin Ni(OH)2 nanosheets (Ni(OH)2 NSs@HAPC) for use as supercapacitor materials were facilely synthesized. With an aid of pine cone flowers as a biomass source, HAPC conducting scaffolds were prepared by the alkali treatment and pyrolysis methods under an inert gas atmosphere. Subsequently, the Ni(OH)2 NSs were synthesized evenly on the surface of HAPC via a solvothermal method. The resulting HAPC and Ni(OH)2 NSs@HAPC composite materials offered free pathways for effective diffusion of electrolyte ions and fast transportation of electrons when employed as an electrode material. The Ni(OH)2 NSs@HAPC composite electrode exhibited excellent electrochemical properties including a relatively high specific capacitance (Csp) value of ~ 916.4 F/g at 1 A/g with good cycling stability compared to the pristine HAPC and Ni(OH)2 NSs electrodes. Such bio-friendly derived carbon-based materials with transition metal hydroxide/oxide composite materials could be a promising approach for high-performance energy storage devices because of their advantageous properties of cost effectiveness and easy availability.
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
17. Water quality changes according to the midstream weir construction in the Yeongsan River, Korea
- Author
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Min-Ji Kang, Sung Min Cha, Seung Won Lee, Joon Ha Kim, and Yongeun Park
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Biochemical oxygen demand ,Suspended solids ,Aquatic ecosystem ,Weir ,Chemical oxygen demand ,Midstream ,Environmental engineering ,Environmental science ,Ocean Engineering ,STREAMS ,Water quality ,Pollution ,Water Science and Technology - Abstract
This paper describes the effects of weir construction on water quality in the Yeongsan (YS) River. In general, weirs affect aquatic environments of rivers and streams by interrupting natural water flow. To identify changes in water quality before and after weir construction, analysis of variance and autocorrelation tests were conducted on data from four monitoring stations. Seasonal variations in suspended solids (SS), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), and pH were analyzed using data from six years of monitoring. No significant changes in mean BOD5 or COD followed the construction of weirs. However, mean TN and TP were changed significantly during and after construction. Moreover, SS and pH changed significantly during construction, and TN and TP concentrations were slightly improved after weir construction. However, continuous monitoring and analysis of water quality changes in each weir are required to prevent environmenta...
- Published
- 2014
18. Birnessite-type MnO
- Author
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S Chandra, Sekhar, Goli, Nagaraju, Sung Min, Cha, and Jae Su, Yu
- Abstract
Manganese dioxide nanosheet arrays with interconnected arrangements are easily synthesized on vapor grown carbon fibers (MnO
- Published
- 2016
19. Characterizing particle size distribution of nonpoint source pollutants in an agricultural area
- Author
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Joon Ha Kim, Seung Won Lee, Sung Min Cha, and Yongeun Park
- Subjects
Pollutant ,Pollution ,geography ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Stormwater ,Environmental engineering ,Drainage basin ,Ocean Engineering ,Settling ,Environmental science ,Water quality ,Surface runoff ,Nonpoint source pollution ,Water Science and Technology ,media_common - Abstract
Nonpoint source (NPS) pollution is widely recognized as a major source affecting the water quality deterioration in rivers, lakes, and marine environments. Many studies about the relations between NPS pollutants and solid matters from drainage area have been carried out in the area of stormwater management. This study collected stormwater and soil samples from a drainage area in Korea; the particle size distributions (PSDs) were then analyzed during four storm events. The results indicate that the PSDs of fine and medium silt in the stormwater are related to the soil component of the drainage area. In addition, solid matter was strongly related to NPS pollutant discharges such as total nitrogen and total phosphorus during stormwater runoff. Therefore, to design an NPS management facility, the PSD from the drainage area should be considered. It is expected that this study can be applied to the designs of settling ponds used to remove particles from stormwater runoff.
- Published
- 2013
20. Investigation of stormwater runoff strength in an agricultural area, Korea
- Author
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Lee-Hyung Kim, Sung Min Cha, Kyung Suk Min, Joon Ha Kim, Seungyoon Lee, and Seung Won Lee
- Subjects
Pollution ,geography ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,Swale ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Stormwater ,Environmental engineering ,Ocean Engineering ,Wetland ,Environmental science ,Water quality ,Low-impact development ,Surface runoff ,Water resource management ,Nonpoint source pollution ,Water Science and Technology ,media_common - Abstract
To manage and control the nonpoint source (NPS) pollution and to improve the water quality of impaired streams, rivers and lakes, practices including constructed wetlands, permeable pavement, swales and others are being attempted in the world. Before applying these techniques, an analysis of stormwater runoff characteristics should be understood due to the complexity in estimating system design factors for best management practices (BMPs). This study investigates the stormwater discharge from an agricultural area in Korea. Based on this investigation, pollutant and flow coefficient of variation (PFCoV) values were developed in an attempt to explain the stormwater runoff in the agricultural area. Four field studies categorized by rainfall type were then employed to assess the PFCoV values. The results show that the physical meaning of PFCoV values indicates the variation of NPS pollutants during a storm event. As such, this simple and meaningful result can be applied to a wide range of stormwater ...
- Published
- 2012
21. Linking land-use type and stream water quality using spatial data of fecal indicator bacteria and heavy metals in the Yeongsan river basin
- Author
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Joo-Hyon Kang, Seo Jin Ki, Sung Min Cha, Kyung Hwa Cho, Joon Ha Kim, and Seung Won Lee
- Subjects
China ,Environmental Engineering ,Watershed ,Drainage basin ,Indicator bacteria ,Fresh Water ,Land cover ,Feces ,Rivers ,Metals, Heavy ,Escherichia coli ,Water Movements ,Humans ,Water Pollutants ,Water pollution ,Waste Management and Disposal ,Water Science and Technology ,Civil and Structural Engineering ,Hydrology ,geography ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,Bacteria ,Ecological Modeling ,Water Pollution ,Models, Theoretical ,Pollution ,Indicator species ,Environmental science ,Water quality ,Surface water ,Enterococcus - Abstract
This study reveals land-use factors that explain stream water quality during wet and dry weather conditions in a large river basin using two different linear models-multiple linear regression (MLR) models and constrained least squares (CLS) models. Six land-use types and three topographical parameters (size, slope, and permeability) of the watershed were incorporated into the models as explanatory variables. The suggested models were then demonstrated using a digitized elevation map in conjunction with the land-use and the measured concentration data for Escherichia coli (EC), Enterococci bacteria (ENT), and six heavy metal species collected monthly during 2007-2008 at 50 monitoring sites in the Yeongsan Watershed, Korea. The results showed that the MLR models can be a powerful tool for predicting the average concentrations of pollutants in stream water (the Nash-Sutcliffe (NS) model efficiency coefficients ranged from 0.67 to 0.95). On the other hand, the CLS models, with moderately good prediction performance (the NS coefficients ranged 0.28-0.85), were more suitable for quantifying contributions of respective land-uses to the stream water quality. The CLS models suggested that industrial and urban land-uses are major contributors to the stream concentrations of EC and ENT, whereas agricultural, industrial, and mining areas were significant sources of many heavy metal species. In addition, the slope, size, and permeability of the watershed were found to be important factors determining the extent of the contribution from each land-use type to the stream water quality. The models proposed in this paper can be considered useful tools for developing land cover guidelines and for prioritizing locations for implementing management practices to maintain stream water quality standard in a large river basin.
- Published
- 2010
22. Spatial and temporal variability of fecal indicator bacteria in an urban stream under different meteorological regimes
- Author
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Seung Won Lee, Joon Ha Kim, Seungyoon Lee, Yongeun Park, Kyung Hwa Cho, and Sung Min Cha
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Pollution ,Geologic Sediments ,Time Factors ,Environmental Engineering ,Urban Population ,Urban stream ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Indicator bacteria ,Fresh Water ,Waste Disposal, Fluid ,Feces ,Meteorology ,Rivers ,Water Supply ,Humans ,Water Science and Technology ,media_common ,Hydrology ,Korea ,Contamination ,Fecal coliform ,Indicator species ,Environmental science ,Combined sewer ,Spatial variability ,Water Microbiology ,Environmental Monitoring - Abstract
As a representative urban stream in Korea, the Gwangju (GJ) stream suffers from chronic fecal contamination. In this study, to characterize levels of fecal pollution in the GJ stream, the monthly monitoring data for seven years (from 2001 to 2007) and the hourly monitoring data from two field experiments were examined with respect to seasonal/daily variations and spatial distribution under wet and dry weather conditions. This research revealed that concentrations of fecal indicator bacteria strongly varied depending on the prevalent meteorological conditions. That is, during the dry daytime, fecal indicator bacteria concentrations decreased due to inactivation from solar irradiation, but rapidly increased in the absence of sunlight, suggesting external source inputs. In addition, bacterial concentrations substantially increased during rainfall events, due probably to a major contribution from combined sewer overflow. The observations in this study can be useful for implementing fecal pollution management strategies and for predicting fecal contamination as a function of meteorological conditions.
- Published
- 2010
23. Meteorological effects on the levels of fecal indicator bacteria in an urban stream: A modeling approach
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Kyung Hwa Cho, Seung Won Lee, Sung Min Cha, Joo-Hyon Kang, Yongeun Park, Joon Ha Kim, and Jung-Woo Kim
- Subjects
Pollution ,Geologic Sediments ,Environmental Engineering ,Urban stream ,Rain ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Indicator bacteria ,Sink (geography) ,Feces ,Rivers ,Escherichia coli ,Water Movements ,Animals ,Humans ,Precipitation ,Cities ,Waste Management and Disposal ,Water Science and Technology ,Civil and Structural Engineering ,media_common ,Hydrology ,geography ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,Ecological Modeling ,Water Pollution ,Storm ,Models, Theoretical ,Contamination ,Fecal coliform ,Sunlight ,Environmental science ,Algorithms ,Enterococcus ,Environmental Monitoring - Abstract
Gwangju Creek (GJC) in Korea, which drains a highly urbanized watershed, has suffered from substantial fecal contamination, thereby limiting the beneficial use of the water in addition to threatening public health. In this study, to quantitatively estimate the sinks and sources of fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) in GJC under varying meteorological conditions, two FIB (i.e., Escherichia coli and enterococci bacteria) were monitored hourly for 24 h periods during both wet and dry weather conditions at four sites along GJC, and the collected data was subsequently used to develop a spatiotemporal FIB prediction model. The monitoring data revealed that storm washoff and irradiational die-off by sunlight are the two key processes controlling FIB populations in wet and dry weather, respectively. FIB populations significantly increased during precipitation, with greater concentrations occurring at higher rainfall intensity. During dry weather, FIB populations decreased in the presence of sunlight in daytime but quickly recovered at nighttime due to continuous point-source inputs. In this way, the contributions of the key processes (i.e., irradiational die-off by sunlight, settling, storm washoff, and resuspension) to the FIB levels in GJC under different meteorological conditions were quantitatively estimated using the developed model. The modeling results showed that the die-off by sunlight is the major sink of FIB during the daytime in dry weather with a minor contribution from the settling process. During wet weather, storm washoff and resuspension are equally important processes that are responsible for the substantial increase of FIB populations.
- Published
- 2010
24. A new methodology for determining dispersion coefficient using ordinary and partial differential transport equations
- Author
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Seung Won Lee, Yongeun Park, Jin Hwan Hwang, Joon Ha Kim, Sung Min Cha, Kyung Hwa Cho, and Young Sik Ham
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Hydrology ,Korea ,Environmental Engineering ,Field (physics) ,Series (mathematics) ,Chemistry ,Sequential combination ,Soil science ,STREAMS ,Models, Theoretical ,Dispersion coefficient ,Diffusion ,Rivers ,Dispersion (optics) ,Escherichia coli ,Water Movements ,Partial derivative ,Water Pollutants, Chemical ,Combined method ,Environmental Monitoring ,Water Science and Technology - Abstract
The present study proposes a methodology for determining the effective dispersion coefficient based on the field measurements performed in Gwangju (GJ) Creek in South Korea which is environmentally degraded by the artificial interferences such as weirs and culverts. Many previous works determining the dispersion coefficient were limited in application due to the complexity and artificial interferences in natural stream. Therefore, the sequential combination of N-Tank-In-Series (NTIS) model and Advection-Dispersion-Reaction (ADR) model was proposed for evaluating dispersion process in complex stream channel in this study. The series of water quality data were intensively monitored in the field to determine the effective dispersion coefficient of E. coli in rainy day. As a result, the suggested methodology reasonably estimates the dispersion coefficient for GJ Creek with 1.25 m2/s. Also, the sequential combined method provided Number of tank-Velocity-Dispersion coefficient (NVD) curves for convenient evaluation of dispersion coefficient of other rivers or streams. Comparing the previous studies, the present methodology is quite general and simple for determining the effective dispersion coefficients which are applicable for other rivers and streams.
- Published
- 2009
25. Determination of the optimal parameters in regression models for the prediction of chlorophyll-a: A case study of the Yeongsan Reservoir, Korea
- Author
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Yongeun Park, Joo-Hyon Kang, Sung Min Cha, Joon Ha Kim, Seo Jin Ki, and Kyung Hwa Cho
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Chlorophyll ,Principal Component Analysis ,Korea ,Environmental Engineering ,Chlorophyll A ,Regression dilution ,Design matrix ,Reproducibility of Results ,Fresh Water ,Regression analysis ,Pollution ,Multicollinearity ,Linear regression ,Statistics ,Linear Models ,Regression Analysis ,Environmental Chemistry ,Errors-in-variables models ,Principal component regression ,Waste Management and Disposal ,Regression diagnostic ,Mathematics - Abstract
Statistical regression models involve linear equations, which often lead to significant prediction errors due to poor statistical stability and accuracy. This concern arises from multicollinearity in the models, which may drastically affect model performance in terms of a trade-off scenario for effective water resource management logistics. In this paper, we propose a new methodology for improving the statistical stability and accuracy of regression models, and then show how to cope with pitfalls in the models and determine optimal parameters with a decreased number of predictive variables. Here, a comparison of the predictive performance was made using four types of multiple linear regression (MLR) and principal component regression (PCR) models in the prediction of chlorophyll-a (chl-a) concentration in the Yeongsan (YS) Reservoir, Korea, an estuarine reservoir that historically suffers from high levels of nutrient input. During a 3-year water quality monitoring period, results showed that PCRs could be a compact solution for improving the accuracy of the models, as in each case MLR could not accurately produce reliable predictions due to a persistent collinearity problem. Furthermore, based on R2 (goodness of fit) and F-overall number (confidence of regression), and the number of explanatory variables (R-F-N) curve, it was revealed that PCR-F(7) was the best model among the four regression models in predicting chl-a, having the fewest explanatory variables (seven) and the lowest uncertainty. Seven PCs were identified as significant variables, related to eight water quality parameters: pH, 5-day biochemical oxygen demand, total coliform, fecal indicator bacteria, chemical oxygen demand, ammonia–nitrogen, total nitrogen, and dissolved oxygen. Overall, the results not only demonstrated that the models employed successfully simulated chl-a in a reservoir in both the test and validation periods, but also suggested that the optimal parameters should cautiously be considered in the design of regression models.
- Published
- 2009
26. Finding sources and sinks of fluorescent dissolved organic matter in a riverine system using parallel factor model
- Author
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Joon Ha Kim, Yongeun Park, Aamir Alaud Din, Seung Won Lee, Sung Min Cha, and Kyung Hwa Cho
- Subjects
Excitation emission matrix ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,Watershed ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Spatiotemporal Analysis ,Analytical chemistry ,Anova test ,Ocean Engineering ,Soil science ,Exploratory analysis ,010501 environmental sciences ,01 natural sciences ,Pollution ,Fluorescence ,chemistry ,Dissolved organic carbon ,Environmental science ,Organic matter ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Water Science and Technology - Abstract
To characterize fluorescent dissolved organic matter (FDOM) in Yeongsan River in Korea, 110 water samples were acquired from March 2008 to November 2009 around the watershed. Excitation emission matrix data of fluorescence was obtained using spectrophotometric analysis and parallel factor (PARAFAC) model was used to characterize FDOM. The spatiotemporal variation and effect on FDOM were studied using an exploratory analysis and analysis of variance (ANOVA). According to the spatial and seasonal characteristics, we used post hoc analysis to identify significantly different sites and season. The PARAFAC results identified three most important PARAFAC components explaining 95.32% of total variance of original data-set. Seasons and sites had a significant effect on PARAFAC Components I and II (p ≤ 0.05), whereas season had a significant effect on Component III (p ≤ 0.05). There was no significant interaction between seasons and sites for all the three PARAFAC components (p > 0.05). For Components I and II, summer season was significantly different from other seasons (p ≤ 0.05), whereas for Component III, the fall season was significantly different from winter and summer seasons (p ≤ 0.05). These results indicate that ANOVA and post hoc analysis in our study not only confirmed the results of previous studies, but also revealed differences in seasons and sites for identified FDOMs as a new information. The methodology proposed in this paper can be a useful tool for finding sources and sinks of FDOMs in a riverine system influenced by natural organic matter impairment.
- Published
- 2015
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27. Performance Evaluation of the Free Water Surface Constructed Wetland Treating Nonpoint Source Pollutants in the Agricultural Area
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Sun Hong Lee, Jae Choon Lee, Jae Young Lee, and Sung Min Cha
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Hydrology ,geography ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,Watershed ,Operations research ,Drainage basin ,Constructed wetland ,Environmental science ,Storm ,Water quality ,Eutrophication ,Surface water ,Nonpoint source pollution - Abstract
Water quality impairment from nonpoint source pollution is one of the critical causes of surface water eutrophication in rivers and lakes surrounding agricultural area, Korea. In the Songchon Constructed Wetland (SCW) located in Yeongsan (YS) watershed which has about 1,000 km2 (total watershed area: 3,471 km2) for agricultural area, 19 times of intensive field monitoring in 2010 were conducted with various rainfall patterns and about more 1,000 water samples were measured and analyzed in field and laboratory. To identify the relationship between meteorological conditions and removal efficiency of the constructed wetland, principal component analysis (PCA) and ternary plot analysis was used for 19 field experiment data. Mean treatment performance of TSS, BOD5, COD, TN, and TP was 16.4%, 42.1%, 43.7%, 36.6%, and 57.1%, respectively, as a method of pollutant load reduction for multiple tests of storm events. PCA results revealed that rainfall depth, rainfall intensity, and antecedent dry days (ADDs) can be major components as a representative in each component. Also, ternary contour plots results showed that the treatment performance of SCW in agricultural area during storm events can be affected by three meteorological conditions. These results and phenomena can be applicable to develop the NPS discharge model and to elucidate the relationship between rainfall and storm water runoff using rain radar in a drainage area.
- Published
- 2015
28. Metallic Layered Polyester Fabric Enabled Nickel Selenide Nanostructures as Highly Conductive and Binderless Electrode with Superior Energy Storage Performance
- Author
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S. Chandra Sekhar, Goli Nagaraju, Jae Su Yu, and Sung Min Cha
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Supercapacitor ,Working electrode ,Materials science ,Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment ,Nickel selenide ,02 engineering and technology ,Substrate (electronics) ,Electrolyte ,Chronoamperometry ,010402 general chemistry ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Electrochemistry ,01 natural sciences ,0104 chemical sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Chemical engineering ,chemistry ,Electrode ,General Materials Science ,0210 nano-technology - Abstract
Highly flexible and conductive fabric (CF)-supported cauliflower-like nickel selenide nanostructures (Ni3Se2 NSs) are facilely synthesized by a single-step chronoamperometry voltage-assisted electrochemical deposition (ECD) method and used as a positive electrode in supercapacitors (SCs). The CF substrate composed of multi-layered metallic films on the surface of polyester fibers enables to provide high electrical conductivity as a working electrode in ECD process. Owing to good electrical conductivity, high porosity and intertwined fibrous framework of CF, cauliflower-like Ni3Se2 NSs are densely integrated onto the entire surface of CF (Ni3Se2 NSs@CF) substrate with reliable adhesion by applying a chronoamperometry voltage of −1.0 V for 240 s. The electrochemical performance of the synthesized cauliflower-like Ni3Se2 NSs@CF electrode exhibits a maximum specific capacity (CSC) of 119.6 mA h g−1 at a discharge current density of 2 A g−1 in aqueous 1 m KOH electrolyte solution. Remarkably, the specific capacity of the same electrode is greatly enhanced by introducing a small quantity of redox-additive electrolyte into the aqueous KOH solution, indicating the CSC≈251.82 mA h g−1 at 2 A g−1 with good capacity retention. Furthermore, the assembled textile-based asymmetric SCs achieve remarkable electrochemical performance such as higher energy and power densities, which are able to light up different colored light-emitting diodes.
- Published
- 2016
29. Evaluation of the relationship between two different methods for enumeration fecal indicator bacteria: colony-forming unit and most probable number
- Author
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Dukki Han, Joon Ha Kim, Kyung Hwa Cho, Seung Won Lee, Joo-Hyon Kang, Sung Min Cha, and Yongeun Park
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Veterinary medicine ,Environmental Engineering ,Colony Count, Microbial ,Indicator bacteria ,Biology ,Microbiology ,Feces ,Rivers ,Most probable number ,Enumeration ,Escherichia coli ,Water Movements ,Environmental Chemistry ,Animals ,General Environmental Science ,Colony-forming unit ,food and beverages ,General Medicine ,Coliform bacteria ,Fecal coliform ,Linear Models ,Water quality ,Seasons ,Water Microbiology ,Enterococcus - Abstract
Most probable number (MPN) and colony-forming unit (CFU) estimates of fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) concentration are common measures of water quality in aquatic environments. Thus, FIB intensively monitored in Yeongsan Watershed in an attempt to compare two different methods and to develop a statistical model to convert from CFU to MPN estimates or vice versa. As a result, the significant difference was found in the MPN and CFU estimates. The enumerated Escherichia coli concentrations in MPN are greater than those in CFU, except for the measurement in winter. Especially in fall, E. coli concentrations in MPN are one order of magnitude greater than that in CFU. Contrarily, enterococci bacteria in MPN are lower than those in CFU. However, in general, a strongly positive relationship are found between MPN and CFU estimates. Therefore, the statistical models were developed, and showed the reasonable converting FIB concentrations from CFU estimates to MPN estimates. We expect this study will provide preliminary information towards future research on whether different analysis methods may result in different water quality standard violation frequencies for the same water sample.
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- 2010
30. Occurrence of Antibiotic Resistant E. coli in Surface Water: A Study in a Typical Urban Watershed, Korea
- Author
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Sung Min Cha, Ha Na Yoo, Young-Sik Ham, Joon Ha Kim, Seung Won Lee, Seo Jin Ki, Seung Yoon Lee, and Joo-Hyon Kang
- Subjects
Veterinary medicine ,medicine.drug_class ,Tetracycline ,Antibiotics ,Biology ,Carbenicillin ,biology.organism_classification ,Microbiology ,Antibiotic resistance ,Streptomycin ,Ampicillin ,medicine ,Bacteria ,Water Science and Technology ,Piperacillin ,medicine.drug - Abstract
Elevated levels of antibiotic-resistant (AR) bacteria are routinely detected in surface water, whereas the dissemination of such bacteria across tributaries, rivers, or watersheds is often unknown. In a present study, one year of water quality monitoring was conducted to assess the sources, occurrence, and distribution of AR bacteria in a typical urban watershed, the Gwangju Watershed, Korea. For this study, a total of 828 Escherichia coli (E. coli) isolates obtained from 8 sites in stream water were tested for their resistance against 15 different antibiotics. Results revealed that while antibiotic resistance of the E. coli isolates showed no significant difference among sites, resistance rates to one and more antibiotics were always higher than those of non-antibiotic (below 50%), representing a high incidence of antibiotic resistance in the surface water. Among the antibiotics tested, the isolates were most resistant to tetracycline (50%), followed by carbenicillin (33%) and ampicillin (32%). However, the resistance rates showed no measurable difference between the isolates from the wastewater treatment plants and those from downstream sites, except for streptomycin (p < 0.05), indicating that untreated sewage discharge was not a primary source of the resistance. In addition, no significant difference in resistance rates was observed between summer and winter seasons. When the relationship between resistance rates in 828 E. coli isolates to antibiotics and those of multiple antibiotic resistance was further examined, a high correlation was found in streptomycin, carbenicillin, piperacillin, tetracycline, and ampicillin, thus suggesting that these antibiotics could be used as potential indicators for representing the resistance rate of E. coli isolates in surface water.
- Published
- 2010
31. Effect of environmental flow management on river water quality: a case study at Yeongsan River, Korea
- Author
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Heechul Choi, Kyung Hwa Cho, Seo Jin Ki, Joon Ha Kim, and Sung Min Cha
- Subjects
Hydrology ,Biochemical oxygen demand ,Environmental Engineering ,Korea ,Water Movements ,Water ,Seasonality ,Monsoon ,Spatial distribution ,medicine.disease ,Dilution ,Rivers ,Environmental monitoring ,medicine ,Environmental science ,Water quality ,Water Science and Technology ,Environmental Monitoring - Abstract
This paper describes a management scheme to control river water quality using additional water discharges from upstream dams, which results in an increase environmental flow (EF) followed by an enhancement of water quality in a target river. To suggest a creditable management plan among a suite of ideal scenarios, the monthly averaged water quality monitoring data from 2001 to 2006 at the Yeongsan (YS) River, Korea were investigated with respect to seasonal variation and spatial distribution. From the analysis, it was found that while biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) level in the YS River was extremely high during the dry/drought season (April, May, and June; AMJ), the level was subsequently decreased during the monsoon season (July, August, and September; JAS) due mainly to the dilution effect of rainfall. To improve the water quality in AMJ, we here suggested a scenario of increasing EF using surplus water discharges from upstream dams, which was examined by one dimensional riverine water quality model, QUAL2E model. Simulation result showed that additional discharge from the upstream dams could lead, on average, to a 36% of water quality improvement in mainstream with respect to BOD5. Model coefficients were validated by comparing the six year monitoring data to minimize a sum of squares error, and showed a good agreement with the observed data. Overall, the methodology developed in this paper appears to be quite clear and straightforward, and thus, can be applied to a wide range of the flow managements or water quality controls in a stream with artificial structures.
- Published
- 2009
32. Evaluation of pollutants removal efficiency to achieve successful urban river restoration
- Author
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Seung Won Lee, Sung Min Cha, Yongeun Park, Joon Ha Kim, Kyung Hwa Cho, Young Sik Ham, and Seo Jin Ki
- Subjects
Pollution ,Biochemical oxygen demand ,Environmental Engineering ,Urban stream ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Wetland ,Rivers ,Escherichia coli ,Environmental Restoration and Remediation ,Water Science and Technology ,media_common ,Pollutant ,geography ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,Korea ,Environmental engineering ,Models, Theoretical ,Water resources ,Oxygen ,Wetlands ,Constructed wetland ,Environmental science ,Regression Analysis ,Water quality ,Water Pollutants, Chemical ,Environmental Monitoring - Abstract
Greater efforts to provide alternative scenarios are key to successful urban stream restoration planning. In this study, we discuss two different aspects of water quality management schemes, biodegradation and human health, which are incorporated in the restoration project of original, pristine condition of urban stream at the Gwangju (GJ) Stream, Korea. For this study, monthly monitoring of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) and fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) data were obtained from 2003 to 2008 and for 2008, respectively, and these were evaluated to explore pollutant magnitude and variation with respect to space and time window. Ideal scenarios to reduce target pollutants were determined based on their seasonal characteristics and correlations between the concentrations at a water intake and discharge point, where we suggested an increase of environmental flow and wetland as pollutants reduction drawing for BOD5 and FIB, respectively. The scenarios were separately examined by the Qual2E model and hypothetically (but planned) constructed wetland, respectively. The results revealed that while controlling of the water quality at the intake point guaranteed the lower pollution level of BOD5 in the GJ Stream, a wetland constructed at the discharge point may be a promising strategy to mitigate mass loads of FIB. Overall, this study suggests that a combination of the two can be plausible scenarios not only to support sustainable urban water resources management, but to enhance a quality of urban stream restoration assignment.
- Published
- 2009
33. Decadal and seasonal scale changes of an artificial lake environment after blocking tidal flows in the Yeongsan Estuary region, Korea
- Author
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Young Geun, Lee, Kwang-Guk, An, Phuc Thi, Ha, Keun-Young, Lee, Joo-Hyon, Kang, Sung Min, Cha, Kyung Hwa, Cho, Yun Seok, Lee, In Seop, Chang, Kyoung-Woong, Kim, Joon Ha, Kim, and Joon Ha, Kimj
- Subjects
Hydrology ,geography ,Geologic Sediments ,Environmental Engineering ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,Brackish water ,Aquatic ecosystem ,Lake ecosystem ,Fishes ,Sediment ,Estuary ,Fresh Water ,Biodiversity ,Pollution ,Republic of Korea ,Environmental Chemistry ,Environmental science ,Animals ,Water quality ,Seasons ,Eutrophication ,Waste Management and Disposal ,Surface water ,Ecosystem - Abstract
Artificial lakes, initially built in estuaries for positive purposes such as flood prevention and providing irrigation water, have been found to have negative impacts including blocking tidal cycles, disappearance of brackish water zones, sediment increase, water pollution, change of microbial diversity inhabiting patterns, and a decline in fish diversity. In this study, multidisciplinary field studies including physical, chemical, and biological analyses were performed to demonstrate decadal and seasonal scale changes in the ecological environment in Yeongsan Reservoir (YSR), Korea, since the construction of a 4.35 km-long dam in 1981. The results of the study show that the volume of sediment accumulated in YSR was 75.2 million m(3) since the dam was constructed, resulting in a 33.6% reduction of the total water storage capacity. Also, water quality in YSR was affected by complex physico-chemical and hydrological phenomena, including saline and thermal stratifications, and pollutant loadings leading to eutrophication. Subsequent sediment bacteria analyses showed microbial diversity according to different depths in sediment, indicating the environmental change of sediment ecology. Moreover, the fish diversity in this study (2006-2007) was found to be considerably reduced compared to a similar study in 1989 (42% reduction), and the ecological health was deemed to be in a "poor" condition based on the 10-metric Lentic Ecosystem Health Assessment (LEHA) model. Accordingly, these results indicate that aquatic ecosystems are detrimentally affected by estuarine dams that block tidal flows, and when applied to short/long-term management strategies for artificial lakes in estuaries, suggest that similar construction projects have to be suitably controlled.
- Published
- 2009
34. Characteristics of wet and dry weather heavy metal discharges in the Yeongsan Watershed, Korea
- Author
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Kyung Hwa Cho, Joo-Hyon Kang, Sung Min Cha, Joon Ha Kim, Young Geun Lee, Seo Jin Ki, and Yun Seok Lee
- Subjects
Pollutant ,Hydrology ,Environmental Engineering ,Korea ,Rain ,Environmental engineering ,Pollution ,Monitoring program ,Water Supply ,Metals, Heavy ,Water Movements ,Environmental Chemistry ,Environmental science ,Water quality ,Seasons ,Water pollution ,Surface runoff ,Waste Management and Disposal ,Surface water ,Weather ,Nonpoint source pollution ,Water Pollutants, Chemical ,Urban runoff ,Environmental Monitoring - Abstract
A comprehensive water quality monitoring program was conducted in the Yeongsan (YS) River, Korea from 2005 to present to investigate wet and dry weather pollutant discharge in an attempt to establish point and non-point pollution management strategies. As part of this monitoring program, 11 heavy metal species were measured during dry and wet weather conditions in the YS River, where Gwangju City (GJ), a subcatchment of the YS River, was further monitored to clarify the responsibility of different metal species discharged into the mainstream. Monthly grab water samples showed that greater amounts of metals along the YS River were discharged during the wet summer months due largely to storm runoff. In addition, further monitoring results revealed that GJ, a highly urbanized area, was a significant contributor of the heavy metals being discharged into the YS River during both wet and dry weather. The most abundant metal species discharged from GJ were manganese, aluminum and iron with different contributions of wet and dry weather flows to the total discharge load. Wet weather flow was a significant contributor to the annual dissolved metal loads, accounting for 44-93% of the annual load depending on the metal species, with the exception of chromium and cadmium (9% and 27%, respectively). Mostly, metal loads during wet weather were shown to be proportional to the rainfall depth and antecedent dry period. A substantial fraction of metals were also associated with solids, suggesting that sedimentation might be an appropriate management practice for reducing the metal load generated in GJ. Overall, although dissolved metal concentrations in YS River were at an acceptable level for aquatic community protection, continual metal discharge throughout the year was considered to be a potential problem in the long-term due to gradual water quality degradation as well as continuous metal accumulation in the system.
- Published
- 2008
35. Factors dominating stratification cycle and seasonal water quality variation in a Korean estuarine reservoir
- Author
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Sung Min Cha, Seung Won Lee, Seo Jin Ki, Joo-Hyon Kang, Yongeun Park, Kyung Hwa Cho, Young Geun Lee, Joon Ha Kim, and Yun Seok Lee
- Subjects
Hydrology ,Principal Component Analysis ,geography ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Drainage basin ,Stratification (water) ,Fresh Water ,Estuary ,General Medicine ,Eutrophication ,Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law ,Seasonality ,medicine.disease ,Monitoring program ,Water Supply ,Republic of Korea ,medicine ,Environmental science ,East Asian Monsoon ,Water Pollutants ,Seasons ,Water quality ,Environmental Monitoring - Abstract
A comprehensive monitoring program was conducted during 2005-2007 to investigate seasonal variations of hydrologic stability and water quality in the Yeongsan Reservoir (YSR), located at the downstream end of the Yeongsan River, Korea. A principal component analysis (PCA) was performed to identify factors dominating the seasonal water quality variation from a large suite of measured data--11 physico-chemical parameters from 48 sampling sites. The results showed that three principal components explained approximately 62% of spatio-seasonal water quality variation, which are related to stratifications, pollutant loadings and resultant eutrophication, and the advective mixing process during the episodic rainfall-runoff events. A comparison was then made between YSR and an upstream freshwater reservoir (Damyang Reservoir, DYR) in the same river basin during an autumn season. It was found that the saline stratification and pollutant input from the upstream contributed to greater concentrations of nutrients and organic matter in YSR compared to DYR. In YSR, saline stratification in combination with thermal stratification was a dominant cause of the longer period (for two consecutive seasons) of hypoxic conditions at the reservoir bottom. The results presented here will help better understand the season- and geography-dependent characteristics of reservoir water quality in Asian Monsoon climate regions such as Korea.
- Published
- 2010
36. Corrigendum to 'Decadal and seasonal scale changes of an artificial lake environment after blocking tidal flows in the Yeongsan Estuary region, Korea' [Science of the Total Environment 407 (2009) 6063–6072]
- Author
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Joon Ha Kim, Yun Seok Lee, Joo-Hyon Kang, Kyung Hwa Cho, Kyoung-Woong Kim, Phuc Thi Ha, Sung Min Cha, In Seop Chang, Kwang-Guk An, Keun-Young Lee, and Young Geun Lee
- Subjects
Hydrology ,geography ,Environmental Engineering ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,Oceanography ,Lake (environment) ,Environmental Chemistry ,Environmental science ,Estuary ,Scale (map) ,Pollution ,Waste Management and Disposal - Published
- 2009
37. Factors affecting metal exchange between sediment and water in an estuarine reservoir: A spatial and seasonal observation
- Author
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In-Ho Yoon, Kyung Hwa Cho, Kyoung-Woong Kim, Keun-Young Lee, Young Geun Lee, Seo Jin Ki, Sung Min Cha, Joon Ha Kim, Joo-Hyon Kang, and Yun Seok Lee
- Subjects
Geologic Sediments ,Iron ,Water supply ,Fresh Water ,Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law ,Bottom water ,Water Supply ,Anaerobiosis ,Hydrology ,Manganese ,geography ,Korea ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,business.industry ,Aquatic ecosystem ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Sediment ,Estuary ,General Medicine ,Anoxic waters ,Oxygen ,Salinity ,Solubility ,Environmental science ,Seasons ,Water quality ,business ,Water Pollutants, Chemical ,Environmental Monitoring - Abstract
Water quality response in a reservoir has often been assessed using relatively restricted datasets that cannot provide sufficient information, thereby giving rise to a dramatic over- or underestimate of actual figures. In this paper we discuss how the levels of metallic elements between the sediment and overlying water in an estuarine reservoir can be influenced by aquatic parameters in response to spatial and seasonal conditions. To better elucidate the interfacial exchange between sediment and water, statistical analyses are employed to intensive data sets collected from the Yeongsan Reservoir (YSR), Korea, which has undergone widespread deterioration in water quality due to the continuous growth of anthropogenic sources. During three seasonal sampling campaigns, we found that oxygen deficiency at the bottom water layer promotes Fe and Ni accumulation in sediment, likely due to the formation of sulfide and oxide complexes under anoxic and suboxic environments, respectively. In addition, salinity levels as high as 11 per thousand in the bottom water layer during autumn substantially increase the release of Mn, restricting the use of YSR as a primary source of agricultural irrigation water. Although most dissolved metals are at acceptable levels for sustaining aquatic life, it is recommended that for long-term planning the elevated Fe and Mn levels in sediment should be controlled with oxygen deficiency during dry weather to ensure a sustainable water supply or, at a minimum, better coordinated operation of YSR.
- Published
- 2009
38. Enhanced Photovoltaic Performance of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells by Efficient Near-Infrared Sunlight Harvesting using Upconverting Y2O3:Er3+/Yb3+ Phosphor Nanoparticles
- Author
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Jae Su Yu, Joo Ho Lim, Jung Woo Leem, Peng Du, and Sung Min Cha
- Subjects
Photocurrent ,Materials science ,Luminescence ,Nano Express ,business.industry ,Energy conversion efficiency ,Nanochemistry ,Nanotechnology ,Phosphor ,Dye-sensitized solar cells ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Photon upconversion ,Dye-sensitized solar cell ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,Materials Science(all) ,Titanium dioxide ,Optoelectronics ,General Materials Science ,Rare-earth ,business ,Visible spectrum ,Upconversion - Abstract
We report the efficiency enhancement in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) using Er3+/Yb3+-co-doped Y2O3 (i.e., Y2O3:Er3+/Yb3+) phosphor nanoparticles, prepared by a simple and cost-effective urea-based homogeneous precipitation method, for efficient near-infrared (NIR) sunlight harvesting. Under the light excitation at a wavelength of 980 nm, the as-prepared samples exhibited strong upconversion emissions at green and red visible wavelengths. To investigate the influence of Y2O3:Er3+/Yb3+ nanoparticles on the photovoltaic performance of DSSCs, the phosphor nanoparticles were incorporated into titanium dioxide films to form a composite photoelectrode. For the resulting DSSCs, the increased power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 6.68 % was obtained mainly by the increased photocurrent of J SC = 13.68 mA/cm2 due to the light harvesting enhancement via the NIR-to-visible upconversion process (cf., PCE = 5.94 %, J SC = 12.74 mA/cm2 for the reference DSSCs without phosphor nanoparticles), thus, indicating the PCE increment ratio of ~12.4 %.
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