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The article focuses on a high school English teacher Raymond Antrobus and his approach to teaching poetry to his 9th grade students including using poetry to engage marginalized students, incorporating diverse poets, and providing prompts to inspire personal writing.

An essay is presented which examines the dual nature of the poem "Memorial" by Alice Oswald. Topics include the poem's characteristics in relation to new and ancient war monuments, a description of Memorial's structure as a poem, and the different reviews or reactions to the poem as well as possible reasons why the reactions are such. Also mentioned are The New Republic, book designer Catherine Casalino, and poet Victor Hugo.

This research paper delves into a stylistic analysis of Robert Browning's seminal poems, "My Last Duchess" and "Porphyria's Lover." Both works are exemplary of Browning's mastery of the dramatic monologue, offering rich grounds for exploring his stylistic techniques and thematic preoccupations. The analysis of Robert Browning's poems “My Last Duchess” & “Porphyria’s Lover” utilizes graphological, phonological, morphological, and lexico-syntactic features, this study aims to uncover how Browning crafts his narrators' voices and conveys their psychological complexities. The analysis will also consider the poems' use of imagery, irony, and narrative structure, highlighting how these elements contribute to the overall effect and meaning. "My Last Duchess" presents a portrait of a possessive and controlling Duke, whose speech reveals his authoritarian nature and moral ambiguity. In contrast, "Porphyria's Lover" explores themes of love, obsession, and madness through the perspective of a narrator who oscillates between tenderness and violence. By comparing and contrasting these two poems, the paper will illustrate Browning's nuanced portrayal of power dynamics and human emotions. Ultimately, this stylistic analysis will demonstrate how Browning's innovative use of the dramatic monologue form not only engages readers but also invites them to question the reliability and motivations of his speakers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, attempt is made to delineate the English teachers’ experiment of teaching romantic poetry and students’ experience of learning. It focuses on the two famous short lyrical poems of the romantic period: William Wordsworth’s I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud (1804) and Lord Byron’s She Walks in Beauty (1815). These lyrical poems are written in iambic tetrameter. The former celebrates the beauty of the nature, while the latter celebrates the beauty of the unknown maid. The linguistic and literary peculiarities in both the contemporary poems are explored. The advanced learners of the literature are necessarily expected to know these linguistic and literary subtleties for better appreciation of these poems. The analyses of the selected poems are presented in the paper. These analyses are based on the framework of Leech (1969) in which he considers criticism and stylistics as complementary and necessary for literary analysis. The paper concludes that both Wordsworth and Byron succeeded in representing their perceptual experiences through I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud and She Walks in Beauty, respectively. We observed their unique style in their poetry despite of the numerous similarities. It is to be noted that a creator of the text (a poet), the process of creation (creativity, imagination, etc.), its representation in a form of the text (a product), and the (linguistic and/or non-linguistic) context are most prominent aspects in poetic composition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1896 William Osler wrote in his pamphlet, John Keats, The Apothecary Poet, 'All lovers of poetry cherish Keats' memory for the splendour of the verse with which he has enriched our literature'. Later T. Wilson Parry stated, 'To me Keats is and ever will be the doctors' poet'. The abiding question underlying this paper is why Keats appeals to so many members of the medical profession and why so few now read the other medical poets. The paper sets out to address this question. It concludes that the reason why Keats is particularly admired by the medical profession is not just because of his early tragic death nor his training in medicine but because his poetry embodies negative capability and an ability to bear the knowledge that pain and pleasure, love and hate, loveliness and ugliness are intertwined. The entwining of Keats's whole life experience (including his medical knowledge) in his emotionally truthful poetry makes his work directly accessible and recognizable to those engaged in a profession which binds them close to the painful, insistent and contradictory realities of human life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we are interested in pointing out the importance of Pythagoreanism as a possible philosophical path to sustain Western thought, according to María Zambrano’s criteria. In her El hombre y lo divino, Zambrano questions the decisions that philosophy has adopted in its origin and proposes an integrative reason that is capable of including the feeling and the becoming of life in consideration of thought. From this perspective, we will point out the original contribution of Pythagoreanism, its dependence on the “sacred core,” and its expression through alternative forms of language that reflect perceived but not generated harmonies. We will highlight the Orphic basis of thought since its fundamental notions serve the meanings Zambrano prioritizes. We will also point out the consonances between Pythagoreanism and poetic reason, on which the author proposes a different way of thinking from current European systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Studii de Ştiintă şi Cultură is the property of Studii de Stiinta si Cultura and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

STEM subjects (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) are a valuable part of a student's education. However, not all students find STEM subjects engaging on their own. This paper investigates the relationship between science and poetry and how these seemingly disparate subjects can be used in tandem to better understand and explore each other. This sitespecific case study offers a glimpse into how a single alternative classroom located in the state of Georgia linked scientific and poetic inquiry to increase student understanding and enjoyment of science and writing. Results show that science and poetry work synergistically to foster an environment of active learning across multiple age groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper uses visual network analysis (VNA) to do an exploratory data analysis of instapoetry, focusing on the use and co-occurrences of hashtags connected to Scandinavian instapoetry. The goal was to reveal and explore some of the networked patterns and processes connected to the production and distribution of instapoetry, by using digital methods. Through descriptive measurements of metadata of instapoetry and a visual network analysis, this paper has been able to identify characterizations of such patterns. Findings reveal that the Scandinavian instapoetry community is small and Norwegian dominant, with an established use of semantically close words related to poetry being used as tags to organize and make the poetry findable. In addition, the hashtags also reveal larger popular themes and topics. Reoccurring themes are emotions, interpersonal relations, and mental health. While they at one scale state something about the content of the poems, some of these tags bring instapoetry into other communities and interest spheres on Instagram, with prominent examples being interest spaces of specific mental illnesses, but also, by way of one high-visibility instapoet, into the interest sphere of nature photography and Norwegian tourism promotion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims at studying Shelley's poems as exemplifying the philosophy of Enlightenment. Shelley's poems on 'Napoleon,' 'Ozymandias' and his 'Poetical Essay' show him as a Romantic writer who strongly believed in European Enlightenment philosophy. His poems are musical treats, highly spontaneous, metaphorical, allusive and romantic in style, but the core content of his poems is the Enlightenment philosophy of his contemporary Eurocentric thought. Shelley was a voracious reader, as exemplified by Mathew Arnold, and absorbed the ideologies of philosophers and thinkers hailing from the middle classes and universities, and his poems reveal the highly volatile period during which Europe shifted from monarchy to democracy through revolutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Faculty of Letters / Edebiyat Fakultesi Dergisi is the property of Hacettepe University Faculty of Letters and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper argues that contrary to some popular perceptions, the ideological shift in Iqbal dates not from 1930 (when he apparently moved towards the acceptance of the two-nation theory at the Allahabad Session of the Muslim League) but to his stay in Europe from 1905 to 1908 (after which he made a complete and abrupt shift from Indian nationalism to revivalism and Pan-Islamism). This shift is powerfully expressed in the political and cultural imaginings of both his Urdu and Persian poetry. His poetry becomes suffused with the ideas of revivalism and Pan-Islamism in counter-position to those of composite nationhood and territorial nationalism on which the Indian national movement was premised. The shift is embodied in poetic imagery and metaphor incompatible with the modern idea of nationalism, especially the dominant idea of Indian nationalism. Iqbal's later thoughts concerning Islam's relations with non-Muslims in India and elsewhere promote an adversarial historical and cultural narrative of Islam. Though triggered by a passionate rejection of the West and its modernity, the shift manifested not just in a critique of the West but also of all non-Islamic cultures and civilizations. Iqbal's narrative of Islam is teleological and triumphalist. Far from being defensive about the charges of intolerance and aggression levelled against Islam by its critics, he proudly invokes imagery of the sword and the conquest in the history of Islam, while bemoaning the decline of its political power in the modern era. Iqbal's quest is for a supposedly pure Islam of the past and its revival in the twentieth century in the form of a redefined, reconstituted and revitalized Umma which cuts across boundaries of nations, continents and ethnicities. Few poets in the history of the modern world have had such influence as Allama Iqbal, and fewer still have made such fundamental shifts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper gives a translation of an inscription around the base of a bronze sphinx statue fromthe3rdcentury Roman Province of Dacia. The bronze sphinx statue has several striking parallels withthefamous Sphinx of the Naxians from 560 BCE, which is now located in the Archaeological MuseumofDelphi. Presumably, the sphinx cult also spread to Dacia from Naxos. The inscriptionis identifiedashaving been written using an archaic Greek alphabet. However, the Greek alphabet phoneticvaluesrender a text that is non-sensical in the Greek language. Therefore, the meaning of the inscriptionhaspuzzled scholars since the artifact’s discovery in the early 19 th century. The scribe probablyintendedto express something in a language other than Greek using an archaic Greek alphabet. ThearchaicGreek alphabet phonetic values record a short rhythmic poem in the Proto-Hungarianlanguage. Theinscription is unusual in that it contains some archaic letters that are mirrored and needtobereadfrom right to left. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores how Kazi Nazrul Islam's poetry aligns with the leitmotifs of decolonisation. Nazrul Islam grapples with the race-gender-based regimens of his society. His activism and creative oeuvre harp on a subversive praxis, which interrogates the British colonial regime and racist norms ingrained in colonial India. As the paper examines, decolonisation not only foregrounds anti-colonial interventions and emancipation of the colonised, but envisages a continuing cultural revolution against colonialism. Analysing Nazrul Islam's emblematic political poems and his intellectual struggle, the paper ascertains how his poetry and authorial-political life mirror the philosophy of decolonisation, and thus radically contends colonialism. His poetry pits a cultural wholeness -- composed by nature, human, men, women, and global religions and myths -- against the western ideology of culture, race, anthropocentrism, and androcentrism that remains agentive in shaping, consolidating, and validating global colonialism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper seeks to provide instructional methods for using blackout poetry and primary sources to learn about marginalized voices from history within a social studies classroom. Blackout poetry provides students with authentic opportunities to engage in meaningful learning experiences using primary sources and marginalized voices that are both hands-on in nature and promote the use of critical thinking. Design/methodology/approach: This paper opted to describe an approach to teach students about marginalized voices in history through the use of primary sources and blackout poetry. Step-by-step instruction was provided via an included table so that readers can recreate the lesson in readers' own classrooms. Findings: This paper offers insights about how blackout poetry can be used to provide students an authentic experience with primary sources and historically marginalized voices. These experiences include opportunities to critically think about the context and significance or these marginalized voices and impact of marginalized voices on history through individual and cooperative learning opportunities. Practical implications: This paper is designed for teachers to utilize and replicate in teachers' own social studies classrooms. Social implications: This paper provides teachers with detailed steps on how teachers can amplify traditionally marginalized voices in social studies instruction of teachers. Originality/value: This paper recognizes the important role that primary sources have in the social studies classroom along with the historically under representative role that marginalized voices have had in the author's social studies classrooms. Through an original approach, using blackout poetry, the author presents a unique perspective on how to teach about historically marginalized voices using primary sources in a manner that supports historical thinking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Studii de Ştiintă şi Cultură is the property of Studii de Stiinta si Cultura and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper begins with a brief overview of sense and sense-making with reference to cohesion, coherence and intertextuality. Based on a word-by-word close analysis, it charts the semantic coherence of a classical Chinese poem, Ye Yu Ji Bei by Li Shangyin, followed by a mapping of the text's metaphorical coherence in terms of ontological metaphors. Using the poem as a case example, the paper examines (1) the profiling of a poetic world sustained by both semantic and metaphorical coherence, (2) the interplay between images for the focalization of an image, and (3) the significance of a focal image for the profiling, and by extension the translation, of a poetic text. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Studii de Ştiintă şi Cultură is the property of Studii de Stiinta si Cultura and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Two Thousand Seventeen: Sesquicentennial Poems (2018) is a collection of forty-nine exquisite poems - twenty-nine by Richard M. Grove and twenty by John B. Lee, brought together to celebrate the sesquicentennial anniversary of Canada’s birth in the year 2017. Diverse in their themes, style and depth, the brilliant welding together of these poems into a firm composite owes itself to an overarching topophilia. The present paper attempts to undertake a bio-centric reading of the book from the point of view of contemporary theories in Ecocriticism and seeks to establish these poems as being predominantly about place and the ways in which we root in and relate to it. It proposes that these poems can, in Timothy Morton’s words, be termed as ecological rhapsodies in which nature is both protagonist and witness and in whose rhythms, both sustenance and wisdom are to be discovered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines Francisco P. Ramírez’s editorial practice of altering reprint poems culled from periodicals, books, and anthologies from across the Hispanophone world and reprinted in Southern California. By isolating El Clamor Público’s poems, mapping their potential citational provenance and place of publication, and comparing reproductions to originals, I show how Ramírez’s reprint practices shaped authorship and genre in his paper. I propose Ramírez’s reprint practices are important examples of the print culture norm of editing reprint poems to centralize the reading public’s interests and experiences. Ramírez’s reprint practices made the poems more understandable to and relevant for a California audience while at the same time facilitating an intellectual and cultural sense of belonging that resists the reproduction of knowledge and aesthetics from a non-California epistemology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An untitled poem is presented by Laressa Dickey. First Line: birds from morning awake; Last Line: The spreading middle of my back, scouting bread crumbs.

While leadership seems to come naturally for many great leaders, leadership is also a skill that can be learned. Some leaders gradually grow into successful leadership positions but, for others, leadership is a challenge that they suddenly find themselves rising to meet. In the heroic poem, The Song of Deborah, we come face to face with Deborah--a woman who suddenly becomes a leader--and she leads her community to victory and social transformation. This paper delves into her character and her leadership role within her patriarchal cultural history and attempts to investigate and understand if leadership skills are personality specific or gender specific and if women leaders share a common distinctive style. The paper concludes by framing a template for ideal leadership that is gender neutral and more suited for the emerging generations of the future based on the concept of resonant leadership and how these principles can even be adopted by contemporary leaders to make their leadership more reflective and thus more effective. The main objective of this paper is to popularize the concept of resonant leadership by reviewing it from a literary perspective using The Song of Deborah as a text that exemplifies this type of leadership. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contributing to modern theology's attention to diverse embodiments and particular histories, this paper brings the poetry of the book of Job into dialogue with new voices: modern poets of disability, especially women. Traditional theological reflections on suffering and disability often turn to Job, although Job's words and the text itself resist easy conclusions. Modern poets of disability reveal surprising similarities with Job, as both seek to reject the meaning others ascribe to their bodies. Comparing the poets of disability to Job reveals how disabling change to the body is experienced as exile and as a new experience requiring new language. The unchanged, able-bodied audience rejects the new insights of the poet, exposing the conflicts between the interpretations that communities privilege and those they exclude. Elements of a constructive theology of disability are found in the way poets of disability creatively reconfigure the changing relationships among body, words, community, and God. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For Byzantines, catanyctic poetry offered a rich source of models for self-representation. In this paper I analyse the poetic strategies and literary motifs through which Nikephoros Ouranos (tenth–eleventh century) shaped the self in his catanyctic alphabet. In particular, I will focus on the intertextual strategies employed by Ouranos in order to model the catanyctic self, such as the identification with scriptural sinners, and the presence of biblical metaphors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An introduction is presented in which author discusses articles on topics including focuses on the Neo-Latin poetry as most of the papers are concerned with various poetic genres written in Renaissance Italy and France over the course of nearly a century and a half (1419–1567).

The paper aims at locating the signs and reflections of Baloch people in the cultural ethos and literary work of the Baloch. The historical narrative of the Baloch is not complete without an elaborate description and illustration of the culture and literature of the Baloch. The paper, after providing a very brief account of the formation of Baloch and Balochistan, shows that Baloch literature is full of explanations on the Baloch people. It provides an elaboration of the poetries and poets whose works are full of reflection of the Baloch people. It argues that the people in Balochistan are glorified in its art, literature, poetry, and other cultural manifestations. Such reflection therefore is not only a sound recognition of Baloch people but is also their clear acknowledgement in shaping the historical discourse of the Baloch community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Araucaria is the property of Araucaria-Revista Iberoamericana de Filosofia, Politica y Humanidades and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper is an attempt to present Philip Larkin as a dramatic poet who uses 'rhetoric' and 'poetic excellence' simultaneously in his poetic realm. This paper also displays how Larkin adopted a deterministic view of life where time destroys everything as it moves. This paper analyses his poems and claims that there is a conflict among dreams, hopes and expectations as common themes especially in a rhetorical way. Thus, this paper exposes how the rhetorical and lyrical qualities of Larkin moves together. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the manifestation of Dalit consciousness in the poems of Malayalam Dalit litterateur Vijila Chirappad. A close reading of her poems reveals a series of serious discriminations and disparities meted out to the lower castes by the ideologies upheld by the dominant castes. The canonical tradition of Malayalam literary discourse never bothered to give a realistic representation of the sensibilities of the marginalized sections of Kerala society. For example, the literature produced by upper-caste Malayalam poets was the result of a torpid lifestyle, detached from the world of sweat and toil. The long silenced and neglected voices of Malayali Dalit writers, especially women writers, have now amassed noteworthy recognition and accolades from literary spheres across India as well as academia devoted to Dalit literary studies. One of the chief traits visible in their texts is a strong note of resentment and resistance, which is the manifestation of their long-suppressed anguish and rebellion. Their use of linguistic structures and thematic content might sound too raw and painfully honest. We come across these tenets in the poems of Vijila Chirappad, who had struggled severely to come to the fore through the medium of literature. This paper tries to provide insights into the different forms of discriminations confronted by Dalit women of Kerala society and how Vijila Chirappad, who hails from this community has given expression to it through the frankness of her poems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The poet speaks in a particular way that can "bring things to nearness". This particular way of bringing things to nearness may have some useful implications for understanding human well-being. Sometimes I have noticed that, when I read a poem that really "speaks to me", the poetic language puts me in touch with well-being in a very palpable way, and this has brought me to wonder about this question: What is it that is taking place in a much loved poem that can bring me close to a felt sense of well-being? This paper will draw upon some philosophical insights from the writings of Heidegger and Gendlin to explore what poetry opens up and holds in order to speak of well-being. What is it about poetry that is adequate to hold the deepest roots of hearing with the fullness of what is speaking? Heidegger's later ideas about the essence of language and its non-representational power held within the unity of "the fourfold" may be helpful here. And what is it about poetry that can open up worlds, open us to sensation, and carry us beyond the literal words into the experience of well-being? Gendlin's ideas concerning "thinking beyond patterns" and "carrying forward" may illuminate how poetry holds open what other language cuts off for us. The paper will conclude by pointing to poetry as a crucial form of adequate human discourse that is up to the task of understanding well-being and is therefore highly relevant to health and social care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the Bairon system that supports the automatic generation of poetry. The proposed system allows generating a poem in the literary style of the selected writer using the user's input as the first line, and translating the given text into Shakespearean English. To accomplish that, GPT-2 and T5 language models were fine-tuned. We also propose easy to understand metrics to evaluate the quality of the generated poems and their similarity to the corresponding poet's original work, and to present the results. Additionally, the Poetry Turing Test with human participants was conducted to get another measure of quality of the generated poetry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most Arabic poetry is undiacritized or partially diacritized (written without short vowels). For people of various ages and language mastery levels, diacritizing Arabic poetry would allow them to enjoy reading and chanting it easily and properly. Moreover, diacritizing a poetry verse is an essential step to analyze it for classification and evaluation. Unfortunately, the available automatic poetry diacritization solutions are inaccurate. Diacritizing Arabic poetry is a difficult task for people and machines alike because Arabic has numerous complex diacritization rules and Arabic poetry has additional special cases and rich and vibrant compositions. Deep machine learning could provide the desired diacritization solution provided that adequate training datasets are available. Unfortunately, the available datasets are insufficient and expensive to develop. In this paper, we propose solutions to improve the automatic diacritization of Arabic poetry using deep machine learning. We mitigate the difficulty of diacritizing Arabic poetry verses by employing transfer learning to leverage pattern features from a pretrained classification model. We also overcome the training dataset deficiency by training the composite diacritization model in multiple phases on carefully selected sub-datasets. Compared with best known previous results, the proposed solutions improve the diacritization error rate from 6.08% to 3.54% (42% improvement). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of literary texts is one of the earliest disciplines practiced around the globe. Poetry is artistic writing in which words are carefully chosen and arranged for their meaning, sound, and rhythm. Poetry usually has a broad and profound sense that makes it difficult to be interpreted even by humans. The essence of poetry is Rasa, which signifies mood or emotion. In this paper, we propose a poetry classification‐based approach to automatically extract similar poems from a repository. Specifically, we perform a novel Rasa‐based classification of Hindi poetry. For the task, we primarily used lexical features in a bag‐of‐words model trained using the support vector machine classifier. In the model, we employed Hindi WordNet, Latent Semantic Indexing, and Word2Vec‐based neural word embedding. To extract the rich feature vectors, we prepared a repository containing 37 717 poems collected from various sources. We evaluated the performance of the system on a manually constructed dataset containing 945 Hindi poems. Experimental results demonstrated that the proposed model attained satisfactory performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plato is one of the greatest philosophers in the western philosophical tradition and he is the first one whose complete works are still available to us. We have very little data on his life and literary activity. As a result, many conflicting theories have been developed by scholars of various times regarding the interpretation of Plato's dialogues and their chronology to the extent it bears on that interpretation. This paper delves into one aspect of Platonic scholarship that studies the literariness in Plato's dialogues, taking illustrations from two of his works. It argues how Platonic scholarship is slowly paying attention to his rhetoric and poetry while studying his comments on the same. This paper aims at studying the platonic writings of Socrates' speeches from the current critical perspective of western scholars and presents sample dialogues. Stephen Halliwell, Annie Mary Bowery, Griswold and Kauffman are some of the leading Plato scholars who view these philosophic writings as dramatic dialogues that are descriptive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines a Saudi Arabian poet, Nimah Ismail Nawwab's collection of poetry, The Unfurling (2004). It suggests that her poetry upend traditional stereotypes of Arab and Saudi women as they demonstrate a relationship between the literal and figurative space and social change, particularly in relation to gender and culture. Thus, they occupy and define what Michel Foucault describes as a heterotopic space - a space that stands apart from others. The creation of the space allows for a new understanding of Arabic culture, particularly in relations to the experiences of women. Through a thematic analysis of the poems, the paper contends that Nawwab's poems uniquely reflects heterotopia as they document social changes, particularly in relations to gendered shifts in the Saudi Arabian landscape. As women experience transgressive responses to social change around the world, they not only create a space that retains a strong connection to the patriarchal history of the Middle East and the Muslim world, that space in itself is a unique space within a space. Nawwab puts women at the centre of each experience, demonstrating the creation of a larger space for the female self while physically maintaining the same order of the society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the impact created by western poetry criticisms on Tamil criticism of poetry with reference to Ka. Naa. Subramaniam. Starting from M.H. Abrams' views of criticism, this paper moves the various critics such as Arnold, F.R. Leavis and T.S. Eliot. This paper takes the criticism of various periods into consideration. After discussing western poetic criticism, the Tamil poetic criticism was discussed briefly starting from Tolkappiar. Coming across various critics who spoke both good and ill about poetry, this paper gets into Ka. Naa. Subramaniam's views and this paper helps the readers to understand the impact created by poetry criticism of the West on Tamil poetry criticism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]