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1T-MoS2has become an ideal anode for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). However, the metastable feature of 1T-MoS2makes it difficult to directly synthesize under normal conditions. In addition, it easily transforms into 2H phase via restacking, resulting in inferior electrochemical performance. Herein, the electron configuration of Mo 4d orbitals is modulated and the stable 1T-MoS2is constructed by nickel (Ni) introduction (1T-Ni-MoS2). The original electron configuration of Mo 4d orbitals is changed via the electron injection by Ni, which triggers the phase transition from 2H to 1T phase, thus improving the electrical conductivity and accelerating the redox kinetics of the material. Consequently, 1T-Ni-MoS2exhibits superior rate capability (266.8 mAh g–1at 10 A g–1) and excellent cycle life (358.7 mAh g–1at 1 A g–1after 350 cycles). In addition, the assembled Na3V2(PO4)3/C||1T-Ni-MoS2full cells deliver excellent electrochemical properties and show great prospects in energy storage devices.

Searching for catalyst materials with high intrinsic activity for water oxidation holds the key to numerous clean energy technologies. Hydroxide semiconductors are electrochemically active to drive oxygen evolution reaction (OER), but suffer from poor electronic conductivity, restricting their intrinsic electrocatalytic activity. Here, a semimetallic hydroxide material was designed as efficient OER catalyst with both improved electronic conductivity and intrinsic electrocatalytic activity. By cationic doping and anionic vacancy manipulation, the NiFe layered double hydroxide (LDH) semiconductor was turned into semi-metallic with two orders of magnitude lower resistivity. Consequently, the semi-metallic LDH (SM LDH) array electrode exhibited an intrinsically improved OER activity with a low overpotential of 195 mV at 10 mA cm−2and a low Tafel slope of 40.9 mV dec−1in alkaline medium, outperforming commercial RuO2catalysts (316 mV, 99.6 mV dec−1) under the same test condition. In-depth Raman and first-principles calculations demonstrated that the enhanced OER intrinsic activity of SM LDH was associated with the high electronic conductivity, which promoted the formation and stabilization of high-valence metal sites in oxyhydroxide intermediates. These finding suggest semi-metallic hydroxides as an advanced electrode material with both fascinating electric and catalytic properties.

Existing malware detectors on safety-critical devices have difficulties in runtime detection due to the performance overhead. In this article, we introduce Propedeutica, a framework for efficient and effective real-time malware detection, leveraging the best of conventional machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) techniques. In Propedeutica, all software start executions are considered as benign and monitored by a conventional ML classifier for fast detection. If the software receives a borderline classification from the ML detector (e.g., the software is 50% likely to be benign and 50% likely to be malicious), the software will be transferred to a more accurate, yet performance demanding DL detector. To address spatial–temporal dynamics and software execution heterogeneity, we introduce a novel DL architecture (DeepMalware) for Propedeutica with multistream inputs. We evaluated Propedeutica with 9115 malware samples and 1338 benign software from various categories for the Windows OS. With a borderline interval of [30%, 70%], Propedeutica achieves an accuracy of 94.34% and a false-positive rate of 8.75%, with 41.45% of the samples moved for DeepMalware analysis. Even using only CPU, Propedeutica can detect malware within less than 0.1 s.

Magnesium batteries are promising energy storage systems because of the advantages of low raw material cost, high theoretical capacity, and high operational safety properties. However, the divalent Mg2+has a sluggish kinetic in the cathode materials which resulted in poor electrochemical performance. Many strategies were adopted to improve the mobility of Mg2+in the host structures. In this paper, we report on the optimization of chain-like structure VS4@reduced graphene oxide (VS4@rGO) through expanding interchain distance to increase the ion diffusivity. By combining theoretical calculations and experimental investigations, the expansion of interchain distance and reversible intercalation of MgCl+are revealed. With the fast kinetics of MgCl+(instead of Mg2+) intercalation into expanded VS4@rGO, higher capacity of 268.3 mA h g–1at 50 mA g–1and better rate capability of 85.9 mA h g–1at 2000 mA g–1have been obtained. In addition, the expanded VS4@rGO framework shows a high specific capacity of 147.2 mA h g–1after 100 cycles and a very wide operating temperature range (−35 to 55 °C). The high discharge capacity, excellent rate capability, and broad temperature adaptability demonstrate promising application of VS4@rGO in magnesium batteries.

Constructing heterostructure is a valid method to reinforcing sodium storage performance of transition metal chalcogenides materials. Herein, a simple, safe and controllable one step hydrothermal method is proposed to synthesize MoS2/NiS2heterostructure. Due to the difference in band gaps and work functions of MoS2and NiS2, the charges are redistributed at the MoS2/NiS2heterointerfaces, thereby accelerating the migration of electrons and Na+. The heterointerfaces provide extra active sites for storing Na+, thereby increasing the sodium storage capacity of heterostructure. Furthermore, the distinct redox potentials of NiS2and MoS2promote the structural stability of MoS2/NiS2heterostructure during electrochemical reaction processes. Consequently, the obtained MoS2/NiS2heterostructure anode exhibits superior rate properties (339.4 mAh g−1at 10Ag−1) and ultra-stable cycling stability (480.5 mAh g−1after 350 cycles at 1Ag−1). This paper presents a valid strategy for creating heterostructure anodes with excellent sodium storage properties.

High-safety, low-cost, and high-volumetric-capacity rechargeable magnesium batteries (RMBs) are promising alternatives to lithium ion batteries. However, lack of high-power, high-energy, and stable cathodes for RMBs hinders their commercialization. Herein, an environmentally benign, low-cost, and sustainable covalent organic framework (COF) cathode for Mg storage is reported for the first time. It delivers a high power density of 2.8 kW kg–1, a high specific energy density of 146 Wh kg–1, and an ultralong cycle life of 3000 cycles with a very slow capacity decay rate of 0.0196% per cycle, representing one of the best cathodes to date. The comprehensive electrochemical analysis proves that triazine ring sites in the COF are redox centers for reversible reaction with magnesium ions, and the ultrafast reaction kinetics are mainly attributed to pseudocapacitive behavior. The high-rate Mg storage of the COF offers new opportunities for the development of ultrastable and fast-charge RMBs.

Ferroptosis is a recently identified form of regulated cell death defined by the iron-dependent accumulation of lipid reactive oxygen species. Ferroptosis has been studied in various diseases such as cancer, Parkinson’s disease, and stroke. However, the exact function and mechanism of ferroptosis in ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, especially in the intestine, remains unknown. Considering the unique conditions required for ferroptosis, we hypothesize that ischemia promotes ferroptosis immediately after intestinal reperfusion. In contrast to conventional strategies employed in I/R studies, we focused on the ischemic phase. Here we verified ferroptosis by assessing proferroptotic changes after ischemia along with protein and lipid peroxidation levels during reperfusion. The inhibition of ferroptosis by liproxstatin-1 ameliorated I/R-induced intestinal injury. Acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 4 (ACSL4), which is a key enzyme that regulates lipid composition, has been shown to contribute to the execution of ferroptosis, but its role in I/R needs clarification. In the present study, we used rosiglitazone (ROSI) and siRNA to inhibit ischemia/hypoxia-induced ACSL4 in vivo and in vitro. The results demonstrated that ACSL4 inhibition before reperfusion protected against ferroptosis and cell death. Further investigation revealed that special protein 1 (Sp1) was a crucial transcription factor that increased ACSL4 transcription by binding to the ACSL4 promoter region. Collectively, this study demonstrates that ferroptosis is closely associated with intestinal I/R injury, and that ACSL4 has a critical role in this lethal process. Sp1 is an important factor in promoting ACSL4 expression. These results suggest a unique and effective mechanistic approach for intestinal I/R injury prevention and treatment.

Minus-one programmed ribosomal frameshifting (−1 PRF) allows the precise maintenance of the ratio between viral proteins and is involved in the regulation of the half-lives of cellular mRNAs. Minus-one ribosomal frameshifting is activated by several stimulatory elements such as a heptameric slippery sequence (X XXY YYZ) and an mRNA secondary structure (hairpin or pseudoknot) that is positioned 2–8 nucleotides downstream from the slippery site. Upon −1 RF, the ribosomal reading frame is shifted from the normal zero frame to the −1 frame with the heptameric slippery sequence decoded as XXX YYY Z instead of X XXY YYZ. Our research group has developed chemically modified peptide nucleic acid (PNA) L and Q monomers to recognize G-C and C-G Watson–Crick base pairs, respectively, through major-groove parallel PNA·RNA–RNA triplex formation. L- and Q-incorporated PNAs show selective binding to double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) over single-stranded RNAs (ssRNAs). The sequence specificity and structural selectivity of L- and Q-modified PNAs may allow the precise targeting of desired viral and cellular RNA structures, and thus may serve as valuable biological tools for mechanistic studies and potential therapeutics for fighting diseases. Here, for the first time, we demonstrate by cell-free in vitrotranslation assays using rabbit reticulocyte lysate that the dsRNA-specific chemically modified PNAs targeting model mRNA hairpins stimulate −1 RF (from 2% to 32%). An unmodified control PNA, however, shows nonspecific inhibition of translation. Our results suggest that the modified dsRNA-binding PNAs may be advantageous for targeting structured RNAs.

Sodium ion batteries (SIBs) have been considered as a promising candidate for large scale energy storage systems due to their low cost and reasonable performance. However, developing desirable anode materials with high capacity, excellent cycling stability and high rate capability remains great challenges. Herein, novel layer-by-layer VS2stacked nanosheets (VS2-SNSs) are synthesized using a facile one-step polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) assisted assembly method. With a highly stable orderly stacked layer structure, the VS2delivers excellent electrochemical performance in SIBs. A reversible discharge capacity of 250mAhg−1is obtained at 0.2Ag−1. A high specific capacity of 150mAhg−1even at 20Ag−1is reached (discharged/charged in 27s). Furthermore, the VS2-SNSs deliver long cycling life with almost no capacity fading even after 600 cycles at 5Ag−1. In-situXRD and ex-situTEM characterization reveal that VS2undertakes a reversible intercalation reaction mechanism. A detailed electrochemical kinetic analysis reveals that the sodium ion charge storage depends on intercalation pseudocapacitive behavior with a high capacitive contribution up to 69% for the total capacity at 1mVs−1. The impressive electrochemical performance reveals that the VS2has great potential for the next generation large scale energy storage.

In this article, we report NiSe2nanooctahedra as a promising anode material for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). They exhibit outstanding long-term cyclic stability (313 mAh/g after 4000 cycles at 5 A/g) and excellent high-rate capability (175 mAh/g at 20 A/g). Besides, the initial Coulombic efficiency of NiSe2is also very impressive (over 90%). Such remarkable performances are attributed to good conductivity, structural stability, and the pseudocapacitive behavior of the NiSe2. Furthermore, the sodium ion storage mechanism of NiSe2is first investigated by in situXRD and ex situXRD. These highlights give NiSe2a competitive strength for rechargeable SIBs.

Nickel-rich layered oxides have been widely investigated as one of the most promising cathode materials for next-generation lithium-ion batteries with high energy density and low cost. Further increasing the nickel content of nickel-rich layered oxides is an effective way for improving the energy density of lithium-ion batteries, the resultant materials however suffer from poor cyclic performance and thermal stability, which have restricted the development and commercialization of high‑nickel cathode materials. In this review, the development and structural properties of high‑nickel layered oxide materials are firstly discussed, the failure mechanisms of such materials are particularly clarified, and the modification strategies for improving the stability and electrochemical performance of high‑nickel layered oxide materials are summarized. Some outlooks on the future research directions of high‑nickel layered oxide materials towards a commercial reality are also discussed.

We present a simple and low-cost interfacial precipitation-conversion reaction strategy, which employs the precursors as orientators to coat ultrathin and surface-gradient layers for reserving the structural integrality and stability of particularize materials. Using the typical high-nickel layered cathode (LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2, NCA) as a prototype, we successively processed NCA carbonate oxalate precursors with (NH4)2HPO4and ZrOCl2solutions to chemically induce Zr species on the NCA surfaces via strong M-PO4-Zr interactions (M = Ni, Co). An ultrathin Zr-contained gradient layer is in-situ self-assembled spontaneously and conformably (NCA@ZP) after calcination. The as-designed NCA@ZP cathode delivers a high capacity of 219.7 mA h·g−1, 23% higher than NCA (179.0 mA h·g−1) at 0.1 C, and exhibits superior rate capability (128.2 mA h·g−1capacity at 16 C) and cycling stability. Experimental characterization together with calculation further reveal that the residential Zr element at Li+sites strengthen the adjacent M-O bonds, inhibiting the oxygen evolution and dissolution of transition metal, buffering the internal strains, stabilizing the cathode-electrolyte interface, improving the electrical conductivity and consequently benefiting the cyclability and rate capability. Such a simple precursor-oriented strategy can be easily scaled-up and extended to various application scenarios who encounter unwanted side-reactions or structural degradation during chemical reactions.

As an alternative system of rechargeable lithium ion batteries, sodium ion batteries revitalize researchers’ interest due to the low cost, abundant sodium resources, and similar storage mechanism to lithium ion batteries. VS4has emerged as a promising anode material for SIBs due to low cost and its unique linear chains structure that can offer potential sites for sodium storage. Herein, we present the growth of VS4on reduced graphene oxide (rGO) as SIBs anode for the first time. The VS4/rGO anode exhibits promising performance in SIBs. It delivers a reversible capacity of 362 mAh g–1at 100 mA g–1and a good rate performance. We also investigate the sodium storage behavior of the VS4/rGO. Different than most transition metal sulfides, the VS4/rGO composite experiences a three-step separation mechanism during the sodiation process (VS4to metallic V and Na2S, then the electrochemical mechanism is akin to Na–S). The VS4/rGO composite proves to be a promising material for rechargeable SIBs.

Hepatocellular carcinoma is one of the leading causes of malignant tumor related death word wide with poor prognosis. Chemotherapy and TACE are main treatment methods for advanced stage cases. Rapamycin, a macrolide compound that initially used to coat coronary stents, can inhibit the growth of a variety of cancer cells especially hepatocellular carcinoma. Twenty-four healthy adult New Zealand white rabbits underwent CT-guided puncture to prepare a model of VX2 liver xenograft tumor. The rabbits were randomly divided into four groups with six in each group and received the following treatments: APR-TACE1: arterial perfusion of high-dose rapamycin combined with TACE; APR-TACE2: arterial perfusion of low-dose rapamycin combined with TACE; TACE: TACE alone; and IVR-TACE: intravenous injection of rapamycin combined with TACE. Two weeks after TACE treatment, the rabbits received CT scan and DSA angiography examination, and then killed by air embolism. The non-necrotic region and surrounding tissues were obtained from the peripheral tumor for iNOS, HIF-1α, VEGF, Bcl-2, and Bax protein expression analysis. Protein expression of iNOS, HIF-1α, VEGF, and Bcl-2 in APR-TACE1 were significantly lower than those in groups APR-TACE2, TACE, and IVR-TACE (p< 0.05). iNOS, HIF-1α, and VEGF in APR-TACE2 were lower than those in TACE (p< 0.05). iNOS and VEGF in APR-TACE2 were significantly lower than those in IVR-TACE (p< 0.05). iNOS in IVR-TACE was significantly lower than that in TACE (p< 0.05). The expression levels of Bcl-2 and Bax were statistically significant between APR-TACE2 and TACE (p< 0.05). The MVD of the tumor tissue in APR-TACE1 was lower than that of groups APR-TACE2, TACE, IVR-TACE with statistical difference (p< 0.05). However, MVD of APR-TACE2 was lower than that of groups TACE, IVR-TACE with significant statistical difference (p< 0.05). Arterial instillation of rapamycin+TACE in treatment of rabbit hepatic xenograft tumors can reduce tumor neovascularization and inhibit iNOS, HIF-1α, VEGF, Bcl-2, and Bax protein expression.

The tip vortices and aerodynamics of a NACA0012 wing in the vicinity of the ground were studied in a wind tunnel. The wing tip vortex structures and lift/drag forces were measured by a seven-hole probe and a force balance, respectively. The evolution of the flow structures and aerodynamics with a ground height were analyzed. The vorticity of tip vortices was found to reduce with the decreasing of the ground height, and the position of vortex-core moved gradually to the outboard of the wing tip. Therefore, the down-wash flow induced by the tip vortices was weakened. However, vortex breakdown occurred as the wing lowered to the ground. From the experimental results of aerodynamics, the maximum lift-to-drag ratio was observed when the angle of attack was 2.5° and the ground clearance was 0.2.