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This paper explores the museum visitor experience as a form of translation. It argues that if a given exhibition can be seen as a cultural translation, then it is also true that the visitor's reading of that exhibition constitutes a further layer of translation, as the visitor enacts their own transformation of the culture on display. The paper draws on intertextuality as a means to understand the ways in which this transformation occurs. It delineates a three-level typology of intertexts employed by the visitor and considers how the use of such intertexts constructs the visitor's positionality in regard to the exhibition. The paper focuses on data from a diasporic museum, the Museum of Chinese in America, and applies a methodology involving analysis of TripAdvisor reviews and post-visit diaries to the online museum. The paper concludes that diaspora museums are a case in which the particular nexus of identity issues at work provide a more complex view of the visitor experience as translation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on paratextual elements in the form of endnotes and footnotes in four annotated English translations of Mikhail Bulgakov's most famous novel, The Master and Margarita. The paper aims to analyze the translators' perception of the reader's cultural knowledge, what the translators believe the audience might not know that they consider important, and the translators' ability to recognize Bulgakov's allusions and references. The paper explores the thematic categories and the content of the notes to evaluate how they introduce the readers to a different cultural environment and to what extent the notes are helpful to the reader. The empirical section is based on an analysis of more than five hundred footnotes and endnotes divided into thematic categories. The importance of notes in understanding translators' decisions based on assumptions about what may be unfamiliar to the target audience has been extensively researched (Toledano-Buendia 2013; Landers 2001; Sanchez Ortiz 2015; Pellatt 2013). No scholarly attention has so far been paid to any paratextual material connected to the English translations of Bulgakov's The Master and Margarita, which is one of the most often retranslated works of fiction of Russian classics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the challenge museums of catastrophic history face, striving to translate between history and memory in creating a meaningful and sensitive experience for individual visitors, not only evoking the past but also impacting the present and future. This study focuses on the Jewish Museum Berlin and asks how the museum can impact individual visitor journeys and concurrently address the public demand for memory, the contradictions between museum mission and public perception, and the perceived distance of visitors from historical events. The study builds on memory and translation studies research and the concepts of history, story, and identity. An analysis of entangled memory (Feindt et al. 2014), here applied as an inspiration for generational translation, shows how the crossover between memory and translation studies provides insight into the work of memory museums. Previous research and the history, mission, identity, architecture, and conflicts of the Jewish Museum Berlin show that museums – as (unfinished) collective memories – allow the creation of space for individual reflection and the interpretation of past and present to create a narrative. The work of memory museums is complex, but the concepts of generational translation and entangled memory are valuable tools in provoking and enabling meaningful experience and reflection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Whether directed at adults or children, popularization can be viewed as a process of "translating" and "recontextualizing" expert discourse for a lay audience. In fact, knowledge dissemination for children appears to entail an additional form of "translation," given their limited background knowledge. This "re-translation" often occurs on dedicated websites based on "edutainment." While most museum websites function as promotional tools or as agents of knowledge dissemination, a small number of them are targeted at children and offer texts that insert museum objects in a broader context. By means of a small case study, this paper explores how knowledge is popularized and presented in two science museum websites: the Natural History Museum (NHM) in London and OLogy, the science website for children of the American Museum of Natural History (AMNH) in New York. From a corpus-linguistic and discourse-analysis perspective, our interest lies in how popularization takes shape in these two websites, the former intended for different age groups and the latter explicitly addressing children. Quantitative and qualitative results show similarities and dissimilarities, thus accounting for different types of popularization as forms of translation. The analysis aims to grant insights to translators and interpreters engaged in museum adaptations and translation of contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the unique challenges a translator would have when translating a text from a postcolonial country, especially one that has significance amongst the language speakers, such as Cilapattikaram. This paper compares three English translations of Cilapattikaram, a centuries-old Tamil poem that has an undeniable significance among the Tamil-speaking population. By analyzing three English translations of Cilapattikaram, done in the 1930s, 1960s, and 1990s, respectively, the paper examines how translation situated in the political space of decolonization and regional identity affects the text for a better understanding of the dilemmas of the translator and the effect of translation has on the meanings of the text. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Empirical research has boomed in the last few years in translation studies (TS) scholarship in general and audiovisual translation (AVT) in particular (Orero et al. 2018; Díaz-Cintas and Szarkowska 2020). As a discipline heavily driven by new technologies, AVT poses additional problems for translator trainers as training institutions sometimes fail to keep abreast of the latest technological developments in the industry. The learning and teaching of said practices ought to bear empirical scrutiny and shed light on how new technologies can inform classroom practices and vice versa. This paper explores practice-based research on the use of cloud technologies in the subtitling classroom and encourages the establishment of closer links between training institutions and industry partners, as well as the use of user-generated feedback to improve existing AVT software. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies translations of Antoine de Saint Exupéry's The Little Prince into Hebrew and Arabic, genealogically related Semitic languages. The discussion in the paper focuses on three questions related to subjects already raised in the translation literature: What does the word count of any translated text contribute to translation study? How does comparing different translations of the same text into the same language contribute to translation research? Will translating one text into genealogically related languages reveal similarities between the translations? The research hypothesizes that (1) similarities and differences will be found between the translations, but (2) they will not affect target language rules. The main findings are that (1) total word sums were smaller in the translations than word sums in the source text. (2) The differences reflect the style and register considerations (formal versus daily lexical and structural elements) rather than grammatical issues. The research hypotheses appear to be correct, at least for these languages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Has post-editing changed the nature of translation? Are these tasks two sides of the same coin? These are some of the questions that recent developments in machine translation have brought to translation studies. The quality of the texts rendered by the new neural engines is good enough to challenge the traditional role of the human translator. Some voices even question whether there might be any place left for translators if, in the near future, their role is finally superseded by that of the post-editor. This paper offers a comprehensive view of the many aspects of post-editing with a view to shedding some light on the nature of this task. I first explore how the progress in machine translation has turned post-editing into an essential activity. Then, I present a proposal for a categorization of research areas in post-editing within the framework of translation studies. The central discussion of this paper revolves around three key ideas: (1) the conceptualization of post-editing as more than a simple, fast and inexpensive task; (2) the framing of post-editing as a dynamic process; and (3) the claim that defining quality in machine translation post-editing is not as straightforward as it may seem. The ultimate goal of this paper is to lay the foundations for further discussion into what it is that post-editing means for translation studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The translation of taboo words has attracted scholars' interest in studying it in the audiovisual context over the last decades. The surge of research on this predominant form of translation in everyday life has brought to light the communicative, pragmatic, and semiotic aspects as well as the technical constraints for subtitling taboo words. Previous research has primarily taken a quantitative method, discussed issues that justify their results, and suggested possible outcomes from a potential receiver's point of view. While contributing to existing related literature, this paper argues that there is a need for a thorough, detailed examination of translation options in subtitling taboo words. The paper presents a three-layered typology of methods, strategies, and techniques, which provides a comprehensive description of audiovisual translators' options. Following a bottom-up/top-down approach, the proposed typography is then put to the test in a corpus-based case study comprising six movies and their professional subtitles broadcast on Portuguese televisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper takes a meta-analysis and synthesis approach to emphasize systemic functional linguistics' contribution to translation studies. A coding book was designed to analyze 123 studies collected through email inquiry, database search, and manual examination. The paper reports on the substantive features and methodological features of the studies. Content analysis was presented on four major research themes: general translation, genre translation, interpreting, and translation training. After discussing the synthesis results, the paper is concluded with implications for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As films are distributed across the globe, film song translation has become a subject of study, which entails considering multi-modal factors. This paper aims to explore the major dimensions and parameters involved in film song translation. Based on previous research on music and translation, this paper proposes a framework for studying film song translation from verbal, vocal, and visual dimensions. The verbal dimension involves semantic meaning, metaphors, images, mood, and emotion. The vocal dimension includes the number of syllables and musical notes, the length of musical notes, rhyme and parallelism, the rise and fall of the melody, and the segmentation of a line. The visual dimension covers the plot, characters, and background pictures. This paper uses this framework to analyze the Chinese translation of Amazing Grace in the film Forever Young to demonstrate how film song translation can be flexible in tackling verbal, vocal, and visual restrictions and possibilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to examine the constraints in the institutional field within the framework of the sociology of translation. In the paper, the term "constraint" refers to the problems that cannot be solved due to many factors and negatively affect the translation process, translators, and therefore translation product. The paper will reveal all the constraints with an analysis of the position of the field within the field of power, the structure of the field, and the habitus of agents (here exclusively referring to translators), based on Pierre Bourdieu's model of field analysis. The study draws on the case studies of four institutions to analyze all the dynamics of the institutional field and their impact on the translation process and translation product. The institutions are the European Union Translation Coordination Presidency (EUTCP) and the Prime Ministry Directorate General of Press and Information (PDGPI) as a national institution, the United Nations World Food Program (WFP) as an international institution, and the Association of Solidarity with Asylum Seekers and Immigrants (ASAM) as a non-governmental organization. Face-to-face interviews with these four institutions, which carry out different translation activities for different purposes, will reveal the big picture of the field. However, more empirical work is needed to generalize about the constraints of this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the 1995 preface to Translators through History (Delisle and Woodsworth, 1995), Jean-François Joly, President of the International Federation of Translators, quotes a line by Antoine Berman: "The construction of a history of translation is the first task of a modern theory of translation" (Berman 1992, 1). He elaborates as follows: "Constructing a history of translation means bringing to light the complex network of cultural exchanges between people, cultures and civilizations through the ages. It means drawing a portrait of these import-export workers and attempting to unravel their deep-rooted reasons for translating one particular work instead of another. It means finding out why their sponsors (kings, aristocrats, patrons, high-ranking clergy, etc.) asked them to translate a given work. It means taking into account what the translators themselves have written about their work, its difficulties and constraints." This paper, as the title suggests, attempts to draw a portrait, based on the documents and letters exchanged by the translators themselves, of the collaboration between two translators working on one translation, the Hawkes-Minford Story of the Stone, otherwise known as The Dream of the Red Chamber. The true and complete story can never be known by outsiders, like us, the readers. But through this paper, we can "hear" and "read" the voices of the translators, the publisher and other informants. Let history speak. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current paper presents the analysis of translation strategies and linguistic characteristics in Slovene translations of commercial car slogans from English and German. There is no uniform definition of the advertising slogan in the scientific literature; therefore, we attempt to provide the definition of a slogan in the context of marketing communication. One of the main functions of both social and commercial advertising is to provide information to the target audience and make it act in the way desired by the advertisers. In contemporary Translation Studies, translation is defined as a transnational and intercultural communication activity. Therefore, one of the primary tasks of translators is to mediate not only between languages but also between cultures. The objective of the paper has been to identify and describe the language features of car slogans at phonological, lexical, syntactic, and semantic levels, with due attention to the functionality of these messages in comparison with the messages relayed by slogans in other trades. The study has revealed that, due to the specific market niche, most car slogans tend to use specific language devices and discourse. The theoretical framework is based on German functionalist approaches in Translation Studies – Holz-Mänttäri's theory of action (Handlungstheorie) and Reiß/Vermeer's theory of translation's purpose (Skopostheorie). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using three Chinese translations of Peter Pan completed at different times in history, this paper discusses how the spread of the Anglophone culture in China influenced the representation of Anglophone culture in translations. The paper provides an overview of different types of culture-bound elements identified in Peter Pan, illustrating the different translation strategies adopted to treat these elements. The analysis focuses on the influence of the changing sociocultural context in China, exploring how the spread of Anglophone culture in China over time is reflected in the translation of culture-bound elements. As the penetration of the Anglophone culture into China became more profound from the early twentieth century to the early twenty-first century, the source culture became better preserved, providing readers with a culturally rich target text with foreignizing translation strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Society and culture are interdependent. Religion, as an important factor of culture, offers its desired behaviour patterns. Art always follows society and is always a part of culture. One nation's culture can potentially be influenced by another's. In this paper, I have analysed the causes and consequences of the British influence on Indian culture, dating from the sixteenth century till India's independence in 1947. British influence is present in India's general culture, architecture, education system, sport, traffic, bureaucracy, fashion, infrastructure, etc. The indisputably significant British influence on the Indian lifestyle is proved by the fact that the English language is accepted as an official language in the Republic of India. Are the consequences, at large, bad or good? – It will probably always be an open issue for discussion. In her collection of stories Interpreter of Maladies (1999), Jhumpa Lahiri explores and analyses various topics related to the lives of Indian Americans. She describes and faithfully depicts their lives, both in India and outside their native country. The paper also shows her filigree-precise sense of the reality and feelings of Indians who are in the process of acculturation in other countries, as well as their personal and collective struggle with their own identity and the sense of displacement. The transparency theory, advocating free translation, is focused on the equivalency concepts both formal and dynamic, which will be analysed and illustrated in more detail in the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study will consider translation as a tool to transfer ideas from Latin America to North America (and the rest of the English-speaking world). It will do so by exploring some of the paratextual strategies that have been employed in transmitting the ideas of Latin American philosophers to the English-speaking world. Specifically, it will rely on a case study, namely, the translation into English of the works of José Enrique Rodó, an important South American philosopher from the early twentieth century. The paper will outline Rodó's work as translated into English, focusing not on the quality of the translated texts themselves but rather on what the translations were expected to do. As a way to understand their expected functions, the present study will describe the paratextual apparatuses that surround the translations. Such an analysis will rely on Gérard Genette's work on paratexts to draw conclusions regarding the role of translation in the flow of ideas from the Global South to the Global North. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article studies the impact of Chinese biblical translation on the Taiping Rebellion in China in the nineteenth century. The rebellion built its ideology based on a unique interpretation of the Bible, aiming at overthrowing the Qing government and building a kingdom of heaven in China. The Bible that had inspired the rebellion was later altered, annotated, and became the Taiping Bible, which integrated the political agenda of the rebellion. This research traces such an event of the Chinese translation of the Bible in the nineteenth century, investigates its connection with the rise of the rebellion and analyzes the Taiping Bible. By examining the discrepancies between the Chinese translation of the Bible and the Taiping Bible, this paper explores the role that translation plays in triggering the rebellion and demonstrates the interplay between translation and the socio-cultural environment in China during that period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The activist aspect of translation that has illocutionary and perlocutionary dimensions is a sort of speech act that rouses, inspires, bears witness, mobilizes and incites to rebellion, actually participating in social movement and political change. In this way, translators are the producers of new knowledge signifying the assertion of power by choosing deliberately to subvert the traditional allegiance of translation and also interjecting their own world view and politics into their work, and these translators undertake the work they do because they believe the texts they produce will benefit humanity or impact positively upon the receptor culture in ways that are broadly ideological. This paper investigates the issue of an Islamic Marxist translators' agency applying Pierre Bourdieu's sociological concepts (habitus, field, capital) in the socio-political context of Iran in the 1960s and 1970s. This study surveys how based on his habitus Ali Shariati, an Islamic Marxist translator and thinker, translated some texts to transfer new knowledge to society as cultural capital which intensified the initiation and facilitation of social reform and political change in Iran in the 1970s. The paper peruses some texts translated by Ali Shariati to show that he wielded his own politics in translation to illuminate Iranians' thought against the imperial regime to stimulate them to subvert the Pahlavi dynasty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the contentious issues in religious translation since the legendary St. Jerome is the degree of the translator's agency. The point of contention has been whether the translator can exercise agency and freedom in translating sacred texts or they should strictly adhere to the form and attend to what St. Jerome called the "mysterious syntax" of the sacred text. Using a stylistic approach (Abdul-Raof 2001 and 2006; Abdel Haleem 1992), we address the issue of the translator's agency in religious translation by examining the translations of a unique rhetorical feature, namely the verb-noun alternation, by seven key translators in Verses 59, 64, 69 and 72 of Chapter 56, Al-Wāqi'ah. Despite the general assumption that religious translation is highly constrained and that the translators of this type of text have little freedom, the findings of this paper show that religious translators, in fact, do exercise agency in their translation, whether in the form of adapting the source text to the target text readers or in the form of reproducing the grammatical patterning of the source text for cultural or ideological reasons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the critical role of the interpreter's political awareness in interpreting high-level political interviews in China, and its effects on pronoun shifts. Using former Chinese Premier Zhu's debut press conference in 1998 as a case study, the study examines in detail the pronoun shifts of a China's Foreign Ministry senior interpreter prompted by her political awareness. It identifies four types of pronoun shifts: (1) from first-person singular pronoun ("I") to first-person plural pronoun ("we"); (2) from active voice with first-person plural pronoun as subject to passive voice; (3) from pronoun to a third-party noun; and (4) replacement of a noun with an interactant pronoun. The paper considers implications of these findings in relation to relevant studies and to the macro-social institutional context in which the political interpreting is conducted. The paper argues that this type of political awareness is a form of socio-institutional cognition inculcated and developed through the interpreter's diplomatic identity, their understanding of socio-institutional requirements, strict training and a large quantity of supervised practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The process of literary translation includes the source culture-specific elements that constitute an integral part of the source text. This paper aims to identify and analyse various translation strategic processes that could be adopted in translating cultural factors within the parameters of a Maltese bilingual, but not necessarily bicultural, context. Each of the suggested strategic procedures is presented in useful flow-chart formats, varying from source language/source culture to target language/target culture bias approach in order to keep cultural losses to a minimum whilst maximising cultural gains and, therefore, to make the transformation of the source text into the target text successful. Such flow-charts are aimed to provide the literary translator with a rapid means of achieving an adequate and satisfying suggested solution for a quality cross-cultural transposition of the cultural elements encountered within a bilingual context. In certain instances, it is also suggested that some strategies are used concurrently with others. To achieve this aim, an extended practical translation exercise by the author himself is used. This paper also helps to strengthen further both the level of research in narrative translation studies in general, and the research done in Maltese narrative literary translation from a cultural point of view. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores how translation of foreign film titles has been carried out in South Korea since foreign films first arrived in Korea following its emancipation from Japanese colonial rule. With reference to audiovisual translation in general and film or screen translation in particular, this paper discusses the extent of the mistakes made by Korean translators due to a lack of thorough contextual knowledge of the source language and culture. Most Korean translations of foreign films result in strange, surreal, and at best funny adaptations. Discussion regarding “bad,” total, or almost total mistranslations focuses on (1) words with multiple meanings (homonyms and heteronyms); (2) slang and colloquial expressions; (3) words with culturally specific features; and (4) proper nouns and common nouns. This paper concludes that in an era of globalization, film title translation in Korea increasingly shows a trend towards transliteration rather than translation – either literal or liberal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

All countries issue certificates – marriage certificates, birth certificates, medical certificates, graduation certificates, degrees, driver's licenses, and business permits – for various purposes, so the translation of certificates is common in the translation market. For cultural, practical, and administrative reasons, certificates issued by different countries and in different languages often take different forms and contain different information. Because translated certificates may be required for specific purposes, the appropriate translation of certificates can therefore pose challenges for translators. This paper presents a study on the translation of various certificates from Chinese into English. It attempts to compare and analyze different features of certificates in Chinese and English, identify issues encountered in the translation of certificates, and explore different translation strategies, taking into account linguistic, pragmatic, cultural, and communicative factors. Based on the findings of the data analysis, the study suggests that when translating Chinese certificates into English, it is necessary to consult the potential users of the translated certificates to identify the purposes of the translation and decide which translation strategy is appropriate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid development of digitization and the emergence of social networks and streaming platforms, audiovisual translation (AVT) has become one of the most prolific expressions of global communication in today's society, able to overcome linguistic barriers when disseminating culture across the world. While audiovisual productions originally shot in English seem to be able to take full advantage of this situation, China's domestic programs frequently encounter more challenges to make it overseas. Adopting a primarily translational approach, this paper borrows the concept of "cultural discount," coined by Hoskins and Mirus (1988), to capture the notion that audiovisual productions are rooted in one culture and, therefore, may have diminished appeal among viewers from other communities. The study holds that the degree of cultural discount audiovisual productions may encounter when exported depends on numerous factors, which are explored through examples of recently localized films and TV series of Chinese origin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Globalization has gone digital and presents a new type of connectivity virtually today. Digital globalization has transformed the landscape of translation theory and practice, exerting considerable influence on translation studies and the profession of translators. The translation practice evolves with the change of literary expectations driven by the digital revolution. New translation modes have been cultivated by incorporating two essential features of the age, known as technology and participation. Against this backdrop, Chinese web fiction is going global with establishing and developing overseas volunteer translation websites. With this in mind, this paper analyzes the translation model of Chinese web fiction with respect to digital globalization and argues that the fan-based volunteer translation has emerged as a new paradigm that features the "user participation turn" in translation studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper seeks to explore how the style of translation reframes an author's changing image. In light of the transformation of Latife Tekin from being considered an author of the poor and dispossessed with whom she identifies to being acknowledged as a translator who channels the marginal world of the dispossessed people into the mainstream, as evidenced in various paratextual and metatextual discourses in Turkey, the study focuses on the style of the English translation of Tekin's Buzdan Kılıçlar (Swords of Ice). The study underlines that an author's ontological narrative, which feeds into his or her image, may impact the style of the translation of his or her work. Noting that the style of translation may serve as a way of responding to an author's ontological narrative, the study highlights that the stylistic features (i.e., italics and quotation marks) added to the translation of Buzdan Kılıçlar appear to be in interplay with the narratives that prepared the ground for Tekin's self-identification as a translator. Ultimately, the study points out that those stylistic features foreground not only the cultural other against Turkey's modern and secular establishment but also the Oriental other against Western modernity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Translation can be seen as a process through which the translator begins with the source text, with an attempt at analyzing this particular text into semantic construction. The translator then reconstructs the semantic construction concerned into proper forms of the target language, seeking to produce an equivalent receptor language text (Larson, 1998: 519). In practice, the translator places himself/herself between the source and target texts, moving from the former to the latter and vice versa. The present paper crucially addresses the stages through which the translator is required to pass in order to achieve an acceptable and appropriate translation. It considers each stage in sufficient detail, showing the significance of these stages for the purpose of achieving a successful translation project. Finally, the present paper argues that the translator has to pass specific steps for the sake of accomplishing an acceptable and appropriate translation and that cognizance of translation theories is crucial in carrying out translation procedures, specifically when adopting the translation strategy on which the whole translation project will generally be based. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aims to demonstrate the relevance of topic modeling as a new research tool for analyzing research trends in the T&I field. Until now, most efforts to this end have relied on manual classification based on pre-established typologies. This method is time- and labor-consuming, prone to subjective biases, and limited in describing a vast amount of research output. As a key component of text mining, topic modeling offers an efficient way of summarizing topic structure and trends over time in a collection of documents while being able to describe the entire system without having to rely on sampling. As a case study, the present paper applies the technique to analyzing a collection of abstracts from four Korean Language T&I journals for the 2010s decade (from 2010 to 2019). The analysis proves the technique to be highly successful in uncovering hidden topical structure and trends in the abstract corpus. The results are discussed along with implications of the technique for the T&I field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Translating Emily Brontë's (1818–1848) Wuthering Heights (1847) into Arabic is a complex and multifaceted task. This paper explores the challenges involved in this task by discussing distinctive features of Brontë's style and their counterparts in Mamdouh Haqqi's Arabic translation of the novel. Stylistic features under focus include lexis, figurative language, and structure. As for Brontë's lexis, it intricately knits elements like characters, setting, and themes. To take their readers to the unpredictable world of Wuthering Heights, translators try to find Arabic equivalents suggesting the associations and connotations of the Source Text (ST) style. Among the obstacles translators need to overcome are lexical gaps, as some lexicalized thoughts and experiences in English have no lexicalized equivalents in Arabic. Resorting to paraphrases may result in sacrificing the compactness of the source text (ST) and losing some shades of meaning. Further complications result from dealing with figurative language. Conveying Brontë's imagery, personifications, and references to abstract notions in terms of material objects requires thoughtful consideration. Furthermore, the structure of Brontë's language significantly expresses characters' attitudes and other subtle traits. Less vivacious translations are expected when the function of expressions in the ST eludes translators' attention. Throughout the discussion, suggestions are made to provide readers of the text in Arabic with better access to the ST. At the same time, the researcher acclaims Haqqi's translation which reflects a considerable effort to make a landmark of English/world literature accessible to Arab readers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emergence of crowdsourcing has opened up novel ways to initiate, produce and deliver translations in our digitally connected world. New practices and processes brought up by these phenomena have undeniably impacted different collectives with an interest in translation, such as language service providers (LSPs), professionals, and Translation Studies (TS). It has also been argued that crowdsourcing can impact public perceptions of translation, rising ethical concerns, issues related to the visibility of translation, or whether everyone can potentially translate (McDonough-Dolmaya 2012). This paper analyzes its potential impact on the realm of professional translation, an issue raised several years ago by a European Union Commission publication (2012, 37–38). It critically analyzes whether the much-feared socioeconomic and socio-professional impact on working conditions of professionals is underway or not. It represents an attempt at charting the potential influence of crowdsourcing on the profession through a critical review of existing literature and industry publications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ideology is a major issue in Translation Studies. With a case study of the Chinese translations of English news headlines concerning the South China Sea disputes on the website of www.ftchinese.com, this paper attempts to provide insights into the translation of ideologies in news in the Chinese context. In the theoretical framework of critical discourse analysis, the ideological factors underlying the disparity between the English news headlines and their Chinese translations are explored. The three-dimensional model of analysis put forward by Fairclough is modified and adopted in this paper as the basic steps of analysis: firstly, describe the differences between the original and their translations; secondly, associate them with the social reality; finally, account for those differences. In addition, to demonstrate how translators maneuvered to reach a compromise with the antagonistic ideologies which may set difficulties either for the news to win the acceptance of Chinese online readers or pass the Chinese government censorship, this paper offers an analysis of the translation strategies adopted in those Chinese translations, such as substitution, omission as well as the more subtle strategies, including changes of modality and actor. It is found that in the Chinese translations of the English news headlines, translators' priority is on producing translations suitable to target readers and censors' ideology, rather than linguistic equivalents. Therefore, translating ideology-loaded texts adds a new way to understand translation and ideological explorations in Translation Studies have great potentials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper aims at studying the relationship between contrastive linguistics (CL) and translation as branches of applied linguistics, on one hand, and the use of computer corpora (C.C) on the other. It also stresses the fact that the boundaries of CL have been redrawn to incorporate the output of C.C in performing various tasks in translation, that goes beyond the traditional methods of CL carried out exclusively on solving problems in foreign language teaching (FLT). The paper supports the call for the manipulation of data obtained from CC in contrastive linguistic projects for the betterment of translation quality. Previously, CL was concerned with linguistic systems rather than language use, but with the introduction of corpora, language use become more easily accessible and the field of CL has expanded. The access to huge amounts of original texts and their translation in electronic format is of great benefit to professional translators, since a wide range of translation solutions for any particular source language are available by a gentle hit on the required tagging key. As for translation-oriented corpus based CL it becomes obvious that the actual contrastive study will be carried out in order to obtain data for explaining the various phenomena in translation. Hence, translation as a communicative event can assume a fully-fledged descriptive discipline if it manages to develop its own descriptive tools of study. Computer corpora can play a decisive role in turning translation into a well-established academic discipline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Individuals inevitably have their own perception of Singapore's bilingual education policy, especially those who experienced its formation and history from the pre-independence days of the 1950s to the 1980s. The book, My Lifelong Challenge: Singapore's Bilingual Journey by Lee Kuan Yew, the founding Prime Minister of Singapore, provides much information and insights into this part of history. Through the comparison of the English and Chinese editions, this paper discusses the poetics, patronage and ideological differences related to the reasons for the translation and rewriting by Lee Kuan Yew of the Chinese edition. It suggests that Lee Kuan Yew had different intentions for the English and Chinese editions in relation to the respective readerships; as regards the English readership, the author intends the readers to gain knowledge of the historical background and to emphasize to them the importance of Mother Tongue; as regards the Chinese readership, he seeks to address any misunderstandings and misgivings towards the government that this group of readers may have and to gain their support for the bilingual policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of research on translations of Nabokov's Lolita into Turkish. Two of the translations were published under different names, but a closer look reveals that these target texts are identical, except for a difference in the character Lolita's age; she is shown to be twelve in one translation and fourteen in the other. Apart from this, images of body and sex in the text are, to a certain degree, expurgated. Based on the data, I discuss the issues of authorship and (self) censorship in translation, as well as traditional cultural norms and the position of translator when she chooses to adapt to those norms or to question them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As stated by Jay and Janschewitz (2008), the primary pragmatic function of swear words is to express emotions, such as anger and frustration. The main objective of the present paper is to analyse the translation of the two commonest English swear words, fuck and shit (Jay 2009: 156) – together with their morphological variants – into Galician. The research instrument used for this purpose has been the Veiga Corpus, a bilingual English-Galician corpus of subtitles. Regarding the results obtained in this study, the most frequent solution has been pragmatic correspondence, followed by omission, softening, and de-swearing. However, descending in the analysis, clear differences emerge between the treatment of the two words. Thus, the tendency to sanitize the Galician subtitles by omitting, neutralizing or smoothing swearwords is much more evident in the case of fuck. This finding may be explained by the difference in tone between the two taboo words analysed. As shit is considered milder, translators may feel there is no need to tone it down. In addition, while shit has a literal translation which is perfectly natural in Galician, that is not the case with fuck. Finally, the grammatical category variable has also been found to have an effect on the choice of translation solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to draw attention to the reflection and recreation of the physical landscape in literary texts and in their translations; to explore in what ways nature is represented and, secondly, to discuss aspects of this process in the light of the translational norms proposed by Toury. The focus is the idea that language and culture, the core of literature, are to be transferred to other linguistic and cultural mediums during translation, and constitute the ecological environment of the text. This undertaking assigns to the translator the task of selecting, adapting and recreating this material in the foreign environment. An ecocritical approach will be adopted to explore how and how far this task is materialized by studying a Turkish author Yaşar Kemal's novel Ortadirek translated as The Wind from the Plain. Yaşar Kemal is regarded as the most ecologically-minded author of Turkish literature and his novels portray nature as the mental landscapes of man, a force under which the constituents of the text are recreated at every linguistic and culture-bound effort of the author. Hence, the main endeavour of this study will be to bring to the surface, with an eco-critical approach, the translational preferences of the translator of Ortadirek and their significance in the recreation of Kemal's ecological vision in the translation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A cursory overview of how the ‑ing forms of a small sample of verbs (see, take, do) are translated in various types of European documents as presented on Linguee (http://www.linguee.com/) indicates a surprising variety of possible equivalents in Romanian: infinitive and nominalized infinitive, conjunctive (preceded by marker să), verbs in the various tenses of the indicative, nominal groups, gerunziu ‑ind/ ‑ând forms etc. Translators often have to compensate for the fact that both English participles and gerunds are potentially ambiguous without complements. Translating any ‑ing forms often involves obligatory or optional grammatical transformations. The present paper proposes the creation of a (preliminary) inventory of interlinguistic correspondences of gerund forms and their equivalents in Romanian based on real corpus (reports of the parliamentary committees) to point out the various translational options, evaluate them quantitatively (the most/least frequently used solutions) and to reveal potential difficulties arising from such an array of options. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A number of issues faced by contracting authorities in the procedure of public procurement of services for translation of the acquis result from the lack of an overall coordination system for the translation project. One of the key elements for a well-balanced and efficient system is to properly plan the needs for translation services. Translation is an extraordinary skill. The skill to communicate reflections, feelings, facts from one language to another. If the job has been well done by a translator, the reader of the translation (prospective tenderer) must have the impression that the text of the documentation was originally written or spoken in his own language. As far as translation of tender documentation is concerned, the tenderer/reader of the translation should not have any doubts about the meaning of the message he receives. Moreover: it is not enough only to understand the message. Any message conveyed using unusual expressions, unnatural sentences, even if understood, is annoying and irritating to the prospective tenderer, who, due to this, may even be repelled by the tender documentation itself. In a good translation, in other words, the intervention of the translator should not be noticeable, and this actually constitutes the translator's skill. Therefore, clearly defined conditions, criteria, deadlines, clear description of the job to be performed etc. are an important segment in defining the quality-based selection of the translator. The purpose of this paper is to address the most important aspects in the public procurement procedure the contracting authorities and tenderers are dealing with, in terms of the procedural aspects of procurement, which should result in a referential framework for requirements concerning the quality and supervision of the quality of translation services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Voice-over as an audiovisual translation modality has traditionally been described for its rendering of the truth or its faithfulness. The manipulation and deviation from the original text through translation has already been the object of study in documentaries. This paper looks at the translation of TV news through voice-over. Technical and content infidelities are rendering the broadcast actualities into sexed up copies of the original, which for all intents and purposes are in sheer contravention of what translation is for as a faithful reproduction of the original and of objective and factual news reporting. The effects of the translator's visibility in news voice-over is re-examined and the physical presence of the translator/voice talent is analyzed. This paper argues that the visibility of the translator in this instance pushes the boundaries of mediation beyond mere technicalities towards a sociopolitical sphere of reasoning and rationality by editorial policy makers. The paper also argues that synchronicity of voice-overs stemming from the rhetorical features of the voice-over styles of delivery and the idiosyncrasies of the voices creates dissonance and renders the original message with a degree of infelicities that undermine the long-celebrated standards of objectivity and neutrality. Consequently, this paper underscores the invisibility of the translator in this mode of translation mediation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the possibility of translating, into English, Antara's Fakhr (self-exaltation), as a prominent theme in his renowned Mu'allaqa. The theoretical framework rests on the supposition that a literary work in general and pre-Islamic poetry in particular must be examined within its socio-cultural, spatio-temporal context as a total meaningful structure which entails the semantics and pragmatics of the text.Examining this theme in three selected translations, the analysis shows that the source text has proved that Fakhr (self-exaltation), as a conventional constituent of Antara's Mu'allaqa, presents a remarkable degree of sophistication which poses serious translation challenges.The discussion also reveals that, owing to the daunting complexity of incongruence and distance between the cultures of the two languages, the translations have only managed to maintain the textual import, but have not satisfactorily captured the socio-cultural denominations and implications, a perceptible translation erroneousness, which impeded straddling the required semantic effect and the required reader's response in the target language version.The paper draws the conclusion that the socio-cultural, spatio-temporal context can provide a broader frame of reference for analyzing, interpreting and translating the original Mu'allaqa in a completely new, contemporary setting of transmission and reception. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As translation education grows more comprehensive, prosperous, and diversified, training professional translators has become an essential element of such education programs. By revisiting various translation training approaches and several models of translation competence, this paper, inspired by social constructivism, points out that the ultimate goal of educating translation professionals is to improve their translator competence instead of translation competence. Drawn from the experiences of China's professional training program called MTI (short for Master of Translation and Interpreting), and in compliance with demands from the translation industry, this paper puts forward an alternative constructive model developing students' translator competence by three modes: to assign task-based readings and open a discussion forum, to conduct skills-based translation workshop and to do project-based translation practice. "Ihe three components of this model are integrated together, but processed in a systematic way. Hopefully, this model can shed some light on professional training in other countries' professional translator education programs too. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The notion of narrative is a very productive concept in many disciplines, and it has been introduced and applied effectively in translation studies, where the specific narrative typology and narrative features are drawn and outlined. Based on the understanding of translation and the analysis of narrative features by Baker, this paper examines the issues in translating ancient Chinese legal works. The default narrative features in ancient Chinese legal works are firstly given a detailed explanation, then the challenges to the Western sinologists in re-narrating ancient Chinese legal stories, especially for the purposes of constructing a "moral" world for the Western readers. For the purpose of successful communication, the fundamental elements in Chinese legal tradition should be given more attention. Thus a contextualized narrative strategy is proposed for application in translating ancient Chinese legal works. For successful communication, it requires on the part of the narrator a degree of creative adaptation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hans Christian Andersen's fairy tales have been popular among Chinese readers since they were introduced to China through translation a century ago. This paper studies the translation of Andersen's fairy tales in China by focusing on prominent Chinese translators of Andersen and their landmark translations. Regarding translation as a social activity, the author attempts to interpret the behaviour of the translator in terms of the historical context in which it occurred, as well as the corresponding ideology of literature. It is argued that the language styles and translating strategies adopted by the translators of different ages have varied according to the translator's understanding of the original works, his purpose of translating, the publishers' interests and the readers' expectations in the target culture, as well as the image of Andersen constructed in the socio-cultural context from which the translation emerged. Therefore, the translation practice, which has contributed to the canonization of Andersen in China, is a process of the translators' negotiations with the fluid Chinese poetics and ideology of the 20th century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper compares and discusses different illustrations of Roald Dahl's James and the Giant Peach through a translational prism. For this purpose, two different editions of this story (Dahl 1991; Dahl 1995) illustrated by two different artists (Michael Simeon and James Blake respectively) have been analyzed. After selecting several pictures depicting the same situations, the article intends to explain illustrators' decisions using theoretical aspects of translation. In this vein, I seek to identify different translation procedures that stem from the analysis of the relationship between pictures and words. Such analysis is aimed at providing solid grounds to subsequently categorize the pictures according to the information they include and transmit, and their interrelation with the text. In order to achieve this aim, a comprehensive study of the chosen illustrations is conducted, focusing on five specific translation procedures: literal translation, omission, explicitation, paraphrase, and transcreation. Thus, I seek to identify the different translation strategies implicit in the decisions taken by the illustrators, and their impact on their drawings. The aforementioned data is eventually used as evidence to determine the type of interaction established between text and illustration, and the implications such interactions may have on the reader. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a comprehensive study on the use of translation memory software by translators of different backgrounds. We designed a questionnaire that was completed by a pool of 723 respondents including professional translators, translation students, and lecturers in translation studies and translation practice. We analyse the results of the survey providing important information concerning user requirements, the most important features of TM software, users' perceived productivity, and market shares. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary objective of this paper is to find out which competences translators need in order to meet the increasingly sophisticated demands of the translation market. First, European initiatives on translators' competence profiles will be analysed. The results will be examined in light of the latest translation industry surveys in order to identify whether the skills profiles (and thus translators' abilities) match the needs of the labour market. The analysed data reflects on the most essential requirements set by industry: professional competence followed by technological and domain competence. The findings of the present article aim to support translator training institutions in tailoring study programmes to market needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the centuries, interaction between people of different linguistic backgrounds has thriven on the process of translating and interpreting. Wherever people have lived, these language-based activities have continued to promote communication among them, the barrier which the multiplicity of language has caused notwithstanding.This paper takes a look at translating and interpreting within the context of their origin, status, audience, modus operandi, etc. Whereas translating involves the process of writing on paper and is based on a given text, interpreting takes place orally and is not based on any written text. Whereas translating allows for the documentation and preservation of material in a written form for future readers, interpreting takes place on the spot. Whereas translating calls for an audience of readers, interpreting calls for an audience of listeners.The paper argues that though approached differently, the overall aim of translating and interpreting is to build a linguistic bridge among people and nations; to reduce the communication gap among them. It concludes that in spite of the operational variations their singular aim has always been semantics – the search for meaning between different linguistic parties in different settings. The psycholinguistic model serves as methodology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]