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IL-2 receptor expression by B cells has previously been considered to be confined to activated normal B cells and, among the B cell leukaemias, to the hairy cells (HC) of hairy-cell leukaemia. In the present paper, using α-Tac monoclonal antibodies in a highly sensitive indirect rosette method, we show that both normal and certain leukaemic B cells other than HC express IL-2 receptors. The density of these receptors is low since they were not detectable by indirect immunofluorescence. Various controls excluded non-specific-reagent or exogenous receptor binding and blocking studies with recombinant IL-2 confirmed the presence of the IL-2 receptors. The significance of the findings is discussed and it is suggested that B cell IL-2 receptor expression without in-vitro activation may be a function of B cell maturity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports the results of in-vivo studies on the binding of intravenously injected cationised human IgM rheumatoid factor to glomeruli in mice. Evidence is presented to show that glomerular bound cationised IgM rheumatoid factor can act as an immunoabsorbent binding both endogenous immunoglobulin containing material from the circulation as well as intravenously injected immunoglobulins either in the form of aggregates or immune complexes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evidence is provided which supports the concept that a previously characterized monoclonal IgA-λ rheumatoid factor with a medium-binding avidity reacts with a select Fc region antigenic determinant. The interaction between this rheumatoid factor and anti-Rh-coated human erythrocytes is inhibited by IgG1 Fc fragment, IgG1 heavy chains, and a single peptide pool isolated from this tryptic digest by paper chromatography. Cyanogen bromide cleavage of the isolated heavy chains abolishes this reactivity. A methionine residue is assumed to be near, involved in, or necessary for reactivity between the IgA and its antigenic determinant. The data thus provide further evidence for a specific autoantigenic, rheumatoid factor-reactive determinant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the course of infection and certain pathological changes in thymus-deprived and normal CBA mice after oral infection with Trichinella spiralis. Greater morbidity was found among deprived mice and deaths due to trichiniasis occurred solely in this group. The local inflammatory response in the gut and skeletal muscles was defective in deprived animals: compared to normal mice it was slower to develop, contained fewer cells and was inadequately sustained. There was a striking paucity of tissue eosinophils and this was correlated with failure of deprived mice to develop a blood eosinophilia. The parasites appeared to persist longer in the gut of deprived animals and progressively more parasites were recovered from the carcasses of these mice at later stages of the infection. The present findings indicate that thymus-dependent cell populations are implicated in the host response to T. spiralis; and some possible modes of action of T cells are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of the spleen in humoral antibody formation and in the pathogenesis of immune thyroiditis was studied by splenectomizing four monkeys (Macaca mulatta) prior to thyroid isoimmunization. Splenectomized animals, as well as intact controls, were subjected to sequential immunizations and the course of the immune disease was followed by periodic thyroid biopsies and frequent humoral antibody measurements over a period exceeding 1 yr. Extirpation of the secondary lymphoid organ markedly inhibited agglutinating antibody response, prevented formation of complement-fixing antibodies, but had no effect on thyrocytotoxic antibodies. In animals subjected to immunization in complete adjuvant a trend towards a decrease in serum complement levels was evident at the terminal stages of the experiments. Despite the inhibitory effects on some immunological parameters, splenectomy in monkeys prior to thyroid isoimmunization did not interfere with the initiation and progression of pathological processes in the thyroid. Indeed in all splenectomized animals immunized with thyroid plus complete adjuvant, fibrotic thyroid lesions (4+) with virtual obliteration of thyroid follicles were evident, in some as early as 120 days after primary immunization; in contrast, non-fibrotic and less severe lesions were noted in the intact animal despite being repeatedly subjected to similar immunization procedures over a period of 340 days. Immunization in the absence of complete adjuvant did not induce thyroid lesions in the presence or absence of spleen. In all animals with severe thyroid lesions, thyroid function decreased as revealed by T4 and 131I-T3 resin uptake measurements. Paper electrophoresis of serum specimens from a monkey subjected to thyroid isoimmunization in complete adjuvant (and after equilibration with 125I-T4) showed a pronounced retention of 125I-T4 radioactivity at the gamma globulin region indicating formation of antibodies to thyroxine. On the other hand, in sera with a low thyroid antibody titre as in splenectomized monkeys or in those animals immunized within complete adjuvant, T4-binding antibodies were not evident. It is concluded that removal of the spleen prior to thyroid isoimmunization in monkeys, rather than inhibiting the severity of the disease may even aid and abet immunopathogenic events destructive to the thyroid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we present in detail the very rapid and sensitive Millipore filter assay technique for measuring tritiated thymidine incorporation during semiconservativé DNA synthesis in human peripheral blood leucocyte cultures. Leucocytes which have been incubated with tritiated thymidine are trapped on a Millipore filter which is then suitably washed and dried. The filter is then immersed in scintillation fluid in a double-vial apparatus designed to ensure a reproducible counting geometry. Alternatively, the filter and its radioactive contents can be combusted to tritiated water, the radioactivity of which is then determined in a homogeneous counting system. The parameters related to the Miilipore filter assay technique are presented, and its present uses and general applicability discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two liver-specific antigens are known: a water soluble protein (LP-2) and a water insoluble macromolecular low density lipoprotein (LP-1). In this paper the relative role of the two antigens in the development of experimental immune hepatitis has been investigated. Immunization of rabbits with a human preparation containing both antigens, led in all animals to lesions characteristic of an immune hepatitis. Immunization of the animals with a purified water soluble liver protein proved less efficient: only two out of six animals developed characteristic lesions which were less severe than those in the first group. It was deduced that although not a prerequisite, the liver-specific lipoprotein plays an important supportive role in the development of immune hepatitis, [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the course of infection and the immunological response in thymus-deprived and normal CBA mice after intradermal inoculation with promastigotes of L. tropica. Infection of normal mice resulted in the development of a cutaneous ulcer healing within 12 weeks. As the infection progressed and the draining lymph nodes increased in weight, changes in the paracortical and follicular regions were accompanied by the development of delayed hypersensitivity and the production of antibodies detectable by immunofluorescence and a parasite agglutination test. Lesions in thymectomized irradiated mice healed more slowly and the draining lymph nodes were smaller than in normal mice. Follicular reactions were feeble and paracortical activity depressed. The most noticeable feature of these lymph nodes was a persistent and intense macrophage infiltration. Delayed hypersensitivity and antibodies detectable by immunofluorescence were correspondingly low; but parasite agglutinating antibody was not depressed. The course of infection and immunological response of a control group of sham thymectomized, irradiated mice resembled that of normal mice. These experiments indicate that thymus-dependent cell populations play an important role in the response of mice to infection with L. tropica. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intradermal inoculation of the guinea-pig with Leishmania enriettii results in a self-healing cutaneous lesion which provides a laboratory model of human cutaneous leishmaniasis and which is dominated by cell-mediated immunological responses (Bryceson et al, 1970). In this study we sought to design experimental situations resembling non-healing forms of cutaneous leishmaniasis in man and to determine whether these experimental situations were accompanied by abnormalities in the immunological response to infection. This paper describes three procedures which impair the resistance of guinea-pigs to leishmanial infection: (i) induction of partial immunological tolerance to leishmanial antigen; (ii) systemic injection of anti-lymphocyte serum (ALS); and (iii) regional antigenic competition produced by multiple injections of bacterial adjuvants. Injection of soluble leishmanial antigen (PSA) during the third week of foetal life suppressed resistance to neonatal infection with L. enriettii; local infections were severe and were accompanied by metastatic spread and by impaired development of delayed hypersensitivity (DH). Injection of PSA into the 6-week foetus and into the adult guinea-pig led to impaired DH after leishmanial infection, but resistance to infection was only slightly suppressed. Transient impairment of DH was induced by a short injection course of adult animals with ALS during the first 3 weeks of infection, which resulted in large primary lesions with temporary metastatic spread. Multiple regional injections of tubercle- and corynebacterial-adjuvant emulsions markedly suppressed resistance to subsequent leishmanial infection; large ulcerative lesions were accompanied by widespread nodular metastases, the unusual appearance of haemagglutinating antibody, and death of some animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Target cell killing by lymphocytes can be induced by appropriate antibody complexed to target cell antigens. In this paper it is shown that this form of lymphocyte mediated cytotoxicity is susceptible to inhibition by third party immune complexes which compete with target cell bound antibody for receptors for immunoglobulin on the cytotoxic lymphocytes. The physical state of the complexes is investigated in relation to their inhibitory efficiency. Evidence is presented to show that soluble complexes which exist in antigen-antibody equilibrium or slight antigen excess are the most effective inhibitors. No evidence could be obtained to support the hypothesis that soluble immune complexes can induce indiscriminate cytotoxic activity in lymphocytes. The biological significance of this effect is discussed in relation to chronic inflammatory diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Partial purification of soluble products of guinea-pig lymphocyte activation (LAP) was undertaken by fractional precipitation with ammonium sulphate, ion-exchange and Sephadex chromatography, and by immune precipitation of inducing antigen and of contaminating serum protein. During these purification steps the activity of macrophage migration-inhibition factor (MIF) was concentrated up to 1300-fold and separated from inducing antigen and serum protein. An endpoint assay was devised for expressing antigen-induced MIF activity of LAP fractions as weights of material giving 30% inhibition of migration (MI30 doses). MIF activity precipitated between 50% and 80% saturated ammonium sulphate and eluted from DEAE-cellulose at pH 7-9 at intermediate salt concentrations (0-03-0-2 M phosphate). On Sephadex gel filtration MIF activity was concentrated in fractions of molecular weight range 56,000-82,000 with a smaller amount of activity eluting from 20,000-56,000. After immune precipitation of extraneous protein and elution from DEAE-cellulose, LAP material was found to have an MI30 dose of 0-4 /μg. Materials representative of antigen and serum protein-depleted MIF were selected for intralymphatic injection in order to determine whether MIF-rich LAP fractions were able to induce paracortical distension in guinea-pig lymph nodes (see following paper). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a previous paper it had been shown that up to 40% of human peripheral lymphocytes will make rosettes with sheep red cells. In this study the inhibitory effect of antilymphocyte serum (ALS) and of certain other preparations on this rosette phenomenon is described. ALS was prepared in horses by injection of human peripheral lymphocytes and rosette-inhibiting, cytotoxic and agglutinating titres were determined during immunization. The ALS had been tested in vivo by regional administration to vervet monkeys bearing skin allografts. It was found t h a t the peak of rosette-inhibiting titre appeared to provide a good index of immunosuppressive activity. These peaks, and the accompanying periods of immunosuppressive activity, were of short duration, in contrast to the levels of cytotoxic and agglutinathig titres. Antihuman lymphocyte sera had considerable rosette-inhibiting titres against the lymphocytes of the baboon (Papio papio) but little against those of the vervet monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops). Inhibition by ALS of the phenomenon described by us is unaffected by complement. Antihuman globulin serum and phytohaemagglutinin had no inhibitory effect. Digestion of ALS with pepsin to obtain the F (ab')2 fragment had only a slight effect on rosette-inhibiting titres, while it reduced the cytotoxic activity very considerably. The phenomenon described by us is probably different from that reported by other workers, in which only a small proportion of lymphocytes form rosettes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the course of infection and development of immunity in guinea-pigs after intradermal inoculation of Leishmania enriettii, and the use of in vivo and in vitro techniques to characterize the immunological response to infection and artificial immunization. Inoculation of 106 amastigotes into the ear produced a nodule which ulcerated in 2-3 weeks and healed in 8-16 weeks. 8% of animals developed cutaneous metastases which healed with the original lesions. Histology of the primary lesions showed epidermal necrosis overlying a mass of parasitized macrophages which, after 4-6 weeks, became surrounded and infiltrated by lymphocytes. Histological changes in the draining lymph node began after 3 days and proceeded for 6 weeks; both germinal centres and paracortical areas were hyperplastic and the medulla contained many plasma cells. Superinfection produced an 'isophasic" lesion, but reinfection after healing elicited only a delayed hypersensitivity response. Artificial immunization with soluble and insoluble antigenic extracts of L. enriettii in Freund's complete adjuvant partially protected against infection; extracts of other leishmanial species Jailed to protect. Immunological paralysis, attempted with intravenous injections of soluble antigen, increased the severity of subsequent infection. Both infection and immunization were accompanied by delayed hypersensitivity which could be transferred passively by lymphoid cells. Cell-mediated immunity was studied in vitro by the ability of soluble leishmanial antigens to transform lymphokine, to inhibit macrophage migration, and to induce the production of lymphokine factors from lymphocytes of sensitized animals. A target cell system was devised in which sensitized lymphocytes destroyed monolayers of parasitized macrophages. Cross reactivity of leishmanial with mycobacterial antigens was shown in skin tests and in target cell destruction, but not in cell transfer or in the other cell culture systems, The phagocytic activity of peritoneal macrophages from recovered animals was increased for homologous but not for heterologous species of Leislumania; the growth of ingested organisms was not however reduced. Circulating antibodies were not demonstrated by passive cutaneous anaphylaxis, or by agglutination of antigen coated sheep erythrocytes, in the sera of infected or convalescent animals, although some convalescent animals showed active cutaneous anaphylaxis. However, antibodies were demonstrated by both these techniques in immunized animals, which also showed anaphylactic and Arthus hypersensitivity when skin tested with. the soluble antigens. The results are taken to indicate that cellular mechanisms are prominent in the development of immunity of the guinea-pig against L. enriettii, and ways in which the host may eliminate the parasite are discussed. It is concluded that this model provides an experimental counterpart of human cutaneous leishmaniasis and that it is suitable for the analysis of the role of cell-mediated specific immunity in resistance to intracellular infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes technical details of a micro-reaction for the in vitro detection of agglutinating potency of antilymphocytic serum produced in rabbits with chicken, rat and dog thymus cells, The titration of antilymphocytic serum includes the use of microtitre plastic plates and lymphocytes treated with formalin and stained with trypan blue stain. Formalinized and stained lymphocytes represent a stable antigen of long durability, and the application of those cells in leucoagglutination increases the accuracy and sensitivity of the reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper the specificity of the skin-reactive guinea-pig immunoglobulin in the homologous PCA test has been reconsidered. Extensive purification of this immunoglobulin by chromatographic methods results in the isolation of a small fraction or medium speed immunoglobulins that contains all skin reactivity. No correlation could be found with the 7S immunoglobulins IgGγ1 and Igγ1A suggesting a separate class of biologically active immunoglobulins. The PCA active antibody belongs to either an IgG subclass or is a heat stable homocytotropic antibody. Rabbit and chicken antisera against isolated fractions of guinea-pig immunoglobulins show the existence of 7S subclasses. Some suggestions for a revised nomenclature are given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mononuclear cells from. the joint fluid of certain patients with inflammatory arthritis are shown to be more cytotoxic to a polyploid strain of homologous liver cells than were equivalent numbers of peripheral blood lymphocytes From the same donors. The diagnostic categories of these patients are essentially similar to those of a group of patients studied by Hedberg (1967) in whom joint fluid mononuclear cells were cytotoxic to monolayers of human foetal fibroblasts. Evidence is presented to show that this cytotoxic activity is attributable to lymphocytes, as opposed to polymorphonuclear leucocytes or phagocytic mononuclear cells which adhere to glass. It is not excluded that the latter population may also have some cytotoxic potential. It is argued that the target cell damage described in this paper is probably not induced by any antigen on the target cell. The implications of this suggestion are discussed in relation to the pathogenesis of inflammatory joint disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To examine the validity of the old idea of the possible significance of mites for housed use atopy it was necessary to study the mite fauna of house dust. The most important findings in this investigation are that mites occur regularly, rather than occasionally, in house dust, and that the mite genus Dermatophagoides is represented by much higher numbers than any of the other genera found in dust. Furthermore, it appears that there is a seasonal periodicity in the numbers of mites in dust with a maximum from August to October, and also that the numbers of mites in the dust from various houses differ considerably. House dust from high- mountain areas contains very few mites. These observations fit very well the knowledge of the seasonal and topographical Variation in the allergen content of various dust samples. Based on laboratory observations on the temperature and humidity requirements of Dermatophagoides, a mode! is constructed which makes the relation between the degree of dampness of houses and the numbers of mites in the dust understandable. In this paper only very short mention is made of the many experiments showing the identity between the house dust allergen and the allergen produced by Dermtophagoides. From the comparison of skin reaction to equivalent extracts of different species of mites it appears that the allergenic products of mites of one family lend to be identical. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article informs that the there are no reliable quantitative indices of the "functional capacity" of the immunological system in man. The occurrence of infections, the levels of immunoglobulins, the elicitation of coetaneous delayed hypersensitivity reactions, and the antibody response to various vaccine antigens have all been used, but standard routine methods have not been developed. This paper describes an attempt lo use antibody production to flagellin as one index of the functional capacity of the immune system, and describes the response in subjects considered to have a normal antibody-producing system.

The article presents information on IgM-IgG cryoglobulinaemia with IgM paraprotein component. Four patients with mixed IgM-IgG cryoglobulinaemia are described. Clinically they all had some features of an autoimmune disease, while two of them had a lympho-epithelial tumor in the parotid gland. The term paraprotein is used in this article for electrophoretically homogeneous immunogiobulins, which belong to only one light chain type. It implies no further assumptions about their nature and origin. It is the intention of this paper to report in detail the clinical and biochemical findings in four patients with IgM-IgG cryoglobulins, the IgM part of which had the characteristics of a paraprotein with anti-IgG activity.

The article presents information on autoimmune haemolytic anaemias. In this paper the preparation and examination of pure antisera against immunoglobulins is described. The results of serological studies obtained with pure anti-IgG. For many years autoimmune haemolytic anaemias have been divided into three types according to the serological characteristics of the autoantibodies that could be demonstrated. Several types of immunoglobulins are now recognized, consequently, in the serological classification of red cells autoantibodies, the type of immunoglobulin to which the antibody belongs is now taken into account.

The article focuses on immunoglobulin D (IgD) serum, body fluids and lymphoid tissues. IgD constitutes a fourth class of human immunoglobulins which is distinct from IgG, IgA and IgM, but has certain structural and other similarities to these proteins. This paper reports IgD levels in serum and other body fluids, and its demonstration in lymphoid cells. IgD was detected and estimated using specific antiserum raised in rabbits. There was no evidence of reactivity with proteins other than IgD. An antiserum to the D-myeloma protein of patient was used for most of this study.

The article presents a discussion related to the administration of azathioprine and the development of malignant lymphomas in NZB mice. Azathioprine in doses that made NZB mice more anaemic did not cause reversal of their positive Coombs tests. When given to young NZB mice it did not delay development of the positive state of the test. It is the purpose of this paper to report that in a controlled therapeutic trial administration of azathioprine to NZB mice did not benefit their autoimmune haemolytic anaemia.

The article focuses on the production of immunoglobins in human peripheral blood lymphocytes in vitro. The peripheral blood lymphocytes of normal humans show an increased production of immunoglobins in vitro after non-specific stimulation by phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) by paper electrophoresis, immunoelectrophoresis and autoradiography that PHA stimulated human lymphocytes which could synthesize immunoglobulin. The synthesis of immunoglobulins was confirmed by the precipitation of C-labelled protein with specific antisera and sodium sulphate. Even in the absence of an added stimulant, normal human lymphocytes synthesized in vitro small amounts of IgG, IgA and IgM as demonstrated by fluorescence, immunoelectrophoresis and autoradiography.

The article lists authors who contributed to papers that appears in the December 1978 issue of the journal "Clinical & Experimental Immunology." Some of the authors listed are J.D. Almeida, C.M. Arroyave, J.J. Baker, W.E. Wright, S.P. Chan, J.J. Oppenheim, P. Cornillot, B. Danneman, B.J. De Souza, H.M. Dosch, J.W.W. Lee, E.W. Gelfand, J.A. Falk, J.I. Gallin, E.W. Gelfand, T. Godal, Lynn Greenberg, S.V. Payne, D. Moore, J.F. Mowbray, G.R. Mirick, M. Meurer, E. Penner, B. Albini, F.I. Milgrom, P.H. Lambert, L. Layward, M.E. Kaplan, R.A. Kaplan and Lida Ivanyi.

The method for determination of anti-thyroid antibodies in extracts of dried whole blood on filter paper was described. Antibodies in dried blood were stable at room temperature for at least 1 month and were extracted well by overnight elution. This simple method requires only a minimal 30 μl of venous blood and would enable large-scale screening for autoimmune thyroid diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents various research papers related to clinical assay and bioincompatibility, published in an earlier issue of the journal "Clinical & Experimental Immunology". A flow cytometric assay has been developed to measure complement receptor 1 (CR1) and the complement fragments C3d and C4d on erythrocytes. It is possible to measure these parameters accurately with intra and interest coefficient of variation of 2.0 percent and 6.5 percent respectively. The method discriminates between low and high levels of erythrocyte CR1, C3d and C4d. Another abstract talks about activity of recombinant soluble decay accelerating factor. Decay Accelerating Factor is normally a membrane-bound glycoprotein anchored to the cell surface by a glycophospholipid membrane anchor.

The article presents an index related to subject terms that appear in papers published in the 1991 issue of the journal "Clinical & Experimental Immunology." Some of the terms are anti-mitochondrial antibodies, anti-phospholipid antibodies, antibodies, antibody production, antigens, apheresis, arthritis, atopic dermatitis, autoantihodies, autoantigen, autoimmune diseases, autologous mixed leucocyte reaction, autoreactive T cells, cancer, carrier detection, cell cycle, cell-mediated cytotoxicity and cerebrospinal fluid.

The article presents some subject related terms that appear in the papers presented in the June 1988 issue of the journal "Clinical & Experimental Immunology." Some of the terms in the list include: actinomycin, activation markers, activity antiidiotypic, AIDS, predictors of progression to, alcoholic cirrhosis, anaesthetic, angiotensin-converting enzyme, bacteria, bioassay, biotin avidin ELISA, blood transfusion, bone marrow, bronchoalveolar lavage, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, cartilage crossreactivity to.

A close relationship was assumed between the developments of nephropathy and thymoma in the previous study, in which the effect of introduction of the rat nude gene was studied in high thymoma BUF/Mna rats. In this paper, the effect of neonatal thymectomy on the development of nephropathy was examined to clarify the relationship between these two lesions in BUF/Mna rats. The average amount of urinary protein excreted from sham-operated and thymectomized BUF/Mna rats was 30.8 ±17.1 and 40.0 ± 20.0 mg/day, respectively, and the number of affected glomeruli per 100 glomeruli 4.9 ±1.0 and 5.3 ± 2.0, respectively. There were no significant differences in the urinary protein content, the number of the affected glomeruli, and immunofluorescence findings. In a control group, ACI/NMs rats exhibited 8.9 ± 2.6 mg/day protein in urine and 0.8 ±0.4% affected glomeruli, which were significantly different from that of sham-operated and thymectomized BUF/Mna rats. These results indicate that nephropathy in BUF/Mna rats results neither from thymoma itself nor from the immunological abnormality secondary to it, and suggest that this lesion might be ascribed to a genetic factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a list of words that have been used in various papers published in the December 1986 issue of the periodical "Clinical and Experimental Immunology." Some of the words are acute phase reactants, adenine nucleotide translocator, adenosine uptake, ageing, AIDS, allergic-untreated, antitrypsin, interferon, amyloidosis, amyloid P component, anomalous killer function, antibodies, endotoxin, eosinophil activation, eosinophils, epithelial-HLA-DR expression, exercise training, extracellular cationic streptococcal products and facteur thymique serique.

Immunosurveillance requires the migration of lymphocytes and their activation to induce proliferation and effector function. Effective immunity requires an optimal supply of nutrients to lymphocytes. Cells contain nutrient sensing apparatus such as adenosine 5′-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) that surveys intracellular ATP levels. Immunity declines during ageing and one possibility is that the energy balance may be altered in old lymphocytes. This paper summarizes recent data identifying a convergence of senescence and nutrient signalling pathways in lymphocytes that inhibit both T cell and natural killer (NK) cell function during ageing. Significantly, these pathways can be inhibited to enhance the activity of these cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a notice of redundant publication on topics related to clinical and experimental immunology. The text and data of the paper "Peptide immunization in humans: a combined CD8+ T cell-targeted vaccine restimulates the memory CD4 T cell response but fails to induce cytoxic T lymphocytes (CTL)" is replicated without acknowledgement in the subsequent paper. The data indicate that the CTL peptide failed to stimulate a cytotoxic immune response.

This article presents information on research papers related to immunology. In the paper "Modulatory Effects of Oestrogen on Immunological Responsiveness. Suppression of Tumour-Associated Immunity in Patients With Prostatic Cancer," the authors wish to point out that retrospective evaluation of the patients in this study has disclosed an effect of hormonal therapy, i.e. orchiectomy and or oestrogen on tumour-associated immunity independent of the effect of in vitro preincubation of patients' leucocytes with DES-P. While in "Migration of Sensitized Mouse Spleen Cells by Cell-Associated Transplantation Antigens: Effect of Method of Antigen Presentation," the authors wish to point out that they have been unable to repeat the MIF assay technique.

The article presents an announcement by the editors, editorial board and publishers of "Clinical and Experimental Immunology" regarding a change in the style of reference citations in the Journal, in issues published after January 1992. The present Harvard system of reference citation will be superseded by the Vancouver system. The article states that only papers related to the authors' work should be referred to in the paper, and that exhaustive lists are to be avoided. It has also been noted that all manuscripts submitted to the Journal must be submitted with references in the new style.

This article presents information on the contributions of editor Jonn L. Turk to the journal "Clinical and Experimental Immunology." Turk took the Journal over at short notice and under less than ideal circumstances. He worked energetically to build up its reputation for publishing first-rate papers both on medical immunology and on the more basic and experimental aspects. John's quiet but forceful style and his friendly persuasiveness with his scientific colleagues, attracted good papers for the journal and minimized publication problems and delays.

Editorial. Comments on two papers describing approaches to the measurement of cytokines from blood samples from patients with SARS. Use by B.M. Jones' team of ELISPOT analysis to examine the production of seven cytokines from unstimulated and mitogen-stimulated PBMC; Measurement by C.K. Wong's team of plasma cytokines on up to 19 consecutive days of illness using a bead-based ELISA assay; Cytokine overspill of patients with inflammatory disorders.

The article presents various research papers related to complement and killing of pathogens, published in an earlier issue of the journal "Clinical & Experimental Immunology". One of the abstract talks about immune lysis of Trypanosoma congolense (T. congolense). Organisms of T. congolense, variant antigenic type (VAT) TC13, were incubated with fresh bovine serum in the presence or absence of specific antibody to VAT TC13. In the presence of specific antibody, two forms of variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) were found in the supernatant fluid of the incubation mixture, first free soluble VSG and second a soluble complex of VSG covalently bound to bovine complement component C3b.

The article presents an announcement of the two events related to experimental immunology. The International Symposium on "Cost and Benefit of Radioimmunoassay" will be held in Milan on 15-16 May 1984. The scientific program will include plenary lectures and poster sessions for contributed papers. The Advanced Course on "Ferritins and isoferritins as biochemical markers: biochemical and clinical aspects" will be held in Milan on 17 May 1984. Some of the invited speakers are: A. Albertini (Bresicia, Italy), H.E. Broxmeyer (Indianapolis, USA) and M. Cazzola (Pavia, Italy).

This article reports that the EORTC Symposium on the Immunopharmacological Effects of Radiotherapy will be held during March 13-15, 1980 in Montpelier, France. The program will include invited and proffered papers and is designed to promote discussion on the following topics: Effects of ionizing radiation on the immune response, clinical and experimental aspects; Immediate, secondary and long-term incidences of radiotherapy on the immune response and on the host-tumor relationship in cancer patients and Correction or modulation of the changes induced by radiotherapy.

Presents a correction to the name of the second author in the paper by M. Field in the volume 78, of the December 1989 issue of Clinical & amp; Experimental Immunology.

This article focuses on the Symposium on Autoimmunity and Genetics. While desirability to publish the edited proceedings as part of the journal "Clinical and Experimental Immunology." While appreciating the desirability of speed to publication, the expansion of the journal in the first 2 years of its existence has been so rapid that it was not possible to include the symposium in the regular issues as intended. This would caused undue in the publication of original papers. In publishing this symposium as a supplement the editorial board of the journal wish to acknowledge the support given by the British Society for Immunology.