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The modest goal of the paper is to present, in a brief and panoramic way, some thoughts on the challenges of biographical research through personal files. To do so, from some examples seeks to draw attention to the need of the young researcher to realize the file and its documentary resources as technical and socio-historical construction, questioning the stored document functionality and, in particular, some nuances of personal files regarding the reconstruction of an individual trajectory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the theme of communications between the province of Mato Grosso and the Atlantic through the territory of the province of Paraná, using as sources, preferably, the reports of the presidents of the two provinces, and having as a background the concerns of the Brazilian national state due to the remote and border condition of Mato Grosso. It is shown that the routes sought were initially terrestrial-fluvial and, later, rail-fluvial, and that the leaders of Paraná had a greater interest in such communications than their counterparts in Mato Grosso. In addition to envisioning the possibility of Paraná becoming the "emporium" of Mato Grosso commerce, those leaders also sought the benefits brought to their province by the central government's investments in roads to Mato Grosso. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the Classical Reception Studies, the aim of this paper is to examine the establishment of discourses of power and masculinity in three films: Spartacus, directed by Stanley Kubrick, Gladiator, by Ridley Scott, and Satyricon, by Federico Fellini. Building up an analysis focused on the film protagonists, their costumes and bodies appearance, the symbolic meanings of masculinity and contemporary cultural clashes, the paper discusses how the dialogues between past and present not only build hegemonic narratives of masculinity, but also provoke its deconstruction in the context of the counterculture of the 1960s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper inserts itself in the debate on (art) historiography and periodization, opposing linear and evolutionary models to anachronic and discontinuous ones. The latter are analyzed through Kunstwissenschaft, a new approach to art history, which emerged at the end of the 19th century, initially in the German speaking countries, in opposition to traditional historiographical models, anticipating actual practices, such as Visual Studies and Global Art History. In particular, this paper offers some examples of how Kunstwissenschaft reflected on its epistemic tools, confronting itself with the time in which art history started to reflect on its own status, the Renaissance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to investigate in what sense the tragic style, as the result of the fusion between the Apollonian style and the Dionysian style, can be understood as an aesthetic and ethical principle in the young Nietzsche's thought. Thus, it is intended to verify whether the emergence of this new style, configured in the tragic myth of the Greeks, implies the possibility of thinking about an ethos that is not in the register of rational understanding of being, but in the aesthetic experience of becoming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In December 1978, a militarized interstate dispute almost provoked a war between Chile and Argentina. The motivation of this divergence was, fundamentally, the possession of some small islands and their corresponding maritime projection in the southern end of the American continent - that is, the maritime boundaries, as well as the socalled principle of the Atlantic-Pacific division between both countries. The most dramatic moment of the conflict happened between 12 and 22 December. And only the providential intervention of a third party, in this case Pope John Paulo II, prevented a major tragedy in the Southern Cone. In this context, this paper proposes to explore Brazilian perceptions, interpretations and initiatives directly linked to the Chilean-Argentinian crisis. The article is the result of research in the history of international relations. Primary sources and documentation were collected in Arquivo Nacional and Arquivo do Ministério das Relações Exteriores; both in Brazilia, Federal District. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the writing of the military Francisco Isidoro Resquín, whose trajectory in the Paraguayan Army was marked by several positions. "La Guerra del Paraguay contra La Triple Alianza", the book describing his memoirs and different events in which he participated, is the object and one of the sources discussed to understand the explanatory and justifying formulation of General Resquín's action after the end of the war. Considering the specialized bibliography on the war and other sources, it is possible to perceive Resquín's role in the conflict, particularly in the organization of the punishments against war prisoners. The book aimed at safeguarding the author's image, while it tried to justify the conflict. Francisco Resquín was a complex and misallocated character among the so-called Paraguayan heroes in the War against the Triple Alliance. Thus, his oeuvre, including its internal structure, became an important record to understand the internal relations inside the Paraguayan forces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the paper of Heitor de Paola, The Axis of Latin American Evil and the New International Order, a product of the Media Without Mask movement, led by Olavo de Carvalho. The paper claims that communism dominates the world and, based on the anti-communism and the apology of liberal capitalism, the author appropriates Marx and Gramsci, distorting the ideas of these authors, in order to disqualify the left and associate it with the creation of a privileged class and the defense of a doctrinal and authoritarian project. To this end, the author manipulates the concepts of communism, capitalism, metacapitalism and imperialism, to legitimize the conspiracyist thesis, inspired by the binary view of the world, in which capitalism would represent "good" and communism "evil", since it would claim world domination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Luisa Carnés was one of the Spanish intellectuals who, like many others, had to go into exile after the Civil War and the victory of Franco's troops in 1939. Carnés had published several works in Spain, continuing to write in Mexico. However, her texts were forgotten even after the return of democracy in 1975. In the 21st century the academic and publishing universes rescue this important figure in Spanish literature, integrating her or at least bringing her closer to the Nuevo Romanticismo or Generación del 27, seeking to properly highlight it in contemporary culture. I approach this mediation process in this paper, analyzing the relevance today of Carnés' perspective on the condition of women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper has as aim to study the representations of Saint Francis through the Bonaventure of Bagnoregio's sermons pronounced between 1255 and 1262, in Paris. Along the minor formation, until 1260, the Francis's representations were suffering changes by influence of each Order conjuncture. All the Bonaventure's works, theological, hagiographic, apologetic and sermons, bring unity to the sense of belonging to the Order of Minor Friars. Through the Bonaventure's sermons ideations are represented about the founder saint that act like interpretative ways to understand the mystical and theological meanings to the minors friar's collective memory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to analyze narratives about African-Brazilian beliefs and cultural manifestations as shown in the printing press in Salvador, from 1920 to 1940. The main sources consulted were the newspapers Estado da Bahia, O Imparcial, A Tarde and Diário de Notícias. This timeframe comprehends the gradual change of perception of the press on those manifestations, when religious African-Brazilian festivities are consolidated as identity symbols of the city. The sources enabled the identification of memory homogeneities and discontinuities, as well as the factors of differentiation in the power correlations among groups separated by tenuous social-cultural and religious boundaries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From the theoretical and methodological perspective, in the present paper we intend to contribute with the debates pertinent to the History of the historiography of the brazilian Seventh Art. We problematize hermeneutically the book Classic historiography of Brazilian movie: methodology and pedagogy (1995) by the movie critic Jean-Claude Bernardet. We take into consideration the reflections of Michel de Certeau (2007) on the social, political, economic and cultural place of historians, especially one of its primordial elements, the "not said", as well the proposals of the German theorist Jörn Rüsen (2010) regarding the hermeneutic method applied in the production of historical knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Guianas are an important field in the Caribbean migratory system, whereby goods, objects, currencies, and populations circulate for different reasons: geographical, cultural proximity, climatic, geopolitical and socioeconomic factors. From the 1960s and 1970s, Haitian migration increased in the Guianas. Five decades later, after the January 2010 earthquake, the migratory spaces were intensified in the region, Brazil became part of them as a country of residence and transit to reach French Guiana and Suriname. In 2013, the routes were altered. Some migrants started to use the Republic of Guyana to enter Brazil through the border with Roraima, in the Amazon, or to cross the border towards Suriname and French Guiana. This article is divided into two levels. First, it describes the way in which migrants' practices and trajectories intersect national borders in the Guianas. Then, it analyzes the migratory system, documents and papers, and the problems that the different Haitian migratory generations raise in space and time. The ethnographic research is based on the Triple Border Brazil, Colombia and Peru, but also in Suriname, French Guiana and Haiti. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article deals with the narratives of the Christianization of Scandinavia in the early centuries of its mission, especially between 850-910. It is based on the historical writings by Adam of Bremen († after 1080). This paper deals with this problem by applying the principles of the Vorstellungsgeschichte, which incorporates the contributions of anthropology to historical analyses. In this sense, Adam's narrative is analysed mainly as a testimony of the author's world view, and the contents he includes in this narrative are understood as a platform for his ideas' expression. Particularly noteworthy are his strategies to deal with sensitive events in the diocese's past, especially those involving its founding archbishops. The way he deals with failures and setbacks and opposes to them the successes of missionary enterprise reflect mainly the problems faced by Hamburg-Bremen in the eleventh century. This retrospective view is potentially legitimating to Adam's contemporary problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses cross-border projects and their respective social representations to local groups. We present as a case study the boatmen who pilot their boats between Brazil and France on the construction of the Binational Bridge. Catraieiros are currently responsible for much of the logistics between Amapá and French Guiana. Our theoretical framework is based on the literature on Regional Integration and Social Representation. We applied interviews to one third of the catraieiros. We concluded that in the Subject-Representation-Object relationship, the group that understood itself as responsible for the dialogue between two cities built a negative and threatening representation on the Bridge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The civil war which began in South Sudan, at the end of 2013, has caused, for the first time in the history of the United Nations, a huge movement of internal displaced people inwards the compounds of the UNMISS, seeking for protection. Then, the Protection of Civilian Sites have been created. Along the incoming of thousands of people in a few weeks, there was a sharp growth in humanitarian and security demands. In order to deliver such protection, it was necessary the joint use of military, police and civilians from UNMISS, what is going to be presented in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to bring to discussion the scenario of legal actions taken by the Brazilian State and conducted by the Military Justice, after the establishment of the civil-military dictatorship in 1964, that reached the revolutionary organization named Popular Action (Ação Popular), one of the most significant in the Brazilian left wing politics in the 1960s and 1970s. The analysis reviews systematized data of the project "Brazil: never again" (Brasil: nunca mais). To reach this goal, the investigation goes beyond the examination of systematized data available at the proceedings, once the facts registered there were subjected to filters. Besides, there are many cases of detention, torture, death and disappearance that were not submitted to court. It's understood that non official data tell more about the kind of justice in practice by the Brazilian State in those years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an analytical review of the literature on the regional debates in Argentina, Chile and Uruguay on family, marriage and filiation raised around the drafting of civil codes in the last decades of the nineteenth century and its first reforms, during the first half of the twentieth century. It questions the different legal mechanisms - and the arguments on which they were based - through which the demarcations between the public and the private, the political and the intimate, the natural and the social were established and regulated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes an approach to the identification of class ascriptions of the members of the human rights movement in Argentina. After observing a polyclassist integration of the social movement, it focuses on the dominance in its leadership and composition of members of the middle classes and sometimes more specifically of the service classes. First, some dimensions underlying the concept of "social class" are developed, and then, through different surveys, outline the composition of different human rights organizations. Finally, it is concluded that although class ascription was not decisive for the composition of the movement, it did lay the foundations for a shared political culture and for the adoption of discourse and action repertoires. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reflects on repertoires of collective action and performance practices in Rosario. They have in common the holding of a set of human rights organizations and other actors in artistic interventions in order to claim against state violence. We address two historical modulations of a broader process (1976-2001). First (1980s): it lies in the relationship of human rights organizations and a series of repertoires of political-artistic action. Second (1990s): includes the HIJOS group and various actors and groups in performing aesthetic, pedagogical and political actions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When Shakespeare chose Venice as the location for Othello and The Merchant of Venice, the republic corresponded to Renaissance ideals of freedom and stability. Discoveries in the realm of geography and astronomy required a re-evaluation of the place occupied by women and men in the new conception of the universe. This essay intends to discuss the mythical Venice of Shakespeare's imagination, a symbolic landscape, less physical and concrete than ideological. In this sense, this paper turns to Foucault's concept of heterotopia to illustrate how the anxieties of an epoch were projected in the representation of the city. Here, jurisprudence is of central importance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes to characterize Simá: a historical novel of the upper Amazon (1857), by Lourenço da Silva Araújo e Amazonas, as an "Epic Novel", which is defined as a variation of the historical novel distinct from the hegemonic school represented by José de Alencar. This novel, whose literary models are the Iliad and the Aeneid, elects the abduction of the mixed race Simá -- the "Rio Negro's Helen" --, as the immediate cause of the Lamalonga Rebellion (1757). The novel tells, in the historic sphere, the massacre of indigenous Manau nation by the Portuguese navy and, in the individual sphere, the tragic destiny of the heroine, which is presented as an innocent victim of the conflict between Portugal and Spain. The form of this pioneering novel of Brazilian Indianism is, paradoxically, inseparable from that used by earlier epics, contrary to what Lukacs' definition of a historical novel suggests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The process of recovering the historical memory in biographical and autobiographical writtings is no longer restricted to an exclusive field of research. Authors such as Georges Bataille, John Hersey and Beatriz Sarlo scrutinize the correlations between History and memory in the literature, evaluating ethical matters and issues of social nature. In the light of this studies, this paper comments some excerpts of Assombrações do Recife Velho (1955), work of the sociologist Gilberto Freyre and Baú de ossos (1972), first volume of Pedro Nava's memoirs. The objective is to expose how fictional and historical elements are articulated in both works. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The broadening of liberal economic policies will trigger the democratization of China. This argument repeated in studies finds their expectations thwarted daily by news of the intensification of the power of the Communist Party of China over the society. The paper analyzes the determination of the national identity based on national humiliation as a strategy to disseminate the legitimacy of the Chinese political elite from a perception of nationalism as essential for maintaining the stability of the regime. It studies the formation of national identity, the constitution of groups within the political elite of China, and the elaboration of the Comprehensive National Power concept. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current paper analyzes the southern frontier of the state of Pará and the northern territory of the state of Maranhão, Brazil, close to the river Turiaçu and assesses its importance for the displacement of people and goods during Portuguese colonial rule and in the post-1822 Independence years. The paper investigates the strategic and political relevance of the frontier for travel and transport, correspondence and transport of goods within the context of the Brazilian Indigenes, merchants and the Portuguese and Brazilian governments. The conflicts between inhabitants and settlers are highlighted in the essay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The newspaper Tribuna Criciumense was the only printed published in the city of Criciúma in the period portrayed in this writing. Founded in 1955, it went through three phases. In the first, it produced an anticommunist discourse, but in a somewhat timid way. In the second phase, with short, printed it came to value the communist ideology and at the same time, the defense of President João Goulart. The last phase was marked by violent attacks against communism, in defense of the civil-military coup and dictatorship implanted. Analyzing these stages and how the anticommunist and pro-communist discourses reverberated in the paper is configured in the purpose of this writing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the article is to analyze the conduct of US foreign policy with China between 1890 and 1909, taking as reference the historiographical interpretation of the revisionist authors William Appleman Williams and Walter LaFeber. It is proposed that the "imperial anticolonialism" engendered by the United States in the process of dispute over the opening of the Chinese market is at the origin of conflicts with the traditional imperialist powers. The paper thus explores the revisionist historiographical thesis that US foreign policy rooted in the principles of the Open Door Policy is fundamental to understanding the antagonisms that contributed to the Cold War. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the question about the history of present time and its relations with the concept of history in the early nineteenth century in Brazil. The starting point of the discussion is the article Memoria Historica e Documentada da Revolução da Provincia do Maranhão desde 1839 até 1840, published by Gonçalves de Magalhães an influential Brazilian history journal in 1848. The goal is to analyze the condition of the historian as a subject involved in his own time, the delimitation of history field, its methods and limits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1978, the military dictatorships of Argentina and Chile were close to war. The tension was around the control of three islands east from the Beagle Channel. Insatisfactions and polemics, on both sides, remained to treaties signed one century ago. The paper analyses the intellectual production and the uses of history on the two decades before the "Beagle Crisis". It presents the construction of the points of conflict: the "Chilean expansionism" and the international arbitrament. It also presents how it was acepted and circulated between civil and the military envolved in the Cold War logics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work examines the character, functioning and changes therein of the state security apparatus, the socialist "arcana imperii," in pre-1989 Bulgaria. Building on Foucault's notion of 'governance' and on his formulation of power as both productive and repressive, the paper aims to analyze the political strong arm of the regime as a knowledge management institution. The importance of surveillance for modern politics and the dynamics of secrecy are discussed as structured by technologies of exclusion, obstruction, and revelation. State security is contextualized through the perspective of the 20th century revolutionary objective to engineer the new socialist subject [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the midst of the Cold War, the Sandinista Revolution shook US objectives in the Central America and Caribbean. During the Reagan Administration, the United States stepped up intervention in the region to overthrow the Sandinista Government. This paper intends to demonstrate that even in the orthodox field of American politics, the role of the United States in the face of the revolution in Nicaragua was not exclusively defined in a single perceptions and that therefore there were competing proposals that even understood the reality in the region from its own dynamics, and not only because of the Cold War. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The last decade of the Cold War was a turbulent one. Its beginning showed tension comparable to that of the 1950s and early 1960s. As of the mid-1980s, however, there was a détente, the end of the Cold War and the collapse of the bipolar international power system. Movies, like other forms of cultural production, were tools for propaganda and mobilization throughout the Cold War. The purpose of this paper is to analyze how the Cold War was shown in the 1980s movies with the highest box-office sales in the US. The Communist enemy is examined in these feature films according to the Reaganist rhetoric of the period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current paper analyzes how the territories of Xetá populations in the Serra dos Dourados in the northwestern region of the state of Paraná, Brazil, were fragmented and commercialized by several administrations of the Paraná in mid-20th century. Current investigation does not focus on the reification of the history involving almost the total extinction of Xetá populations with in-depth but empty explanations such as the statements: "They were the victims of progress" or "they were exterminated due to the westernization of the agricultural frontier", or "they became extinct due to capitalist expansion" or "their land became an opportunity for high business". They did not remain passive in the wake of invasion and occupation of their lands. They knew that the invaders were arriving and acted against the occupation of their lands and their physical extinction. They investigated the strategies of the invaders and developed means to deal with them. They became historical subjects and not mere passive spectators. In fact, they survived extinction and refused to appear in the annals of history as an extinct people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the village policies in the margins of Tocantins and Araguaia Rivers undertaken by the governing authorities of the Província de Goiás, between 1822 and 1850. Our main hypothesis is that the villagization processes were triggered by two intrinsically linked processes: the action and resistance of the indigenous who represented an obstacle to the transformation of nature into capital good, upon which the "future of civilization" depended, at the same time serving as justification for the civilizing speech which supported the villagization process. Our sources are the presidential reports, province administrative documentation and the A Matutina Meyapontense journal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapprochement of several areas of humanities to a spatial orientation in the formulation of its objects and research problems is on the front of most recent academic production. From the analysis of maps, gold discoveries chronicles and expansion of the church chapel´s influence in a primary region of colonization, this paper provides the historical and geographical formation of a region that were in the principal route to the hinterlands of eastern lands in the Captaincy. Finally this research demonstrates how the ecclesiastical apparatus legitimated domination and gave exploratory senses to the colonial efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents part of the results from a research that evaluated, through of issues from students' learning and opinions, the deployment of Brazilian Law 10.639/03. We present and analyze three questions, under the hypothesis that there a correlation between historical knowledge and decision-making in the present. The making of the research instrument and data analysis were based in the concepts of historical consciousness and narrative competence, formulated by Rüsen. The results allow us to conclude that the lack of knowledge about black history in Brazil's is partially associated with a history comprehension that rejects affirmative policies to black people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper intends to debate the historian's problems regarding private archives and exiles. It deals with the difficulties of reconstructing the political roots of the exiles in their host countries and analyses the ways the historian must work in order to reconstruct the networks among the exiles. The article is based on research about the Portuguese Republican exiles in Spain and Brazil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents and discusses original ideas defended by the Brazilian and critical thinker and art Mário Pedrosa in his books Option Imperialist and the Brazilian Option, launched in 1966 during the dictatorship, about the prospects for an economic planning of the country at odds with the market economy. To this end the article recalls the criticism of development economists in the 1960s, a brief presentation of the initial theoretical debates about the deployment of a planned economy in the USSR in the 1920s and the reforms implemented in the 1960s by the Soviet planned economy. The author examined defended the concrete possibilities and characteristics common to a higher synthesis between the great Soviet trusts and the big monopolies of the US economy. Under this basis, finally, Original Ideas proposals are submitted to what the author calls "transition economy" in Brazil, which should incorporate the development of a broad democratic process of building the priorities for future planned economy in the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies based on the principles of Historic Education have focused their analyses on the strategies of historic learning in school context, with the assumption that the intervention in learning quality requires a systematic knowledge of historical ideas of students and teachers. In this perspective, this paper presents partial results of a survey on ideas of young High School students on the subject of History. The investigation is part of a broader research project entitled: "The historical thinking of young students from schools in the Midwest region of Parana State", developed by the Graduate Program in Education, of the state university of Midwest (UNICENTRO), Irati-PR campus. The results indicate that the ideals of young students prioritize the understanding of History as the totality of human actions in time and space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper developed an investigation about the trajectory of Portuguese merchant Antônio José de Araújo (1791-1851) in municipality of Morretes, between 1804 and 1849. In this framework, the purpose of this study is to highlight the forms of social domination exercised by Portuguese who inhabited municipalities of south coast of Province of São Paulo in the first half of nineteenth century. Thus, it is shown that the control of the credit market was crucial for traders formed a dependent entourage. Sometimes these dependents were familiar from their creditors. It was impractical to small traders achieve withdraw from these retinues [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current paper analyzes Leon Trotsky's interpretation on the Russian Revolution. Sources comprise Trotsky's works related to the theme, ranging between the pre-revolutionary period and Stalin's leadership period. A hypothesis may be forwarded whether there is a basic unity in Trotsky's interpretation foregrounded on two axes: (1) an underlying interpretation consists of a theory on permanent revolution; (2) October 1917 is the center of gravity in so far as it confirms the presuppositions of the theory of permanent revolution announced in 1905 and disrupted by events in the following period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we analyzed some issues about the notion of utility of the humanities. Is the thinking not attached to an immediate utilitarianism synonym of inutility? To answer this question, we present some historical aspects that found the automatic link between utility and sciences and the devaluation of the subjects that do not produce an immediate product. This is not a manifest against the hard sciences or a panegyric to humanities. These are just some reflections that reshape the issue of the humanity studies as an integrant part of the contemporary knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The government of President Fernando Henrique Cardoso (FHC/1995-2002) played a significant role in the consolidation of policies directed to the countryside and the agrarian reform process in Brazil. The aim of this paper was to reflect on the profile and stresses involved in agrarian reform policy of the FHC government, and the ramifications of this policy in light of the number of settled families and areas obtained for agrarian reform in Brazil. It was used as source texts of researchers who studied the ways and waywardness of the Brazilian agrarian reform and data from the "Fight for Land Database" (DATALUTA/NERA/Unesp/Presidente Prudente). It is understood that during the FHC government, despite the number of settled families and obtained areas have considerably advanced when compared to previous governments, agrarian reform was treated marginally, and the government sometimes denied the struggles and the leadership role of social movements in the countryside. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses from the theoretical point of view of the French Discourse Analysis why, in some regions of the Brazilian Northeast, some people avoid pronouncing the word macaco (monkey) and choose to use other words instead, such as de%essete (seventeen). The hypothesis put forward is that this cultural-discursive practice, understood here as a form of interdiction, occurs basically in up-country regions where the memory of cangaço (banditry) still is markedly diluted in daily life. From the analysis of discourses present on a daily basis, this paper aimed at providing a more accurate understanding of a Brazilian socio-cultural particularity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the political activities of María de Molina (1265-1321), regent of the Castilian throne after the death of her husband, King Sancho IV, in 1295, during the minority of his son Ferdinand IV, from 1295 to 1301, as well as during the minority of her grandson Alfonso XI, 1212 to 1325. In these almost twenty six years conducting the reign policy, Molina de María constitutes the main bastion of resistance and negotiations about the realm matters against the major nobility faction's interests, which took advantage over the weakness of royal power to increase political relevance and dividends. No less important was his activity on foreign policy effecting various agreements with other kingdoms and with the papacy in the purpose to achieve support for sequence of his lineage to the command of the Castilian crown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we analyzed some issues about the notion of utility of the humanities. Is the thinking not attached to an immediate utilitarianism synonym of inutility? To answer this question, we present some historical aspects that found the automatic link between utility and sciences and the devaluation of the subjects that do not produce an immediate product. This is not a manifest against the hard sciences or a panegyric to humanities. These are just some reflections that reshape the issue of the humanity studies as an integrant part of the contemporary knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The government of President Fernando Henrique Cardoso (FHC/1995-2002) played a significant role in the consolidation of policies directed to the countryside and the agrarian reform process in Brazil. The aim of this paper was to reflect on the profile and stresses involved in agrarian reform policy of the FHC government, and the ramifications of this policy in light of the number of settled families and areas obtained for agrarian reform in Brazil. It was used as source texts of researchers who studied the ways and waywardness of the Brazilian agrarian reform and data from the "Fight for Land Database" (DATALUTA/NERA/Unesp/Presidente Prudente). It is understood that during the FHC government, despite the number of settled families and obtained areas have considerably advanced when compared to previous governments, agrarian reform was treated marginally, and the government sometimes denied the struggles and the leadership role of social movements in the countryside. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses from the theoretical point of view of the French Discourse Analysis why, in some regions of the Brazilian Northeast, some people avoid pronouncing the word macaco (monkey) and choose to use other words instead, such as dezessete (seventeen). The hypothesis put forward is that this cultural-discursive practice, understood here as a form of interdiction, occurs basically in up-country regions where the memory of cangaço (banditry) still is markedly diluted in daily life. From the analysis of discourses present on a daily basis, this paper aimed at providing a more accurate understanding of a Brazilian socio-cultural particularity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the political activities of María de Molina (1265-1321), regent of the Castilian throne after the death of her husband, King Sancho IV, in 1295, during the minority of his son Ferdinand IV, from 1295 to 1301, as well as during the minority of her grandson Alfonso XI, 1212 to 1325. In these almost twenty six years conducting the reign policy, Molina de María constitutes the main bastion of resistance and negotiations about the realm matters against the major nobility faction's interests, which took advantage over the weakness of royal power to increase political relevance and dividends. No less important was his activity on foreign policy effecting various agreements with other kingdoms and with the papacy in the purpose to achieve support for sequence of his lineage to the command of the Castilian crown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current paper analyzes Leon Trotsky´s interpretation on the Russian Revolution. Sources comprise Trotsky´s works related to the theme, ranging between the pre-revolutionary period and Stalin´s leadership period. A hypothesis may be forwarded whether there is a basic unity in Trotsky´s interpretation foregrounded on two axes: (1) an underlying interpretation consists of a theory on permanent revolution; (2) October 1917 is the center of gravity in so far as it confirms the presuppositions of the theory of permanent revolution announced in 1905 and disrupted by events in the following period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]