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Presents IES society award recipients and distinguished reviewers for 2021. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the influence of the stiffness and damping of real elastic shafts on the behavior of a multidrive system driving a tissue paper machine is investigated. The drive system consists of four dc motors, where two of them drive the Yankee drying cylinder and the other two drive the presses section. Six-pulse thyristor bridge power converters that are connected to the same power transformer supply the motors. The inertias of the motors and the driven machines, in conjunction with the shaft stiffness, form mechanical resonators. Thus, resonance phenomena may occur, which may lead to undesirable results. This particular case results to two three-mass and one five-mass systems. This paper presents an analysis of the resonance frequencies of two sections of the machine during startup and machine production, considering the shaft stiffness (shaft diameter, length, and thickness). The elastic shafts eliminate the ripple of the motor electromagnetic torque, which is transferred to the driven machine. The behavior of elastic shafts with different stiffness in the transmission system is studied. Moreover, the steady state and dynamic behavior of the system considering the influence of the elastic shafts and vibration analysis were investigated using simulation. A model algorithm for system simulation was developed using the MATLAB/SIMULINK software. Characteristic simulation results are presented and are expressed in terms of speed and torque response. Considering the resonance frequency analysis and simulation results, mechanical design guidelines can be given for the most significant drive components in order to avoid torsional oscillation resonance phenomena and minimize torsional oscillations of the drive system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents a state variable model for the drying section of a paper-making machine. Linearization and design of the model; What the solution for the model yielded; Specification of boundary conditions; Comparison of the obtained results with dynamic model results; What the study concluded.

The article announces winners of the periodical's 2020 outstanding papers including a paper by L. Guo on deep convolutional transfer learning network, and a paper by C. Li on modified neutral point balancing space vector modulation.

Conventional ultrasound probes have inherent limitations in some application scenarios. Because of their fixed shapes and sizes, they can hardly pass through small orifices to examine the target closely. With the recent development of microelectromechanical systems and flexible electronic technologies, collapsible and self-assembling devices are being considered as a potential approach to address this problem. This article presents an innovative transformable ultrasonic transducer (TUT), which can transform between a one-dimensional (1-D) linear array and a 2-D planar array with the ability of switching between different functions including 2-D/3-D imaging and high-intensity focused ultrasound beamforming. The transforming process is accomplished with a specially designed flexible printed circuit board inspired by a paper-folding mechanism. The electrical and acoustic properties of the developed transducer along with the acoustic field distribution in its different forms have been characterized. The 2-D/3-D imaging performances of the TUT have been also evaluated under 1-D and 2-D configurations, respectively. In addition, the performance of a focused concave transforming mode has been also discussed. The evaluation results suggest that TUT can maintain its performance under different structures with precise transforming control. The TUT device has the potential to considerably expand the applications of industrial and clinical ultrasound. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A phase-locked loop (PLL) is commonly used in grid-connected power converter for synchronization. A single input single output (SISO) linear model of PLL with the phase angle of the point of common coupling (PCC) voltage as input and the estimated phase angle as the output is generally used in the PLL analysis and design. However, an undesirable coupling between the magnitude and phase of the input voltage is present when a filtering stage is incorporated before the control loop, which a SISO model cannot capture, and could result in a significant disturbance in the PLL estimated phase during grid faults. This paper proposes a generalized multi-input multi-output (MIMO) linear model that captures the complete PLL dynamics during symmetrical faults for a PLL equipped with any prefilter. Furthermore, a compensation method that decouples the magnitude dynamics of the input voltage from the phase dynamics is proposed in this paper. The proposed compensation improves the PLL's phase tracking performance by ensuring that the prefiltered PLL acts only on the PCC voltage phase changes. A vital application of the proposed compensation method for PLL is during a grid fault case, wherein the converters are expected to contribute to the fault current, which requires an accurate measurement of the PCC voltage phase. The compensation method's effectiveness is demonstrated using power hardware in the loop simulation of a hardware voltage source converter interfaced to a distribution system simulated in real-time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In photovoltaic systems, common-mode voltage (CMV) generates leakage current, which shortens the insulation lifespan and causes safety problems. As for neutral-point-clamped (NPC) inverters, zero CMV PWM (ZCMV PWM) can be implemented to eliminate leakage current, but unable to balance neutral-point (NP) voltage in dc side. This article presents a novel modulation technique for NPC PV inverter. The strategy contains ZCMV PWM and another two modulation modes which keeps CMV constant in one switching period, so as to eliminate leakage current. In order to balance NP voltage, NP current is adjusted by selection of optimal modulation mode and the leakage current is still well eliminated during the process of balancing NP voltage. Compared with conventional ZCMV PWM, the proposed scheme can remove both leakage current and NP voltage deviation. The output performance and limitations of the proposed method are also introduced in the paper. Experiments are provided to verify the validity of the proposed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a novel repetitive control scheme is presented and discussed, based on the so-called B-spline filters. These dynamic filters are able to generate a B-spline trajectory if they are fed with the sequence of control points defining the curve. Therefore, they are ideal tools for generating online reference signals with the prescribed level of smoothness for driving dynamic systems, possibly together with a feedforward compensator. In particular, a continuous zero phase error tracking controller (ZPETC) can be used for tracking control of nonminimum phase systems but because of its open-loop nature it cannot guarantee the robustness with respect to modeling errors and exogenous disturbances. For this reason, ZPETC and trajectory generator have been embedded in a repetitive control scheme that allows to nullify interpolation errors even in nonideal conditions, provided that the desired reference trajectory and the disturbances are periodic. This paper is based on the results presented in the conference paper [L. Biagiotti, F. Califano, and C. Melchiorri, “Repetitive control of non-minimum phase systems along b-spline trajectories,” in Proc. IEEE 55th Conf. Decis. Control, 2016, pp. 5496–5501.], where asymptotic stability of the overall control scheme has been proved mathematically, but extends such results with an experimental validation based on a nonminimum phase system. Different models of the same physical system have been identified and used in the implementation of this model-based control scheme, allowing a real evaluation of the relationship between control system performance and model accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The evaluation of the state of transformer oil-immersed insulation based on the traditional methods becomes unreliable due to the nonuniform aging effect. To address this issue, a novel model for accessing the aging information of transformer oil-immersed insulation at the hotspot is proposed. In this article, frequency-domain spectroscopy (FDS) is selected as the carrier for characterizing the aging states of oil-immersed insulation. The multiobjective function for reversing the FDS of the hotspot is constructed based on the dielectric response equivalent circuit. Then, the nondominated sorting genetic algorithm with the multiconstraint scheme is proposed to solve the multiobjective function, by which the FDS data of the transformer hotspot region are acquired. The verification results indicate that the average standard deviation between the computed FDS of the hotspot region and the measured data is less than 0.26. The contribution of this article is in the exploration of the proposed model as a potential tool to extract the FDS data of the hotspot region. This will promote a more reliable aging evaluation of the transformer oil-immersed paper insulation at the hotspot. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel analysis for a new type of variable reluctance resolvers (VR-Resolvers) with toroidal windings based on the magnetic equivalent circuit (MEC) method is presented in this work. Different cases including various windings configurations as well as different rotor structures are considered in order to investigate the performance of the resolver precisely. The position error of both healthy and eccentric resolvers are studied by a flexible MEC model. The effect of the eccentricity fault on the resolvers with different specifications is also evaluated to analyze the manufacturing tolerance due to the eccentric rotor for several cases. It is notable that the presented MEC provides the opportunity to adjust accuracy and model several structures in both healthy and faulty conditions by just a single model. Finally, the MEC results are confirmed by finite element method and experimental results to show the effectiveness of the proposed model. In general, development of a new VR-Resolver and analyzing its performance under different windings configurations and rotor structures by proposing a modified MEC approach are the paper novelties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this letter (Zhu et al. 2011), an adaptive sliding mode controller is proposed for attitude stabilization of spacecraft under inertia uncertainty, external disturbances, and actuator constraints. Some comments on this issue are made here to point out a serious mistake and the untenable main result in the paper. A correction is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy management strategy (EMS) is the key to the performance of fuel cell / battery hybrid system. At present, reinforcement learning (RL) has been introduced into this field and has gradually become the focus of research. However, traditional EMSs only take the energy consumption into consideration when optimizing the operation economy, and ignore the cost caused by power source degradations. It would cause the problem of poor operation economy regarding Total Cost of Ownership (TCO). On the other hand, most studied RL algorithms have the disadvantages of overestimation and improper way of restricting battery SOC, which would lead to relatively poor control performance as well. To solve these problems, this paper establishes a TCO model including energy consumption, equivalent energy consumption and degradation of power sources at first, then adopt the Double Q-learning RL algorithm with state constraint and variable action space to determine the optimal EMS. Finally, using hardware-in-the-loop platform, the feasibility, superiority and generalization of proposed EMS is proved by comparing with the optimal dynamic programming and traditional RL EMS and equivalent consumption minimum strategy (ECMS) under both training and unknown operating conditions. Results prove that the proposed strategy has high global optimality and excellent SOC control ability regardless of training or unknown conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The railway power conditioner-based energy storage system (RPC-based ESS) is a promising technology to improve the regenerative braking energy (RBE) utilization and power quality of ac direct-fed (25 kV) and AT-fed (2 × 25 kV) railway power systems. However, despite its benefits from the technical perspective, economic viability must be concerned in industrial applications. The capacity is one of the critical issues affecting ESS performance in technical and economic aspects. Therefore, this paper presents a comprehensive approach to designing the capacity for the RPC-based ESS by considering multiple objectives, including the RBE utilization rate, power quality standard, and net lifetime benefit. The proposed approach develops a technical-economic model for the RPC-based ESS based on variables such as the system capacity for RBE utilization and power quality improvement, lifetime cost, and electric charge-based benefits. Moreover, the master-slave control strategy is employed to control the RPC-based ESS to implement the capacity design objectives. Finally, the correctness and effectiveness of the proposed method are validated by sufficient tests based on field load data of a Chinese traction substation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hybrid dc circuit breaker (HDCCB) is one of the most promising solutions for the dc interruption. But the power electronics-based load commutation switch (LCS) in the main current path causes the high on-state loss and cost, which inhibits the application of the HDCCB. In this paper, a novel hybrid dc circuit breaker is proposed, in which the vacuum interrupter with the external transverse magnetic field (ETMF) is designed to improve the arc voltage and thus enhance the current commutation to power electronics. The ETMF-based vacuum interrupter achieves the fast current commutation instead of the LCS, which realizes the low on-state loss and cost while preserving the short commutation and interruption time. The arc voltage characteristic with ETMF is analyzed, and the influence of the different factors on the commutation time and di/dt before current zero are investigated in detail. Based on the calculation results, a 10 kV dc breaker prototype based on the proposed topology is developed with the breaking current of 15.5 kA. Finally, the application of the proposed scheme in HVdc grids is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The design rules of winding configurations and stator-pole/rotor-tooth (SP/RT) number combinations of doubly-fed flux-switching permanent magnet (DF-FSPM) machines are investigated in this paper based on coil electromotive force (EMF) vectors. The relationships between the components of stator and rotor coil-EMF vector diagrams are unveiled at first, including the numbers of stator and rotor phases, and the numbers of stator and rotor spokes. Then, the SP/RT number combinations are derived considering feasible stator/rotor phase number combinations and different winding configurations. The SP/RT number combinations are optimized considering the winding factors, magnetic field harmonics, unbalanced magnetic forces and machine diameter. It is shown that both of the stator and rotor pitch factors increase when the SP and RT numbers get closer. Furthermore, the influence of winding configurations and SP/RT number combinations on electromagnetic performances of DF-FSPM machines are analyzed by finite-element method. Finally, the analysis results are validated by experiment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The flux-switching permanent magnet (FSPM) machine has aroused wide interest recently due to high-power density, favorable PM cooling capability, and essentially sinusoidal electromotive-force (EMF) waveform per phase. Previously, the phase back-EMF generation mechanism of FSPM machines is exposed from a flux-switching perspective, however, which is rethought from the viewpoint of air-gap modulation magnetic field in Part I as in this article, and electromagnetic torque generation mechanism of FSPM machines will be reported in Part II as another sister paper. With the aid of magnetic field modulation theory, the air-gap PM magnetic field and back-EMF of the FSPM machine are modeled based on modulation and winding functions. Their characteristics are analyzed in detail and consequently, principles concerning FSPM machines on arbitrary stator-slot/ rotor-pole combinations can be obtained, including the basic feature of FSPM machines, the principle and necessary conditions for the back-EMF generation, the fundamental reason of sinusoidal back-EMF waveform, and the contributions of modulation harmonics to phase back-EMF. Finally, experimental verification on a 12s/10p prototyped machine is conducted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the back electromotive force generation principle in part I of the series papers, the electromagnetic torque generation mechanism of flux-switching permanent magnet (FSPM) machines is rethought in this article as part II from the perspective of air-gap modulation magnetic field. By magnetic field modulation theory, the air-gap armature magnetic field due to winding currents is modeled. Considering the unipolarity of the stator core, a novel concept of ‘fictitious modulation reluctance (FMR) rotor’ for FSPM machines is proposed. Then, by combining with the air-gap permanent magnet (PM) field and the FMR rotor, generation mechanisms of harmonic PM torque and reluctance torque are investigated. The requirements for FSPM machines to produce a stable electromagnetic torque are determined, i.e., |mPw ± vPr| = Ppm, mrvMfm ≠0, and ωe = Prωr. Besides, the harmonics operation states and harmonic torque characteristics of FSPM machines are analyzed and calculated based on the Maxwell stress tensor method. Further, the average torque versus current density predicted by finite element is validated by testing on an exampled 12s/10p FSPM one. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fabrication of piezoelectric ZnO-based micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) acoustic sensor has been reported. The sensor structure consists of a piezoelectric ZnO film deposited between two Al electrodes on a thin silicon diaphragm. A microtunnel is fabricated in the sensor structure using novel approach. This microtunnel is used to protect the diaphragm and determine the lower cut-off frequency of device. The approach presented in this paper completely removed a serious problem of microtunnel blockages during fabrication of sensors. In the developed process, the acoustic sensor fabricated using silicon-on-insulator and the Pyrex glass wafers are diced separately with same chip dimensions. Finally, both Pyrex glass and acoustic sensor chips are fitted in a jig for alignment and then anodically bonded. In reference to microtunnel blockages, the yield of the present technique is obtained as almost 100%. Also, the technique will serve as a cost-effective alternative to the present practice. The developed technique can also be used in manufacturing of similar devices where the microtunnels or microchannels are required in device structure. The technological development is supported by extensive atomic force microscopy (AFM), field emission scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction studies of ZnO film; glass-to-silicon bond strength measurement; resonance frequency measurement by laser doppler vibrometer; response characterization of the fabricated sensor, and scanning electron microscopy of microtunnel mouth to demonstrate the feasibility and yield of the process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three-port converters with high voltage gain are desirable solutions for integrating renewable energy and energy storage devices into high voltage dc bus. A high gain three-port converter with soft switching is proposed in this paper, which can realize zero voltage switching for all switches and zero current switching for all diodes in various operating modes. Single coupled inductor is used to achieve high voltage gain and to reduce the voltage stress of switches so that switches with low on-resistance can be selected to reduce the conduction loss. In addition, the advantages of fewer components, higher voltage gain, and very low switch voltage stresses make the proposed converter more suitable for application in renewable energy systems than similar solutions. Various operating modes, performance analysis, design considerations, efficiency analysis, and control method of the proposed converter are discussed. A laboratory prototype with 30 V renewable energy source, 48 V energy storage device and 400 V output is designed to verify the performance of the proposed three-port converter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A fast and precise dynamic phasor estimation algorithm using an adaptive improved second order Levenberg–Marquadt algorithm under stressed and off-nominal frequency circumstances is proposed in this paper. The proposed algorithm ventures a faster quasi-second-order method and in addition, the learning rate is also made adaptive to speed up the convergence. Moreover, the projected estimator essentially filters harmonics, estimates transients in a signal during faults and effectually performs in complex modulated setting which is found commonly in a power system with distributed energy resources. Outcomes reveal that the estimation errors and the convergence time of the proposed approach is way below the minimum requirement of the IEEE C37.118.1 standard. Besides, due to its reduced complexity, the estimator has been successfully implemented on the field programmable gate array (FPGA) platform and has been verified on a practical microgrid scenario including photo voltaic systems. The performance during testing indicates that the proposed technique has potential ability to perform under stressed conditions conforming the accuracy and speed of response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the analysis and experimental validation of bidirectional Z-source breaker and bidirectional Z-source breaker using coupled inductor for low-voltage dc microgrid application. The proposed topologies use an SCR as a switch to isolate the fault from the system, and LC network to generate required commutation conditions for the SCR under fault conditions. Thus, both topologies are able to isolate the fault naturally within a few microseconds without any fault detection and sensing circuit. In this paper, the breaker operating principle is discussed during fault condition and breaker design criteria are derived. When the breaker is connected in series with power electronic converter, Z-source components offer filtering characteristic. The filtering characteristic offered by the breaker components is analyzed. Functional prototypes are developed for both configurations to validate the breaker performance and experimental results are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Short-term household electricity load forecasting is important for utility companies to ensure reliable power supplies. Traditional methods for load forecasting relied on historical records from one single data source and have limitations with insufficient or missing data. Recently, an emerging family of machine learning algorithms, multitask learning (MTL), has been developed and has the potential for load forecasting. By MTL, the electricity consumption data from multiple communities can be fused to improve forecasting accuracy. However, appropriate modeling of the relatedness to enable the between-community knowledge transfer remains a challenge. This paper proposes an improved MTL algorithm for a Bayesian spatiotemporal Gaussian process model (BSGP) to characterize the relatedness among the different residential communities. It hypothesizes on the similar impacts of environmental and traffic conditions on electricity consumption in improving short-term load forecasting. Furthermore, this paper proposes a low-ranked dirty model along with an iterative algorithm to improve the learning of model parameters under an MTL framework. This paper uses a real-world case study from two residential communities in Tallahassee, Fl, USA, to demonstrate the method effectiveness. The proposed method significantly outperforms state-of-the-art forecasting methods and effectively captures the relatedness to provide between-community knowledge transfer compared with other MTL methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of energy Internet (EI) is very promising due to its ability to integrate distributed generators and storage devices. Energy routers (ERs) enable highly efficient, reliable, and flexible power system operation. To dynamically control and optimize energy flow in EI, an extensive communication is required. Considering the diversity of generators and ERs, it is crucial that such communication is achieved in a standardized and interoperable way. In this paper, an improved energy routing algorithm and its impact in EI operation are demonstrated. Furthermore, a full communication solution is developed for ERs and their interaction with grid operator. This paper proposes an International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 61850 communication-based power routing algorithm in microgrids. Optimal selection of source and routing path is achieved according to the proposed algorithm and communicated to the ERs via IEC 61850 based communication. The effectiveness of the proposed IEC 61850 communication-based routing algorithm is verified on network emulation platform comprising of IEC 61850 emulator tools and network simulator tool. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transverse dynamic force microscope (TDFM) and its shear force sensing principle permit true noncontact force detection in contrast to typical atomic force microscopes. The two TDFM measurement signals for the cantilever allow, in principle, two different scanning modes of which, in particular, the second presented here permits a full-scale noncontact scan. Previous research work mainly focused on developing the sensing mechanism, whereas this paper investigates the vertical axis dynamics for advanced robust closed-loop control. This paper presents a new TDFM digital control solution, built on field-programmable gate array equipment running at high implementation frequencies. The integrated control system allows the implementation of online customizable controllers, and raster scans in two modes at very high detection bandwidth and nanoprecision. Robust control algorithms are designed, implemented, and practically assessed. The two realized scanning modes are experimentally evaluated by imaging nanospheres with known dimensions in wet conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes and investigates a novel near-optimal finite-control-set model predictive control (NOP-MPC) algorithm to control the grid-connected, pulsewidth-modulator-driven voltage source converters with LCL filters. Exploiting the convex and elliptical paraboloid properties of the cost error, NOP-MPC adopts a systematic iterative algorithm within each control cycle to progressively synthesize finite sets of virtual voltage vectors (VVs) for the control optimization stage. The synthesis has the inherent features of respecting the converter voltage limits and converging the sets of VV candidates toward the global optimal point. The fixed-switching-frequency feature of NOP-MPC is expected to ease the LCL filter design. Effects of computational delay, pulsewidth modulation delay, and deadtime are considered and compensated successfully. A two-vector-variable cost function is used to actively damp the inherent LC resonance through an adjustable, weighting-factor-based damping level. This paper is substantiated by theoretical consideration, simulation and experimental results, parameter sensitivity study, and a comparative study with the standard finite-control-set model predictive control that uses only actual VVs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports the application of silicon bipolar junction transistor (BJT) modeling techniques to the modeling of dynamic behavior of high-voltage 4H-SiC BJTs, and the experimental validation thereof. High-voltage silicon BJTs are impractical due to their low current gain that requires a bulky base driver. Emergence of high-voltage 4H-SiC vertical NPN BJTs with a tenfold higher gain enables the application of efficient drivers, with ratings close to those of IGBTs. This paper demonstrates the advantages offered by 4H-SiC BJTs by means of wide-scale measurements at 800 V and 10 A in a range of temperatures up to 175 °C and adjusted base driver switching rates. This paper shows that the turn-off storage delay in the SiC BJT is two orders of magnitude lower than that of the silicon device. It also shows that the turn-on switching transients of SiC device are by an order of magnitude and the turn-off transients are by two orders of magnitude faster than that of its silicon counterpart, resulting in a tenfold reduction of the switching energy. It also demonstrates the temperature dependence of switching transients of the silicon BJT, and the relative temperature-invariance of the SiC device's performance. This paper concludes with validation of the transient models for the 4H-SiC NPN BJT, showing that the model is sufficiently accurate for transient switching and loss calculations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the modular consequent-pole (MCP) rotor is adopted in the fractional-slot interior permanent magnet (IPM) machine to utilize the strong flux-focusing effect and reduce the leakage flux. Hence, the torque density and utilization ratio of permanent magnet (PM) material can be improved. However, the unacceptable unbalanced magnetic force (UMF) may arise due to asymmetric airgap flux density produced by consequent-pole topology. Thus, a pole-shaping method based on three-sectional arcs is proposed to suppress it. Due to the relatively complex rotor structure, the multiobjective optimization combined finite-element method with genetic algorithm is performed in this paper. Furthermore, the electromagnetic performance of the IPM machine with MCP rotor (namely IPM-MCP machine), including the open-circuit airgap flux density, phase back EMF, torque, PM utilization ratio, efficiency, flux-weakening capability and UMF, are compared with the conventional surface-mounted PM (SPM), IPM, and consequent-pole IPM (IPM-CP) machines. It is demonstrated that the IPM-MCP machine obtains the largest output torque in these machines. Meanwhile, the IPM-MCP and IPM-CP machines respectively have >30% and >20% higher PM utilization ratio than the conventional SPM and IPM machines while they obtain similar torque ripple and efficiency. Moreover, the IPM-MCP machine can obtain much lower UMF than the IPM-CP machine due to the effective suppression of asymmetric airgap flux density. Finally, a 12-slot/10-pole IPM-MCP machine is fabricated to verify the analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Smart buildings form an integral part of the smart grid that lowers electricity cost. This objective can be achieved by using suitable enhanced algorithms and techniques. The motivation of this paper is the request for an economical decision-making system from a commercial company in Singapore. This paper presents an economical building management system (EBMS) concept inspired by the building management system and machine learning. EBMS improves the decision-making process through rule-based algorithm within the system. Machine learning algorithm is included as part of EBMS to enhance the computational calculation for the electricity distribution. It includes the function of self-making decision for purchasing electricity based on forecasting system for electricity price or real-time electricity price data when facility managers are not present. EBMS uses multiagent system to communicate, interact, and negotiate with multiple agents for energy supply and demand in the building. Simulation studies have shown the potential of EBMS concept to provide a cost reduction solution up to 61.42% savings for smart buildings. Better electricity purchasing contract option can be decided based on the forecasting system for building power consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Partial discharge (PD) detection is a fundamental tool for the design and diagnosis of insulation systems, particularly organic materials that must operate throughout their life without PD. While the methods for PD measurements under sinusoidal supply voltage are well-established, the same does not hold under repetitive-pulse voltage waveforms, such as those provided by inverters. Electromagnetic noise generated by electronic switch commutation in inverters can overlap with PD pulses, making it difficult to measure, separate from noise, and identify PD. This is particularly more cumbersome when fast rise-time switches are employed. To address these issues, this paper investigates methods to detect PD pulses on enameled wires under repetitive impulsive voltages with different rise times of 60, 500, and 1000 ns, proposing techniques which allow separation of PD from noise even when they overlap in time and frequency domains. This paper employs a time-domain approach using standard deviation curve acquired from a set of measurements to discriminate PD from repetitive commutation disturbance. These techniques can be implemented to achieve unsupervised noise rejection, which would be an important goal for both offline and online PD testing. The proposed approach is validated successfully through tests carried out on a low-voltage motor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ability to monitor the quality of the metal forming process as well as the machine's condition is of significant importance in modern industrial processes. In the case where a physical device (i.e., sensor) cannot be deployed due to the characteristics of the system, models that rely on the estimation of both the applied force and the dynamic behavior of the machine (i.e., system) are adopted. The development of such models and the corresponding algorithms used to estimate the above-mentioned quantities has attracted the interest of the community. The main contribution of this paper is the estimation of a servo press force by employing a novel dual particle filter based algorithm, achieving a maximum relative error in the force estimation of 3.6%. Moreover, to address real-time performance requirements, this paper proposes a field programmable gate array based accelerator that improves the sampling rate by a factor of 200 compared to a processor-based solution, thus enabling the deployment of the system in many realistic scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The widespread application of nonlinear power electronic devices in residential loads has resulted in significant harmonic distortions. Harmonic source modeling is of great importance since it is a prerequisite to estimate the harmonic pollution. In this paper, a dynamic harmonic coupled matrix model (HCMM) is proposed for the nonlinear home appliances. This model is adaptive to the load supply voltage conditions; therefore, the dynamic harmonic generating characteristics of nonlinear home appliances can be demonstrated by the proposed HCMM. Moreover, the HCMM derivation process is based on measurement, independent of the load equivalent circuit, which makes the proposed method most suitable for nonlinear home appliances with unknown circuit topologies. The widely linear complex partial least squares method, which has a fast speed and high robustness, is used to estimate the HCMM. A procedure to establish the HCMM for multistate home appliances is also proposed in this paper. Lab experiments were performed to verify the accuracy and validity of the proposed methodology. The aggregate harmonics caused by multiple nonlinear residential loads have been analyzed based on the proposed HCMM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to propose a new Vernier reluctance machine (VRM), which integrates the advantages of a robust rotor structure, good torque density, and flexible flux control ability. The key is to establish the excitation field with both stator slot permanent magnets (PMs) and zero-sequence current. Two excitation sources have different pole pair numbers but share a parallel magnetic circuit and contribute to superimposed torque in this machine. Meanwhile, a flexible flux control can be achieved by regulating zero-sequence current, and little demagnetization risk exists for slot PMs during flux control. In this paper, the machine configuration and operation principle are introduced, along with its integrated ac and dc drive method. Electromagnetic performance of this new machine is evaluated by finite-element analysis. Leading design parameters are determined and optimized considering optimal injection ratio of zero-sequence current. A prototype is fabricated, and relevant experiment results demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modularization design has been widely used to reduce the detent force of permanent magnet linear synchronous motor (PMLSM). For modular PMLSM, ideally, unit motors are independent of each other and the detent force of the whole motor is the sum of that for unit motors; thus, the whole motor's detent force can be suppressed by adjusting the phase difference among the unit motors’ detent forces. But actually, there is coupling effect between adjacent unit motors, which has adverse effect on the detent force suppression. The coupling effect changes the magnetic field distribution, which is often neglected in current research. Hence, this paper carries out the research on magnetic field analysis and flux barrier design for modular PMLSM considering the coupling effect: the influence of the coupling effect on the air gap magnetic field is clarified through magnetic field analysis; the coupling force is isolated by finite element analysis, and then the effects of key parameters are discussed; the whole motor's detent force model considering the coupling effect is established, and an optimal design method of adjusting the flux barrier length is presented to suppress the detent force. Finally, a prototype is made to test the detent force characteristics with different flux barrier lengths, which verifies the research theory in this paper. The research results in this paper can provide guidance and reference for the design of modular PMLSMs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to improve the performance of interior permanent magnet synchronous machine (IPMSM) based on space voltage vector modulation schemes, this paper presents a highly accurate online method to find the proper maximum-torque-per-ampere (MTPA) angles. This algorithm fully considers the nonlinear characteristics of the d-axis inductance, q-axis inductance, and permanent magnetic flux together. Additionally, the influences of temperature are taken into account. In this paper, the proposed method injects a small virtual angle signal into the current angle mathematically to track the stator current reference angle that is close to real MTPA points. Moreover, following a theoretical analysis method, the error of the virtual signal injection method is analyzed. Then, based on the results of error analysis, this paper proposes a compensation strategy that can significantly reduce the current angle error between the tracking point and real MTPA point. At last, various experiments on an IPMSM test bench verify the proposed control technique and overall performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In multiphase ac power systems, e.g., aircraft electric power systems (EPS), the proximity effect between the feeder cables can be severe and complex due to the tightly wired cable bundles. Simulation software is widely used to analyze such effects in order to guarantee proper system operation, but it is highly time consuming and requires extensive computational resources. Accordingly, this paper proposes an analytical calculation method for estimating the ac resistance of closely bundled power cables, namely multiconductor cables. Simulation and experimental tests are performed to validate the effectiveness and accuracy of the method, showing that the algorithm developed in this paper is easy to implement with a minimum accuracy of 92% in all the tests. It allows online estimation of cable resistances, which can be beneficial for advanced system monitoring and management to enhance safety and reduce losses. Aircraft EPS and cables are used as the example in this paper, while the proposed method is also applicable for other applications, such as shipboard EPS, renewable energy parks, or microgrids where multiconductor cables are used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In past years, LLC resonant converters have become a mainstream topology for dc–dc power conversion due to their advantages, such as the superior efficiency obtained with the soft switching of MOSFETs. In order to further improve the efficiency of the converter, synchronous rectification (SR) can be implemented as an alternative for diode rectification. As a result, the vast majority of the literature related to this field of study presents different LLC SR control algorithms, which aim to improve the operation of the rectification. Unlike prior work on SR controllers, this paper contributes to the area of power loss estimation using rectifier current equations (RCE). The developed method based on time-domain analysis of SR currents provides a new analytical framework to characterize the behavior of SR. Implications in SR power losses of different time delays are investigated using the developed loss estimation method. In addition, different converter design parameters, such as choice of inductance ratio, can be analyzed. The RCE captures the true discontinuous and complex behavior of SR, which is often oversimplified by the conventional first-harmonic approximation (FHA). As a result, the proposed method facilitates the design of LLC resonant converters and provides increased precision in SR power loss estimation when compared to FHA, and in a considerably faster fashion when compared with precise yet computationally intensive simulation software. This paper is validated with simulation and experimental results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In most multiobjective optimization problems of electrical machines, the weighted function method is used to convert them into single-objective optimization problems. This paper applies a kind of new multiobjective evolutionary algorithms (MOEAs), called adaptive multiobjective black hole (AMOBH) algorithms, to achieve effective multiobjective optimization of a tubular coreless linear permanent magnet synchronous motor (LPMSM). To reduce the computation cost of the MOEAs, a one-layer analytical model (AM) is presented for the tubular coreless LPMSM in this paper. The accuracy of the simplified one-layer AM is verified by comparisons with multilayer AM and finite element analysis (FEA) under different structure parameters. It is found that the simplified AM has good accuracy and can decrease the computation cost significantly. AMOBH algorithm is subsequently introduced. The optimal Pareto front with regard to thrust, copper loss, and permanent magnet volume are analyzed, and more diversified optimization results are provided. The final Pareto solution can be selected directly by practical physical values according to the application requirements. Finally, a prototype is fabricated for the selected design; its experimental results are provided and compared with those of the FEA results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

DC shipboard power systems have been considered as a promising solution for stricter environmental regulations on ships due to their main benefits in fuel savings with variable speed engines and easy integration of energy storage systems. In order to employ the dc solution in the shipboard power systems, the dc power systems have to be protected from a system fault with protection selectivity to minimize impacts of the fault or to avoid other undesirable situations in the system. For low-voltage dc shipboard power systems, a three-level protection has been proposed: 1) fast action (first)—bus separation by solid-state dc bus-tie switch; 2) medium action (second)—feeder protection by high-speed fuse; and 3) slow action (third)—generator–rectifier fault controls. This paper proposes a new method by means of additional bus capacitance added in main dc buses to help reliable operation of the three-level protection. The principle of the proposed method is introduced and the sizing of the additional bus capacitance is addressed in this paper. With the modeling of the dc shipboard power systems, the analyses of voltage drops for the bus separation failure and fault clearing time for the feeder protection are carried out to verify the proposed method. The results show that the proposed method not only mitigates the voltage drop for the bus separation failure, but also achieves the selectivity and the sensitivity for the feeder protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Piezo-driven precision positioning platforms with large stroke are greatly demanded in both scientific research and industrial applications. Although various principles have been proposed to design piezo-driven positioning platforms, the problem of backward motion commonly exists, greatly hindering their applications. To suppress the backward motion, in this paper, an idea by generating a forward frictional force to balance the reversed frictional force was proposed. Correspondingly, a specific arc-shape flexure hinge was designed to generate the forward frictional force via its elastic recovery. To verify the feasibility of the proposed idea, a positioning platform with alterable initial gap between contact surfaces is designed by the parasitic motion principle (PMP). By measuring the output displacement under various initial gaps, a critical initial gap was identified, at which the positioning platform could output stepping displacement without backward motion. Under this critical initial gap, effects of driving voltage and frequency on the backward motion are further investigated. In addition, the natural frequency and loading capacity of the positioning platform are tested. This paper confirms that using PMP, it is feasible to design piezo-driven positioning platforms with completely suppressed backward motion, which would enhance the applications of the PMP and PMP positioning platforms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a comprehensive study on current loop auto-tuning for self-commissioning of sensorless interior permanent magnet synchronous machine (IPMSM) drives. Well-tuned current controllers are essential for both high-performance operation and self-commissioning procedure. However, current controller design parameters, i.e., $L_{d}$ and $L_{q}$ , are not known at the beginning of the self-commissioning procedure where their estimation also has unique challenges. For example, an initial rotor position to determine the actual d- and q-axes is not known. Also, feedback controllers cannot be used in the estimation because they are not tuned yet. As a solution, this paper proposes a method to estimate the spatial inductance map by spatially scanning the motor via sinusoidal voltage injection in a controlled manner. Then it uses the estimated inductance values to tune the current controllers. The proposed method identifies $L_{d}$ and $L_{q}$ values using open-loop voltage injection without needing actual d- and q-axis positions. The whole procedure takes around a second. Practical considerations such as an automatic selection of the injection voltage, and digital control and dead-time effects are carefully addressed. The findings are experimentally verified on a 3-phase IPMSM drive. Furthermore, its applicability to different motor types is also demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rotor structure of synchronous reluctance machines (SynRel) is conventionally retained mechanically by iron ribs. In this paper, a novel structure for high-speed synchronous reluctance rotor is presented. The novelty of this paper is the proof of a concept of SynRel machine without iron ribs. Structurally, the rotor iron lamination segments are embedded in an adhesive resin material with high temperature resistance and mechanical strength. Three four-pole SynRel machines have been designed with the target of improving motor torque, and compared for different ribs configuration. It has been shown that the proposed motor performs enhanced torque, power factor, and efficiency with respect to conventional SynRel with iron ribs. An extensive sensitivity analysis of the ribless rotor geometry is carried out, followed by both mechanical analysis and experimental over speed test to guarantee its robustness above the operating speed range. The manufacturing procedure of this novel rotor is introduced. Finally, the experimental results on both SynRel prototypes are presented, showing the increase in torque, power factor, and efficiency of the proposed solution. This paper is a first step toward the definition of a viable and novel solution of SynRel machines with improved performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Finite set model predictive torque control (FCSMPTC) of induction machines has received widespread attention in recent years due to its fast dynamic response, intuitive concept, and ability to handle nonlinear constraints. However, FCSMPTC essentially belongs to the open-loop control paradigm, and unmatched parameters inevitably cause electromagnetic torque tracking error. In addition, the outer loop (i.e., the speed loop) based on a proportional-integral (PI) regulator cannot achieve optimal control between speed dynamic response and torque tracking error compensation. The traditional control paradigm is abbreviated as PI-MPTC. In order to solve the aforementioned problem, this paper proposes active disturbance-rejection-based model predictive torque control (ADR-MPTC). First, the influence mechanism of mismatched parameters on torque prediction error in PI-MPTC is studied, and then the performance of a traditional PI regulator used to compensate for torque prediction error is analyzed. Second, this paper introduces several parts of the proposed ADR-MPTC, including the design of the torque prediction error observer, nonlinear prediction error compensation strategies, an enhanced predictive torque control, and a simplified full-order flux observer. Finally, PI-MPTC and ADR-MPTC are studied experimentally. The experimental results show that compared with PI-MPTC, ADR-MPTC performs better in dynamic and steady states, and has stronger robustness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates a controllable fluke's regulation effect on the gliding motion of a self-propelled robotic dolphin in both theory and practice. In theory, based on a dynamic model, the gliding equilibria is first analyzed. Through deriving the explicit expressions of the pitch angle, gliding angle, and velocities, we explore how the deflection angle of the controllable fluke changes the gliding performance. Then, aided by these theoretical analyses, a pitch control strategy relying on the fluke is constructed. In simulations, the robotic dolphin is able to track a given pitch angle during gliding, directly through adopting this control strategy to regulate the fluke's deflection angle. Furthermore, extensive gliding experiments in different fluke's deflection angles are carried out. From the statistical data, we further explore the remarkable effects of the controllable fluke on the gliding performance in practice. Besides, the other pitch control experiment is also executed to validate the effectiveness of the proposed control approach. The results of this paper shed light on improving the gliding performance of the robotic dolphin in future mechanical design and gliding control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The randomly switching communication topologies are of particular interest for researchers in the field of consensus control since the communication connection among multiple agents can randomly change with time and space. Following this pattern, this paper models the communication topology with the Markovian randomly switching graphs, since the Markovian chain process is usually used to model the network with Rayleigh fading channel. In this stochastic framework, this paper focuses on the consensus control and performance improvement problems of grouped agents with linear or linearized nominal dynamics. To solve this problem, a class of state-feedback controllers is proposed under the assumption that all the state measurements are available. These controllers are intrinsically distributed since they solely require the relative information between neighboring agents. Moreover, the notion of $\mathcal {H}_{\infty }$ ($\mathcal {H}_2$) stochastic consensus region integrated with transient performance is defined to measure the robustness of the proposed controllers with respect to the communication topologies. This paper theoretically shows that these controllers yield unbounded consensus region, which implies that they are well-designed. Furthermore, these controllers can improve the $\mathcal {H}_{\infty }$ , $\mathcal {H}_2$ consensus, and transient performances of agents subject to external and initial-state disturbances. At the end of this paper, numerical simulations and experiments are performed to verify the theoretical results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an improved equivalent input disturbance (EID) approach to deal with exogenous disturbances and system nonlinearities. The disturbances and nonlinearities are regarded as a lumped disturbance on the control input channel. The EID approach, which has a state observer and an EID estimator, is used to estimate the lumped disturbance. There is a constraint between the observer and the estimator on the design of the control system for the conventional EID approach. A stable zero was added to the estimator to remove the constraint and to improve the stability of the system in this paper. This ensures that the observer and the estimator can be designed independently. An analysis of the improved EID approach explains the mechanism of disturbance rejection. The simulation and experimental results of position control of a ball-and-beam system demonstrate the validity of the method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an integrated control strategy for a starter/generator (S/G) system based on five-phase dual-stator winding induction machine (FPDWIM). The FPDWIM has a cage-type rotor and two sets of stator windings. One is a five-phase control winding (CW), and the other is a five-phase power winding (PW). In the starting mode, the FPDWIM works as a motor. The CW provides both active power and reactive power to drive the engine. In the generating mode, the CW mainly handles reactive power while the PW outputs active power. To achieve the integration of the starting and generating controls, indirect CW-flux-oriented control (ICWFOC) to operate in both starting and generating modes is proposed in this paper. In starting mode, the CW current and flux are controlled to output a constant starting torque; while in the generating mode, both CW and PW dc bus voltages are regulated. In this way, the principles and structures of the control strategies in both modes are compatible, resulting in a simpler implementation and improved performance. With the proposed control strategy, the system can complete the starting–generating operation with a smoother transition process. Simulation and experimental results are compared to validate the proposed control strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with the high accurate current set-points solution for interior permanent-magnet synchronous motors (IPMSM) in wide-speed range applications. Considering voltage and current constraints, the operating regions can be divided into maximum torque per ampere, maximum current, field weakening, and maximum torque per voltage regions, which requires solving different nonlinear functions in real time to obtain optimal current set-points. Traditional methods including curve-fitting methods and polynomial approximation (PA) methods are not easy to obtain these solutions, especially involving magnetic saturation problems. In this paper, Newton–Raphson algorithm for improving the control accuracy of the current set-points is proposed. Meanwhile, parameters influence including magnetic saturation and resistive voltage drop is fully investigated. Compared with PA method, the proposed method is able to converge to accurate solutions in few numbers of iterations with reduced execution time, which can be easily implemented on an off-the-shelf digital signal processor. Both simulation results and experimental results on an 8-kW IPMSM rig are conducted showing good agreement with the expected results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Series-connected-based offshore wind farms can eliminate bulky central offshore converters, transformers, and platforms. In a series-connected-based offshore wind farm, the dc voltage of the converters should be changed within a large range to control the dc-link voltage (grid side) and maximize wind power acquisition (generator side). In this paper, the full-bridge-based modular multilevel converter (FB-MMC) is proposed as grid- and generator-side converters. The dc voltage of the FB-MMC can vary in a large range because the full-bridge submodule (FBSM) is used. The control method of the FB-MMC in a series-connected-based offshore wind farm is different from those of traditional ones. The dc current control and capacitor voltage balance control are proposed in this paper, with which the FB-MMC can operate normally in the series-connected offshore wind farm. Moreover, the capacitor ripple voltage in the generator-side FB-MMC is studied. The result shows that the capacitor in the FBSM can be designed in rated power and frequency, and it will be feasible when the power and frequency decrease. Simulation and experiment results verify the feasibility of the proposed configuration and the corresponding control algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to different solar radiation, temperature, and other reasons of modules in the three-phase cascaded H-bridge (CHB) photovoltaic (PV) inverter, the output power among PV modules will be unequal and lead to unbalanced grid currents, which cannot meet the requirements of grid codes. On the other hand, the second-order voltage ripple is aroused in the dc-link capacitor since each phase-leg of the CHB inverter is made up of a single-phase inverter. Concerning these two issues, this paper proposes an optimized third harmonic injection method based on fundamental frequency zero sequence injection (FFZSI), which is a conventional method to handle the slight power imbalance problem. In this paper, the FFZSI is adopted to redistribute the power among three phases, and then the third harmonic is injected into the three-phase combined reference waveforms according to the two requirements: all modules are free from overmodulation and the dc-link voltage fluctuation is mostly reduced. Therefore, the proposed method can reduce the dc-link voltage fluctuation and extend the power balance range of FFZSI at the same time. The validity and effectiveness of the proposed method are verified by simulation and experimental results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]