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The present study dealt with the fabrication of zinc sulfide (ZnS) nanoparticles (NPs), prepared using the chemical precipitation method, mediated poly(hydroxybutyrate) (PHB)/poly(lactic acid) (PLA) composite films employing the solution casting approach. The films were characterized based on structural, surface, chemo-physical, thermal, electrical, antibacterial, UV protection and degradation profiles. The results demonstrated the successful formation of nanobiocomposite films with good intercalation of the constituents. The surface morphology results expressed the placement of ZnS NPs in the polymeric blend as supported by elemental analysis. The XRD analysis exhibited the crystalline behavior of the nanobiocomposite films. The surface wettability analysis indicated that with the inclusion of ZnS NPs, the water contact angle of the resultant film was observed to be 119.57°. The prepared nanobiocomposite film exhibited thermal stability up to 214 °C and tensile strength of 25.0 ± 2.4 MPa as compared to that of native PHB (as 15.0 ± 1.5 MPa) and PLA (as 20.0 ± 2 MPa) films. The nanobiocomposite films expressed good antibacterial properties as compared to the control. The prepared films expressed the degradability trends in the natural environment. The ZnS NPs inclusion in the PLA/PHB blend could enhance the AC conductivity of the resultant nanobiocomposite film with acceptable UV protection properties applicable for UV protective packings. • We prepared ZnS NPs incorporated PLA/PHB composite film using the solution casting approach. • The nanobiocomposite films were more thermally stable and hydrophobic as compared to the control blend. • The nanobiocomposite films exhibited good tensile strength, AC conductivity, UV protection and antibacterial acitivity. • The resultant films could find useful applications in optoelectronics and UV protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study focused on creating a novel and environmentally friendly nanocatalyst using cellulose (Cell), β-Cyclodextrin (BCD), graphene oxide (GO), Cu 2 O, and Fe 3 O 4.The nanocatalyst was prepared by embedding GO and Cu 2 O into Cell-BCD hydrogel, followed by the in-situ preparation of Fe 3 O 4 magnetic nanoparticles to magnetize the nanocomposite. The effectiveness of this nanocatalyst was evaluated in the one-pot, three-component symmetric Hantzsch reaction for synthesizing 1,4-dihydropyridine derivatives with high yield under mild conditions. This novel nanocatalyst has the potential for broad application in various organic transformations due to its effective catalytic activity, eco-friendly nature, and ease of recovery. [Display omitted] • A magnetic nanocatalyst based on cellulose-cyclodextrin hydrogel was synthesized. • The Cellulose- cyclodextrin hydrogel was embedded with Graphene oxide and Cu 2 O NPs • This nanocomposite catalyzed one-pot, three-component symmetric Hantzsch reaction. • Synthesis of 1,4-dihydropyridine derivatives was achieved using this nanocatalyst. • The cell-BCD hydrogel/GO/Cu 2 O/Fe 3 O 4 nanocatalyst can be recovered multiple times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanocomposites, blending the unique properties of inorganic nanoparticles with polymers, are gaining momentum in various industries. This study delves into the synthesis and characterization of barium oxide (BaO)-doped carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) nanocomposites, focusing on their structural, optical, electrical, and dielectric properties. Using an in-situ polymerization method, CMC films were doped with 5 % and 10 % BaO nanoparticles. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that the doped samples exhibited enhanced crystallinity compared to pure CMC, with crystallinity percentages measured at 37.95 % and 28.86 % for 5 % and 10 % BaO, respectively, indicating the successful incorporation of BaO. Scanning electron microscopy illustrated the distribution of BaO nanoparticles, showing spherical agglomerations on the film surface. SEM analysis reveals emergence of spherical agglomerations and bright spots on nanocomposite film surface upon BaO introduction, indicating BaO nanoparticles presence. Further, the BaO nanoparticles act as catalytic and nucleating agents, influencing crystalline structure nucleation and growth, potentially enhancing film homogeneity and structural integrity. In addition, UV–visible spectroscopy elucidated the optical properties, indicating a shift in the bandgap from indirect to direct with BaO addition. The bandgap values decrease upon the addition of BaO, indicating a transition from an amorphous to a nanocrystalline structure, with respective reduction percentages of 22.73 % and 10.71 % for the 5%BaO/CMC and 10 %BaO/CMC samples compared to CMC. Electrical conductivity measurements showed enhanced conductivity in 10 % BaO/CMC due to improved charge carrier mobility, supported by dielectric studies demonstrating increased dielectric. The introduction of 5 % and 10 % BaO resulted in reductions of approximately 62.06 % and 65.77 %, respectively, compared to the pure CMC sample. This decrease in dielectric loss indicates an enhancement in the electrical properties of the nanocomposites. This comprehensive investigation could give further insights into the different properties of BaO-doped CMC nanocomposites, offering insights into their potential applications in various fields such as electronics, energy storage, and optoelectronics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report the synthesis of a novel electrochemical biosensor comprising of cupric oxide (CuO) nanoparticles (NPs) mediated poly(hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) composite film with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as a binder/template support using the solution casting method for the detection of a biomolecule i.e., ascorbic acid (AA). The specimens were characterized for surface, chemical, mechanical, optical, and electrochemical attributes. The results expressed regular mediation of CuO NPs in the PHB/PVA matrix towards nanobiocomposite formation with enhanced crystallinity, inter-molecular interactions, mechanical, and electrochemical attributes, and decreased hydrophilicity and bandgap, thus being useful in potential optoelectronic devices. The synthesized biocomposite film exhibited a tensile strength of 86.24 ± 4.10 N which might be due to reinforcement/uniform dispersion of the CuO nanofiller in the PHB-based matrix. The PHB/CuO composite, then, deposited on a glassy carbon electrode surface exhibited good electrocatalytic activity towards the AA in the aqueous media even at low analyte concentrations. Such modified electrode surfaces with metal/biopolymer complex could find possible applications in the detection of other bioactive molecules. • We present the synthesis of CuO nanoparticles (NPs) mediation in poly(hydroxybutyrate) (PHB)-based composite. • The nanocomposite films were thermally stable and less hydrophilic as compared to the control. • The nanobiocomposite was deposited on a glassy carbon electrode for biosensing application. • Such modified electrode surfaces may find potential applications in the detection of bioactive molecules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary objective of this investigation was to synthesize a novel antibacterial nanocomposite consisting of natural gellan gum (GG) hydrogel, MnFe LDH, GO, and Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticle, which was developed to adsorb Indigo carmine (IC). The GG hydrogel/MnFe LDH/GO/Fe 3 O 4 nanocomposite was characterized through different analytical, microscopic, and biological methods. The results of adsorption experiments reveal that 0.004 g of the nanocomposite can remove 98.38 % of IC from a solution with an initial concentration of 100 mg/L, within 1 h at room temperature and under acidic pH conditions. Moreover, the nanocomposite material effectively suppressed the in vitro growth of both E. coli and S. aureus strains, with inhibitory rates of 62.33 % and 53.82 %, respectively. The isotherm data obtained in this investigation were fitted by linear and non-linear forms of Langmuir, Freundlich, and Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R) isotherms equations. The results of the adsorption kinetics study indicated that the pseudo-second-order model best described the experimental data. The findings of this study suggest that the synthesized nanocomposites hold great potential as effective adsorbents for removing IC and bacteria from aqueous solutions. • A novel, magnetic and antibacterial nanoadsorbent based on gellan gum hydrogel • Antibacterial activity was achieved because of MnFe layered double hydroxides. • Graphene oxide was added to enhance absorption properties. • This nanocomposite can remove 98.38 % of Indigo carmine from solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reducing the side effects of cancer treatment methods is an important issue. The loading efficiency and sustained release of 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) have been significantly improved by creating a new method. A nanocarrier with pH sensitivity has been developed through the w/o/w emulsification method. It is loaded with 5-FU and comprises of chitosan (CS), hydroxyapatite (HAp), and graphitic carbon nitride (g-C 3 N 4). g-C 3 N 4 nanosheets were incorporated in CS/HAp hydrogel to improve the entrapment and loading efficiency. Drug loading efficiency and entrapment efficiency reached 48 % and 87 %, respectively, and the FTIR and XRD tests verified evidence of the formation of chemical bonds among the drug and nanocarrier. Structural analysis was done using FE-SEM. DLS and zeta potential were employed to obtain average size distribution and surface charge. The release profile of 5-FU in various conditions shows the nanoparticles' pH dependence, and the nanocomposite's controlled release is consistent with the Korsmeyer-Peppas kinetic model. Cell apoptosis and cytotoxicity were evaluated in vitro using flow cytometry and MTT analysis. The biocompatibility of CS/HAp/g-C 3 N 4 against MCF-7 cells was shown by the MTT method and confirmed by flow cytometry. CS/HAp/g-C 3 N 4 @5-FU led to the highest apoptosis rate in MCF-7 cells, indicating the nanocarrier's efficiency in killing cancer cells. These data indicate that the designed CS/HAp/g-C 3 N 4 @5-FU can be a potential drug for treating cancer cells. Graphical representation of nanocarrier Creation, drug loading, surfactant addition, and 5-FU release in various media. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sodium alginate (SA) is a biodegradable macromolecule which is used to synthesize nanocomposites and their further use as catalysis. Zinc oxide (ZnO) and nitrogen doped carbon nitride (ND-C 3 N 4) nanoparticles are prepared using solvothermal and hydrothermal methods, respectively. ZnO/ND-C 3 N 4 /SA nanocomposites are successfully synthesized by employing in-situ polymerization. The presence of essential functional groups is confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic analysis. Controlled spherical morphology for ZnO nanoparticles, with an average diameter of ∼52 nm, is shown by Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) analysis, while rice-like grain structure with an average grain size ∼62 nm is exhibited by ND-C 3 N 4 nanoparticles. The presence of required elements is confirmed by Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopic (EDX) analysis. The crystalline nature of nanocomposites is verified by X-ray diffraction spectroscopic (XRD) analysis. The investigation of the catalytic efficiency for degradation and reduction of various organic dyes is carried out on nanoparticles and nanocomposites. Thorough examination and comparison of parameters, such as apparent rate constant (k app), reduction time, percentage reduction, reduced concentration and half-life, are conducted for all substrates. The nanocomposites show greater efficiency than nanoparticles in both reactions: catalytic reduction and catalytic degradation. • Prepare ZnO/ND-C 3 N 4 nanoparticles with precise morphological control • Synthesize ZnO/ND-C 3 N 4 /SA via in-situ polymerization and showcase promising potential • Investigate the catalytic activity of samples in the presence of NaBH 4 and H 2 O 2 • Extensive studies are conducted to determine optimal parameters for superior catalysts. • Demonstrate catalyst efficiency through a pseudo-first-order reaction [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aimed to prepare, characterize, and investigate the biological efficacy of chitosan‑cobalt (II) oxide hybrid nanocomposites against a variety of micrograms. Analytical methods, FTIR, SEM, XRD, and EDX, were utilized to thoroughly characterize the produced CS-CoO nanocomposite. In FTIR spectra, the presence of the chitosan peaks in addition to that of CoO at 681 and 558 cm−1 confirmed that CoO molecules interact with the chitosan backbone. Moreover, in the XRD measurements, significantly less chitosan crystallinity was observed. Due to the incorporation of a larger amount of cobalt oxide within the polymer matrix. Applying the Debye-Sherrer calculation, the crystallite size was obviously reduced from 48.24 nm (5 wt %) to 19.27 nm (20 wt %) for the obtained nanocomposites. Furthermore, SEM measurements showed a transformation in the chitosan surface with the physical adsorption of CoO molecules on the surface active sites of chitosan that were visible in SEM graphs. Additionally, EDX determined the amount of Co element within the chitosan, with the sample of 20 wt % weight being found to be 19.26 wt %. The variable dose well-diffusion method was utilized to assess the efficacy of the CS-Co nanocomposite against a wide range of bacteria and fungi. CS − CoO nanocomposite is more effective than chitosan alone as an antibacterial agent against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Moreover, the MTT approach was employed to measure the cytotoxicity based on the cell viability of different cancer cell lines under different UV expositions. The proportion of the destroyed cells elevated due to the easy diffusion of CS − CoO nanocomposite into cancer cells as UV-free anticancer activity. UV exposition has stimulated the anticancer activity, which was attributed to an increase in ROS generation caused by the increased dose of the chitosan and its CS − CoO nanocomposites. Furthermore, the antioxidant capacities of the prepared nano-composites thin films were validated using the DPPH free radical scavenging method and showed good antioxidant activities with the DPPH radical compared with standard vitamin C. It has been noticed that by increasing the content of CoO nanoparticles from 5 to 20 wt %, the biological activity of the prepared nanocomposites was enhanced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract As a new type of magnetic adsorbent, a nickel ferrite nanocomposite modified by functionalized chitosan was developed to remove methyl orange and Congo red from aqueous solutions. This new adsorbent was characterized and utilizing batch adsorption approach, the mechanism of methyl orange and Congo red removal were probed. Following that the study on pertinent parameters which could influence the efficiency of the dyes removal, i.e. pH of the solution, initial dye concentration, dose of the adsorbent, and contact time were accomplished in order to arrive their optimized values by using response surface methodology. In addition, kinetics and isotherm studies were conducted on the developed system. Langmuir model was used to probe adsorption isotherm, acquiring adsorption capacity of 551.2 and 274.7 mg g−1 for methyl orange and Congo red, respectively. Both of methyl orange and Congo red adsorption kinetics obeyed a pseudo-second-order kinetic model, indicating that adsorption was the rate-limiting step and only 5 min was required to remove 50% of dyes. The fitting of experimental data was fulfilled with intra-particle diffusion reaching to conclusion that the adsorption kinetic could be controlled simultaneously by film diffusion and intra-particle diffusion. Furthermore, the desorption studies of dyes showed that the adsorbent is reusable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The material of CuS/polyvinyl alcohol-chitosan (CuS/PVACS) was prepared with a novel synthesis analysis. The crystallinity, morphological characteristics, and photocatalytic performance of the nano-materials were investigated by X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy X-ray photoelectron, and UV–vis spectrophotometry. The band gap values (Eg) was found as 2.50, and 2.04 eV for CuS, and CuS/PVACS nano-catalyst, respectively. The photo-degradation amount of the malachite green solutions which were degraded by CuS/PVACS in the UV-irradiation in 60 min was above 96.51%. The antibacterial properties of the CuS/PVACS has been evaluated versus (G+/G-) bacteria. The results of antibacterial performance indicated that CuS/PVACS nanocomposites have bacteriostatic behavior versus Escherichia coli , Pseudomonas syringae , Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, the presence of endocrine disrupting compounds in the environment has emerged as a global and ubiquitous problem. In this study, a novel synthesis of magnetically carbon nanotube modified with biological polymeric was successfully prepared. The effect of different parameters on the Bisphenol A (BPA) adsorption was studied. A prediction model for BPA adsorption was extended based on the Central Composite Design. Also, the prepared biopolymeric nanotubes were characterized by FT-IR, XRD, TEM, FE-SEM. The surface morphology of nanocomposite was observed, increased carbon nano tube size, and the levels after surface deposition were completely covered by chitosan proteins. The results of our experiments showed that optimum adsorption conditions was achieved at t = 76 min, BPA concentration 6.5 mg/L, adsorbent dosage 1 g/L and pH = 6.2.The data obtained in this study followed the Langmuir isotherm model and the pseudo-second order model. The maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of nanocomposite for BPA was 46.2 mg/g at 20 °C. This study showed that the adsorption of BPA onto nanocomposite was spontaneous and thermodynamically desirable. • In this study, a novel synthesis of magnetically carbon nanotube modified with biological polymeric was prepared. • The purpose of coating the magnetic nanocomposite with silicon oxide is to prepare it for final coating with chitosan. • A prediction model for BPA adsorption was extended based on th CCD. • The Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second-order model, represent best the kinetics and equilibrium adsorption data. • The maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of nanocomposite for BPA was 46.2 mg/g. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Modification of chitosan with cross-linkers, blends with various kinds of polymers, nanoparticles and new organic–inorganic hybrid composites in order to obtain some improved properties attached more attention nowadays due to their good sensitivity in changing electrical and optical properties. In the current work modified hybrid chitosan/calcium aluminosilicate (CH/CAS) nanocomposite membranes and doped with (3, 5 & 7 mol%) Al 2 O 3 nanoparticles were synthesized via sol–gel process in acidic conditions, which can be efficiently employed to capture CO 2 gas at lower and moderate temperatures. Furthermore, the fabricated CH/CAS nanocomposite membrane loading with (3, 5 & 7 mol%) Al 2 O 3 were investigated using XRD, SEM, FTIR and dielectric measurements. The results indicated that the incorporation of Al 2 O 3 in CH/CAS matrix significantly affected on the structural, dielectric and appeared good reliability for sensing CO 2 at atmospheric pressure. The dielectric behaviour for the prepared CH/CAS indicates that the dielectric constant (ε′) decreases. According to XRD the introducing of Al 2 O 3 leads to increase the crystallinity of the system and thus the dipoles of the system orient hardly with the applied field and results in lesser dielectric constant (ε′). Correspondingly, the CH/CAS nanocomposite membranes were characterized and its performance as CO 2 gas sensor was evaluated. Highlights • Chitosan/calcium aluminosilicate nanocomposite and doped with Al 2 O 3 -NPs were synthesized via sol–gel process • The prepared nanocomposites were investigated using XRD, SEM, FTIR and dielectric measurements • CH/CAS nanocomposite can be efficiently employed to sensor CO 2 gas at lower and moderate temperatures. • CH/CAS nanocomposites membranes may open up a new platform in the gas sensors applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chitosan the second most abundant next to cellulose, naturally occurring amino polysaccharide, derived as a deacetylated form of chitin. Its nontoxic, biocompatible, antibacterial and biodegradable properties have led to significant research towards biomedical and pharmaceutical applications, such as drug delivery, tissue engineering, wound-healing dressing etc. The primary amine group in chitosan are responsible for its various properties such as cationic nature, controlled drug release, muco-adhesion, in situ gelation, antimicrobial, permeation enhancement etc. This review discusses the various forms of chitosan materials such as beads, films, microspheres, nanoparticles, nanofibers, hydrogels, nanocomposites, etc. as drug delivery device and attempted to report the vast literature available on chitosan based materials in drug delivery applications. Moreover, chitosan derivatives and chitosan nanocomposites with different nanofillers and its application in drug delivery have also been reviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, 1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-tribenzaldehyde was synthesized and chosen as the cross-linking agent for preparation of novel thermo- and pH-responsive hydrogels based on chitosan. The cross-linking proceeds through formation of imine bond by reaction of amino groups of chitosan with aldehyde groups of the cross-linker. The various amounts (6, 10, 14% w/w) of the cross-linker were used with respect to chitosan to produce three 1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-tribenzaldehyde cross-linked chitosans. Then, their hydrogel nanocomposites were prepared by crosslinking of chitosan with 1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-tribenzaldehyde in the presence of 0.1% and 0.3% (w/w) multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). The structure and properties of the hydrogels and their nanocomposites were characterized by FT-IR, 1 H NMR and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The swelling behavior of prepared hydrogels and their nanocomposites at different pHs and temperatures was investigated. The results showed that they exhibit a pH and temperature-responsive swelling ratio. The swelling behavior of the prepared chitosan hydrogels was strongly dependent on the amounts of cross-linker and MWCNTs. In vitro controlled release behavior of metronidazole model drug was studied with prepared hydrogels and nanocomposite hydrogels. The pH, temperature and wt% of MWCNTs were found to strongly influence the drug release behavior of the hydrogels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report the synthesis of Ag 2 S-Chitosan nanocomposites and Ag 2 S-chitosan nanohybrids as performance adsorbents for Lincosamides such as Clindamycin antibiotic removal. Isotherms and kinetic studies were determined to understand the adsorption behavior both two adsorbent. At low adsorbent dose, removals are increased in the adsorption process, and performance is better with Ag 2 S-chitosan nanohybrids due to the special surface area increased. The average sizes and surface area of Ag 2 S-Chitosan nanocomposites and Ag 2 S-chitosan nanohybrids were found as 50 nm, 70 nm and 180.18, 238.24 m 2 g −1 , respectively. In particular, Ag 2 S-Chitosan nanocomposites and Ag 2 S-chitosan nanohybrids show high maximum Clindamycin adsorption capacity ( q max ) of 153.21, and 181.28 mg g −1 , respectively. More strikingly, Ag 2 S-Chitosan nanocomposites and Ag 2 S-chitosan nanohybrids are also demonstrated to nearly completely remove Clindamycin from drinking water. The excellent adsorption performance along with their cost effective, convenient synthesis makes this range of adsorbents highly promising for commercial applications in drinking water and wastewater treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New chitosan Schiff base (CS-NB) and its CS-NB-NiFe nanocomposite have been prepared and characterized by FTIR spectroscopy, XRD, SEM and DSC. FT-IR spectra and XRD patterns revealed the preparation of chitosan Schiff base CS-NB and its CS-NB-NiFe nanocomposite. DSC demonstrated the endo and exothermic correspondence the evaporation of solvent and decomposition of pyranose ring, respectively. Antibacterial activities was evaluated for the as-prepared compounds against two Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus) and two Gram-negative (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) bacteria and the results shows that the antibacterial activities of the compounds are found to be stronger than that of chitosan. The order of antibacterial effect according to inhibitory zone around is as follows: S. aureus > E. coli > B. cereus > P. aeruginosa. In addition, the removal of methyl green (MG) dye using CS-NB and its CS-NB-NiFe nanocomposite were analyzed and results showed that the compounds can be effectively used to remove of MG from aqueous solution. Results show that the percentage removal of MG by nanocomposite is higher than Schiff base. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chitosan/cobalt-silica (Co-MCM) nanocomposites were synthesized for the purification of effluent by adding 5, 15 and 25 mL of Co-MCM solution to the aqueous chitosan solution for the formation of chitosan/Co-MCM-5, chitosan/Co-MCM-15 and chitosan/Co-MCM-25, respectively. These different nanocomposites were characterized by FESEM, EDS, X-ray crystallography and IR spectrophotometer and employed for the adsorption of various dyes (methyl orange, acridine orange, indigo carmine and congo red). The respective nanocomposites showed good adsorption toward methyl orange, indigo carmine and congo red while all nanocomposites were inactive for acridine orange dye. Among the nanocomposites, chitosan/Co-MCM-15 showed the highest adsorption performance which might be due to ideal dispersion of Co-MCM inside the chitosan polymer host. Chitosan/Co-MCM-15 exhibited high adsorption for methyl orange as compared to indigo carmine. We have further checked the biological potential of chitosan/Co-MCM nanocomposites against gram positive and negative bacteria as well as multi drug resistant bacteria. The results favor the strongest bioactivities of chitosan/Co-MCM-15 against various gram positive and gram negative bacteria as well as multi drug resistant bacteria, which further suggest the ideal dispersion of Co-MCM in chitosan polymer host and is responsible for the improvement of both adsorption as well as biological performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plasticized polylactic acid (PLA) based nanocomposite films were prepared by incorporating polyethylene glycol (PEG) and two selected nanoparticles (NPs) [silver–copper (Ag–Cu) alloy (<100 nm) and zinc oxide (ZnO) (<50 and <100 nm)] through solvent casting method. Incorporation of Ag–Cu alloy into the PLA/PEG matrix increased the glass transition temperature ( T g ) significantly. The crystallinity of the nanocomposites (NCs) was significantly influenced by NP incorporation as evidenced from differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The PLA nanocomposite reinforced with NPs exhibited much higher tensile strength than that of PLA/PEG blend. Melt rheology of NCs exhibited a shear-thinning behavior. The mechanical property drastically reduced with a loading of NPs, which is associated with degradation of PLA. SEM micrographs exhibited that both Ag–Cu alloy and ZnO NPs were dispersed well in the PLA film matrix. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A computationally engineered impedimetric naltrexone (NLT) biosensor based on immobilization of bovine serum albumin (BSA) onto fullerene-C 60 /glassy carbon electrode (FLR/GCE) has been developed using initial characterization by computational methods and complementing them by experimental ones. Computational results showed that BSA hydrophobically binds to FLR which is energetically favorable and leads to the spontaneous formation of the stable nanobiocomposite and also showed that interaction of NLT with BSA is mainly driven by hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions. Besides complementing the computational studies, experimental results showed that addition of FLR to the surface of the electrode facilitated electron transfer reactions, and also showed that the presence of BSA inhibits the interfacial electron transfer in some extent due to the non-conductive properties of BSA. The presence of NLT may form a negatively charged electroactive complex with BSA which repels the negatively charged redox probe and decelerates interfacial electron transfer leading to obvious faradaic impedance change. The faradaic impedance responses were linearly related to naltrexone concentration between 0.1 nM and 80 nM and limit of detection (LOD) was calculated to be 0.01 nM 3 S b / b . Finally, the proposed biosensor was successfully applied to determination of NLT in urine samples of both healthy and addict volunteers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research focused on synthesizing a CdIn 2 Se 4 @Ch nanocomposite by doping CdIn 2 Se 4 into chitosan using a photolysis assisted ultrasonic process. The aim was to enhance the photodegradation efficiency of ofloxacin and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid under sunlight. The synthesized CdIn 2 Se 4 @Ch nanocomposite was investigated via different techniques, including XRD, XPS, FTIR, TEM, DSC, TGA, UV–Vis and PL. The study also investigated the influence of various reaction parameters, including the effects of inorganic and organic ions. The synthesized nanocomposite demonstrated exceptional efficiency, achieving 86 % and 95 % removal rates, with corresponding rate constants of 0.025 and 0.047 min-1. This performance surpasses that of CdIn 2 Se 4 by approximately 1.35 and 2.25 times, respectively. The values of COD were decreased to 78 and 86 % for ofloxacin and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic, while the TOC values decreased to 71 and 84 %, respectively, from their premier values. The improvement in performance is associated with the introduction of CdIn 2 Se 4 into chitosan, resulting in the self-integration of Cd into the catalyst. This creates a localized accumulation point for electrons, enhancing the efficiency of charge separation and further reducing the surface charge of chitosan. Experimental evidence suggests that superoxide and hydroxyl radicals play a significant role in the photodegradation of pollutants. Additionally, the nanocomposite exhibits excellent stability and can be reused up to five times, indicating remarkable stability and reusability of the developed photocatalyst. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a single step in situ sol-gel method was used to syntheses nanocomposite films using chitosan (CS) as the basis material, with the addition of silver oxide nanoparticles (Ag 2 O) at several weight percentages (5 %, 10 %, and 15 % Ag 2 O/CS). The structural characteristics of Ag 2 O/CS films were investigated using a range of analytical techniques. The presence of the primary distinctive peaks of chitosan was verified using FTIR spectra analysis. However, a minor displacement was observed in these peaks due to the chemical interaction occurring with silver oxide molecules. XRD analysis demonstrated a significant increase in the crystallinity of chitosan when it interacted with metal oxide nanoparticles. Furthermore, it is believed that the interaction between silver oxide and the active binding sites of chitosan is responsible for the evenly dispersed clusters shown in the micrographs of the chitosan surface, as well as the random aggregations within the pores. EDS technique successfully identified the presence of distinctive silver signals within the nanocomposite material, indicating the successful absorption of silver into the surface of the polymer. The developed Ag 2 O/CS nanocomposite showed promising antibacterial activity against Gram-negative (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and Gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus subtilis , Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus aureus). Also, Ag 2 O/CS nanocomposite exhibited marked antifungal activity against Candida albicans , Aspergillus flavus , A. fumigatus , A. niger , and Penicillium chrysogenum. The antioxidant activity of the developed nanocomposite films was studied by ABTS radical scavenging. The highest antioxidant and antibacterial properties were achieved by including 15 % silver oxide into the chitosan. Therefore, our finding indicate that chitosan‑silver oxide nanocomposites exhibits significant potential as a viable material for application in several sectors of the food packaging industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the synthesis and experimental theoretical evaluation of a new chitosan/alginate/hydrozyapatite nanocomposite doped with Mn2 and Fe2O3 for Cr removal was reported. The physicochemical properties of the obtained materials were analyzed using the following methods: SEM-EDX, XRD, FTIR, XPS, pH drift measurements, and thermal analysis. The adsorption properties were estimated based on equilibrium and adsorption kinetics measurements. The Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin isotherms were applied to analyze the equilibrium data. The thermodynamic analysis of adsorption isotherms was performed. A number of equations and kinetic models were used to describe the adsorption rate data, including pseudo-first (PFOE) and pseudo-second (PSOE) order kinetic equations. The obtained test results show that the synthesized biomaterial, compared to pure chitosan, is characterized by greater resistance to high temperatures. Moreover, this biomaterial had excellent adsorption properties. For the adsorption of Cr (VI), the equilibrium state was reached after 120 min, and the sorption capacity was 455.9 mg/g. In addition, DFT calculations and NCI analyses were performed to get more light on the adsorption mechanism of Cr (VI) on the prepared biocomposite. • Analysis of physicochemical properties and morphology of the Cs.Alg@Fe/Mn biocomposite • Cs.Alg@Fe/Mn has a more developed structure than pure Cs. • Cs.Alg@Fe/Mn is resistant to high temperatures. • Cs.Alg@Fe/Mn is a highly effective adsorbent for Cr (VI) removal. • The adsorption of Cr (VI) on Cs.Alg@Fe/Mn is spontaneous, endothermic and chemisorption process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chitosan (CS) and poly (ε-caprolactone) (PCL) are two most usable polymers in biomedical applications. In this study, chitosan has been modified and incorporated with poly (ε-caprolactone) to fabricate bone tissue engineering scaffold. Moreover, hydroxyapatite nanoparticles were added to enhance bioactivity and mechanical properties of scaffold. Bulk and fibrous comparative results showed significant effect of fiber diameter and distribution on mechanical properties. Moreover, the incorporation of chitosan-g-poly (ε-caprolactone) (CS-g-PCL) significantly decreases fiber diameter of pure PCL scaffold. Furthermore, both CS-g-PCL and nHA enhance mineralization and degradation of the scaffold soaked in simulated body fluid (SBF) and phosphate buffered saline (PBS), respectively. In vitro cytocompatibility assays also confirmed high cell viability and proliferation on the samples. Taken together, the results suggest that the microfabricated nanocomposite scaffolds could be used in bone tissue engineering. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The creation of a suitable scaffold is a crucial step in the process of bone tissue engineering (BTE). The scaffold, acting as an artificial extracellular matrix, plays a significant role in determining the fate of cells by affecting their proliferation and differentiation in BTE. Therefore, careful consideration should be given to the fabrication approach and materials used for scaffold preparation. Natural polypeptides such as gelatin and collagen have been widely used for this purpose. The unique properties of nanoparticles, which vary depending on their size, charge, and physicochemical properties, have demonstrated potential in solving various challenges encountered in BTE. Therefore, nanocomposite biomaterials consisting of polymers and nanoparticles have been extensively used for BTE. Gelatin has also been utilized in combination with other nanomaterials to apply for this purpose. Composites of gelatin with various types of nanoparticles are particularly promising for creating scaffolds with superior biological and physicochemical properties. This review explores the use of nanocomposite biomaterials based on gelatin and various types of nanoparticles together for applications in bone tissue engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The application of nano materials for removal and detection of hazardous metal detection with nanoparticles is important for researcher. In this paper, the silver-manganese disulfide/chitosan-polyvinyl alcohol (Ag-MnS 2 /CSPVA) nanocomposites was prepared for the detection of toxic heavy metal. The synthesized nano materials was experimented through the various analysis methods to structural and morphological evaluation. The surface charge of the Ag-MnS 2 /CSPVA was −25.0 ± 0.1 mV. The various metal ions have not effect on detection of mercury (II). The result shows the excellent linearity was found the mercury concentrations changing with limit of detection of 9.0 nM (nano molar level). The condition of detection was conducted at pH 5 and room temperature. Moreover, the photocatalytic properties of the Ag-MnS 2 /CSPVA nanocomposites was analyzed for degradation of malachite green under visible light irradiation. The complete malachite green degradation reached up to 97.29% after 30 min of photocatalytic reaction. The antibacterial efficiency was studied versus both Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. The outcome depicts that the Ag-MnS 2 /CSPVA nanocomposites has an excellent property in antibacterial activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

MnS 2 , MnS 2 /Chitosan‑sodium Alginate (MnS 2 /CS-NaAlg) and MnS 2 /Chitosan-Calcium Alginate (MnS 2 /CS-CaAlg) nanocomposites were prepared via the chemical procedure. The characterization was performed by various instruments such as energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDX), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) elemental map analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FT-IR), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area measurements, UV–Vis absorption spectra and X-ray absorption spectroscopy. The mean crystallite sizes of MnS 2 , MnS 2 /CS-NaAlg and MnS 2 /CS-CaAlg are 60.12, 71.25 and 74.54 nm, respectively. From Kubelka–Munk equation, the energy band gaps of MnS 2 , MnS 2 /CS-NaAlg and MnS 2 /CS-CaAlg are estimated to be 2.83, 2.71 and 2.41 eV, respectively. The investigation of photocatalysis properties was performed by degradation of tramadol under UV light illumination. The optimum of experimental variables such as pH and time on photo-degradation were found 3 and 60 min, respectively. The results show that the efficiency photocatalysis of MnS 2 /CS-NaAlg and MnS 2 /CS-CaAlg nanocomposites under was higher than MnS 2 . The antibacterial and fungicidal property of MnS 2 /CS-NaAlg and MnS 2 /CS-CaAlg nanocomposites was investigated and demonstrates good efficiency in antimicrobial efficiency compared to MnS 2 . The MnS 2 , MnS 2 /CS-NaAlg and MnS 2 /CS-CaAlg have been shown excellent mechanical and antioxidant properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heterostructured Sb 2 S 3 -CeO 2 composites and Sb 2 S 3 -CeO 2 on chitosan-starch nanocomposites have been provided with chemical manner. The characterization was performed by various instruments such as, scanning electron microscopy, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area measurements, X-ray diffraction analysis, energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer and UV–Vis absorption spectroscopy. The mean crystallite sizes of CeO 2 , Sb 2 S 3 -CeO 2 and Sb 2 S 3 -CeO 2 /chitosan-starch are 25.12, 51.11 and 64.12 nm, respectively. The energy band gaps of CeO 2 , Sb 2 S 3 -CeO 2 and Sb 2 S 3 -CeO 2 /chitosan-starch are appraised to be 3.01, 2.41, and 2.23 eV, respectively. Photocatalytic properties of the as-prepared products for degradation of Paraquat as a toxic organic compound are investigated under UV light irradiation at room temperature. The Sb 2 S 3 -CeO 2 and Sb 2 S 3 -CeO 2 /chitosan-starch exhibited high photocatalytic performance. Moreover, the possible mechanism of photocatalytic degradation for Paraquat was proposed. The photocatalyst as hydroxide form existing in the product provides more OH during the degradation process, as well as influences the band gap of the product due to present the electron-hole pairs. The optimum effects such as time and pH were obtained 7 and 30 min for photo-degradation process. The antibacterial and fungicidal property of Sb 2 S 3 -CeO 2 /chitosan-starch nanocomposites was investigated and demonstrates good efficiency in antimicrobial efficiency compared to CeO 2 , and Sb 2 S 3 -CeO 2 . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current study, sodium alginate (SA) and tannic acid (TA), in the presence of calcium chloride as a cross-linker, were used to fabricate a nanocomposite scaffold. With the addition of silk fibroin (SF), the strength of the synthesized composite was increased. Fe 3 O 4 magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) led to the usage of this magnetic nanocomposite in hyperthermia applications. Various properties of this scaffold were investigated by field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier-transformed infrared (FT-IR), energy dispersive X-Ray (EDX), Vibrating- sample magnetometer (VSM). A hemolytic assay of this magnetic nanocomposite demonstrated that about 100 % of red blood cells (RBCs) survived at a concentration of 2 mg/ml, proving this scaffold is hemocompatible. Furthermore, an MTT assay was utilized to assess the cytotoxicity of the synthesized magnetic nanocomposite. Finally, the hyperthermia behavior of the fabricated magnetic nanocomposite was evaluated, and the specific absorption rate (SAR) was 73.53 W/g. The proposed nanocomposite is a good candidate for wound dressing applications in future studies. [Display omitted] • Fabrication of a magnetic nanobiocomposite based on alginate-tannic acid hydrogel • Alginate-tannic acid hydrogel was embedded with silk fibroin. • Inhibitory property against breast cancer cells was achieved in this study. • This nanocomposite has Low toxicity and hemolysis effect. • Specific absorption rate was measured to be 73.53 W/g in hyperthermia tests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hybrid Chitosan/Poly ethylene glycol/calcium silicate (CS/PEG/calcium silicate) nanocomposite modified with different two types, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) and tartrazine dye (E102) were prepared by sol gel method and the characterization of their structure and biological properties were carried out in order to evaluate the possible use in optical and biomedical fields. The hybrid CS/PEG/calcium silicate complex formations have been established by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic analysis. The spheres-like chitosan-PEG/calcium silicate and modified with both ZnO-NPs and (E102) were obtained with optimum concentration of 11% ZnO-NPs and 0.3 gm (E102) dyes. Spheres-like particle shape of these nanocomposites from SEM images, higher UV absorption in the region of 200–300 nm by UV–vis absorption spectrophotometer are recorded. The fabricate CS/PEG/calcium silicate nanocomposites and doped with ZnO-NPs and tetrazine were studied contrary to gram positive ( Staphylococcus aureus ), gram negative ( Pseudomonas aeruginosa ) bacteria, fungi ( Candidia albicans ) and Aspargillus niger via the agar plate method. The obtained results indicated that the prepared CS-PEG/calcium silicate nanocomposites have good antibacterial properties agnist G +ve , G −ve bacteria and fungi, so that it could be a promised candidate in various optical and in biological applications as well as packaging application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in infected wounds induces a tremendous inflammatory reaction to delay wound healing. To address this problem, we designed a multifunctional polyacrylamide/PVA-based hydrogel containing synthesized poly(1-glycidyl-3-butylimidazolium salicylate) (polyGBImSal) and fabricated polydopamine-coated polyphenolic nanosheet (PDA@PNS) for wound dressing. The PDA@PNS particles were designed to induce I) antioxidant and anti-inflammatory features through ROS-scavenging and II) cell adhesive properties by the existing polydopamine into the hydrogels. The poly(ionic liquid)-based polyGBImSal was designed to allocate effective hydrogel antimicrobial activity. The fabricated hydrogel nanocomposites showed excellent properties in the swelling ratio, cell adhesiveness, protein adsorption, and anti-inflammatory, proving their general performance for application in wound healing. Furthermore, these hydrogels showed high antimicrobial activity (over 95 %) against three common wound-infecting pathogenic microbes: Escherichia coli , Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans. The healing process of full-thickness dermal wounds in rats was accelerated by applying hydrogel nanocomposites with 0.5 wt% of PDA@PNS and 28 wt% of polyGBImSal. The wound closure contraction attained full closure, reaching 100 %, after 14 days, contrasted with the control group employing commercial wound dressing (Tegaderm), which achieved a closure rate of 68 % within the equivalent timeframe. These results make these hydrogel nanocomposites promising candidates for multifunctional wound dressing applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Nanocomposite hydrogels consisted of gelatin and PLGA-PEG-PLGA copolymer were prepared and characterized. • For the whole time of the experiment, the gelatin/PLGA-PEG-PLGA composite hydrogel displayed biocompatibility with human dental pulp stem cells. • As regards cell viability, ECM production as well as differentiation of hDPSCs into chondrocyte-like cells, gelatin/PLGA-PEG-PLGA hydrogel demonstrated to be the promising carrier for hDPSCs. • The gelatin/PLGA-PEG-PLGA composite hydrogels exhibited the modulus comparative to articular cartilage and desirable biocompatibility to articular chondrocytes. In the current study, a novel nanocomposite hydrogel scaffold comprising of natural-based gelatin and synthetic-based (poly D, L (lactide-co-glycolide) -b- poly (ethylene glycol)-b- poly D, L (lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA-PEG-PLGA) triblock copolymer was developed and loaded with transforming growth factor- β1 (TGF-β1). Synthesized scaffolds' chemical structure was examined by 1H NMR and ATR-FTIR. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirmed particle size and morphology of the prepared nanoparticles as well as the scaffolds. The morphology analysis revealed a porous interconnected structure throughout the scaffold with a pore size dimension of about 202.05 µm. The swelling behavior, in vitro degradation, mechanical properties, density, and porosity were also evaluated. Phalloidin/DAPI staining was utilized for confirming the extended cytoskeleton of the chondrocytes. Alcian blue staining was conducted to determine cartilaginous matrix sulfated glycosaminoglycan (sGAG) synthesis. Eventually, over a period of 21 days, a real-time RT-PCR analysis was applied to measure the mRNA expression of chondrogenic marker genes, type-II collagen, SOX 9, and aggrecan, in hDPSCs cultured for up to 21 days to study the influence of gelatin/PLGA-PEG-PLGA-TGF-β1 hydrogels on hDPSCs. The findings of the cell-encapsulating hydrogels analysis suggested that the adhesion, viability, and chondrogenic differentiation of hDPSCs improved by gelatin/PLGA-PEG-PLGA-TGF-β1 nanocomposite hydrogels. These data supported the conclusion that gelatin/PLGA-PEG-PLGA-TGF-β1 nanocomposite hydrogels render the features that allow the in vitro functionality of encapsulated hDPSCs and hence can contribute the basis for new effective strategies for the treatment of cartilage injuries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) in biomedical applications is limited due to their inability to disperse in aqueous solutions. In this study, dispersed –COOH functionalized CNTs with N-succinylated chitosan (CS), greatly increasing the water solubility of CNTs and forming a uniformly dispersed nanocomposite solution of CNTs@CS. Coupling reagent EDC/NHS was used as a linker with the –COOH groups present on the N-succinylated chitosan which significantly improved the affinity of the CNTs for biomolecules. Myoglobin (Mb) is a promising biomarker for the precise assessment of cardiovascular risk, type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, hypertension and several types of cancer. A high level of Mb can be used to diagnose the mentioned pathogenic diseases. The CNTs@CS-FET demonstrates superior sensing performance for Mb antigen fortified in buffer, with a wide linear range of 1 to 4000 ng/mL. The detection limit of the developed Mb immunosensor was estimated to be 4.2 ng/mL. The novel CNTs@CS-FET immunosensor demonstrates remarkable capability in detecting Mb without being affected by interferences from nonspecific antigens. Mb spiked serum showed a recovery rate of 100.262 to 118.55 % indicating great promise for Mb detection in clinical samples. The experimental results confirmed that the CNTs@CS-FET immunosensor had excellent selectivity, reproducibility and storage stability. • CNTs@CS nanocomposites were successfully synthesized. • Fabrication of CNTs@CS-FET based immunosensor for Mb detection. • The Mb detection range covers physiological to non-physiological levels. • The CNTs@CS-FET immunosensor achieved a LOD of 4.2 ng/mL for Mb. • The immunosensor displayed good reproducibility with a RSD of 2.4 %. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to produce hyaluronic acid customized nanoparticles with chitosan for the delivery of chebulinic acid (CLA) to enhance its anticancer potential against breast cancer. A significant portion of CLA was encapsulated (89.72 ± 4.38 %) and loaded (43.15 ± 5.61 %) within hybrid nanoparticles. The colloidal hybrid nanoparticles demonstrated a polydispersity index (PDI) of about 0.379 ± 0.112, with zeta capacitance of 32.69 ± 5.12 (mV), and an average size of 115 ± 8 (nm). It was found that CLA-CT-HA-NPs had stronger anticancer effects on MCF-7 cells (IC 50 = 8.18 ± 3.02 μM) than pure CLA (IC 50 = 17.15 ± 5.11 μM). The initial cytotoxicity findings were supported by additional investigations based on comet assay and flow cytometry analysis. Tumor remission and survival were evaluated in five separate groups of mice. When juxtaposed with pure CLA (3.17 ± 0.419 %), CLA-CT-HA-NPs improved survival rates and reduced tumor burden by 3.76 ± 0.811(%). Furthermore, in-silico molecular docking investigations revealed that various biodegradable polymers had several levels of compatibility with CLA. The outcomes of this study might potentially served as an effective strategy for delivering drugs in the context of breast cancer therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Novel citric acid (CA) modified starch–carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)–montmorillonite (MMT) bionanocomposite films were prepared by casting method. X-ray diffraction (XRD) test showed that the 001 diffraction peak of nanoclay was shifted to lower angles in the bionanocomposites and it may be implied that the clay nanolayers formed an intercalated structure. However, completely exfoliated structure formed only in the pure starch–MMT nanocomposites (without CA and CMC). At the level of 7% MMT, the composite films showed the lowest solubility (7.21%). The MMT addition at content of 7% (w/w), caused to increase in ultimate tensile strength (UTS) by more than threefold in comparison to starch–CMC biocomposites. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Recently, photo-degradation process under ultraviolet-light irradiation is being used as a substantial treatment method for the removal of environmental pollution. In this study, a silver phosphate-ilmenite (Ag 3 PO 4 -FeTiO 3) hetero structure supported on glycol chitosan catalyst was completely prepared, also, and its structural, and optical properties were characterized. Meantime, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron, and UV–vis spectra were applied. The Ag 3 PO 4 -FeTiO 3 /glycol chitosan catalyst was used to degrade metronidazole under visible-light irradiation. The degradation rate of metronidazole in 25 min by Ag 3 PO 4 -FeTiO 3 /glycol chitosan nanocomposites was found to be 99.2% under UV light irradiation, which was higher than that by Ag 3 PO 4 -FeTiO 3 (72.24%) and FeTiO 3 (35.5%), respectively. The active species trapping test of Ag 3 PO 4 -FeTiO 3 /glycol chitosan indicated that ·OH and ·O 2 − participated during the reaction. The diffusion method was evaluated to appraise the bactericidal activity of the synthesized nanomaterials when tested against both Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria, with or without LED-light irradiation. The antibacterial tests show higher inhibition zones under light illumination as compared to dark conditions. The antifungal properties of the prepared nanomaterials were analyzed by fungi (Aspergillus niger , and Fusarium solani) using disc diffusion analysis. It was confirmed that the prepared nanomaterials have the best antifungal agent as compared to the standard antibiotics. When the Ag 3 PO 4 -FeTiO 3 /glycol chitosan was used, the amount of inhibition zone was enhanced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A magnetic xanthan hydrogel/silk fibroin nanobiocomposite (XG hydrogel/SF/Fe 3 O 4) was designed, fabricated, and characterized using analyzing methods such as FT-IR, EDX, FE-SEM, XRD, TGA, and VSM to evaluate the exact structure of product nanobiocomposite. The FE-SEM images reveal the presence of spherical shapes exhibiting a narrow size range and homogeneous distribution, measuring between 30 and 35 nm in diameter. The VSM analysis demonstrates the superparamagnetic properties of the XG hydrogel/SF/Fe 3 O 4 nanobiocomposite, exhibiting a magnetic saturation of 54 emu/g at room temperature. The biological response of the nanobiocomposite scaffolds was assessed through cell viability and red blood cell hemolytic assays. MCF10A cells were exposed to a concentration of 1.75 mg/mL of the nanobiocomposite, and after 2 and 3 days, the cell viability was found to be 96.95 % and 97.02 %, respectively. The hemolytic effect was nearly 0 % even at higher concentrations (2 mg/mL). Furthermore, the magnetic nanobiocomposite showed excellent potential for hyperthermia applications, with a maximum specific absorption rate of 7 W/g for 1 mg/mL of the sample under a magnetic field in different frequencies (100, 200, 300, and 400 MHz) and 5 to 20 min time intervals. [Display omitted] • A magnetic nanocomposite based on xanthan-silk fibroin hydrogel was fabricated. • Silk Fibroin was added to increase mechanical and bilogical properties. • Magnetic nanoparticles were added because of hyperthermia application. • This nanocomposite has low toxicity and hemolysis effect due to natural components. • Specific absorption rate was measured about 7 w/g in hyperthermia application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study reports the synthesis, characterization, and antibacterial activity of a novel Fe 3 O 4 nanocomposite coated with fenugreek seed gums and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). To enhance the antibacterial properties of AgNPs and overcome the limitations of conventional methods for the production of three-component nanocomposites, a layer of natural polymer was used. Fenugreek seed gums (FSG) were used to coat Fe 3 O 4 NPs to prevent their decomposition and to facilitate the release of silver nanoparticles in aqueous media. The Fe 3 O 4 /FSG/Ag nanocomposites were characterized and then the antibacterial activity of the nanocomposites was evaluated against two gram-negative and two gram-positive bacteria and compared with Fe 3 O 4 , Fe 3 O 4 /FSG, FSG, and AgNO 3. The results showed that the Fe 3 O 4 /FSG/Ag nanocomposites had higher antibacterial activity than the other samples and could be easily removed from treated water by a powerful magnet without causing pollution in the environment. Overall, these findings suggest that the Fe 3 O 4 /FSG/Ag nanocomposites have potential applications in water treatment for their improved antibacterial properties and ease of removal. • A novel Fe 3 O 4 nanocomposite coated with fenugreek seed gums (FSG) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) was synthesized • Fenugreek seed gums were used to coat Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles to enhance the antibacterial properties of AgNPs • The Fe 3 O 4 /FSG/Ag nanocomposites exhibited higher antibacterial activity than the other samples • The nanocomposites have potential applications in water treatment due to their improved antibacterial properties [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chitosan is a potent biopolymer having promising antimicrobial properties against phytopathogens. Recently, engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) have gained much attention due to their potential application in the plant disease management. In this study, we reported the green synthesis of chitosan-magnesium (CS-Mg) nanocomposite and its antimicrobial activity against two rice pathogens namely Acidovorax oryzae and Rhizoctonia solani for the first time. The green MgO nanoparticles synthesized by using a native Bacillus sp. strain RNT3, were used to fabricate CS-Mg nanocomposite utilizing one-pot synthesis method. The synthesis of CS-Mg nanocomposite was further confirmed by using UV–vis spectroscopy, whereas, FTIR and XRD analysis showed the capping of CS-Mg nanocomposites by different functional groups together with their crystalline structure, respectively. Besides, SEM and TEM images revealed the spherical shape along with the particles size ranging from 29 to 60 nm. Moreover, EDS analysis confirmed the elemental purity of nanocomposite. The CS-Mg nanocomposite showed remarkable antimicrobial activity against A. oryzae and R. solani and significantly inhibited the growth as compared to non-treated control. The ultrastructure studies showed damaged structure of cell wall and internal cellular organelles after treatment with 100 μg mL−1 CS-Mg nanocomposite. The results of this study indicated that CS-Mg nanocomposite-based antimicrobial agents could be considered as promising nanopesticides against phytopathogens in plant disease management. Unlabelled Image • Biological synthesis of magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgONPs) from a bacterium • Chitosan was used as biological macromolecules to fabricate nanoparticles. • Characterization of MgONPs and CS-Mg nanocomposite through standard material characterization techniques • Measurement of antimicrobial activity of CS-Mg nanocomposite against rice pathogens [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel AgO-CoO-CdO/Poly(alanine)-chitosan-reduced graphene oxide (PACSGO) nanocomposite was developed to study the degradation efficiency under visible light irradiation. The AgO, CoO, CdO nanoparticles and AgO-CoO-CdO heterometal oxides were prepared by using the chemical method. The crystallite structure and phase studies were studied by the X-ray diffraction assay. The SEM images were evaluated to explore the morphology of the prepared materials. EDS analysis and FTIR spectra confirmed the formation of nano-materials with high purity. The optical bandgap values were measured via Kubelka-Munk plot showing that the metal oxides produced a new energy state in the electronic level for high photocatalysis efficiency. The incorporation of AgO-CoO-CdO in PACSGO showed a novel nano-photocatalyst for substantial degradation of dye in low process time. The catalysis data displayed that PACSGO based AgO-CoO-CdO nanocomposites ensured a strong potential to degradation of organic dye compounds from water in during photocatalysis reaction. The beneficial anti-pathogenic bacterial performance of the AgO-CoO-CdO/PACSGO nanocomposites was further demonstrated by a substantial reduction in the amount of Staphylococcus aureus , Escherichia coli , Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and B. cereus medium and increase in inhibition zone value with the addition of the AgO-CoO-CdO/PACSGO nanocomposites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mercury is a toxic heavy metal that reaches to the water bodies mainly by coal burning, mining and petrol refining. The study was focused to investigate the application of Ag-cellulose nanocomposite to detect and quantify mercury colorimetrically. The Ag-cellulose nanocomposite was characterized by X-ray diffraction, Transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, UV–visible spectroscopy, particle size analyzer and zetasizer. The study identified that the presence of other metal ions did not interfere with the detection of Hg2+ ion by the probe. The prepared Ag-cellulose nanocomposite-phenylalanine conjugate incorporated paper strip showed an excellent result in Hg2+ detection. The Ag-cellulose nanocomposite was used to quantify the unknown concentration of mercury on real sample (environmental sample) and it was found to be highly accurate by confirming with atomic absorption spectrophotometric analysis. The Ag-cellulose nanocomposite showed effective detection at 45 °C, pH 9 and 0.1% of salinity. The Ag-cellulose nanocomposite showed efficient photocatalytic performance under visible light irradiation. The half-life period of MB by Ag-cellulose nanocomposite under visible light was determined to be 90 min. The study suggests the application of prepared probe in photocatalysis and the detection of Hg2+ from various environmental samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanocomposite hydrogel film was prepared from Polyvinyl alcohol [PVA], Corn Starch [CS], Linseed oil polyol [LP], and silver nanoparticles [NP]. LP was prepared by epoxidation and hydration of Linseed oil [LO]. IR and NMR supported the insertion of hydroxyl groups in LP by epoxide ring opening reaction at epoxidized LO. Silver NP were biosynthesized using aqueous leaves' extract from locally grown Ocimum forsskaolii Benth [LEO] plant. FTIR, XRD, UV and TEM confirmed the synthesis of NP (size 30 to 39 nm). Transparent and foldable h y drogel film resulted by blending the constituents (PVA, CS, LP and NP), crosslinking by glutaraldehyde, at room temperature, and showed expansion in water, different pH solutions, biodegradation and good antibacterial and antifungal activity against tested microbes. Linseed polyol influenced the structure, morphology, hydrophilicity, improved swelling ability and thermal stability and accelerated biodegradation of hydrogel films. NP were well adhered to LP globules that were embedded in PVA/CS matrix as strung set of beads (LP globules) decorated with black pearls (spherical NP). Silver NP conferred antimicrobial behavior to hydrogel film as observed by antimicrobial screening on different microbes. The results were encouraging and showed that such hydrogel films may find prospective applications in antimicrobial packaging. Unlabelled Image • PVA/corn starch/linseed polyol based hydrogel • Loaded with biosynthesized silver nanoparticles • Produced transparent and foldable film • With good water absorption, thermal stability, biodegradation and antimicrobial behavior [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we present Co 3 S 4 -SnO 2 supported polyvinylpyrrolidone-cellulose (PVPCS) nano-structure for Lidocaine degradation. The nanostructure was characterized by various techniques i.e. morphological and optical ones. The results have demonstrated that Co 3 S 4 -SnO 2 nanocomposites were evenly supported on the PVPCS. Moreover, the photocatalysis performances of the catalysts were investigated under ultra-violet (UV) light irradiation. The nano-structure Co 3 S 4 -SnO 2 /PVPCS composite (98.72%) revealed the highest photocatalysis performance as compared to SnO 2 nanoparticles, and Co 3 S 4 -SnO 2 nanocomposites. The photo-stability of nano-structure Co 3 S 4 -SnO 2 /PVPCS composite was characterized using cyclic catalytic experimental. Results demonstrated a substantially stable performance of the nano-structure Co 3 S 4 -SnO 2 /PVPCS composite. The biological properties of Co 3 S 4 -SnO 2 /PVPCS composite were investigated through the antibacterial (versus Staphylococcus aureus , and Escherichia coli) and antifungal studies (Candida albicans). As the results declared, Co 3 S 4 -SnO 2 nanocomposites have substantial biological properties as compared to SnO 2 nanoparticles, and Co 3 S 4 -SnO 2 nanocomposites. • The Co 3 S 4 -SnO 2 /PVPCS composites were prepared by facile method. • The photocatalysis efficiency of Co 3 S 4 -SnO 2 /PVPCS was studied for degradation of Lidocaine. • The Co 3 S 4 -SnO 2 /PVPCS composites revealed the highest photocatalysis efficiency. • The Co 3 S 4 -SnO 2 /PVPCS composites has great antimicrobial properties [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Prepared sodium caseinate/guar gum/TiO2/cumin essential oil composite film. • TiO 2 and guar gum increased strength but reduced flexibility of the composite film. • TiO 2 and guar gum improved the water resistance properties of the composite film. • The composite film exhibited potent antibacterial activity. • The composite film has a high potential for active packaging applications. Eco-friendly functional bionanocomposite films were prepared using sodium caseinate (SC) and guar gum (GG) as the polymer matrix and TiO 2 and cumin essential oil (CEO) as functional fillers. 0.2 vol% GG selected for the preparation of SC/GG composite film and various amount of TiO 2 and CEO (1 and 2 wt% based on SC) were incorporated into the SC/GG film either individually or in combination. The addition of TiO 2 and CEO significantly improved the water permeability and sensitivity properties and mechanical characteristics such as the strength (TS), stiffness (YM), and flexibility (EB) of the composite films. Also, the SC/GG films incorporated with TiO 2 and CEO exhibited remarkable antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive (L. monocytogenes and S. aureus) and Gram-negative (E. coli O157: H7 and S. enteritidis) bacteria. All the film properties were varied not only on the concentration of TiO 2 and CEO, but also increased synergistically when they were added together. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract A highly competent material, based on poly lactic acid (PLLA) grafted hydroxypropyl guar gum (HPG-g-PLLA) and polypyrrole/carboxylated multiwalled carbon nanotube (PPy/C-MWCNT) composite of various binary composition and copolymer of one of these nanocomposites have been synthesized successfully by in-situ polymerization. The environmentally affable nanocomposites have been characterized by spectroscopy, microscopy and thermogravimetry. Cytotoxicity of bio-nanocomposite has been inquired by cell viability study, which reveals its eco-friendly nature. The electrochemical properties of the biomaterials have been appraised by cyclic voltammetric studies. The PPy/C-MWCNT composite having 1 wt% C-MWCNT appears as the optimum composition from electrochemical studies. The hydrogel nanocomposite (HPG-g-PLLA 5/0.5) copolymer behaves as a super ordinate material than pure PPy and PPy/C-MWCNT in every aspect of electrochemical properties like current density, stability, processibility and reversibility. Moreover the hydrogel nanocomposite, making electrode fabrication more simple and binder-free, nullifies all the interfacial complications arising from binders as well. Highlights • Nanocomposite developed by in-situ polymerization from polysaccharide and Poly pyrrole /COOH-multiwalled carbon nanotube. • Electrochemical efficacy of nanocomposites compared with Poly pyrrole and Poly pyrrole /COOH-multiwalled carbon nanotube. • 1 wt% COOH-multiwalled carbon nanotube containing poly pyrrole composite revealed as optimum composition. • The copolymer improves property like current density, stability, processibility and reversibility of electrodes. • The nanocomposite making electrode fabrication simple and binder-free, nullifies interfacial complications from binder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The combination treatment is considered an approach to attaining synergistic impact while minimizing applied dosage. Hydrogels are analogous to the tissue environment attributed to hydrophilic and porous structure. Despite extensive study in biological and biotechnological domains, their restricted mechanical strength and limited functionalities impede their potential uses. Emerging strategies are centred on research and developing nanocomposite hydrogels to combat these issues. Herein, we prepared copolymerized hydrogel by grafting poly-acrylic acid P(AA) onto cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) and adding CNC-g-PAA as dopant (2 and 4 wt%) in calcium oxide (CaO) nanoparticles to generate an effective hydrogel doped nanocomposite (NCH) (CNC-g-PAA/CaO) for biomedical applications such as anti-arthritic, anti-cancer, and antibacterial investigations alongside their comprehensive characterization. CNC-g-PAA/CaO (4 %), compared to other samples, had a substantially higher antioxidant potential (72.21 %). Doxorubicin, a potential chemotherapeutic drug, was then effectively loaded into NCH (99 %) via electrostatic interaction, and pH-triggered based release was found to be >57.9 % in 24 h. Furthermore, molecular docking investigation against targeted protein Cyclin-dependent kinase 2 and in vitro cytotoxicity study verified the improved antitumor effectiveness of CNC-g-PAA and CNC-g-PAA/CaO. These outcomes indicated that hydrogels might serve as potential delivery vehicles for innovative multifunctional biomedical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main roles of DNA in the cells are to maintain and properly express genetic information. It is important to have analytical methods capable of fast and sensitive detection of DNA damage. DNA hybridization sensors are well suited for diagnostics and other purposes, including determination of bacteria and viruses. Beta thalassemias (βth) are due to mutations in the β-globin gene. In this study, an electrochemical biosensor which detects the sequences related to the β-globin gene issued from real samples amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is described for the first time. The biosensor relies on the immobilization of 20-mer single stranded oligonucleotide (probe) related to βth sequence on the carbon paste electrode (CPE) modified by 15% silver (Ag) and platinum (Pt) nanoparticles to prepare the bimetallic nanocomposite electrode and hybridization of this oligonucleotide with its complementary sequence (target). The extent of hybridization between the probe and target sequences was shown by using linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) with methylene blue (MB) as hybridization indicator. The selectivity of sensor was investigated using PCR samples containing non-complementary oligonucleotides. The detection limit of biosensor was calculated about 470.0 pg/μL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, potato starch and TiO 2 nanoparticles (0.5, 1 and 2 wt%) films were developed. Influences of different concentrations of TiO 2 on the functional properties of nanocomposite films (water-related properties, mechanical characteristics, and UV transmittance) were investigated. XRD, FTIR, and DSC analyses were used to characterize the morphology and thermal properties of the films. The results revealed that TiO 2 nanoparticles dramatically decreased the values of water-related properties (water vapor permeability: 11–34%; water solubility: 1.88–9.26%; moisture uptake: 2.15–11.18%). Incorporation of TiO 2 led to a slight increment of contact angle and tensile strength, and a decrease in elongation at break of the films. TiO 2 successfully blocked more than 90% of UV light, while opacity and white index of the films were enhanced. Glass transition temperature and melting point of the films were positively affected by the addition of TiO 2 nanoparticles. The result of XRD study exhibited that due to a limited agglomeration of TiO 2 nanoparticles, the mean crystal size of TiO 2 increased. Formation of new hydrogen bonds between the hydroxyl groups of starch and nanoparticles was confirmed by FTIR spectroscopy. In conclusion, TiO 2 nanoparticles improved the functional properties of potato starch film and extended the potential for food packaging applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, chitosan assembled on gold and silver nanoparticles were prepared and characterized by UV–vis, TEM, EDX and DLS techniques. The nanocomposites chitosan (Ch)/clay, chitosan (Ch)/AgNPs/clay and chitosan (Ch)/AuNPs/clay were prepared by solution mixing method and characterized by FTIR, XRD, and SEM techniques. The adsorption of copper(II) ions onto the prepared hybrid composites from an aqueous solution using batch adsorption was examined. The results showed that benefiting from the surface property of clay, the abundant amino and hydroxyl functional groups of chitosan, the adsorbent provides adequate and versatile adsorption for the Cu(II) ions under investigation. The batch adsorption experiments showed that the adsorption of the Cu(II) is considerably dependent on pH of milieu, the amount of adsorbent, and contact time. Batch adsorption studies revealed that the adsorption capacity of Cu(II) increased with increase in initial concentration and contact time with optimum pH in the range around neutral. The maximum uptake of Cu(II) ions by (Ch)/AgNPs/clay composite was found to be 181.5 mg/g. The adsorption efficiency of Cu(II) ions by prepared (Ch)/AgNPs/clay and (Ch)/AuNPs/clay is bigger than that the individual chitosan (Ch)/clay composite which clarifies the role of metal nanoparticles in enhancement the adsorption characters. The study suggests that the (Ch)/AgNPs/clay hybrid composite is a promising nano-adsorbent for the removal of Cu(II) ions from aqueous solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on synthetic bioactive bone graft materials has significantly expanded in the past decade. In this study, the nanocomposite scaffold of semi-interpenetrating networks (semi-IPN) cellulose-graft-polyacrylamide/nano-hydroxyapatite was synthesized through free radical polymerization. The scaffolds were fabricated by the freeze-drying technique. The prepared semi-IPN nanocomposite scaffolds were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. In addition, the mechanical properties (i.e., elastic modulus and compressive strength) of the scaffolds were investigated. The SEM images showed that the pores of the scaffolds were interconnected, and their sizes ranged from 120 μm to 190 μm. Under optimum conditions, the prepared scaffolds had a compressive strength of 4.80 MPa, an elastic modulus of 0.29 GPa and a value of 47.37% porosity. Furthermore, the apatite-forming ability of the scaffolds was determined using simulated body fluid (SBF) for 28 days. The results revealed that the new apatite particles could grow on the surface of the scaffolds after a 14-day immersion in SBF. Finally, this study suggests that the prepared semi-IPN nanocomposites that closely mimic the properties of bone tissue could be a promising scaffold for bone tissue engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]