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The article presents information about various conferences and academic activities in the field of sociology that appeared in the 1965 issue of the "International Journal of Comparative Sociology." The International Association of French-Speaking Sociologists had its Fifth Symposium from September 29 to October 4, 1964. The symposium was held near Quebec, Canada, under the chairmanship of professor Georges Gurvitch. The theme of the symposium was "Social Classes in Present-day Sociology." A series of papers were on social classes in tropical Africa. The Sixtieth Annual Meeting of the American Sociological Association was held at Chicago, Illinois, from August 30 to September 2, 1965. One came from this conference of American sociologists, with many Canadians present, a little confused, certainly so if he went with the purpose of taking it all in. For this anonymous reporter the impression was one of bigness, of complexity, and of a great bureaucracy emerging. The Sixth World Congress of Sociology will be held in Evian, France, during September 4 to 11, 1966. Communications by prospective participants are of two types official and individual. Specialists interested in an official presentation are required to contact the president of the working group in which they are interested.

The article presents brief information on various congresses and seminars on sociology. The Institute International De Sociologie held its 20th World Congress in Cordoba, Argentina, from September 5-11, 1963. 50th session of the Indian Science Congress Association was held from October 7-10, 1963 in Delhi, India, under the presidency of professor D.S. Kothan, chairman of the University Grants Commission of India. For the first time in its history, the International Congress of Orientalists was held in an Oriental country. It is particularly happy that the Government of India had taken keen interest in organizing and financing the session. The Colombian Sociological Association will sponsor the Seventh Latin American Congress of Sociology, to be held in Bogota, Colombia, July 14-19, 1964, in coordination with the Latin American Association of Sociology. A two-day Seminar on the definition of culture was organized by the Department of Social Anthropology, Karnatak University, Karnataka, India in January 1964.

Introduces articles and research papers of the September 1962 issue of the "International Journal of Comparative Sociology."

The article comments on sociologist Benjamin Schlesinger's article "Family Life in the Kibbutz of Israël Utopia Gained or Paradise Lost." Schlesinger's article seemed to be made up of quotations derived from well-known sources. Shiomo Tamir wholly bases Schlesinger's chapter "The Kibbutz to-day" on information given by a popular brochure. Tamir's words and sentences are literally used . "In the kibbutz, Utopia may not have been gained, but neither has Paradise lost" is an often-used empty phrase, which can be used again and again without teaching anything about the factual way of kibbutz life. In reply to the comments Schlesinger states that his paper on "Family Life in the Kibbutz" is a review of existing literature, and research studies, related to the topic. He states that there are too many unnoticed articles on Kibbutz life and he hopes that he will now produce a paper, to point out his analysis and critical comments about previous findings and the latest trends affecting the Kibbutz.

The article discusses various research papers on comparative sociology. The Canadian system is probably destined in the long run to prove as disastrous as that of the U.S. Soon after the establishment of the Canadian Government, the superintendent general of Indian affairs challenged the soundness of the principle of the "Aborigines in a condition of tutelage and treated as wards or children of the state." The government of Canada assumed full responsibility for Indians and their lands throughout the country. Of the registered or status Indians, some are living as Indians for whom no reserves have been provided. A considerable economic difference exists among groups, depending upon proximity to and integration with regional industrial populations. In another paper "Procreative Family Attitudes of American and Foreign Students," authors discusses that in achieving the present levels of education and economic aspiration, the people of the U.S. have generally accepted the family planning idea, which has tended to bring the birth rate to closer balance with the death rate.

The article presents news and information from the Department of Social Anthropology, Karnatak University, Dharwar, India. Senor Roberto Etchepareborda, the Argentinian Ambassador to India, on October 18, 1963, read a paper on the Gaucho literature of Argentina. Some excerpts of the paper are as follows. The paper reads that under Spanish rule, Argentina was undivided, and on the broad pampas roamed unnumbered wild horses and cattle, descendants of those brought over by the early settlers. These were the greatest source of wealth and gave rise to a body of fearless riders called Gauchos that made business of hunting wild cattle for their hides and tallow or driving them to "estancias" to be branded and gentled. Gauchos were the backbone of the armies. They fought the Portuguese invaders in 1771 and helped in 1807 to retake Buenos Aires from the British. A list of the visitors to the University has been provided. An acknowledgement from the editor to sociologists who helped in the preparation of notes and news section, has also been given.

The article presents information on various conferences and seminars in the world of sociology that appeared in the 1963 issue of the "International Journal of Comparative Sociology." The Fifth World Congress of Sociology has its session on "The Sociology of Development." In the final plenary session on "The Sociology of Development", with Y.A. Zamoshkin in the chair, gist of four principal papers were presented This was followed by discussion of the papers and the reports by representatives of five Work Groups. The International Sociological Association's Committee on Family Research, under the chairmanship of Reuben Hill, held its Seventh International Seminar on Family Research was held from September 9-15, 1962 at Washington D.C. The Committee on Family Research, it may be noted in passing, has taken over the laudable task of fostering and administering the annual international family research seminars from the UNESCO Institute for Social Sciences at Cologne, whose Director of Research, Dr. Nels Anderson, took care of the Seminars as administrative secretary for several years. The Committee's second major task has been to solicit and organize a symposium issue of the "International Social Science Journal," on "Progress in Family Research" with John Mogey as the editor. The third task has been organization of the programme of the family section of the Fifth World Congress of Sociology.

The article presents some research papers in sociology. One of the papers titled "Unilateral Cross-Cousin Marriage: Some Observations on the Controversy" discusses various issues related with cross-cousin marriage. It examines socio-familial systems characterized by preferential marriage based on definite kinship relations in contrast to those, which as far as marriage is concerned are based on a transfer of wealth or on free choice. Another paper "Consensual and Legal Marital Unions in Costa Rica" comments on the prevalence of consensual unions or quasi-marital relationships in the Caribbean and Latin America. The literature on this subject is studied under two categories. In one category are grouped the demographic studies which have taken as their central concern the relationship between the nature and extent of non-legal unions and reproductive behavior. In the other category are the more sociological and anthropological investigations that tend to be concerned with whether or not these non-legal unions are normative alternatives to legal marriage.

This is a sociological study of the Indian industrial worker. The study is based on a review and discussion of the available empirical evidence and the relevant theoretical literature on the subject. There are two main objectives of this study one, to bring together whatever little empirical data exist on the sociology of the Indian industrial worker, and, two, to examine certain theories on the subject in the light of the empirical evidence. In view of these objectives, the study will, of course, be biased towards empirical data and the sociological method of analysis. It is well to recognize this fact, because the selection of material for review as well as the review itself will be influenced by this bias. For example, much of the literature dealing mainly with the history of the Indian industrial worker has been deliberately excluded from the scope of this paper. Also excluded are works, which are based mostly on what might be called hindsight or mere speculation. It is the impression of this writer that much of the literature on the subject is either not based on first-hand empirical data or, if empirical, not sufficiently well grounded in relevant theory.

The National Executive Committee of the Tanganyika African National Union met at Arusha in January 1967 and later issued a Declaration of far-reaching policy consequences in Tanzania. This Arusha Declaration and the socialistic measures, which accompanied it, constituted a significant event in the ideological history of that country. But what concerns sociologists in this paper are "the Leadership Resolutions" which constituted Part Five of the Declaration. The theoretical ambition of this article is wider than a simple analysis of governmental policies in Kenya and Tanzania. Indeed, African experience is being used mainly as a source of empirical illustrations in support of broader theoretical concerns. What African countries generally raise are distinctive issues of social stratification in relation to problems of political succession and to political development at large. The sociologists must therefore firmly relate their concerns in this paper to some of the broader ideas, which have already emerged in the literature on development so far.

The article presents information about group perception and social change in Sri Lanka. This paper is an initial attempt to gain some added insight into the process of social change in Sri Lanka by applying, in rather impressionistic fashion, an analytical model to Sri Lankan data. The perceptual model on which this analysis is based is, as of this writing, neither rigorous nor complete. It is hoped, however, that this type of conceptual analysis may prove suggestive as a possible approach to the study of social change. It is a basic premise of this paper that man behaves as he does because of the ways in which he perceives the external world. By perception, one means here the process by which an individual selects, evaluates and organizes stimuli from the external environment. While individuals and the groups which they Constitute can only act or react on the basis of their perceptions, the important point is that the same stimuli are often perceived differently by different individuals and groups. Whether or not an objective reality exists apart from man's perception of that reality need not concern us here. In terms of human behavior, however, there exists, for man, only subjective reality-that is, the universe as individual men perceive it.

The article presents information about various developments taking place in the field of sociology at the international level. A Conference for the study of British society and the problems it presents to immigrants will be held in London from April 20-22, 1966, jointly sponsored by the Royal Anthropological Institute and the Institute of Race Relations. There will also be contributions from Holland, France and Germany, concerning these countries. On March 4-6, 1966, a Conference on "Interdependencies of National and International Political Systems," jointly sponsored by the committee on comparative politics of the Social Science Research Council and the Center of International Studies, Princeton University, was held at the Princeton Inn. Two papers were prepared for the conference and circulated to the participants in advance "National Political Systems and International Politics Notes on the Need for Research," by Harry Eckstein and Harold Sprout of Princeton University, and "Toward the Study of National-International Linkages," by James N. Rosenau of Douglas College, Rutgers--The State University. The Second World Conference on World Peace through the Rule of Law was held at Washington D.C., September 12-18, 1965. It was a meeting of the legal profession from different parts of the world. About 3000 delegates from 115 nations met at Washington, among them were a large number of High Court Judges and Attorneys General.

The article presents information about various international conferences and seminars, held as of September 1, 1964. A Conference on Customary Law in Southeast Asia was held in Singapore under auspices of the Association of Southeast Asian Institutions of Higher Learning on April 27, 1964. The focus of the conference was primarily the preliminary analysis of the role of customary law in relation to the family structure, to modernization and to positive law in Southeast Asia and its environs. Convened under auspices of the Social Sciences Centre, Athens and financed by the Greek Government and UNESCO, this significant conference continued a tradition begun by the Wenner-Gren Foundation at Burg Wartenstein in 1959 and continued by the Centre in July of 1961.

It is the aim of this exploratory paper to characterize broadly the processes of socio-cultural changes in rural India as also among her tribal peoples. Two motives have actuated this attempt. Firstly, to show how the villagers and the tribal communities, traditionally dubbed as conservative, have been changing. Secondly, it is sought to correct the picture of changing India by reference only to the rate of its urbanization and industrialization. For, India is still overwhelmingly a land of villages and peasants. Among other rural countries of the world it strikes one with its 380,109 villages or 68.1 % having less than 500 persons out of a total of 558,088 villages. However, a steady drift to the big cities and towns has been evident since the first detailed Census of 1881. For the purpose of this paper, the author may concentrate on about 150 years of consolidated British rule, influences of which affected the remotest villages and the most marginal tribes. India had never been so intensively governed in her history, and the tribal communities never so extensively stirred. Therefore, it may be inferred, the changes or the inducements to change have never been so universal and rapid. Since Independence in 1947 this process has been even more intensified and extended under the aegis of a national Welfare State. India has not only undergone a political revolution, but also has entered into what is in reality a social revolution.

The article presents information on various activities taking place in the field of sociology during 1960's. According to a report, the first International Family Life conference to be held in New York City, August 23-26, 1960. As the combined Annual Meeting of the National Council on Family Relations and the International Union of Family Organizations, it drew more than 700 delegates from some thirty different countries. Those who attended the conference were without exception persons with professional interests in family life. There were representatives of governmental agencies at national, regional, provincial, state, and local levels, as well as of international agencies such as the United Nations and UNICEF Embassies and consulates sent official representatives schools, colleges and universities were well represented by several hundred participants. According to another report, the sixth session of the Indian Sociological Conference was held at Madhya Pradesh, India, on October 15, 16 and 17 under the auspices of the Department of Social Anthropology of the University of Saugor where doctor Lecla Dube played hosts. The Conference met in four sessions Sociology, Social Anthropology, Social Psychology and Demography and Social Statistics. The papers read at the Conference covered the following topics social change, caste and kinship, leadership and communication.

The article reports about the congress of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). The one hundred and thirty first congress was convened in Montreal, Quebec, from December 26 to 31, 1964. Papers were given at the Queen Elizabeth, Sheraton-Mt. Royal, Windsor, Laurentien, and Ritz Carlton hotels. Convention headquarters were at the Queen Elizabeth, which also held the AAAS Annual Exposition, which boasted a fine array of instruments and books, and the AAAS Science Theatre, in which a selection of the latest foreign and domestic scientific films were shown. On December 26, section K of the AAAS presented a symposium. On December 29 and 30, the symposium "Arctic and Subarctic Archeological and Ethnological Problems," was held. A highly stimulating program was offered by the symposium "Problems of Interdisciplinary Methodology in the Behavioral Sciences." The "Symposium on Ethnobotany of Some New World Cultures," offered papers dealing with various crops cultivated in different areas of North and South America.

Modernization is a multidimensional phenomenon that includes socio-demographic, structural and cultural changes. So far, however, the theoretical and empirical implications of this multidimensionality have not been dealt with comprehensively and systematically. This paper constitutes a preliminary attempt at a more systematic approach and integrated approach. In subsequent research, doubts became more prevalent and this scepticism was greatly enhanced by the new concern with retraditionalisation and the breakdown of political systems in various developing societies. These two phenomena which are by no means causally connected show that the various indices of modernization do not necessarily follow a linear, parallel development. Uneven development, in fact, is one of the most crucial factors determining the stability of developing countries The extent of this unevenness can be examined at several levels. It can be assessed by considering the status of individuals or small groups, by comparing the rate of modernization in specific institutional spheres and by analyzing the relationship between more generalized and diffuse entities, such as the "center" and the "periphery."

In the United States, the mother's employment has been studied not only with a developmental approach as a variable related to the child's behavior but also with an interaction approach. This latter approach is one of the most attractive for the family sociologist, because the family group is an excellent place to study the functioning of a multiple network of roles and overlapping relations either within the couple or in the parent-child community. The wife's employment is particularly useful in a comparative study of the interaction between couples with working wives and those with housewives. It is this latter approach, which will be used, in the following paper. the decision making process, the household task performance and the family planning realization will be studied in French couples with regard to the wife's employment. The household tasks in the family included here are first the budget management and the performance of several other tasks such as the cleaning of dishes, and floors, the purchasing of clothes, comparative shopping in department stores before the purchase of furniture or of electrical appliances, other shopping, letter writing, arrangement of the living room when entertaining friends, preparing the income tax return, etc. Nine of these household tasks have been included in a score of household task performance in the French survey, budget management was studied separately. However all these items are not comparable to those included in the American household task performance score because the way of life is different in the two countries.

The impact of industry on the behavior of workers is a problem, which has commanded the attention of social scientists in the West since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, and it now commands their attention in developing societies. The major hypothesis of this study is that workers employed at automotive plants in each of four nations will adapt in similar fashion to all areas of their lives, the factory, union, neighborhood, community, and the wider society. That is, the degree of industrialization of the nation in which the worker lives will not greatly affect his adaptation, since a similar adaptation is expected of workers in the four nations. Thus, the technological requirements of a particular type of industry are seen as pre-eminent. Undoubtedly, some variations in adaptation may occur, but these are explained largely by different opportunities which industry offers workers when (a) it is a new but small segment of the economy, (b) when it is a burgeoning segment of it, and (c) when it is a declining segment. Variations in adaptation among workers within industries are not explored in this paper. The larger study takes the position that variations are a function of degree of control, which workers have over the technical and social environment of work.

Studies of India over the past decade have shared a sense of crisis and concern over the nation's future, which reflect a widespread doubt that any people can confront the inhibitions of tradition, the trauma of change, and the complexities of modern industrial society at one and the same time with any assurance of success. If it were merely a question of destroying the ancient regime and substituting for it a pre-fabricated and pre-tested modern nation state the task would be simple. The problems of social change are the problems of restructuring a people's activities into new patterns to meet new stresses and to pursue new goals, and the problems are intensified in an underdeveloped country such as India by a general mistrust of change, the parochial nature of its social institutions, and the highly diffuse power structure. At a number of points this paper stresses the need for considering the political system as an autonomous variable in social modernization. A corollary of this assumption, which has often been ignored, is that for the political system to operate in this fashion it must be possible for fundamental changes to take place in the power structure or the purposes of the power elite which, if not unrelated, are at least independent of social and economic revolutions.

Recent literatures make it abundantly clear that social and political power can be greatly diffused in an almost infinite variety of ways. The United States is no exception to this pattern, but it has one claim to special notice in few other countries has this diffusion been so carefully framed as a standard for political organization and incorporated into the constitutional law. It is quite obvious that diffusion of governmental authority and power will have inevitable consequences for the making of public decisions. There is scarcely one that does not require the participation and/or compliance of more than one unit of government, and such cooperation is by no means automatic. The purpose of this paper is to examine one set of decisions which requires the cooperation of a large number of local jurisdictions, these concern the planning for the orderly and coherent use of land in the Chicago, Illinois metropolitan area. Probably nowhere in the American political system is this diffusion of political authority seen in a more pristine state than in local government. In essence, the politically ideal plan allows for a diffused power situation by avoiding direct conflicts between the major interests and authorities.

The article presents various researches done in the field of sociology that appeared in the 1968 issue of the "International Journal of Comparative Sociology." In 1962, while conducting a field study of rural community councils in Saskatchewan as part of a larger study for the Centre for Community Studies, the writer attempted to test some notions suggested by Kimball and Pearsall in their study of the Talladega, Alabama, Community Council. Sociologists Solon T. Kimball and Marion Pearsall have formulated eight principles of organization, which they feel apply particularly to the community council type of voluntary association. Three of these principles are referred to here: Legitimation, Conformance, and Validation. The Pueblo of Taos is located in the northeastern portion of New Mexico on a plateau near the upper Rio Grande. It is near the Sangre de Cristo mountain range, which appears to have separated somewhat, the peoples of the Southwest Culture Area from those of the Plains. In this geographical position the Taos are the most northern of those groups of Indians residing in Arizona and New Mexico, which have been referred to ethnographically as the Pueblo Indians. The purpose of this brief paper is to comment on an aspect of the legal mechanisms and activities of the Taos.

The article presents information about politics and social change in Poland. The present paper deals with selected problems of relationships between politics and social change in a socialist society Poland. The author do not ate tempt to make it cross-nationally valid, through extensive comparisons between various socialist countries; some concept discussed, however, in the first part relate to general characteristics of the socialist society, rather than to specific Polish conditions. Social change is a broad concept. The major aspect of social change in Poland, as well as in other socialist societies, is a transformation of backward, mostly agricultural economy into developed industrial one. The process of industrialization-constitutes the major aspect of social change in Poland. Therefore, this discussion is mostly related to the interrelations between politics and industrialization, or-to put it differently-to the political problems of industrialization. Discussing the problem of political aspects of social change, the author pays a special attention to local politics.

This article analyzes briefly, two types of socio-political regimes which develop at second phase of modernization, the phase of so-called "mass modernization". This analysis will be based on the several assumptions about modernization developed in other papers--assumptions which see modernization as a process of continuous socio-demographic and structural differentiation of a growing tendency to a "mass-consensual" society--all of which create continuously new, changing problems and which pose therefore the general problem of sustained growth, of the ability to absorb such continuous changes as the major problem of modernization. It is within this broad conceptual framework that the distinction between the two phases of modernization may best be understood. These phases can be distinguished according to the two major aspects of modernization--the continuous structural differentiation, the impingement of broader groups on the center and the problems arising out of these processes on the one hand, and the ability of the centers to deal with these problems-to develop adequate institutional and symbolic arrangements on the other hand.

It seems doubtful whether one could give a satisfactory picture of the city in Asia as being different from that in other parts of the world. It may be argued that the differences between cities in Asia are so striking that it may be believed that there will be relatively few common features, and perhaps more similarity of some of them with cities outside this region. This may be true, it is therefore the purpose in this paper to see whether there is any common bond among cities in non-homogeneous societies rather than to see whether there is anything typically Asian in the cities in this part of the world. The phenomenon of urbanization is very important in Asia, although the extent of urbanism is still the lowest in the world, except Africa. The rapid growth, as well as the colonial situation in Southeast Asia, has led to the lack of homogeneity. The heterogeneity of Asian cities is already shown physically when one considers the striking differences, not only between the different quarters but also within the quarters. The problem of Asian cities is that their growth did not take place around a well-organized, socially and physically settled, strong nucleus, which already had a long history behind it as an important urban center. The typical combination of rural and urban life, each in multifarious ways, makes for the heterogeneity of cities in Southeast Asia and for their continuous contact with the countryside through the steady stream of new migrants who seek a living since the rural areas cannot support them any more.

This research paper is a report on just one aspect of the comparative study of two adjacent, competing, and sociologically similar communities. These data do show that the two adjacent, competing communities that contain similar population stocks, similar economic bases, and similar geographic characteristics did define the same stimulus in quite different ways. The methodological device of seeking for similar situations, which are differently defined, was fruitful. The hypothesis that communities to which different diffused values had been ascribed would define very specific situations in different ways is supported. One is impressed by the persistence of these definitions. Certainly that social change has a one to one correspondence with changes in modes of production or technology is not borne out here. These data cover the periods of the bloody Civil War, World War I, World War II; the depressions of 1859, 192 1-23, 1929-1941 occur in this time span, changes in the technologies of steamboats, railroads, roads, automobiles, canning sardines, and in communications by wire and air have come about, yet in this particular, Eastport, Maine, remains Eastport, and Lubec, Maine, remains Lubec, each distinguished from the other by specific local values.

The article focuses on various news items related to sociology. The fullness of Alfred Kroeber's, a sociologist life was manifest in many ways. He played a major role in developing American anthropology from the rather random endeavors of amateurs and self-trained men to a coherent, scientific and academic discipline. His contributions to knowledge included extensive ethnographic investigations in California and the Great Plains, archaeological studies in Mexico and Peru, linguistic research, especially in California theory of communications in the animal world generally, and historical syntheses which often had world scope. The Seventh Indian Sociological Conference will be held in December 1961, under the auspices of the Department of Social Anthropology, Karnataka University, Dharwar, India. Vice-Chancellor D.C. Pavate of Karnataka University has been nominated by the Union Government of India, as a member of the University Grants Commission. L.K. Mahapatra has been appointed lecturer in the Department of Social Anthropology and will take up his appointment in July 1961.

In the half century since Ernst Troeltsch published "The Social Teaching of the Christian Churches" his classification of religious organizations into churches and sects, which he developed under the influence of sociologist Max Weber, has been widely applied in sociological studies of Christianity. The paper suggests that the church-sect typology, with appropriate adjustments to allow for various features and cultural circumstances, which differ from those in Christianity, may be used in the analysis of other religions. Cross-cultural research is desirable to test the breadth of applicability of Troeltsch's typology. Such study can be expected to reveal certain features common to all religious institutions. It will increase understanding of the present status and relationships of religious bodies and will help the reader predict their future by identifying their positions on the continuum of change which has been developed on the basis of Troeltsch's typology. It will clarify the connections between organized religion and the rest of society as well as the social impact and implications of varying types of religious doctrine and organization.

The article presents information on castes, outcastes and the sociology of stratification. In this paper an attempt will be made to explore in necessarily preliminary terms the reasons for the occurrence of caste structures and their most extreme manifestations, untouchable groups, in so many different places and in so many different socio-cultural contexts. Obviously, unless one is to believe in multiple cases of unique social causation, societies displaying caste characteristics may be suspected of having structural properties in common which predispose them to develop along such lines once the right combination of historical events takes place. The study of caste groups is but a particular aspect of the study of social stratification and social stratification is to be found is one form or another in almost all human societies. Outcastes are, of course, simply a variety of caste group, despite the misleading implications of the word used to designate them, their presence in a society announces that caste in one of its more rigid manifestations is to be found there. Their presence also announces in the case of Asia, that a mingling has occurred between certain indigenous social institutions of the society and what the author refers to as the 'Hindu Ethic' which have been introduced by the process of historical diffusion.

The article presents information on the pattern of ritual friendship in tribal India. Friendship as one of the voluntary forms of inter personal relationships has not been given due consideration by the social scientists, though it has been to a certain extent studied by sociologists, anthropologists and psychologists but the largest share and credit goes to the psychologists. The sociologists and particularly, the anthropologists have grossly neglected this part of interpersonal relationships, because they have been preoccupied with the studies of kin relationships and behavior among different kins. The present paper, therefore, attempts to describe the concept of ritual friendship in Tribal India. It also focuses on some dimensions of friendship, which may be taken up for cross-cultural validation. Of more than twenty monographs consulted on the tribal peoples of India twelve reported ritual friendships. Materials on more casual friendships received only incidental mention. The space devoted to friendship in these monographs ranged from two to twelve pages of quite uneven detail. Since ethnographers vary greatly in what they report, the difference in tins coverage cannot be considered a measure of the salience of ritual friendship in the twelve tribes.

This article presents news clippings related to sociology. Population control must form an integral part of any scheme of rapid development of a nation's economy. Planned production and reproduction must be undertaken simultaneously. In the case of developed economies, further expansion of productive capacity may be timed at increasing the military power and improving the quality of the population rather than providing for rapidly increasing numbers. It is true that the administrators have to face a number of difficulties, particularly in a country where large masses of people live in rural areas, where people are illiterate and poor. Nevertheless the administrators have not taken the necessary initiative and lack the imagination to understand the problem. Only one instance is sufficient to prove this. When the rhythm method of birth control was initiated by the Government of India in certain selected areas in 1952, certain difficulties were met with in teaching this method to the illiterate wives in rural areas. Such a method, whether it is one hundred per cent effective or not, is not at all a suitable one. It is too much to expect an illiterate woman to maintain an accurate record of the menstrual cycle and a record of her fertile and infertile days.

Introduces various articles and research papers of the 1969 issue of the "International Journal of Comparative Sociology."

Introduces articles and research papers of the September 1968 issue of the "International Journal of Comparative Sociology."

The article focuses on some recent happenings in the field of family research. The Family Study Center at the University of Minnesota and sociologist W.J. Goode, Columbia University, New York, are both making an inventory of propositions about the family. Information about published work in regional or national journals or unpublished material will be welcomed. Abstracts of papers published in non-European languages are particularly requested by Reuben Hill at the Family Study Center. Reports of family research appear frequently in the professional journals of sociology and social anthropology. The journal Marriage and Family Living publishes more papers than the general journals. Family Process, a new multidisciplinary journal announces its first issue for March 1962. An interesting special number, of International Social Science Journal on Progress in Family Research is also announced for publication in 1962. World Congress of Sociology will meet from September 2-8, 1962, in Washington, D.C. The section on the family will meet for one day under the chairmanship of sociologist Reuben Hill. After the Congress of Seventh meeting of the International Seminar on Family Research will convene under the chairmanship of sociologist John Mogey for seven days.

The article introduces the first issue of the "Bulletin of the Cultural Research Institute," from the Cultural Research Institute of Calcutta, India. The Research Institute will bring out important research studies by its staff members of in these Bulletins. The entire Bulletin is printed on art paper and contains some excellent photographs of the Institute of Tribal Research, Ranchi, India.

Introduces various articles and research papers of the 1961 issue of the "International Journal of Comparative Sociology."

Presents an introduction to the September 1, 1973 issue of "International Journal of Comparative Sociology."

A basic problem in the analysis of social change has been the search for regularities--patterns of recurrent social phenomena. In the past, this search has been postulated on the assumption that such regularities exist and are discoverable. It is possible to quarrel with this assumption, but that does not obscure the fact that it is a reasonable and justifiable assumption, and argument about it merely obscures a more fundamental problem. Implicit in the concept of reversibility is an assumption that coexistent phenomena can be observed repeatedly and in any order. The structure is not altered by the order in which elements are observed Social phenomena, however, are sequential-- the units of behavior occur only as irreversible sequences. This means that the order of observation can neither legitimately be reversed nor repeated. In another sense, irreversibility manifests itself in the fact that physical organization tends to decrease over time whereas social or cultural organization tends to increase Entropy is, in effect, reversed in social phenomena. This is, of course, the distinction between a closed and an open system.

This article analyzes the traditional authoritarian German family. Many people still think that the German people have not really changed. They argue that underneath the obvious democratic proceedings in government, the Germans are still authoritarian in their basic attitudes. Some of the proponents of the opinion base their arguments on the belief that the home is the source of authoritarian attitudes and that the family system in Germany is still basically authoritarian and headed by an authoritarian father.

In this article a profile of the Italian blue-collar worker is presented based on the results of the comparative study and of other research recently undertaken in Italy. The profile will not focus so much on the objective conditions of the Italian blue-collar worker as on his attitudes, feelings, and opinions. The focus will constitute a self-portrait of the Italian blue-collar worker. From this point of view, such impacts of industrialization as the destruction of old trades and the creation of new skills, the rise of new rules governing behavior in the plant and union, and the immediate effects of increasing urbanization will be of secondary interest. Instead, the focus will be on the worker's response to the industrial institutional pattern. The profile of the Italian blue-collar worker presented here is not exhaustive due to space limitations. However, the aspects the author has examined are among the most important. These aspects are family occupational tradition, occupational background before becoming an industrial manufacture worker, responses to the industrial condition, attitudes toward present occupation, and feelings of satisfaction for the tasks required by present job. In examining Italian economic development, there are at least two different types of industrial workers, those in the industrial North, and those in the new industrial islands in the traditional South.

The article examines the relationship between caste, secularism and democracy in India, as it has evolved in the years following its independence in 1947. The article begins with a summary historical background to the problem, and proceeds to establish the proposition that caste, as it now functions, is not necessarily incompatible with democracy, and thus, by implication, with secularism; that it may be seen to have entered a process of secularization which fits well into the democratic pattern, and that, in view of such developments, Indian democracy must be regarded as a unique phenomenon, though related to the basic model of democracy. Secularism is a concept which was developed primarily in the context of modem European history, and essentially as a product of the conflict between State and Church. it implies a separation between the State and the Church. Hence it has been argued that in the Indian context where separation did not arise, since Hinduism had no organized Church as such, the question of secularism has no genuine relevance. But such an extreme historical determinism is unwarranted. It is always possible in principle for an institution born in one historical context to be grafted onto an altogether different historical context. The success of the experiment may depend on a number of factors.

This article presents data on the political situation in the Republic of South Africa and shows how both the situation and the policies have changed. An important aspect which needs to be mentioned here is that the political situation in South Africa regards the relations between Whites and non-Whites, as well as the historically based antipathy within the White sector of the population. All of these groups, therefore, have to be contrasted with their fellows having within the political boundaries of the Republic. The author also explains the terminology to be used. The early years of South African history gradually gave rise to a class system in which certain key phrases were used as basis for distinction. In time the Christian and his religion which had played such an important part in the early Cape were adapted to the present attitudes where the White man and his civilization are contrasted with the non-Whites and their way of life. During these years of transition a number of concepts appeared which characterized the policies and attitudes of various groups. Repeatedly policies of two sociologists were characterized as separation and segregation but no clear-cut definition on a long term basis was ever offered. Finally emerged the term of apartheid which describes the present policy in South Africa.

Contemporary anthropologist Alfred Louis Kroeber was born in Hoboken, New Jersey, on June 11, 1876 and died on October 5, 1960, in his eighty-fifth year. Next to anthropologist Franz Boas under whom he took his doctorate in anthropology at Columbia University in 1901, he probably contributed more to the development of academis anthropology in the U.S. than any other single individual. His eminence as dean of American anthropology was recognized by leading American universities who conferred honorary degrees upon him and by societies in the U.S. and abroad who awarded him honorary memberships. His life was dedicated to the scientific study of human culture in all phases of its development. Kroeber rivaled Boas as a general anthropologist and after the death of his teacher he had no peer among American anthropologists. His 500-odd publications extended over a period of 64 years and he contributed significantly to every branch of anthropology except physical anthropology. While he made important contributions to linguistics and archaeology, his major work and teaching were in ethnography, ethnology, culture theory and the comparative study of civilizations. Unlike most anthropologists, Kroeber was profoundly concerned not only with the prehistory and culture of tribal or native societies but also with the history and evolution of classical and modern civilization.

The article presents information regarding various international organizations and their activities, as of September 1, 1964. The Institute of Social and Economic Research, Memorial University of Newfoundland in St. Johns, Canada was established in the spring of 1961 to foster and undertake research into the many economic and social questions arising in Newfoundland because of its unique historical, geographical and economic position. The Anthropological Study Group was established in Holst, West Germany to bring together both professional specialists and amateurs to further the cause of scientific knowledge of man and cultures. This organization specializes in the ethnology of the original inhabitants in America. The Asia Society was started in 1957 with a view to encourage Asian studies in American schools and colleges, and to assist the newly arrived Asians in the U.S. in their adjustment process and to foster cross cultural education and understanding between Asia and the U.S. It is a cultural organization and a non-profit educational body.

This article focuses on the sociological consequences of tourism. The introduction of tourism is disruptive, depending upon its relative importance to other sectors of the economy and the extent to which it fits the established local conditions. At each stage of development the interests, desires and capacities of tourists are different and thus, at each stage different demands are made upon the local community behaviour. Tourism thus causes a change in both the standard of living and the style of life of a community. The concept of slumming or going native expresses a real paradox in tourist adaptation to local conditions. A tourist may bring his prejudices with him. This leads to a very subtle type of discrimination in bars, restaurants and other formal social settings. From such settings natives may not be entirely excluded but management will exercise discrimination over types of natives permitted. Thus in a variety of ways the basis for conflict within the local community is altered, in some cases heightened and in the case of racial attitudes quite new elements of distinction may be introduced.

Problems associated with urbanization, overtaxing of urban resources, dislocation of the labor force and social turbulence are somehow peculiar to Turkish scene. In this article, modes of interaction with Istanbul, Turkey resulting in the urbanization of two distinct groups of Turks are discussed and compared. One mode is represented by a band of migrants from the village of Ortakoy, an isolated hamlet in eastern Anatolia. The other mode is represented by a group of villagers in Denizkoy, a village situated on Asian side of Marmara in the Province of Istanbul. These modes of interaction with Istanbul which the people of Denizkoy and Ortakoy have followed are bi-polar in their effects. Attenuation and the divisification of village bonds due to the impact of the urban center is the more familiar and documented form of urbanization in the literature of the social sciences. Intensification of village practices and a viscidity among the migrant group as an emergent force of adjustment noted for the eastern Anatolians is another kind of urbanization taking place predominantly in the primate cities of many non-Western nations.

The economic growth of any country is largely dependent on the emergence of indigenous entrepreneurs, people who are prepared to venture into new and risky activities. This article examines the relationship between social structure and the emergence of indigenous entrepreneurs and compares and contrasts the effect of Indian caste system on the rate of economic growth with the impact of a more flexible social organisation, such as that of Tolai of New Britain on entrepreneurship. In the traditional Tolai social system any man could achieve a position of political and social importance provided he was enterprising and thrifty and managed to accumulate a lot of shell money, he was also expected to be courageous and successful in warfare. Among Tolai economic success is a pre-requisite to political power and social status. By contrast, in societies, such as the caste-ridden Indian villages, social status is a pre-condition to economic success, potential entrepreneurship is hampered by hereditary differentiation between castes.

The article focuses on neo-behaviorist principles of social and cultural change with reference to the book "Social Life and Cultural Change," by Don Martindale. Social behaviorism holds that social change may be progressive in a unilinear manner, cyclical, or random. Some cultural products have been commutative over long periods, like science and technology, and may continue to accumulate. Neo-behaviorism accepts the premise that every individual is a potential innovator, but goes on and explains this fact by contending that basic to all innovations are individual strivings for charismatic distinction. Neo-behaviorism places considerably greater emphasis on the source of change, than is evidenced in Martindale's hypotheses. Martindale's hypotheses concerning social and cultural change provide a frame of reference for conceptualizing principles of change, which seem destined to become an integral part of sociological theory. The future of cultural sciences depends upon conceptual integration of elements of human behavior which will provide mutually advantageous frames of reference for the Psychologist, Sociologist, and Anthropologist, alike.