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A patent has been issued for a pressure bandage designed by Yu Andrew S. The bandage aims to address the inefficiencies and inconsistencies of makeshift pressure dressings by providing a pre-assembled solution. The pressure bandage includes an elastic sheet with an adhesive side and a resilient pad to apply the desired amount of pressure when applied to a wound site. This innovation seeks to improve the application process, reduce discomfort for patients, and enhance the professional appearance of pressure dressings. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers from Soochow University in Jiangsu, China, conducted a study on neuroendoscopic surgery for brainstem hemorrhage, a condition with a poor prognosis. The study evaluated the safety and efficacy of a minimally invasive approach for hematoma evacuation in severe brainstem hemorrhage patients. The research concluded that larger studies are needed to identify patients who would benefit most from this technique. The findings were published in Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery and can be accessed online. [Extracted from the article]

A recent systematic review and meta-analysis conducted by researchers at the University of Adelaide examined the effectiveness of fibrin sealants in head and neck surgery. The review included 14 studies with a total of 904 patients and found that the use of fibrin sealants was associated with a reduction in postoperative wound complications, shorter drain removal times, decreased drain output, and shorter hospital stays compared to controls. However, the researchers noted methodological weaknesses and clinical heterogeneity in the studies, which limit the findings. Further research is needed to improve the quality of studies and explore the cost-effectiveness of fibrin sealant use in surgery. [Extracted from the article]

A new report from the Department of Neurosurgery in Leuven, Belgium, discusses the management of postoperative spinal epidural hematoma (SEH). SEH is a rare but serious complication of spine surgery that can lead to neurological deficits. The report emphasizes the importance of rapid diagnosis and treatment, with a focus on three key factors: a high level of suspicion, speed of diagnosis, and immediate surgery. The Belgian Society of Neurosurgery recommends that all spine centers have an institutional protocol in place to treat SEH as an emergency. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted at Fujita Health University School of Medicine in Japan examined the outcomes of a conservative management approach for patients with aortic intramural hematoma (AIMH) and retrograde thrombosed type A acute aortic dissection (RT-TAAAD). The study found that intensive control of blood pressure and heart rate, along with careful monitoring, resulted in favorable surgery-free rates for these patients. Risk factors for acute and late aortic surgery were identified, including the presence of ulcer-like projections and aortic diameter measurements. The study concludes that a conservative management strategy can be effective for AIMH and RT-TAAAD patients, but certain risk factors should be considered. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted at Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital in Taiwan analyzed the emergency surgical outcomes for pediatric traumatic brain injury (pTBI) over a ten-year period. The study found that pTBI remains a significant public health issue, despite prevention programs. The researchers categorized the types of brain injuries and their surgical outcomes, with decompressive craniectomy being the main surgical method. The study also highlighted the importance of early cranioplasty in reducing the incidence of post-traumatic hydrocephalus. This research provides valuable real-world data for the treatment and management of pTBI. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by researchers at Thomas Jefferson University investigated the use of tranexamic acid (TXA) in reduction mammaplasty and abdominoplasty surgeries. The study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of TXA in reducing postoperative complications and the risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE). The researchers analyzed data from a national health research network database and found that there were no significant differences in the rates or risks of hematoma, seroma, or the need for procedural drainage between patients who received IV TXA and those who did not. Additionally, IV TXA did not increase the risk of VTE. The study suggests the need for further research, particularly through randomized control trials, to better understand the efficacy of TXA in plastic surgery. [Extracted from the article]

A study conducted in Chongqing, China, investigated the clinical effect of treating axillary osmidrosis (a condition causing underarm odor) by trimming the apocrine glands. The researchers used a technique called blunt dissection of the axillary flap through double mini-incisions on both sides of the axilla to prevent postoperative hematoma (bleeding). The study analyzed the data of 108 patients and found that this approach effectively controlled bleeding, reduced complications, and ensured complete trimming of the glands, resulting in the eradication of axillary odor and a good appearance. The study concluded that this technique is beneficial for axillary osmidrosis surgery. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted at the National Defense Medical Center in Taipei, Taiwan, examined the prognosis and treatment efficacy of spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma (SSEH). SSEH is a rare condition that accounts for less than 1% of spinal lesions, with an incidence of 0.1 per 100,000 annually. The study analyzed 14 patients with SSEH and found that prompt treatment, such as spinal decompression and hematoma removal, is crucial, especially in cases of neurological decline. The study supports the effectiveness of surgical intervention in promoting neurological recovery, even in severe and prolonged instances of SSEH. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by researchers at Peking University in China examined the efficacy and safety of neuroendoscopic surgery in the treatment of supratentorial hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage (HICH). The study analyzed data from 14 trials involving 1266 patients and found that neuroendoscopic surgery resulted in a higher rate of hematoma evacuation, reduced operative time, intraoperative blood loss, and hospital stay compared to craniotomy. Additionally, patients who underwent neuroendoscopic surgery showed better neurological function and autonomy, lower mortality rates, and fewer postoperative complications such as rebleeding and lung infection. The study concludes that neuroendoscopic surgery is an effective treatment option for supratentorial HICH. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers at Takanobashi Central Hospital have published a case report on a rare condition called persistent sciatic artery (PSA) that can lead to recurrent hematomas. The study focused on a 76-year-old woman who had a history of femoral fracture surgery and experienced hematomas between her buttock and thigh. The researchers performed two-staged surgical intervention, including bypass surgery and coil embolization, which resulted in successful treatment and discharge without complications. The study emphasizes the importance of careful consideration of surgical techniques to ensure minimal invasiveness and optimal long-term outcomes for patients with PSA. [Extracted from the article]

A systematic review and meta-analysis conducted by researchers from Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University in Saudi Arabia examined the impact of tranexamic acid (TXA) on bleeding outcomes and complication rates in facelift surgery. The study found that TXA administration significantly reduced postoperative drain output and minor hematomas without increasing major complications. It also reduced edema, ecchymosis, and intraoperative blood loss. However, further studies are needed to explore the efficacy of TXA with different dosages and administration routes. [Extracted from the article]

A case report and review of the literature on delayed presentation of traumatic cervical epidural hematoma (SEH) was published by a researcher from Nagoya Tokushukai General Hospital. The study focused on a 66-year-old woman who experienced left shoulder pain and left hemiplegia 42 days after a bicycle accident that resulted in a fractured right clavicle. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging revealed cervical epidural hematoma, and the patient underwent surgery for its removal. The research concluded that suspecting SEH and promptly performing surgical evacuation can lead to favorable neurological outcomes in symptomatic cases. [Extracted from the article]

A clinical trial, NCT06536842, has been launched to evaluate the postoperative outcomes and complications in patients undergoing primary lumbar fusion with and without a postoperative drain. The purpose of using drains after spine surgery is to decrease the incidence of postoperative hematoma and its associated complications. However, drains also come with disadvantages such as the risk of infection, increased blood loss, longer hospital stays, and higher costs. The trial aims to assess the effectiveness of drain placement in reducing complications. [Extracted from the article]

A report from Sichuan University in Chengdu, China discusses the management of pregnant patients with spontaneous cerebellar hematomas (SCHs). The incidence of SCHs during late pregnancy is increasing, although still rare. The report presents two cases where general anesthesia was used for concurrent Caesarean section and craniotomy. Both surgeries were successful, with stable maternal vital signs and healthy neonates delivered. The report emphasizes the importance of rapid induction and recovery, maintaining hemodynamic stability, and ensuring sufficient cerebral perfusion while avoiding fetal depression during such complex procedures. [Extracted from the article]

Aesculap AG, a medical device company based in Germany, has been issued a patent for a fixing clamp and aligning device. The invention aims to improve the precision and success of bone surgery for joint prostheses by ensuring accurate localization and alignment of the resection plane. The fixing clamp is designed to be adaptable to different anatomies and can be easily and safely fixed and released from the body extremity, such as the ankle joint or tibia. The invention also addresses the issue of clamping force variability and the potential for hematomas. The patent provides detailed descriptions and claims for the fixing clamp and aligning device. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted at Montefiore Medical Center in the Bronx, New York, examined the use of topical tranexamic acid (TXA) in reducing hematoma following breast reduction surgery. The study involved 98 patients undergoing bilateral primary reduction mammaplasty, with one breast receiving topical TXA and the other receiving saline. The results showed that there was no significant difference in the incidence of hematoma between the TXA and placebo breasts. The researchers concluded that topical application of TXA does not reduce the risk of hematoma in reduction mammaplasty. [Extracted from the article]

A research study conducted in Anhui, China, explored the efficacy of a novel and simple manual bone cone drilling hematoma drainage for hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage. The study included 103 patients and compared the traditional bone cone drilling hematoma drainage with the novel-type bone cone drilling hematoma drainage. The results showed that the novel-type group had a higher hematoma clearance rate and accuracy of catheter placement, as well as lower postoperative hematoma volume and neurological functional prognosis. The researchers concluded that the novel technique is a safe and effective treatment for hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage. [Extracted from the article]

A study conducted by researchers at Maastricht University in the Netherlands examined the proteome of fracture haematoma (fxH) after multiple trauma using label-free proteomics. The study compared two different fracture treatment strategies: early total care (ETC) and damage control orthopaedics (DCO). The fxH proteome of the ETC group showed increased expression of pro-inflammatory proteins, while the fxH proteome of the DCO group contained various upregulated or exclusively detected proteins related to tissue regeneration and remodelling. These findings provide insights into the regulatory mechanisms of fracture healing after severe trauma. [Extracted from the article]

A report from the Department of Neurosurgery in Guizhou, China discusses the treatment of hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage (HICH) using endoscopic intracranial hematoma removal (EIHR) and hematoma puncture and drainage (HPD). The study compared the efficacy and prognosis of these two surgical methods in 92 patients. The results showed that the endoscopy group had a higher hematoma clearance rate (HCR) than the puncture group, but there was no significant difference in the prognostic effect. The study also found that a higher Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score on admission was associated with a lower likelihood of poor prognosis. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted at Menoufia University in Egypt examined the factors that predict regression or progression of acute extradural hematomas (EDHs) in posttraumatic patients. The study included 106 patients who were initially planned for conservative treatment. The researchers found that patients with higher Glasgow Coma Scale scores, frontal hematomas, and associated fissure fractures were at low risk for progression of EDH. On the other hand, younger age, persistent nausea/vomiting, early computed tomography (CT) after trauma, temporal hematomas, and coagulopathy were associated with an increased risk of progression. The study suggests that close observation and serial CT scans are necessary for patients fitting the criteria of initial nonsurgical treatment. [Extracted from the article]

A recent systematic review and meta-analysis conducted by researchers from George Washington University examined the complications following breast augmentation in transfeminine individuals. The study aimed to compare complication rates between cisgender women and transfeminine patients and evaluate the safety and efficacy of breast augmentation in transfeminine individuals. The findings showed that breast augmentation in transfeminine individuals had higher rates of postoperative hematoma and implant malposition compared to cisgender women. This research provides important insights into the outcomes of breast augmentation in transfeminine individuals, which is a commonly performed procedure for gender affirmation. [Extracted from the article]

A study conducted by the Department of Neurosurgery in Osaka, Japan, explores the use of a 3.1-mm-diameter 4K rigid endoscope for the evacuation of intracerebral hematoma in cases of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. The researchers found that this minimally invasive endoscopic treatment provided improved maneuverability and image quality, and achieved the surgical goal in all cases without complications. The study suggests that endoscopic hematoma removal using this system is a reliable alternative approach to treating spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted at Jersey Shore University Medical Center examined the outcomes of trauma patients with epidural hematoma (EDH) who had absent pupillary reactions. The researchers accessed the Trauma Quality Improvement Program (TQIP) database for the years 2017 and 2018 to gather data. The study found that approximately 65% of severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients survived after the evacuation of the EDH, despite the absence of pupillary reaction. The research also revealed that patients with absent pupillary reactions had a higher mortality rate and were more likely to be discharged to skilled nursing and rehabilitation facilities. [Extracted from the article]

A recent systematic review and meta-analysis conducted by researchers at the University of Toronto compared the outcomes of breast augmentation using the subfascial and subglandular planes. The study found that the use of the subfascial plane resulted in a lower incidence of hematoma, rippling, and capsular contracture compared to the subglandular plane. However, the researchers noted that all included studies had a high risk of bias, and further randomized studies with rigorous methodology are needed to confirm these findings. This research provides valuable insights into the potential benefits of the subfascial plane in breast augmentation procedures. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted at Fujita Health University Bantane Hospital in Japan has found that endoscopic surgery may be a viable option for elderly patients with acute subdural hematomas (ASDHs). The study analyzed the outcomes of six patients who underwent endoscopic ASDH evacuation (EASE) and found that all patients showed improvement in symptoms and Glasgow Coma Scale scores after the procedure, with no complications. The researchers suggest that using the contralateral global cortical atrophy (GCA) score may help identify suitable patients for this technique, rather than relying solely on age as a criterion. The study concludes that EASE is at least as effective as craniotomy for elderly patients in terms of functional outcome. [Extracted from the article]

This document provides information about a clinical trial that is currently recruiting participants. The trial aims to investigate the use of tranexamic acid (TXA) in women undergoing breast reconstruction surgery. The experimental group will receive TXA intraoperatively, while the control group will receive a placebo. The trial has specific eligibility criteria, including age and exclusion criteria such as allergies to TXA and pregnancy. The responsible party for the trial is John Stranix from the University of Virginia. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted at Nottingham University Hospital NHS Trust examined the effect of tranexamic acid (TXA) on neurosurgical intervention in patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). The study found that TXA did not reduce the frequency of surgery or improve functional outcomes in surgically treated patients. Additionally, TXA did not reduce hematoma volumes or improve outcomes after surgery. These findings suggest that TXA may not be effective in reducing the risk of hematoma expansion or improving outcomes in patients with ICH. [Extracted from the article]

A study conducted at the 108 Military Central Hospital in Vietnam investigated the effectiveness of decompressive hemicraniectomy (DHC) with hematoma evacuation for treating patients with larger supratentorial spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (SICH). The study found that surgery in a carefully selected group of young patients with large SICH can be beneficial in reducing mortality and limiting disability. The research analyzed patient characteristics and clinical information, and found that patients with favorable outcomes had higher Glasgow Coma Scale scores and were younger with smaller hematoma volumes. The study concluded that decompressive hemicraniectomy with hematoma evacuation could be beneficial for a selected group of young patients with large SICH. [Extracted from the article]

A study conducted by researchers at Vanderbilt University examined the impact of inpatient versus outpatient drain removal on patients undergoing elective lumbar spine surgery. The study found that outpatient drain removal was associated with a significantly shorter length of hospital stay without an increased risk of surgical site infection or hematoma. The results suggest that outpatient drain removal may be a safe and feasible option, potentially leading to cost savings from reduced hospital stays. However, the study also noted potential drawbacks, such as the need for additional follow-up appointments. [Extracted from the article]

A study conducted at Chongqing University Central Hospital in China explored the use of mixed reality navigation technology (MRNT) in brainstem hematoma puncture and drainage surgery. The study involved seven patients with primary brainstem hemorrhage (PBH) and aimed to assess the feasibility and safety of MRNT in this procedure. The results showed that MRNT was effective in evacuating approximately half of the hematoma and preventing hematoma injury. The study concluded that MRNT offered advantages such as high precision and an immersive operation experience, but further research is needed to improve the registration method and conduct prospective clinical studies. [Extracted from the article]

This document provides information about a clinical trial, NCT06374667, that is investigating the efficacy and safety of Y-3 intracalvariosseous (ICO) injection compared to intravenous injection in patients with acute large hemispheric infarction (LHI) who have contraindications or poor outcomes from reperfusion therapy. A pilot study showed that ICO injection of Y-3 improved 90-day functional scores in patients with malignant middle cerebral artery infarction. The trial aims to further explore the potential benefits of ICO injection in improving outcomes for LHI patients. The study will assess primary outcomes such as favorable clinical outcome and secondary outcomes including infarct volume, neurofunctional deficit, and depression scale scores. The trial is currently in the recruitment phase and is expected to be completed by March 2026. The eligibility criteria for participants are also outlined in the document. [Extracted from the article]

Signati Medical Inc. has been issued a patent for simplified vasectomy methods. The current vasectomy procedure involves dissecting the vas deferens from the scrotum and occluding and dividing it. However, this method can lead to complications such as hematomas and swelling. The patent describes a new method that simplifies the procedure, reduces the risk of complications, and requires less surgical skill. The method involves using a bipolar coagulating device to occlude and divide the vas deferens, without the need for dissection. This new method aims to provide a quicker, simpler, and safer vasectomy procedure. [Extracted from the article]

A study conducted at Mansoura University examined the surgical management of spontaneous cerebellar hematoma and its impact on patient outcomes. The study found that factors such as the time to surgery, the grade of ventricular effacement, the presence of hydrocephalus and brainstem compression, and the extent of intraventricular hematoma were all predictors of an unfavorable outcome. However, there was no statistical significance regarding gender, age, hematoma volume, or hematoma diameter in relation to an unfavorable outcome. The study concluded that surgical management of spontaneous cerebellar hematoma is challenging and that these predictors should be considered in decision-making. [Extracted from the article]

A recent report from Lebanese University highlights a rare but fatal complication that can occur after a medical procedure called endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). The case study describes a patient who developed a large hepatic subcapsular hematoma, or a collection of blood, after undergoing ERCP. Despite extensive efforts to treat the patient, she passed away four days after the procedure. The researchers emphasize the importance of considering hepatic subcapsular hematoma as a potential complication in patients who experience sudden abdominal pain and hemodynamic instability after ERCP. [Extracted from the article]

A new study on angiomyolipomas, a type of kidney tumor, has been conducted in West Bengal, India. The study focused on the management of symptomatic renal angiomyolipoma (R-AML) and found that selective angioembolization (SAE) is an effective treatment option. The study examined four cases of large symptomatic R-AML, and the patients underwent SAE followed by further treatment or observation. The research concluded that SAE is particularly beneficial for AML with acute hemorrhage or patients with multiple comorbidities or multiple AML lesions. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers at the Department of Neurosurgery in Qingdao, China have developed a portable and contact neuro-endoscopy technique for hematoma evacuation. This innovative approach involves miniaturizing the lens, light source, and camera system into a stainless steel tube with a diameter of 4 mm. The portable endoscopy is powered by a USB cable and the video is displayed on a tablet computer, allowing for easier operation with both hands by a single surgeon. This research provides valuable insights into the field of neuro-endoscopic hematoma evacuation. [Extracted from the article]

Signati Medical Inc. has submitted a patent application for "Simplified Vasectomy Methods" by inventor Robert A. Van Wyk. The current vasectomy procedures, such as the No Scalpel Vasectomy, can be complicated and lead to complications. The new method described in the patent application aims to simplify the procedure by using a bipolar coagulating device to occlude and divide the vas duct, eliminating the need for dissection and reducing the risk of complications. The invention also addresses the need for shorter procedure duration, prevention of spontaneous regeneration, and avoidance of sharp instruments to reduce the risk of infection for clinicians. The text provides a detailed description of the method, including alternative embodiments and surgical instruments, and highlights its potential benefits. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by researchers at the University of Science and Technology of China examined postoperative epidural hematoma (PEDH) as a rare complication after intracranial tumor resection. The study collected data from 25 patients who developed PEDH following surgery between January 2016 and June 2021. The researchers classified the cases into four types based on location and found that most PEDHs were associated with reduced intracranial pressure (ICP) and loss of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The study concluded that employing optimized surgical techniques and careful patient management can potentially lower the incidence of PEDHs, and prompt evacuation of hematomas can lead to positive outcomes. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai provides new insights into the treatment of cerebral hemorrhage. The study focuses on the use of minimally invasive surgical techniques for hematoma evacuation and the role of intraoperative CT imaging in assessing surgical success. The researchers found that initial surgical failure occurred in a small percentage of patients, but additional CT-informed evacuation periods were able to achieve the surgical goal in the majority of cases. The study highlights the importance of intraoperative imaging in guiding surgical decision-making and improving outcomes for patients with cerebral hemorrhage. [Extracted from the article]

A study conducted at Zhengzhou University in Henan, China, evaluated the efficacy of robot-assisted minimally invasive stereotactic puncture therapy (MISPT) for supratentorial hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage (HICH). The study compared the outcomes of patients treated with robot-assisted MISPT to those treated with conventional craniotomy. The results showed that robot-assisted MISPT had several advantages, including shorter operation time, shorter hospital stay, and lower incidence of complications. The study concluded that robot-assisted MISPT has great potential for future clinical application. [Extracted from the article]

A recent report from SDM Hospital in Rajasthan, India discusses the case of a 27-year-old pregnant woman who presented with abdominal pain. Further evaluation revealed a left adrenal lesion, leading to a left-sided adrenalectomy. The report highlights that spontaneous adrenal hemorrhage is a rare diagnosis in pregnancy and can be difficult to diagnose preoperatively. The research emphasizes the need for a high degree of suspicion when considering this condition in pregnant patients. [Extracted from the article]

A new report discusses research findings on hematoma, a potentially life-threatening complication that can occur after dental implant surgery. The incidence of complications from this type of surgery has increased due to the growing number of patients undergoing dental rehabilitation treatments. The report highlights the importance of early detection and intervention in cases of floor of the mouth hematoma, which can be caused by perforation of the cortical bone or surgical manipulation. Warning signs include sudden swelling of the floor of the mouth or submandibular area, accompanied by difficulty swallowing and breathing. The research emphasizes the need for dentists to recognize and refer patients with these symptoms for prompt treatment. [Extracted from the article]

A study conducted by Hangzhou Medical College in China explored the use of 3D printing technology to guide puncture and drainage surgery for intracerebral hemorrhage. The researchers used CT images to create 3D models of the head and hematoma, and then printed a puncture guide plate. Eight patients with hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage underwent surgery guided by the 3D printing puncture guide plate, resulting in precise placement of drainage tubes and successful extraction of blood clots. The study concluded that this technique helps localize intracerebral hematoma and achieve satisfactory hematoma clearance rates. [Extracted from the article]

A study conducted at University Hospital in Cleveland, Ohio, aimed to determine the risk of complications associated with a preoperative international normalized ratio (INR) of 1.25 to 1.5 in patients undergoing elective anterior cervical spine surgery. The study found that an INR in this range was associated with significantly higher rates of postoperative hematoma formation, as well as increased rates of 30-day readmission and reoperation. There was also a trend towards a higher mortality rate. These findings suggest that current guidelines recommending an INR of less than 1.5 before spine surgery may need to be reconsidered. [Extracted from the article]

A new report from the University of Rochester in New York compares the surgical outcomes and complications of two-stage implant-based breast reconstruction using intraoperative fluorescence imaging with clinical assessment. The study found that reconstructions evaluated with fluorescence imaging had a lower incidence of early wound-related complications compared to clinical evaluation alone. However, the Wise pattern for mastectomy was identified as the only independent predictor associated with early wound-related complications. The research highlights the potential benefits of using fluorescence imaging in breast reconstruction surgeries. [Extracted from the article]

A preprint abstract from biorxiv.org discusses the role of microRNAs in the development of parenchymal hematoma (PH) after endovascular mechanical reperfusion for acute ischemic stroke in rats. The study found that certain microRNAs were down-regulated and one microRNA was up-regulated in rats with PH. These microRNAs were also differentially expressed in various cells after oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation. The study identified several microRNA-mRNA regulatory axes related to oxidative stress, apoptosis, immune response, and inflammation. The findings suggest that these differentially expressed microRNAs and related genes could be potential targets for PH after endovascular thrombectomy in acute ischemic stroke. However, it is important to note that this preprint has not been peer-reviewed. [Extracted from the article]