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Genetic testing represents a major asset for discriminating between normal antigenic stimulation of B or T cells and malignant, pathological findings. The main difference between those two situations is the heterogenicity of lymphocyte populations as a result of diverse antigenic stimulation for the first situation, compared to single and identical population (clones) for the second situation. The present paper describes one of the many genetic assays capable of discriminating between normal and malignant, characterized by low time-to-result interval, accuracy, simplicity, and low cost comparing to other tests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the pathology of companion animals, three main types of urinary retention are described and encountered: mechanical, spastic and paralytic. The etiopathogenesis of the pathology of paralytic urinary retention, with clinicalpathogenetic consequences that are difficult to identify and remedy therapeutically, mainly recognizes different causes, both neurogenic and traumatic. The traumatic ones are the most common and, depending on the location of the neurological injury, they influence the treatment, the evolution and also the prognosis. The present paper attempts to describe the importance of imaging examinations (both ultrasound and radiographic) in the judicious approach to patients with paralytic urinary retention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biosecurity is ensured in a pig fattening farm by implementing a set of organizational and technical measures in order to prevent the introduction, persistence and spread of pathogens, as well as in order to protect animal and public health. This paper describes the main objectives of biosecurity in a pig fattening farm to prevent the risk of introducing and spreading of African swine fever. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Splenic haemangioma represents a pathology that, although benign, through the impressive dimensions it reaches and through the side effects it imprints on the organs in the abdominal cavity can present a real risk to the vital prognosis of the animal. The preferred diagnostic modality in these cases is excisional biopsy. This paper describes the examination of a case to obtain a definite diagnosis, the surgical intervention and the postoperative evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Genetic disorders in small animals represent a well investigated area, with numerous genetic events being described along with their specific mechanism. However, for many of those, the diagnostic workflow tends to be tedious and prohibitive from the cost perspective, with costly instruments and reagents. Luckily, there are situations where the diagnosis involves the detection of relatively easy to reveal genetic events, such as point mutations or small indels. The present paper describes the implementation of a Real-Time PCR High-Resolution Melting HRM protocol for canine degenerative myelopathy diagnostic, with numerous advantages regarding sensitivity and robustness as well as ease of use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Loss of consciousness is a common symptomatology in small animal neurology. Facing with such a patient, the veterinarian should be able to quickly identify if the patient is in an emergency status and to treat it in consequence and to follow a clinical algorithm (based on anamnesis and clinical neurological examination) in order to have a final diagnosis, to be able to initiate a targeted treatment and to offer the right prognosis. In this paper, we summarize the main three possible scenarios of transient/permanent loss of consciousness observed in small animal practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper constitutes an example for the clinician regarding babesiosis diagnostic workflow, parasitic load monitoring in correlation with specific treatment and therapeutic efficiency for disease, as well as infection removal. The results obtained, as standalone or in correlation with the symptomatology and paraclinical routine tests, are able to generate a high level of information, therefore allowing the clinician to have a correct approach for the two main objectives in disease management - patient's recovery and removal of the specific cause. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The West Nile virus (WNV) is a Flavivirus, transmitted to humans and animals through mosquitoes. The infection frequently evolves asymptomatically or as a flu-like syndrome. The severe forms are expressed as a fatal encephalomyelitis. In Romania, WNV infections developed more severely in humans, and the major outbreak of disease in 1996 (Bucharest City) is still considered one of the most important medical events associated with WNV. In the last year, both in Romania and other European countries has been recorded the increase of West Nile fever outbreaks in humans and equines, with suspicion of the possible West Nile encephalomyelitis reemergence. This paper reviews the historical context, epidemiological situation and clinical profile of WNV infections, along with some information on diagnosis, prophylaxis and control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Auditory nerve pathology is one of the most frequent cranial neuropathies in veterinary medicine. The symptomatology may be specific to the affected anatomic component, the clinical signs including different degrees of hearing loss or signs of vestibular syndrome. The functionality of both pathways/structures can be objectively evaluated by brainstem auditory evoked responses (BAER). The goal of the paper is to describe the BAER technique and its main applications in veterinary practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The requirements of dog owners regarding assisted reproduction have been gradually increasing over the last period of time. Artificial insemination in dog has become a common demand in veterinary clinics nowadays. The practitioner's knowledge of the canine reproductive physiology and pathology associated with the skills required to perform specific procedures are essential to ensure success and to avoid problems in the use of artificial insemination in dogs. The aim of this paper is to revise the current knowledge about the techniques used in artificial insemination and some problems associated to these techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper constitutes a review of the existing literature data regarding direct and/or indirect diagnostic tests performance for canine leptospirosis, along with interpretations from the authors based on literature and personal experiences. Thus, depending on the method of choice, each test workflow is presented along with its limitations, the final goal being the implementation of a correct diagnostic protocol based on scientific facts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The C-section in domestic carnivores is now routine and, if correctly executed, should not affect the reproductive capacity of the dam in the future. This paper explains the main aspects regarding anesthesia, the surgical procedure itself, and the most frequently encountered complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current paper presents the case of a patient with a retained foreign esophageal body, removed through open surgery (lateral cervical esophagotomy). The foreign body was a partial dental prosthesis with a metal hook that anchored it to the patient's remaining natural teeth. The foreign body was lodged in the esophageal wall and the previous endoscopical extraction attempt had failed. The patient was transferred to our department from a regional hospital where an endoscopic attempt at removing the foreign body had failed. The patient complained of descending odynophagia and dysphagia for solids. After the previous esophageal endoscopy, the patient complained of retrosternal pain and pressure. A CT-scan with contrast of the neck and chest regions was performed. A secondary endoscopical exploration of the esophagus was performed, thus the foreign body's location was precisely identified. We discovered that its metal grappling device was anchored in the lateral esophageal wall thus preventing endoscopic removal without tearing the esophageal wall open. As the patient's current state was degrading (descending pains and risk of mediastinitis), we considered another transfer to be an unfortunate choice, so we chose an open surgery approach. We opted for a lateral cervical esophagotomy. The surgery was performed under general anesthesia, and the retained foreign body was removed. The lateral wall of the esophagus was perforated and torn open vertically at the spot where the metal hook of the prosthesis lodged itself into the muscle wall. A 4‑centimeter incision circumscribed both parietal lesions and allowed the removal of the foreign body without any further damage. Postoperatively, a nasogastric feeding tube was maintained for 14 days. Ten days after the surgery a follow‑up CTscan was performed. The imaging exam did not show any mediastinal or retromediastinal fluids. After the nasogastric feeding tube was removed the patient was gradually allowed back on solids without any complaints. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sleep is a dynamic process that affects daily activities, physical and mental health. Sleep disorders are present in all age groups and are associated with multiple pathologies. Several questionnaires meant to identify parents and children sleep pathology are available. The aim of this paper is to update current information about the physiology and pathology of sleep in different age groups of children, allowing a standardized approach in investigating and detecting sleep problems in the routine check-up performed by the family doctor. Recent literature data regarding the physiology of sleep, sleep role in general health status, association with various pathologies, easily operated questionnaires, sleep disturbances in infant, toddler and teenager are reviewed. A correct assessment of the prevalence of sleep disorders in children and the incidence of diseases associated with these disorders should allow effective interventions of the family doctor in these issues. Early detection of sleep disorders in children have positive impacts on daily activities, behaviour and learning performance. Many of sleep disorders in children precede the diagnosis of a psychiatric condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper provides information on the chemical composition and role of the main clay minerals and inorganic substances in the pharmaceutical industry. Clay minerals have become an important type of pharmaceutical raw materials, due to their various uses, ranging from use as miraculous soils with antiinflammatory, analgesic and revitalizing effects to the use as drug carriers. Zeolite clays are currently regarded as being high technology materials with multiple biomedical applications. The research on silicate zeolites brings more and more unexpected results which are of great interest for the development of modified release drug-delivery systems. Therefore, zeolite clays should be considered materials that could shape the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cancer is an increasingly common disease in humans and animals, the consequence of artificializing the living environment, pollution, stress and multiplication of oncoinductor and trigger factors of the disease. Female breast cancer and cancer in bitch occupy the first place, from the point of their frequency, closely followed by lymphoma. The cat is a less affected species of this type of cancer, but inhibitory or substitutive hormonal therapies with synthetic progesterone derivatives have led to an exponential increase in disease frequency in both females and males. The average age of mammary tumors in cat is 10 years, with a realistic interval between 4 and 17 years. In cats, the age at which mammary tumors occur is of low importance for prognosis, except in Siamese breeds, with a double risk of developing mammary carcinomas against all other races. Although no predilection has been demonstrated, some studies show that domesticated short-haired and refined breed cats have a higher incidence than other specimens. Most affected cats are uneutered cats, but the disease may occur in some cases in ovariectomized cats or males. The purpose of this paper is to implement a proper diagnosis and treatment protocol for this problem, which is becoming more and more common. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ultrasonography has a precise applicability to patients in critical state (in emergency and intensive care), being performed worldwide in each department of a hospital. Ultrasound examination has a long history of utilization, in describing the pathology of abdominal organs and for evaluating their topographical anatomy. The present paper highlights the importance of ultrasonography in abdominal emergency, in urgent disorders in which ultrasound establishes the diagnosis and therapeutic management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abdominal ultrasound is one of the most accessible imagistic method used in clinical practice, being the logical choice after patient history and clinical examination in cases of patients with abdominal problems. An ultrasound examination in optimal conditions needs, first of all, ensuring the optimum conditions of examination: a room with controlled luminosity (semi obscure), sufficient time for examination, knowledge and integration of complete clinical information. The examination must follow a certain protocol, with emphasize on the interest area. The sections or incidences of ultrasound examination are: longitudinal, sagittal or axial, and transverse. The evaluation must be dynamic, with the movement in many planes of the organs to be examined, with the modification of the incidence for not to miss lesions located in areas hard to examine. The examiner must have ecoanatomical and ecostructure knowledge of the species examined and to hold in mind the spatial representation of the organs and their anatomical ratio. Before establishing an ultrasound diagnostic, the examiner must know and differentiate the possible pathological changes in comparison with the normal aspect. This paper describes some normal, characteristic aspects of ultrasound anatomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper constitutes a review of existing literature data regarding direct and/or indirect diagnostic tests performances for canine babesiozis, along with original aspects from the author regarding genetic tests results versus conventional diagnostic methodology. Moreover, beside diagnostic, this protocol brings to the clinician's attention interesting information regarding the correlation between therapy management and infective babesia species (choosing the right protocol, estimation of drug response depending on the involved species). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Present paper describe the comparative performance of PCR test in small animal diagnostic, based on previous results regarding parvovirus identification. Two such studies have been subjected to analysis and interpretation regarding diagnostic value for parvovirosis in terms of sensitivity and specificity for rapid immunochromatographic tests, along with classical virology and PCR tests. Results obtained showed superior performance for PCR for virus identification from feces, being the only test capable to identify the virus in all evolutive stages (incubation/ preclinical stage, clinical stage, remision/chronic stage). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organs with a rich arterial blood supply such as kidneys, liver, heart, and brain are more sensitive to blood pressure changes. The kidney is a well-vascularized organ and suitable to be evaluated by Doppler ultrasound, which is a non-invasive technique that can be used to estimate the renal vascular resistance by calculation the resistive index (RI) and pulsatility index (PI). The aim of this paper was to highlight the normal and pathological aspects of renal vascular resistance in dogs and also the ultrasound technique used to determin reliable measurements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Epileptic status is a medical emergency requiring patient placement in the emergency room for at least 24 hours. This paper presents in a synthetic manner the main therapeutic objectives and options to be taken into consideration when a patient with epileptic status is presented to the veterinarian. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection during pregnancy presents a particular situation that requires an effective approach, so that the risk of transmission of infection during pregnancy at the time of birth and during the lactation period is limited. The paper proposes a monitoring algorithm by which the physician family can provide optimal care to these patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fructosamine is a protein used to monitor and control diabetes mellitus. The concentration of fructosamine is not affected by stress and is therefore ideal for monitoring diabetic animals. This paper aims to update recent data on fructosamine and to highlight the importance of its use in glycemic control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fungal rhinosinusitis has a paramount importance in the last years' practice in sinus pathology affecting one or more paranasal sinuses. Recent researches in the field insist on the etiological elements, on the differential diagnosis with the establishment of surgical protocols according to major and minor criteria for the diagnosis of fungal sinusitis. On this paper the authors insist on imagistic, endoscopic, clinical differential diagnosis, as well as the elective surgical and therapeutic treatments in this pathology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]