20 results on '"Yan Zhao"'
Search Results
2. SLC-30A9 is required for Zn
- Author
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Huichao, Deng, Xinhua, Qiao, Ting, Xie, Wenfeng, Fu, Hang, Li, Yanmei, Zhao, Miaomiao, Guo, Yaqian, Feng, Ligong, Chen, Yan, Zhao, Long, Miao, Chang, Chen, Kang, Shen, and Xiangming, Wang
- Subjects
Male ,Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial ,Cell Cycle Proteins ,Dendrites ,Biological Sciences ,Spermatozoa ,Axons ,Mitochondria ,Gene Knockout Techniques ,Zinc ,Mutation ,Animals ,Homeostasis ,Humans ,Female ,Caenorhabditis elegans ,Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins ,Cation Transport Proteins ,HeLa Cells ,Transcription Factors - Abstract
The trace element zinc is essential for many aspects of physiology. The mitochondrion is a major Zn(2+) store, and excessive mitochondrial Zn(2+) is linked to neurodegeneration. How mitochondria maintain their Zn(2+) homeostasis is unknown. Here, we find that the SLC-30A9 transporter localizes on mitochondria and is required for export of Zn(2+) from mitochondria in both Caenorhabditis elegans and human cells. Loss of slc-30a9 leads to elevated Zn(2+) levels in mitochondria, a severely swollen mitochondrial matrix in many tissues, compromised mitochondrial metabolic function, reductive stress, and induction of the mitochondrial stress response. SLC-30A9 is also essential for organismal fertility and sperm activation in C. elegans, during which Zn(2+) exits from mitochondria and acts as an activation signal. In slc-30a9–deficient neurons, misshapen mitochondria show reduced distribution in axons and dendrites, providing a potential mechanism for the Birk–Landau–Perez cerebrorenal syndrome where an SLC30A9 mutation was found.
- Published
- 2021
3. Structure of the
- Author
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Bin, Li, Kaiduan, Zhang, Yong, Nie, Xianping, Wang, Yan, Zhao, Xuejun C, Zhang, and Xiao-Lei, Wu
- Subjects
Actinobacteria ,Electron Transport Complex I ,Sodium-Hydrogen Exchangers ,Protein Conformation ,Multiprotein Complexes ,Cryoelectron Microscopy ,Escherichia coli ,Correction ,Biological Transport ,Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ,Proton Pumps ,Crystallography, X-Ray ,Oxidation-Reduction - Abstract
Multiple resistance and pH adaptation (Mrp) complexes are sophisticated cation/proton exchangers found in a vast variety of alkaliphilic and/or halophilic microorganisms, and are critical for their survival in highly challenging environments. This family of antiporters is likely to represent the ancestor of cation pumps found in many redox-driven transporter complexes, including the complex I of the respiratory chain. Here, we present the three-dimensional structure of the Mrp complex from a
- Published
- 2020
4. Allosteric deactivation of PIFs and EIN3 by microproteins in light control of plant development
- Author
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Jing Li, Shangwei Zhong, Kunyan Kuang, Yue Li, Yan Zhao, Mohan Lyu, Hui Shi, Qingqing Wu, and Ying Pan
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,0301 basic medicine ,food.ingredient ,Light ,Allosteric regulation ,Plant Development ,01 natural sciences ,03 medical and health sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,food ,Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ,Protein oligomerization ,Transcription factor ,Multidisciplinary ,Transition (genetics) ,Chemistry ,Arabidopsis Proteins ,Biological Sciences ,Cell biology ,DNA-Binding Proteins ,030104 developmental biology ,Organ Specificity ,Darkness ,Protein Multimerization ,DNA ,Cotyledon ,Function (biology) ,010606 plant biology & botany ,Signal Transduction ,Transcription Factors - Abstract
Buried seedlings undergo dramatic developmental transitions when they emerge from soil into sunlight. As central transcription factors suppressing light responses, PHYTOCHROME-INTERACTING FACTORs (PIFs) and ETHYLENE-INSENSITIVE 3 (EIN3) actively function in darkness and must be promptly repressed upon light to initiate deetiolation. Microproteins are evolutionarily conserved small single-domain proteins that act as posttranslational regulators in eukaryotes. Although hundreds to thousands of microproteins are predicted to exist in plants, their target molecules, biological roles, and mechanisms of action remain largely unknown. Here, we show that two microproteins, miP1a and miP1b (miP1a/b), are robustly stimulated in the dark-to-light transition. miP1a/b are primarily expressed in cotyledons and hypocotyl, exhibiting tissue-specific patterns similar to those of PIFs and EIN3. We demonstrate that PIFs and EIN3 assemble functional oligomers by self-interaction, while miP1a/b directly interact with and disrupt the oligomerization of PIFs and EIN3 by forming nonfunctional protein complexes. As a result, the DNA binding capacity and transcriptional activity of PIFs and EIN3 are predominantly suppressed. These biochemical findings are further supported by genetic evidence. miP1a/b positively regulate photomorphogenic development, and constitutively expressing miP1a/b rescues the delayed apical hook unfolding and cotyledon development of plants overexpressing PIFs and EIN3. Our study reveals that microproteins provide a temporal and negative control of the master transcription factors' oligomerization to achieve timely developmental transitions upon environmental changes.
- Published
- 2020
5. Sympatric speciation of wild emmer wheat driven by ecology and chromosomal rearrangements
- Author
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Hongwei Wang, Huayan Yin, Chengzhi Jiao, Xiaojian Fang, Guiping Wang, Guangrong Li, Fei Ni, Penghuan Li, Peisen Su, Wenyang Ge, Zhongfan Lyu, Shoushen Xu, Yanhong Yang, Yongchao Hao, Xinxin Cheng, Jinxiao Zhao, Cheng Liu, Fengfeng Xu, Xin Ma, Silong Sun, Yan Zhao, Yinguang Bao, Jingjing Zhang, Tomas Pavlicek, Anfei Li, Zujun Yang, Eviatar Nevo, and Lingrang Kong
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,0301 basic medicine ,Gene Flow ,Ecological selection ,Population ,Biology ,Genes, Plant ,01 natural sciences ,Chromosomes, Plant ,03 medical and health sciences ,Ascomycota ,Stress, Physiological ,Temperate climate ,Israel ,education ,Triticum ,Disease Resistance ,Plant Diseases ,Abiotic component ,education.field_of_study ,Multidisciplinary ,Ecology ,Basidiomycota ,Homozygote ,Chromosome ,food and beverages ,Microsite ,Biological Sciences ,Sympatry ,030104 developmental biology ,Sympatric speciation ,Karyotyping ,Powdery mildew ,010606 plant biology & botany - Abstract
In plants, the mechanism for ecological sympatric speciation (SS) is little known. Here, after ruling out the possibility of secondary contact, we show that wild emmer wheat, at the microclimatically divergent microsite of “Evolution Canyon” (EC), Mt. Carmel, Israel, underwent triple SS. Initially, it split following a bottleneck of an ancestral population, and further diversified to three isolated populations driven by disruptive ecological selection. Remarkably, two postzygotically isolated populations (SFS1 and SFS2) sympatrically branched within an area less than 30 m at the tropical hot and dry savannoid south-facing slope (SFS). A series of homozygous chromosomal rearrangements in the SFS1 population caused hybrid sterility with the SFS2 population. We demonstrate that these two populations developed divergent adaptive mechanisms against severe abiotic stresses on the tropical SFS. The SFS2 population evolved very early flowering, while the SFS1 population alternatively evolved a direct tolerance to irradiance by improved ROS scavenging activity that potentially accounts for its evolutionary fate with unstable chromosome status. Moreover, a third prezygotically isolated sympatric population adapted on the abutting temperate, humid, cool, and forested north-facing slope (NFS), separated by 250 m from the SFS wild emmer wheat populations. The NFS population evolved multiple resistant loci to fungal diseases, including powdery mildew and stripe rust. Our study illustrates how plants sympatrically adapt and speciate under disruptive ecological selection of abiotic and biotic stresses.
- Published
- 2020
6. SLC-30A9 is required for Zn2+ homeostasis, Zn2+ mobilization, and mitochondrial health.
- Author
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Huichao Deng, Xinhua Qiao, Ting Xie, Wenfeng Fu, Hang Li, Yanmei Zhao, Miaomiao Guo, Yaqian Feng, Ligong Chen, Yan Zhao, Long Miao, Chang Chen, Kang Shen, and Xiangming Wang
- Subjects
HOMEOSTASIS ,MITOCHONDRIA ,CATTLE fertility ,CAENORHABDITIS elegans ,ANIMAL industry ,PHYSIOLOGY ,TRACE elements - Abstract
The trace element zinc is essential for many aspects of physiology. The mitochondrion is a major Zn2+ store, and excessive mitochondrial Zn2+ is linked to neurodegeneration. How mitochondria maintain their Zn2+ homeostasis is unknown. Here, we find that the SLC-30A9 transporter localizes on mitochondria and is required for export of Zn2+ from mitochondria in both Caenorhabditis elegans and human cells. Loss of slc-30a9 leads to elevated Zn2+ levels in mitochondria, a severely swollen mitochondrial matrix in many tissues, compromised mitochondrial metabolic function, reductive stress, and induction of the mitochondrial stress response. SLC-30A9 is also essential for organismal fertility and sperm activation in C. elegans, during which Zn2+ exits from mitochondria and acts as an activation signal. In slc-30a9-deficient neurons, misshapen mitochondria show reduced distribution in axons and dendrites, providing a potential mechanism for the Birk-Landau-Perez cerebrorenal syndrome where an SLC30A9 mutation was found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. Structure of the Dietzia Mrp complex reveals molecular mechanism of this giant bacterial sodium proton pump.
- Author
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Bin Li, Zhang, Kaiduan, Yong Nie, Xianping Wang, Yan Zhao, Zhang, Xuejun C., and Xiao-Lei Wu
- Subjects
ELECTRIC charge ,PROTONS ,SODIUM ions ,HALOPHILIC microorganisms ,SODIUM compounds - Abstract
Multiple resistance and pH adaptation (Mrp) complexes are sophisticated cation/proton exchangers found in a vast variety of alkaliphilic and/or halophilic microorganisms, and are critical for their survival in highly challenging environments. This family of antiporters is likely to represent the ancestor of cation pumps found in many redox-driven transporter complexes, including the complex I of the respiratory chain. Here, we present the threedimensional structure of the Mrp complex from a Dietzia sp. strain solved at 3.0-Å resolution using the single-particle cryoelectron microscopy method. Our structure-based mutagenesis and functional analyses suggest that the substrate translocation pathways for the driving substance protons and the substrate sodium ions are separated in two modules and that symmetry-restrained conformational change underlies the functional cycle of the transporter. Our findings shed light on mechanisms of redox-driven primary active transporters, and explain how driving substances of different electric charges may drive similar transport processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. Allosteric deactivation of PIFs and EIN3 by microproteins in light control of plant development.
- Author
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Qingqing Wu, Kunyan Kuang, Mohan Lyu, Yan Zhao, Yue Li, Jing Li, Ying Pan, Hui Shi, and Shangwei Zhong
- Subjects
PLANT development ,TRANSCRIPTION factors ,OLIGOMERIZATION ,COTYLEDONS ,OLIGOMERS - Abstract
Buried seedlings undergo dramatic developmental transitions when they emerge from soil into sunlight. As central transcription factors suppressing light responses, PHYTOCHROME-INTERACTING FACTORs (PIFs) and ETHYLENE-INSENSITIVE 3 (EIN3) actively function in darkness and must be promptly repressed upon light to initiate deetiolation. Microproteins are evolutionarily conserved small single-domain proteins that act as posttranslational regulators in eukaryotes. Although hundreds to thousands of microproteins are predicted to exist in plants, their target molecules, biological roles, and mechanisms of action remain largely unknown. Here, we show that two microproteins, miP1a and miP1b (miP1a/b), are robustly stimulated in the dark-to-light transition. miP1a/b are primarily expressed in cotyledons and hypocotyl, exhibiting tissue-specific patterns similar to those of PIFs and EIN3. We demonstrate that PIFs and EIN3 assemble functional oligomers by self-interaction, while miP1a/b directly interact with and disrupt the oligomerization of PIFs and EIN3 by forming nonfunctional protein complexes. As a result, the DNA binding capacity and transcriptional activity of PIFs and EIN3 are predominantly suppressed. These biochemical findings are further supported by genetic evidence. miP1a/b positively regulate photomorphogenic development, and constitutively expressing miP1a/b rescues the delayed apical hook unfolding and cotyledon development of plants overexpressing PIFs and EIN3. Our study reveals that microproteins provide a temporal and negative control of the master transcription factors' oligomerization to achieve timely developmental transitions upon environmental changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. OsmiR528 regulates rice-pollen intine formation by targeting an uclacyanin to influence flavonoid metabolism.
- Author
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Yu-Chan Zhang, Rui-Rui He, Jian-Ping Lian, Yan-Fei Zhou, Fan Zhang, Quan-Feng Li, Yang Yu, Yan-Zhao Feng, Yu-Wei Yang, Meng-Qi Lei, Huang He, Zhi Zhang, and Yue-Qin Chen
- Subjects
COPPER proteins ,IMMOBILIZED proteins ,RICE ,POLLEN ,METABOLISM - Abstract
The intine, the inner layer of the pollen wall, is essential for the normal development and germination of pollen. However, the composition and developmental regulation of the intine in rice (Oryza sativa) remain largely unknown. Here, we identify a microRNA, OsmiR528, which regulates the formation of the pollen intine and thus male fertility in rice. The mir528 knockout mutant aborted pollen development at the late binucleate pollen stage, significantly decreasing the seed-setting rate. We further demonstrated that OsmiR528 affects pollen development by directly targeting the uclacyanin gene OsUCL23 (encoding a member of the plant-specific blue copper protein family of phytocyanins) and regulating intine deposition. OsUCL23 overexpression phenocopied the mir528 mutant. The OsUCL23 protein localized in the prevacuolar compartments (PVCs) and multivesicular bodies (MVBs). We further revealed that OsUCL23 interacts with a member of the proton-dependent oligopeptide transport (POT) family of transporters to regulate various metabolic components, especially flavonoids. We propose a model in which OsmiR528 regulates pollen intine formation by directly targeting OsUCL23 and in which OsUCL23 interacts with the POT protein on the PVCs and MVBs to regulate the production of metabolites during pollen development. The study thus reveals the functions of OsmiR528 and an uclacyanin during pollen development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. Structure of the nonameric bacterial amyloid secretion channel
- Author
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Xuejun Cai Zhang, Yihua Huang, Yan Zhao, Dongchun Ni, Baohua Cao, and Yongjun Kou
- Subjects
Models, Molecular ,Amyloid ,Protein Conformation ,Protein subunit ,Lipoproteins ,Blotting, Western ,DNA Mutational Analysis ,Biology ,medicine.disease_cause ,Polymerase Chain Reaction ,Gene Knockout Techniques ,Protein structure ,medicine ,Escherichia coli ,Secretion ,Bacterial Secretion Systems ,DNA Primers ,Multidisciplinary ,Escherichia coli Proteins ,Biofilm ,Cell biology ,Microscopy, Electron ,Membrane protein ,Biochemistry ,PNAS Plus ,Mutagenesis ,Chromatography, Gel ,Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel ,Bacterial outer membrane ,Crystallization - Abstract
Various strains of bacteria are able to produce a unique class of functional amyloids termed curli, which are critical for biofilm formation, host cell adhesion, and colonization of inert surfaces. Curli are secreted via the type VIII bacterial secretion system, and they share biochemical and structural characteristics with amyloid fibers that have been implicated in deleterious disease in humans. Here, we report the crystal structure of Escherichia coli CsgG, which is an essential lipoprotein component of the type VIII secretion system and which forms a secretion channel in the bacterial outer membrane for transporting curli subunits. CsgG forms a crown-shaped, symmetric nonameric channel that spans the outer membrane via a 36-strand β-barrel, with each subunit contributing four β-strands. This nonameric complex contains a central channel with a pore located at the middle. The eyelet of the pore is ∼12 A in diameter and is lined with three stacked nine-residue rings consisting of Tyr-66, Asn-70, or Phe-71. Our structure-based functional studies suggest that Tyr-66 and Phe-71 residues function as gatekeepers for the selective secretion of curli subunits. Our study describes in detail, to our knowledge, the first core structure of the type VIII bacterial secretion machinery. Importantly, our structural analysis suggests that the curli subunits are secreted via CsgG across the bacterial outer membrane in an unfolded form.
- Published
- 2014
11. Autonomous conformational regulation of β3 integrin and the conformation-dependent property of HPA-1a alloantibodies.
- Author
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Zhengli Wang, Dongwen Zhou, Curtis, Brian R., Aye Myat Myat Thinn, Jieqing Zhu, and Yan Zhao
- Subjects
INTEGRINS ,CELL adhesion molecules ,HETERODIMERS ,MEMBRANE proteins ,TALINS (Proteins) ,CRYSTAL structure ,THROMBOCYTOPENIA - Abstract
Integrin α/β heterodimer adopts a compact bent conformation in the resting state, and upon activation undergoes a large-scale conformational rearrangement. During the inside-out activation, signals impinging on the cytoplasmic tail of β subunit induce the α/β separation at the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains, leading to the extended conformation of the ectodomain with the separated leg and the opening headpiece that is required for the high-affinity ligand binding. It remains enigmatic which integrin subunit drives the bent-to-extended conformational rearrangement in the inside-out activation. The β
3 integrins, including αIIb β3 and αV β3 , are the prototypes for understanding integrin structural regulation. The Leu33Pro polymorphism located at the β3 PSI domain defines the human platelet-specific alloantigen (HPA) 1a/b, which provokes the alloimmune response leading to clinically important bleeding disorders. Some, but not all, anti-HPA-1a alloantibodies can distinguish the αIIb β3 from αV β3 and affect their functions with unknown mechanisms. Here we designed a single-chain β3 subunit that mimics a separation of α/β heterodimer on inside-out activation. Our crystallographic and functional studies show that the single-chain β3 integrin folds into a bent conformation in solution but spontaneously extends on the cell surface. This demonstrates that the β3 subunit autonomously drives the membrane-dependent conformational rearrangement during integrin activation. Using the single-chain β3 integrin, we identified the conformation-dependent property of anti-HPA-1a alloantibodies, which enables them to differently recognize the β3 in the bent state vs. the extended state and in the complex with αIIb vs. αV . This study provides deeper understandings of integrin conformational activation on the cell surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
12. Structure of the YajR transporter suggests a transport mechanism based on the conserved motif A
- Author
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Wei Feng, Bo Huang, Yan Zhao, Xuejun Cai Zhang, Xuehui Liu, Xianping Wang, Junping Fan, Jie Heng, Jianfeng Liu, Daohua Jiang, and Xusheng Kang
- Subjects
Models, Molecular ,Conformational change ,Protein Conformation ,Amino Acid Motifs ,Molecular Sequence Data ,Biology ,Crystallography, X-Ray ,Protein Structure, Secondary ,Protein structure ,Escherichia coli ,Amino Acid Sequence ,Peptide sequence ,Multidisciplinary ,Binding Sites ,Sequence Homology, Amino Acid ,Membrane transport protein ,Escherichia coli Proteins ,Membrane Transport Proteins ,Biological Transport ,Biological Sciences ,Major facilitator superfamily ,Transport protein ,Protein Structure, Tertiary ,Transmembrane domain ,Biochemistry ,Mutation ,Biophysics ,biology.protein ,Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel ,Sequence motif - Abstract
The major facilitator superfamily (MFS) is the largest family of secondary active transporters and is present in all life kingdoms. Detailed structural basis of the substrate transport and energy-coupling mechanisms of these proteins remain to be elucidated. YajR is a putative proton-driven MFS transporter found in many Gram-negative bacteria. Here we report the crystal structure of Escherichia coli YajR at 3.15 Å resolution in an outward-facing conformation. In addition to having the 12 canonical transmembrane helices, the YajR structure includes a unique 65-residue C-terminal domain which is independently stable. The structure is unique in illustrating the functional role of “sequence motif A.” This highly conserved element is seen to stabilize the outward conformation of YajR and suggests a general mechanism for the conformational change between the inward and outward states of the MFS transporters.
- Published
- 2013
13. Cold-inducible RNA-binding protein (Cirp) interacts with Dyrk1b/Mirk and promotes proliferation of immature male germ cells in mice
- Author
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Hiroaki Higashitsuji, Katsuhiko Itoh, Noa Nakazawa, Takashi Tanaka, Toshiharu Sakurai, Tomoko Masuda, Yu Liu, Takanori Fujita, Hisako Higashitsuji, Hiroyuki Nishiyama, Yan Zhao, Manabu Fukumoto, Masaru Okabe, Jun Fujita, Hiromu Tokuchi, and Masahito Ikawa
- Subjects
DYRK1B ,Male ,Down-Regulation ,Biology ,Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases ,CIRBP ,Resting Phase, Cell Cycle ,Mice ,Cyclin D1 ,Animals ,Phosphorylation ,Cells, Cultured ,Cell Proliferation ,Mice, Knockout ,Multidisciplinary ,Kinase ,Cell Cycle ,G1 Phase ,RNA-Binding Proteins ,Cell Differentiation ,Fibroblasts ,Protein-Tyrosine Kinases ,Biological Sciences ,Embryonic stem cell ,Molecular biology ,Spermatogonia ,Cell biology ,Cell culture ,Spermatogenesis ,Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27 - Abstract
Cold-inducible RNA-binding protein (Cirp) was the first cold-shock protein identified in mammals. It is structurally quite different from bacterial cold-shock proteins and is induced in response to mild, but not severe, hypothermia. To clarify the physiological function of Cirp in vivo, we produced cirp -knockout mice. They showed neither gross abnormality nor defect in fertility, but the number of undifferentiated spermatogonia was significantly reduced and the recovery of spermatogenesis was delayed after treatment with a cytotoxic agent, busulfan. Cirp accelerated cell-cycle progression from G0 to G1 as well as from G1 to S phase in cultured mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Cirp directly bound to dual-specificity tyrosine-phosphorylation–regulated kinase 1B (Dyrk1b, also called Mirk) and inhibited its binding to p27, resulting in decreased phosphorylation and destabilization of p27. Cirp did not affect binding of Dyrk1b to cyclin D1 but inhibited phosphorylation of cyclin D1 by Dyrk1b, resulting in cyclin D1 stabilization. In the spermatogonial cell line GC-1spg, suppression of Cirp expression increased the protein level of p27, decreased that of cyclin D1, and decreased the growth rate, which depended on Dyrk1b. Consistent changes in the protein levels of p27 and cyclin D1 as well as the percentage of cells in G0 phase were observed in undifferentiated spermatogonia of cirp -knockout mice. In undifferentiated spermatogonia of wild-type mice, Cirp and Dyrk1b colocalized in the nucleus. Thus, our study demonstrates that Cirp functions to fine-tune the proliferation of undifferentiated spermatogonia by interacting with Dyrk1b.
- Published
- 2012
14. Allelic diversity in an NLR gene BPH9 enables rice to combat planthopper variation.
- Author
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Yan Zhao, Jin Huang, Zhizheng Wang, Shengli Jing, Yang Wang, Yidan Ouyang, Baodong Cai, Xiu-Fang Xin, Xin Liu, Chunxiao Zhang, Yufang Pan, Rui Ma, Qiaofeng Li, Weihua Jiang, Ya Zeng, Xinxin Shangguan, Huiying Wang, Bo Du, Lili Zhu, and Xun Xu
- Subjects
- *
GENE frequency , *PLANTHOPPERS , *MOLECULAR cloning , *NILAPARVATA lugens , *RICE diseases & pests - Abstract
Brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens Stål, is one of the most devastating insect pests of rice (Oryza sativa L.). Currently, 30 BPH-resistance genes have been genetically defined, most of which are clustered on specific chromosome regions. Here, we describe molecular cloning and characterization of a BPH-resistance gene, BPH9, mapped on the long arm of rice chromosome 12 (12L). BPH9 encodes a rare type of nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat (NLR)-containing protein that localizes to the endomembrane system and causes a cell death phenotype. BPH9 activates salicylic acid- and jasmonic acid-signaling pathways in rice plants and confers both antixenosis and antibiosis to BPH. We further demonstrated that the eight BPH-resistance genes that are clustered on chromosome 12L, including the widely used BPH1, are allelic with each other. To honor the priority in the literature, we thus designated this locus as BPH1/9. These eight genes can be classified into four allelotypes, BPH1/9-1, -2, -7, and -9. These allelotypes confer varying levels of resistance to different biotypes of BPH. The coding region of BPH1/9 shows a high level of diversity in rice germplasm. Homologous fragments of the nucleotide-binding (NB) and leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domains exist, which might have served as a repository for generating allele diversity. Our findings reveal a rice plant strategy for modifying the genetic information to gain the upper hand in the struggle against insect herbivores. Further exploration of natural allelic variation and artificial shuffling within this gene may allow breeding to be tailored to control emerging biotypes of BPH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. Potential escalation of heat-related working costs with climate and socioeconomic changes in China.
- Author
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Yan Zhao, Sultan, Benjamin, Vautard, Robert, Braconnot, Pascale, Wang, Huijun J., and Ducharne, Agnes
- Subjects
- *
CLIMATE change , *HIGH temperatures , *EMPLOYEES , *SUBSIDIES , *SOCIOECONOMICS , *LABOR costs - Abstract
Global climate change will increase the frequency of hot temperatures, impairing health and productivity for millions of working people and raising labor costs. In mainland China, high-temperature subsidies (HTSs) are allocated to employees for each working day in extremely hot environments, but the potential heat-related increase in labor cost has not been evaluated so far. Here, we estimate the potential HTS cost in current and future climates under different scenarios of socioeconomic development and radiative forcing (Representative Concentration Pathway), taking uncertainties from the climate model structure and bias correction into account. On average, the total HTS in China is estimated at 38.6 billion yuan/y (US $6.22 billion/y) over the 1979-2005 period, which is equivalent to 0.2% of the gross domestic product (GDP). Assuming that the HTS standards (per employee per hot day) remain unchanged throughout the 21st century, the total HTS may reach 250 billion yuan/y in the 2030s and 1,000 billion yuan/y in 2100. We further show that, without specific adaptation, the increased HTS cost is mainly determined by population growth until the 2030s and climate change after the mid-21st century because of increasingly frequent hot weather. Accounting for the likely possibility that HTS standards follow the wages, the share of GDP devoted to HTS could become as high as 3% at the end of 21st century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
16. Crystal structure of lipid phosphatase Escherichia coli phosphatidylglycerophosphate phosphatase B.
- Author
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Junping Fan, Daohua Jiang, Yan Zhao, Jianfeng Liu, and Xuejun Cai Zhang
- Subjects
CRYSTAL structure ,LIPID metabolism ,PHOSPHATASES ,ESCHERICHIA coli ,CATALYSIS ,ENZYMES - Abstract
Membrane-integrated type II phosphatidic acid phosphatases (PAP2s) are important for numerous bacterial to human biological processes, including glucose transport, lipid metabolism, and signaling. Escherichia coli phosphatidylglycerol-phosphate phosphatase B (ecPgpB) catalyzes removing the terminal phosphate group from a lipid carrier, undecaprenyl pyrophosphate, and is essential for transport of many hydrophilic small molecules across the membrane. We determined the crystal structure of ecPgpB at a resolution of 3.2 Å. This structure shares a similar folding topology and a nearly identical active site with soluble PAP2 enzymes. However, the substrate binding mechanism appears to be fundamentally different from that in soluble PAP2 enzymes. In ecPgpB, the potential substrate entrance to the active site is located in a cleft formed by a V-shaped transmembrane helix pair, allowing lateral movement of the lipid substrate entering the active site from the membrane lipid bilayer. Activity assays of point mutations confirmed the importance of the catalytic residues and potential residues involved in phosphate binding. The structure also suggests an induced-fit mechanism for the substrate binding. The 3D structure of ecPgpB serves as a prototype to study eukaryotic PAP2 enzymes, including human glucose-6-phosphatase, a key enzyme in the homeostatic regulation of blood glucose concentrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
17. Phytoplasmal infection derails genetically preprogrammed meristem fate and alters plant architecture.
- Author
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Wei Wei, Davis, Robert Edward, Nuss, Donald L., and Yan Zhao
- Subjects
PHYTOPLASMAS ,MERISTEMS ,PLANT growth ,PLANT fertility ,FLOWER development ,TOMATOES ,STEM cells - Abstract
In the life cycle of higher plants, it is the fate of meristem cells that determines the pattern of growth and development, and therefore plant morphotype and fertility. Floral transition, the turning point from vegetative growth to reproductive development, is achieved via genetically programmed sequential changes in menstem fate from vegetative to inflorescence, and to floral, leading to flower formation and eventual seed production. The transition is rarely reversible once initiated. In this communication, we report that a bacterial infection can derail the genetically programmed fate of meristem cells, thereby drastically altering the growth pattern of the host plant. We identified four characteristic symptoms in tomato plants infected with a cell wall-less bacterium, phytoplasma. The symptoms are a manifestation of the pathogen-induced alterations of growth pattern, whereas each symptom corresponds to a distinct phase in the derailment of shoot apical meristem fate. The phases include premature floral menistem termination, suppressed floral meristem initiation, delayed conversion of vegetative meristem to inflorescence meristem, and repetitive initiation and outgrowth of lateral vegetative meristems. We further found that the pathogen-induced alterations of growth pattern were correlated with transcriptional reprogramming of key menistem switching genes. Our findings open an avenue toward understanding pathological alterations in patterns of plant growth and development, thus aiding identification of molecular targets for disease control and symptom alleviation. The findings also provide insights for understanding stem cell pluripotency and raise a tantalizing possibility for using phytoplasma as a tool to dissect the course of normal plant development and to modify plant morphogenesis by manipulating menistem fate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
18. Structure of the YajR transporter suggests a transport mechanism based on the conserved motif A.
- Author
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Daohua Jiang, Yan Zhao, Xianping Wang, Junping Fan, Jie Heng, Xuehui Liu, Wei Feng, Xusheng Kang, Bo Huang, Jianfeng Liu, and Xuejun Cai Zhang
- Subjects
- *
ESCHERICHIA coli , *PROTEIN transport , *CRYSTAL structure , *GRAM-negative bacteria , *CONFORMATIONAL analysis - Abstract
The major facilitator superfamily (MFS) is the largest family of secondary active transporters and is present in all life kingdoms. Detailed structural basis of the substrate transport and energy-coupling mechanisms of these proteins remain to be elucidated. YajR is a putative proton-driven MFS transporter found in many Gram-negative bacteria. Here we report the crystal structure of Escherichia coli YajR at 3.15 Å resolution in an outward-facing conformation. In addition to having the 12 canonical transmembrane helices, the YajR structure includes a unique 65-residue C-terminal domain which is independently stable. The structure is unique in illustrating the functional role of "sequence motif A." This highly conserved element is seen to stabilize the outward conformation of YajR and suggests a general mechanism for the conformational change between the inward and outward states of the MFS transporters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
19. Cold-inducible RNA-binding protein (Cirp) interacts with Dyrk1b/Mirk and promotes proliferation of immature male germ cells in mice.
- Author
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Masuda, Tomoko, Itoh, Katsuhiko, Higashitsuji, Hiroaki, Higashitsuji, Hisako, Nakazawa, Noa, Sakurai, Toshiharu, Yu Liu, Tokuchi, Hiromu, Fujita, Takanori, Yan Zhao, Nishiyama, Hiroyuki, Tanaka, Takashi, Fukumoto, Manabu, Lkawa, Masahito, Okabe, Masaru, and Fujita, Jun
- Subjects
RNA-protein interactions ,PROMOTERS (Genetics) ,CELL proliferation ,GERM cells ,LABORATORY mice ,PROTEIN structure ,SPERMATOGENESIS ,CELL-mediated cytotoxicity - Abstract
Cold-inducible RNA-binding protein (Cirp) was the first cold-shock protein identified in mammals. It is structurally quite different from bacterial cold-shock proteins and is induced in response to mild, but not severe, hypothermia. To clarify the physiological function of Cirp in vivo, we produced c/rp-knockout mice. They showed neither gross abnormality nor defect in fertility, but the number of undifferentiated spermatogonia was significantly reduced and the recovery of spermatogenesis was delayed after treatment with a cytotoxic agent, busulfan. Cirp accelerated cell-cycle progression from GO to G1 as well as from G1 to S phase in cultured mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Cirp directly bound to dual-specificity tyrosine-phosphorylation-regulated kinase 1B (Dyrklb, also called Mirk) and inhibited its binding to p27, resulting in decreased phosphorylation and destabilization of p27. Cirp did not affect binding of Dyrklb to cyclin D1 but inhibited phosphorylation of cyclin D1 by Dyrklb, resulting in cyclin D1 stabilization. In the spermatogonia! cell line GC-1spg, suppression of Cirp expression increased the protein level of p27, decreased that of cyclin D1, and decreased the growth rate, which depended on Dyrklb. Consistent changes in the protein levels of p27 and cyclin D1 as well as the percentage of cells in GO phase were observed in undifferentiated spermatogonia of c/rp-knockout mice. In undifferentiated spermatogonia of wild-type mice, Cirp and Dyrklb colocalized in the nucleus. Thus, our study demonstrates that Cirp functions to fine-tune the proliferation of undifferentiated spermatogonia by interacting with Dyrklb. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
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20. Inhibitors of histone deacetylases target the Rb-E2F1 pathway for apoptosis induction through activation of proapoptotic protein Bim.
- Author
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Yan Zhao, Jing Tan, Li Zhuang, Xia Jiang, Liu, Edison T., and Qiang Yu
- Subjects
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HISTONE deacetylase , *AMIDASES , *ANTINEOPLASTIC agents , *CANCER chemotherapy , *CANCER cells , *DEATH - Abstract
Inhibitors of histone deacetylases (HDACIs) are a new generation of anticancer agents that selectively kill tumor cells. However, the molecular basis for their tumor selectivity is not well understood. We investigated the effects of HDACIs on the oncogenic Rb-E2F1 pathway, which is frequently deregulated in human cancers. Here, we report that cancer cells with elevated E2F1 activity, caused either by enforced E2F1 expression, or by E1A oncogene expression, are highly susceptible to HDACI-induced cell death. This E2F1-mediated apoptosis is neither p53- nor p73-dependent but proceeds through selective induction of proapoptotic 8H3-only protein Bim. We show that Bim is a direct target of E2F1 and that HDAC inhibition promotes the recruitment of E2F1 to the Bim promoter. Moreover, silencing of Bim by specific small interfering RNA (siRNA) effectively abolishes the E2F1-mediated cell death sensitization to HDACIs. These findings suggest that the oncogenic E2F1 pathway participates in HDACIs-induced apoptosis in cancer cells and underscore the importance of Bim as a key mediator of oncogene-induced apoptosis. Our study provides an important insight into the molecular mechanism of tumor selectivity of HDACIs and predicts that, clinically, HDACIs will be more effective in tumors with high E2F1 activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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