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A 62-year-old man developed disseminated protozoa zopfii infection during immunosuppressive treatment with methylprednisolone and tacrolimus. Despite treatment with anidulafungin and amphotericin B, he exhibited a lack of efficacy. The patient had undergone a liver transplant and had a history of hepatitis B, upper gastrointestinal bleeding, and ascites. He also developed other complications, including Klebsiella and Acinetobacter bacteremia, cytomegalovirus viremia, and septic shock. The patient ultimately passed away due to multiorgan failure caused by the disseminated protozoa zopfii infection. The lack of efficacy was attributed to the medications anidulafungin and amphotericin B. [Extracted from the article]

Author InformationAn event is serious (based on the ICH definition) when the patient outcome is:• * death * life-threatening * hospitalisation * disability * congenital anomaly * other medically important eventA 34-year-old woman exhibited lack of efficacy during treatment with neomycin, polymyxin B sulfate, hydrocortisone and triamcinolone for chondrodermatitis [not all routes stated; dosages not stated]. [Extracted from the article]

Author InformationAn event is serious (based on the ICH definition) when the patient outcome is:• * death * life-threatening * hospitalisation * disability * congenital anomaly * other medically important eventA 19-year-old woman developed central diabetes insipidus (DI) following withdrawal of vasopressin while being treated for septic shock [route, dosage and duration of treatment to reaction onset not stated]. [Extracted from the article]

An 18-year-old man with acute T-cell leukemia developed neuromyopathy after being treated with polymyxin B for a drug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection. The patient initially presented with fever and loose stools and had previously received chemotherapy. The source of sepsis was suspected to be a catheter. The patient experienced black discoloration and swelling of the mouth, and tissue samples revealed the presence of the drug-resistant bacteria. Polymyxin B was administered, but the patient developed difficulty in lifting his lower limbs, leading to a suspicion of polymyxin B-induced neuromyopathy. Treatment was switched to cefepime/zidebactam, and the patient showed signs of improvement. After discontinuing polymyxin B, the patient's neuromyopathy resolved. [Extracted from the article]

Anterior segment investigation with slit-lamp biomicroscopy revealed bilateral iris depigmentation with diffuse iris transillumination defects and pigment deposits on the iris surface and corneal endothelium without the formation of a classic Krukenberg spindle. Anterior segment investigation with slit-lamp biomicroscopy revealed an iridodialysis from 10 to 12 o'clock in the RE and bilateral iris depigmentation with diffuse iris transillumination defects and pigment deposits on the iris surface. [Extracted from the article]

After 3 weeks, examination revealed a persistence of the previous defect, moreover, it was observed that there was a new central epithelial defect; BCVA was hand motion (HM). During the week 4 of the treatment, it was observed that she had developed a well-circumscribed, 2.2mm crescent-shaped, subepithelial white, plaque-like opacity with an overlying epithelial defect; She was considered to have acute calcific band keratopathy. At her last follow-up, 1 year after the development of the original epithelial defect, she reported a BCVA of 20/800 without any epithelial defect or a subsequent VZV flare. After the week 3 of the therapy, the epithelial defect healed after the third week of therapy and she completed the full course of cenegermin. [Extracted from the article]

Additionally, he developed I Klebsiella pneumoniae i pneumonia I , i I Acinetobacter baumannii i pneumonia and nosocomial pneumonia during treatment with dexamethasone and levilimab. A repeated sputum culture showed same phenotype of MDR isolate of I K. pneumoniae; i hence, tigecycline and polymyxin B were stopped with simultaneous prescription of aztreonam and ceftazidime/avibactam. Available from: URL: http://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12010053 Footnotes 1 The dosage of dexamethasone was mentioned as "Dexamethasone 8-24 mg BID PO/IV" therefore, it was captured as IV and oral 8mg and 24mg as per Figure 1. [Extracted from the article]

On day 12 post-splenectomy, he passed away presumably due to sepsis while receiving polymixin-B. Lack of efficacy to vancomycin, linezolid, meropenem, amikacin, ciprofloxacin and polymixin-B was considered. Epidermidis i and I S. haemolyticus i infection, to dexamethasone, ciclosporin and immune-globulin in treatment of haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH), and to amphotericin-B-liposomal in treatment of visceral leishmaniasis [ I not all routes stated; dosages not stated i ]. B Author Information b An event is serious (based on the ICH definition) when the patient outcome is: * death * life-threatening * hospitalisation * disability * congenital anomaly * other medically important event A 4-year-old boy exhibited lack of efficacy to vancomycin, linezolid, meropenem, amikacin, ciprofloxacin and polymixin-B in treatment of idiopathic infection, I Staphylococcus (S.). [Extracted from the article]

Hence, the patients started receiving tigecycline (1 patient) or polymi xin B [polymyxin B] and imipenem/cilastatin (1 patient). Subsequently, the patients developed I Acinetobacter baumannii i infection (1 patient) or I Pseudomonas aeruginosa i infection (1 patient). B Author Information b An event is serious (based on the ICH definition) when the patient outcome is: * death * life-threatening * hospitalisation * disability * congenital anomaly * other medically important event In a retrospective study involving 136 patients, who underwent liver transplant in Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, China from 1 January 2020 to 31 October 2021, et al. patients [ I ages and sexes not stated i ] were described who exhibited lack of efficacy during treatment with tigecycline for I Acinetobacter baumannii i infection or during treatment with polymixin B and imipenem/cilastatin for I Pseudomonas aeruginosa i infection [ I routes and dosages not stated i ]. [Extracted from the article]

Resolution of herpes zoster-induced small bowel pseudoobstruction by epidural nerve block: A case report. She received red light irradiation, topical polymyxin B ointment, intramuscular aciclovir injection, thiamine injection [vitamin B1], oral mecobalamin tablets [ I dosages and routes not stated i ] and other treatments. B Author Information b An event is serious (based on the ICH definition) when the patient outcome is: * death * life-threatening * hospitalisation * disability * congenital anomaly * other medically important event The 76-year-old woman exhibited treatment failure while receiving polymyxin B, aciclovir, thiamine and mecobalamin for Herpes zoster induced small bowel pseudo-obstruction. [Extracted from the article]

Below is a list of other recently published drug safety-related scientific literature. Systemic allergic dermatitis to dapsone diagnosed with scratch patch tests Contact Dermatitis: 3 Apr 2022. Potential drug-drug interactions between antiretroviral drugs and comedications, including dietary supplements, among people living with HIV: A clinical survey HIV Medicine: 25 May 2022. [Extracted from the article]

AuroMedics Pharma LLC Issues Voluntary Nationwide Recall of Polymyxin B for Injection USP, 500,000 Unit per Vial, Due to the Presence of Particulate Matter. Polymyxin B injection USP is a sterile, white lyophilized cake or powder, to be used in sterile solutions for the treatment of infections of the urinary tract, meninges and bloodstream caused by susceptible strains of bacteria. AuroMedics Pharma has issued a nationwide recall of its polymyxin B for injection USP 500 000 units per vial due to the presence of particulate matter, in this case hair, which could cause serious hypersensitivity reactions that may be life-threatening, says the US FDA. [Extracted from the article]

The bacteraemia was evident with fever in all the patients, CNS symptoms in 6 patients and gastrointestinal symptoms in 4 patients. Central venous catheter was inserted in 7of these patients, a peripheral catheter was placed in another 4 patients and a central venous catheter or peripheral parenteral nutrition was performed in 2 patients. B Author Information b An event is serious (based on the ICH definition) when the patient outcome is: * death * life-threatening * hospitalisation * disability * congenital anomaly * other medically important event In a retrospective observational study involving the patients who had been treated at an institute in Japan from January 2010 to March 2015 for haematologic diseases, 12 patients (7 men and 5 women) aged 24-90 years were described, who developed I Bacillus cereus i bacteraemia following prophylactic antibiotic therapy with cotrimoxazole and polymixin-B [ I dosages, routes and times to reactions onsets not stated i ]. [Extracted from the article]

However, within 6 days, she experienced a relapse of facial oedema following the tapering of prednisolone 15 mg/day (rebound effect). However, relapse of facial oedema was noted following tapering of prednisolone to <15 mg/day (rebound effect). B Author Information b An event is serious (based on the ICH definition) when the patient outcome is: * death * life-threatening * hospitalisation * disability * congenital anomaly * other medically important event A 58-year-old woman developed I Pneumocystis jirovecii i pneumonia and rebound effect in the form of relapsed facial oedema during treatment with prednisolone for facial oedema, and hypoxaemic respiratory failure and interstitial lung disease during treatment with rituximab for clinically amyopathic dermatomyositis (CADM). [Extracted from the article]

He received empirical antibiotic treatment with piperacillin/tazobactam [piperacillin sodium/tazobactam sodium]. Thereafter, his antibiotic treatment was changed to IV polymixin-B infusion at a loading dose of 150mg followed by a maintenance dose of 75mg every 12h along with tigecycline. B Author Information b An event is serious (based on the ICH definition) when the patient outcome is: * death * life-threatening * hospitalisation * disability * congenital anomaly * other medically important event A 45-year-old man developed acute kidney injury during treatment with polymixin-B for carbapenem-resistant I Klebsiella i pneumonia (CRKP)-induced bloodstream infection. [Extracted from the article]

B Author Information b An event is serious (based on the ICH definition) when the patient outcome is: * death * life-threatening * hospitalisation * disability * congenital anomaly * other medically important event A case report of six patients, described two patients [ I ages and sexes not stated i ], who developed acquired Bartter-like syndrome during treatment with colistin or polymixin B for multidrug resistant organism infections. The patients started receiving IV colistin [polymyxin E] or IV polymixin-B [polymyxin B] and IV colistin [ I dosages not stated i ]. The patients were considered to have acquired Bartter-like syndrome due to colistin and polimyxin B therapies [ I durations of treatments to reactions onsets not stated i ]. [Extracted from the article]

B Author Information b An event is serious (based on the ICH definition) when the patient outcome is: * death * life-threatening * hospitalisation * disability * congenital anomaly * other medically important event An 11-year-old boy had treatment failure during treatment with linezolid, plasma, polymyxin B, prednisone and tigecycline for febrile ulceronecrotic Mucha-Habermann disease (FUMHD) secondary to I Acinetobacter baumannii i infection [ I not all routes and dosages stated i ]. During the treatment, his fever dropped gradually and ulcer gradually dried out without exudate. Thereafter, he received treatment with methotrexate and the lesions improved significantly without any erythema, and his ulcers healed gradually. [Extracted from the article]

Below is a list of other recently published drug safety-related scientific literature. Risk factors for nephrotoxicity associated with polymyxin B therapy in Chinese patients. Utilization of the Naranjo scale to evaluate adverse drug reactions at a free-standing children's hospital. [Extracted from the article]

B Author Information b An event is serious (based on the ICH definition) when the patient outcome is: * death * life-threatening * hospitalisation * disability * congenital anomaly * other medically important event In a retrospective, observational cohort study of 8 patients, 3 patients (2 women, 1 man) aged 55-73 years [1] were described, who developed antibiotic resistance, ototoxicity or recurrent oral/vaginal candida infection during treatment with polymixin B or neomycin to prevent recurrent hepatic cyst infections in polycystic liver disease (PLD). The patient with candida infection received antifungal treatment with addition of nystatin [ I outcomes not stated i ]. [Extracted from the article]

B Author Information b An event is serious (based on the ICH definition) when the patient outcome is: * death * life-threatening * hospitalisation * disability * congenital anomaly * other medically important event A 68-year-old man developed skin hyperpigmentation during treatment with polymixin-B for multidrug-resistant I Klebsiella pneumoniae i infection (KPI). After 60 days of stopping polymixin-B, the hyperpigmentation returned to normal and desquamation also improved. Polymyxin B-Induced Skin Hyperpigmentation. [Extracted from the article]

B Author Information b An event is serious (based on the ICH definition) when the patient outcome is: * death * life-threatening * hospitalisation * disability * congenital anomaly * other medically important event In a retrospective analysis of 6 patients treated for renal impairment in an ICU between February 2018 and May 2019, 5 patients (3 men and 2 women) aged 28-67 years were described, who experienced worsening renal function following off-label therapy with polymyxin B. One of these patients additionally developed neurotoxicity in the form of decreased muscle strength and cognitive impairment secondary to polymyxin B, and the administration of methylprednisolone sodium succinate and sufentanil was thought to have contributed to the same. The EMG results revealed the presence of spontaneous potentials in the right and left tibialis anterior muscles, right extensor digitorum brevis muscle, right and left biceps femoris muscles and right L4 paraspinal muscle, and their inability to contract. [Extracted from the article]

B Author Information b An event is serious (based on the ICH definition) when the patient outcome is: * death * life-threatening * hospitalisation * disability * congenital anomaly * other medically important event A 59-year-old man had chemical burn to the right eye following accidental application of salicylic acid after confusing it with unspecified eye lubricant [ I dosage not stated i ]. He was diagnosed with chemical burn of the ocular surface involving the cornea, limbus, bulbar and tarsal conjunctiva of the right eye secondary to accidental salicylic acid application. [Extracted from the article]