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This research explores the practical advantages and potential applications of spray adhesives, focusing on testing their suitability for artwork mounting uses. Their solubility in common low-toxicity solvents (ethanol and acetone) was evaluated. Seven commercial spray adhesives from different commercial brands and compositions were applied on paper samples and subjected to different ageing conditions. The samples were then immersed in the solvent, and the degree of adhesive removal was measured. One of the most relevant conclusions is that commercial neoprene-based spray adhesives become brittle and fragile in a few weeks, which makes them unsuitable for both long-term and temporary applications in the heritage field. On the other hand, the solubility was high or very high in some cases: up to 98 % of adhesive removal was achieved in acetone wash. These tests and the convenience, cost and availability of spray adhesives suggest that some of them may be safely used in some scenarios such as temporary mountings or transport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study conducted in March–April 2021 elucidated the acidification process of books using alkaline text paper and improved the method of pH measurement in a previous study from 2016. The pH was measured on various positions of Japanese books published in 2000–2020 using the same type of pH-indicator strip as used in 2016; however, a wetted pH-indicator strip was kept pressed to the text paper with fingers at approximately 5 kgf for 90 s to secure the transfer of water-extracted components for four times while a 250 g paperweight was mounted and kept for 60 s for two times in the 2016-study. This time, the pH was found to decrease faster in positions more readily exposed to outside air compared to the 2016-study. Immediately after publication of the book, the pH was approximately 7.8 in every position. The pH of the top edge corner and the surface near the top edge corner later decreased to a neutral pH 7.0 4–6 years and 7–9 years after publication, respectively. Approximately 20 years after publication, the centre of the page in the interior of the book also dropped to pH 7.1, suggesting that acidification steadily progressed, albeit slightly, even on alkaline paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The properties of handmade paper used for mounting and conservation of paintings and calligraphy on paper is crucial to the quality and lifespan of such objects. Mounting papers from China, Korea, and Japan vary greatly in performance due to different papermaking methods and fibre materials. In this study, eight types of handmade paper widely used in China, Korea, and Japan were selected for comprehensive comparative analysis investigating their pH as well as optical, mechanical, and ageing properties. The study showed that traditional hanji, improved hanji, and thin Mino paper made of pure kozo fibres performed best in terms of mechanical properties. Among the additives mixed with kozo fibres, clam shell powder was identified as a substance that improves pH and stability of optical properties. Xuan paper Mianliao was found to be a suitable material for mounting hand scrolls and hanging scrolls due to its softness and ageing properties. Traditional hanji, improved hanji, and thin Mino paper are less flexible than xuan paper Mianliao and are considered more suitable for uses other than for mounting scrolls. This study will provide a reference for improving the quality of handmade paper and a theoretical basis for the selection of such papers for the conservation of paintings and calligraphy on paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Restaurator is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Paper nails constitute a unique and important structure in Chinese double-leaved books. This technique may have existed as early as the Southern Song Dynasty (A.D.1127–1279) when wrapped-back bindings developed. Creating and applying paper nails is a basic skill for conservators in China. Although paper nails have always been used, there is not much literature discussing their manufacture and application. This article details the use of single and double-ended nails in China, including how to make, attach, and remove them, and provides illustrative examples of the role of paper nails in thread binding, rough binding, wrapped-back binding, and "Jade Set in Gold" ("jinxiangyu", 金镶玉) binding. This work will be a reference for the conservation of Chinese double-leaved books and other documents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In this study, Kozo fibres were fibrillated using the stone wet milling method and the wet atomisation method both deriving from nanocellulose production processes. Kozo fibres with a high degree of external fibrillation were obtained by using the stone mill wet grinding method. Although fibres exhibited the same structure as untreated Kozo fibres, their bonding properties improved. Applying the wet atomisation method, fibrillated Kozo fibres with different degrees of fibrillation were obtained depending on the number of treatments. Fibrillated Kozo fibres can be used in conservation as an adhesive for lining and other stabilisation treatments and may in certain cases replace starch paste, which is susceptible to microbiological damage. Only Kozo fibres and water were used in both mechanical fibrillation methods; therefore, the resulting material can be considered a safe alternative to more traditional adhesives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article describes the implementation of results from a test series exploring non-aqueous facing methods in paper conservation (Bedenikovic 2018). The lessons learnt during the systematic study of different materials and methods were applied in a real-life conservation situation, and findings from the test series could be complemented with observations made in practice. The case study will discuss the conservation of a seventeenth century drawing damaged by ink corrosion. The severely degraded, brittle paper had to be secured with a facing before it could be removed from the mounting board. Adhesives introduced during earlier treatments posed additional challenges during the conservation process. A facing made of Rayon, coated with 2.5 % Klucel® G in water and reactivated with 96 % ethanol stabilized the drawing effectively during treatment and could be easily removed without damaging the object's surface or leaving residues behind. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Restaurator is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Restaurator is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Restaurator is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Clay minerals possess several properties such as ion exchange capability, alkaline pH, adsorptive, swelling, and plastic behaviour, most of which are governed by their interactions with water. They have the capacity to interact with soluble molecules, which is particularly interesting for art conservation treatments. For all these reasons clays deserve to be considered for green and sustainable paper conservation interventions. In this work two phyllosilicates with different properties, namely montmorillonite and sepiolite, were investigated for the removal of tidelines on artificially aged paper samples. Water exchange, cleaning efficiency, and pH were evaluated comparing the clays to gellan gum, a benchmark cleaning hydrogel. A pouch made with regenerated cellulose was used to avoid direct contact of the minerals with the paper. The water sorption capacity of the clays combined with the specific permeability of the cellulosic membrane allowed for a homogeneous and easy to control cleaning. The formation of new tidelines, an inherent risk to any local conservation treatment of paper, was avoided. As an example, sepiolite was used for the local cleaning of a paper-based artwork's multiple tidelines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Restaurator is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article presents a study on the effects of deacidification/strengthening combinations on papers using magnesium carbonate (MgCO3) with cellulose derivatives including methylcellulose, carboxy methylcellulose (CMC), and ethyl cellulose. The study conducted tests using ligneous papers and acidic wood-free paper. It reveals that the most appropriate treatment to deacidify and strengthen the commercial papers is the combination of methylcellulose and MgCO3.

The National Library of Poland holds three historical collections with a unified visual form. The arrangement of the Wilanów collection was carried out in the first half of the nineteenth century, whereas the Krasiński collection was arranged in the early twentieth century respectively the 1950's or 1960's in the case of drawings by Norwid. This contribution describes the structure of mountings found in these collections, as well as the historical context in which they were created. It serves as a starting point to provide an outline of the history of conservation methods and preservation of prints' and drawings' collections in Poland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the eighteenth century, paper theatres were presented in special boxes on fairs. This technical note describes three ways to present these small decorative art objects in exhibitions: mounting the paper theatres in a box of museum board, between acrylic glass rods or in a frame. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses a treatment for paper made from wood-pulp being stored in library and archive collections intended to slow deterioration. It comments on the process and benefits of the process, including removing soluble acidic products, preventing decay caused by oxidization, and increasing the mechanical strength of the paper itself. The authors note the historical and social importance of preserving historic documents.

As a mount support for a large drawing on tracing paper, six honeycomb panels were adhered with Primal AC 33 acrylic adhesive to a wooden latticed strainer. The 13 mm-thick honeycomb panels were lap joined and the overlapping edges tacked down with Beva® 371 heat seal film (0.025 mm thickness) to conceal the joins. Japanese paper hinges were adhered at strategic and unobtrusive locations along the top and right verso edges of the drawing and threaded through the honeycomb panel for attachment on its verso. After the top hinges had been secured to the mount, the drawing was allowed to settle in a vertical position and then the remaining hinges were secured to the mount. The spaces between the lattice bars on the verso were filled with honeycomb panel pieces for added mechanical protection and moisture migration control. Mount and drawing are in good condition after 10 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Restaurator is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Restaurator is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article presents information on the effect of simmering on the chemical and mechanical properties of paper. Iron gall ink corrosion of paper threatens to destroy a large portion of historic manuscripts, records and drawings globally. A great deal of effort has been and continues to be, invested in studying and understanding the causes and pathways of iron gall ink corrosion of paper, and the efficacy of various conservation treatments. Among the many traditional treatments, "boiling paper" as a treatment for corroded iron gall ink documents has been used for more than 30 years 68.

Presents a study that developed a paper conservation treatment utilizing calcium hydroxide together with methyl cellulose in an aqueous solution on the alkaline reserve of the paper. Analysis of the chemical, mechanical and optical properties of treated and untreated papers; Methods used in testing the permanence of the paper; Comparison between the results on the alkaline reserve of two solutions used on the paper.

Copyright of Restaurator is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Restaurator is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Acidification mechanisms of paper were examined, studying 120 pairs of identical copies of books published from 1971 to 2010 housed in two Japanese university libraries. The pH at the edges of the alkaline paper lowered from 7.5 to 6.4 after 5–10 years and to 5.8 after 10–15 years after publication. The pH bottomed at 5.4 at the edges and at 7.0 in the centre of the sheet. Acid paper showed higher pH at the edges than in the centre of the sheet. The edge pH of the alkaline paper of books stored on an above-ground floor was lower due to more exposure to incoming open air with pollutants compared to paper stored in the basement. Elemental analysis suggested nitrogen oxide deposition, but could not prove sulphur oxide deposition at the edges of the paper. The position-dependent acidification is presumed to relate to the deposition tendency of air pollutants contained in open air, and accordingly the edge pH dropped dramatically. In the 1980s, alkaline paper was increasingly used in the production of books, and it was assumed that no more book acidification was to occur; however, this study concludes that even in alkaline paper, acidification processes will take place over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The article presents a study on the rolling test method which is used to evaluate paper deterioration. The study analyzes the correlation between the rolling test and conventional mechanical measurements using paper samples of varying levels of degradation, which are rolled using cylinders of different diameters. The results reveal that samples from the second half of the 1800s are less flexible than samples from other periods, and that groundwood pulp is a potential cause of the deterioration.

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Considerable differences will be found between the way many art works and particularly the papers, which act as support and made especially for graphic art, have aged over the years. They confirm an urgent need to use permanent archival materials to ensure the longevity of an art work. To evaluate whether some of papers used by artists are likely to last the test of time it is necessary to determine their permanence and durability. A work of art on paper, such as a print, created for display as the artist intended, should be printed on paper of archival quality, displayed and stored, when not being exhibited, under strictly controlled climatic conditions, with strict light levels.

During the Taimurid (1370-1507 A.D.) and Safawid 1501-1736 A.D.) to Qajar periods (1785-1925 A.D.), Iranian masters introduced a number of paper dyes in order to prepare a suitable support for their calligraphies and paintings. This paper will discuss the different types of dyes and application techniques as described in Persian historical sources. Eighteen manuscripts from the thirteenth to the nineteenth century were selected and studied in detail; recipes were translated and categorized according to colour, materials and techniques in order to be able to draw comparisons. Studying these historical references not only adds a new dimension to the identification of materials used in manuscripts and miniature paintings of the period under study, but also can help to preserve the colours by providing a better understanding of their composition, manufacture and use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ionic fixatives Rewin® EL and Mesitol® NBS are in established use to prevent bleeding of water-sensitive media during aqueous treatment. Their single or combined application varies among practitioners, also with regard to the inclusion and intensity of any subsequent rinsing. Lack of rinsing and local fixative applications are known to risk paper discolouration. The function of aqueous rinsing subsequent to fixative application was studied on Whatman filter paper samples treated with fixative solutions of Mesitol® NBS, Rewin® EL or the Bückeburg fixative solution, which is a suspension of both. After artificial ageing, the samples were analysed as follows: discolouration formation via CIELAB measurement; cellulose damage via molar mass (Mw) and carbonyl group content; alteration of the paper's electrostatic charge via dye colouration; quantification of fixative residues via gravimetry, polyelectrolyte extraction and IR spectroscopy. Results on treated and artificially aged papers show that rinsing is of great importance for diminishing the residue and thereby any negative effect of remaining fixatives discolouration formation, Mw loss and carbonyl group increase. Papers treated with Rewin® EL and the Rewin® EL-containing Bückeburg fixative solution showed these effects significantly. Mesitol® NBS seemed to have no negative, and may have a positive effect on the studied paper ageing properties. One 15-min aqueous rinse was the minimum required, three 10-min rinses were effective in maximising the fixative removal from Whatman filter paper, which is crucial to prevent undesired side effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Verdigris (copper acetate) has been frequently used in manuscripts, early printed books and on maps. Dyes and pigments from plants have been added to modify the colour. Depending on the mode of application, paper quality, size and environmental factors like light and humidity the green colour of verdigris can discolour to brown tones and chemically damage the paper carrier. Treatment options include the application of solutions to stabilize cellulose chemically and mechanical reinforcement of the brittle or broken papers with Japanese paper and adhesives. Samples of copper acetate in gum arabic on rag paper were pre-aged to induce moderate degradation of cellulose. Deacidification, antioxidant and complexing solutions were applied by airbrush or by brush. Japanese tissue papers were coated with different aqueous or non-aqueous adhesives and applied by activation with water, ethanol or heat. The effect of the coated tissue papers was visually and mechanically evaluated before and after ageing. This contribution gives an overview of the project and focuses on mechanical stabilization and the implications of results for conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Non-destructive analysis of 1,578 paper specimens made between the fourteenth and the nineteenth centuries was undertaken in an effort to better understand changes in paper composition over time and how these variations might affect paper stability during long term natural ageing. Gelatine content and colour were determined using UV/Vis/NIR spectrometry. Residual metals were measured using XRF. These components included potassium and sulfur as elements indicative of alum concentration; iron as a typical paper contaminant; and calcium, which is often associated with compounds such as calcium carbonate that can serve as alkaline reserves. The research demonstrated that papers that are lighter in colour (closer to white) are associated with higher levels of gelatine and calcium, and lower levels of iron. The survey also showed significant decreases in gelatine and calcium concentration over time with the largest differences coinciding with the rise of printing around 1500. The drop in pH over the centuries observed by other researchers is explained by the decreases in these two components rather than by a rise in alum concentration, which remained fairly stable. The craftsmanship of the specimens was evaluated using materials and workmanship ratings which showed better quality paper associated with higher gelatine and calcium concentrations and colour closer to white. Poorer quality papers were associated with higher iron levels and greater thickness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a comparison between pulp and paper conservation bleaching. The pulp is a homogeneous mass of fibers having the same colors, while discoloration is distributed inhomogeneously with paper. It mentions that in pulp bleaching, the bleach is to be forced into the pulp for it to gain even distribution, while the selectivity of bleaching treatment is needed for paper bleaching. It states that pulp and paper share some bleaching agents including hypochlorites and chlorine dioxide.

The article describes color changes in the papers irradiated in relation to oxidation and its influence on the strength of the papers. After exposure to direct irradiation, the first sheet always yellowed. Light-induced oxidation provides a partial view on the oxidation of groundwood papers. This information can be used in the preservation of three-dimensional documents during direct or indirect lighting.

The article presents a study conducted to examine whether interleaving paper impregnated with a combination of the antioxidant sodium bromide and calcium carbonate would be able to reduce the degradation of iron-gall ink containing papers. Four types of interleaving papers were studied, pure paper, paper with calcium carbonate and paper with calcium carbonate and sodium bromide. Interleaving papers were prepared by immersing Whatman filter paper No. 1 once, for 5 minutes in a saturated aqueous solution of calcium hydroxide or twice with intermediate drying. A third set was left untreated.

Focuses on an experiment to study the impact of aqueous treatment on the strength properties of Whatman filter paper. Information on folding endurance and tensile absorption of the paper; Explanations for the decrease in tensile strength of the paper after aqueous treatment; Discussion on long-term implications of decrease in tensile strength on the basis of different strength decrease scenario.

Part II. Examines the influence of the short-term action multivalent daylight with partly reduced ultraviolet (UV) radiation on the oxidation/light induced oxidation degradation of groundwood paper in the presence of various amount of secondary chromophores. Effect of radiation on groundwood paper; Efficiency of UV filters for the preservation of groundwood paper documents during long-term storage; Impact of deacidification of groundwood papers.

The article focuses on a study conducted by the Federal Centre for Document Conservation at the National Library of Russia on the effect of the photocopying process and the photocopy toner on the properties of photocopy paper. The study examined the papers through accelerated ageing under ultraviolet (UV) light exposure and moist conditions. The results of the study showed that the toner affects the paper texture, however, the photocopying process causes no negative effects.

For the 2006 installation of the permanent exhibition at the German Historical Museum Berlin 2600 paper objects, 330 posters and 1070 books were prepared for display within only three months. Paper objects were framed or installed in showcases lying horizontally, on slopes or vertically using customized mounts to secure them. The mounting technique developed for single sheet objects could be prepared ahead of time and allowed save handling during installation. Mounting materials include museum cardboard, corrugated cardboard with integrated hanging hardware, Japanese paper hinges, photo corners and staples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paper biodeterioration by fungi has always been a concern in archives, libraries and museums. Several guidelines have been published regarding the prevention of fungal development in paper collections and recovery of affected objects, but what is actually being implemented from the literature by worldwide paper and book conservators? How common is this type of biodeterioration? What needs to be further studied? In order to access this information we conducted an online international questionnaire with participants from 20 different countries. The results show that fungal biodeterioration is highly common in paper collections. All of the respondents already had to deal with paper deteriorated by fungi, and although the vast majority uses active measures to prevent fungal development, most of them have already experienced active fungal infestations. The mainly used preventive measures are the ones concerned with the control of the environmental conditions in storage and display rooms. Drying the affected paper objects and applying 70% ethanol are the most preferred options to stop active fungal growth. The study of non-toxic and safer antifungals is considered here as the most relevant research topic in the area of paper biodeterioration by fungi, meaning that the options currently available are not totally satisfactory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three copies of a book that had been optionally deacidified using two different procedures in 1967, and then subjected to accelerated aging, were tested again after 52 years of natural aging. Matched copies of the book Cooking the Greek Way, which had been printed in Czechoslovakia on acidic paper, were evaluated. Nonaqueous treatment of two of the copies with magnesium methoxide dissolved in chlorofluorocarbon solvent had been found in 1967 to have decreased the susceptibility to embrittlement, as evidenced by the results of the accelerated aging, followed by folding endurance tests. Retesting of the same books in 2019, after 52 years of room temperature storage, showed that the deacidification treatments had achieved the following benefits in comparison to the untreated book: (a) higher brightness; (b) higher folding endurance; (c) tensile breaking length higher in the cross-direction of the paper; (d) substantial alkaline reserve content, (e) an alkaline surface pH in the range 7.1–7.4, and (f) higher molecular mass of the cellulose. Remarkably, some of the folding endurance results matched those of unaged samples evaluated in 1967. Scanning electron micrographs showed no differences between the treated and untreated books. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The focus of this research is the stabilisation of paper with Verdigris, a green copper pigment. Due to its corrosive effects on paper, many important documents, paintings and maps are in danger. The efficiency of several commercially available deacidification agents on paper samples with Verdigris was tested, including magnesium-based Bookkeeper® dispersion, nano calcium hydroxide containing Nanorestore® and CaLoSiL® dispersions as well as a recently developed dispersion of nano calcium carbonate. The antioxidant tetrabutylammonium bromide was tested either alone or in combination with nano calcium based deacidification agents. The effect of the treatments was evaluated using colour, tensile strength, degree of polymerization and pH measurements. The results indicate that acidic degradation does not play a major role during accelerated degradation of paper containing Verdigris with moderately acidic pH value and that oxidative decay could be the main culprit of the decay. The method described, which involves the use of antioxidant tetrabutylammonium bromide in combination with calcium carbonate based deacidification dispersion, was proved to have a superior effect against degradation of paper with Verdigris in comparison to the treatments which involve deacidification agents only. Nano calcium hydroxide based deacidification agents result in high pH values of the paper samples and therefore cannot be advised for use on paper documents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This article presents the author's views on paper conservation using aqueous solutions of calcium hydroxide and methyl cellulose. Using solutions of calcium hydroxide results in a higher alkaline reserve compared to treatments using aqueous solutions of calcium bicarbonate, magnesium sulphate or magnesium bicarbonate, respectively. The level of the alkaline reserve in paper was found to be dependent upon the calcium hydroxide content in the solution and the length of treatment. It was also found that paper treated with calcium hydroxide had increased folding endurance and retained its alkaline reserve better after ageing.

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The article presents a study on paper conservation technique leafcasting and the effects of its stability on surface coating. Leafcasting technique of preservation posses an advantage in comparison with the usual method of paper conservation in terms of not just its speed in paper preservation but also its superior aesthetic quality and homogeneity between the old paper and the new fill.

Copyright of Restaurator is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)