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This paper aims to investigate a linguistic issue related to Sari Al-Deen Al-Durori (d. 1066 A.H), a renowned Arab linguist in the 11th century of the Islamic calendar. Despite being relatively unknown to modern scholars and researchers, this linguist has left behind a valuable knowledge legacy and held a significant scientific standing among his contemporaries. The focus of this study is on 'Baiti A-Raqmatain', a topic that has been subject to various interpretations by Arab linguists, including grammarians. In this paper, the author presents ten different perspectives addressing the problems in 'Baitia A-Raqmatain'. Additionally, the author introduces a syntactic interpretation and meaning, along with three new opinions that have not been previously discussed in the literature. I was inspired to write on this topic after reading several valuable manuscripts by renowned Arab scholars covering various areas of knowledge. Among them, I came across the works of Sari Al-Deen Al-Durori, an Arab intellectual who, in my opinion, has not received the recognition he truly deserves. Sari Al-Deen Al-Durori was a prominent scholar of the 11th Hijri century and has left behind a scientific heritage that is worthy of study and research. The study is divided into two sections. The first section focuses on discussing the author himself, including his background, birth and death dates, his jurisprudential and doctrinal school, scholarly reputation, influential teachers, disciples, and written works. Within this section, I also delve into the manuscript itself, examining its attribution to Sari Al-Deen, the author's methodology, language and style, as well as its form. I conclude this section with a comprehensive systematic review of the investigation. The second section of the study is dedicated to the transcription and documentation of the analyzed texts, including commentary, following commonly accepted investigation rules. I wrap up this section by providing a list of references used throughout the study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research Objectives: Definition of regular editors and their types. And knowing what is required to protest it. And to highlight the strength of its authority in the Saudi system and Islamic jurisprudence. Research Methodology: I adopted the pairing approach between the original and comparative approaches, by extrapolating the largest possible number of research sources and their advanced and late references. And the obligation to present issues in the Saudi system, then in Islamic jurisprudence, and then compare them. When dealing with controversial issues, the subject of dispute is edited, then the sayings are presented in proportion to their utterers according to the chronological order of the four schools of thought with their evidence, then the weighting and its reason. The most prominent results: The Saudi system is very much in agreement with what is stated in Islamic jurisprudence. Moreover, the editors are a systematic term that corresponds to the papers written in Islamic jurisprudence. The Saudi system of ordinary papers that are not prepared for proof and whose authenticity is confirmed are proven authentic before the competent authorities with conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to present the views of jurists on waqf money and Financial papers and related issues such as waqf the movable and the common and the joint, and the interim, Then explained the direct and indirect purposes of these waqf. The study then presents the most important contemporary types of this kind of waqf. The study concluded by talking about the experience of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan in this field, through a statement of the position of the legal legislation and the opinion of the Department of Al'iifta. And then exhibit three models of applied reality. The study found that a team of previous jurists, who believe that money can be waqf, while collecting contemporaries agree on allowingwaqf money and Financial papers. And that there are contemporary forms of this kind of waqf, Jordan has a modest experience in this area. The study recommends finding ways to promote and encourage culture in this type of waqf, and establishing a national fund to waqf money and Financial papers aiming at the reconstruction of Waqf real estates to response society needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study basically aimed to identify how the Egyptian paper and electronic newspapers dealt with phenomenon of child abduction in Egypt in terms of form and content, and to identify the issues raised by the newspapers in the context of their discussion of phenomenon of child abduction. The problem of the study lies in the main question: How do the Egyptian paper and electronic newspapers deal with the phenomenon of child abduction during the period from January 2013 AD to January 2018 AD? The study is one of descriptive studies, it used the survey method, the comparative method, and the content analysis tool to collect data, and it represents the community of the analytical study in All the issues issued by (Al-Ahram & Al-Wafd) newspapers as samples of newspapers, and (Mesr al-Arabiya, alMesreen) newspapers as representatives of e- newspapers, In the period from January 2013 AD to January 2018 AD, in order to represent one of the most stages which the cries gone through, however, the total study sample of the newspapers reached (240) per newspaper, and one of the most important reasons for choosing this period of time is spread of phenomenon of child kidnapping in this period. The study found that the journalistic treatment to the problem, provided by the study newspapers for the phenomenon, was far away from ethics and standards of professional Journalistic practice. The study recommended giving attention to treatments of an explanatory and investigative nature and strengthening the status of opinion writing in Egyptian newspapers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The importance of studying this contract is to establish the legal nature of the bank’s responsibility when it fails to collect the value of the commercial paper, and to know the role and direction of the judiciary in that respect. The study relied on the element of analysis and education in a brief scientific way. The purpose of the study is to examine the legal basis for the Bank’s responsibility in the collection contract and the general provisions for this responsibility resulting for it, and to cover that responsibility in all its aspects. The study relies on the analytical method in order to achieve the purpose and objectives of the research, where the legal texts will be analyzed and practical results will be reached. In this research legal texts will be analyzed to reach scientific results, the study also reached results, including that there was no regulation from the Jordanian legislator for the collection, in addition to the overlapping of the agency and deposit contracts in the collection contract and that the bank’s responsibility towards its client is a contractual responsibility due to the nature of the relationship between them. The research recommends that the Jordanian Trade law should include special texts dealing with the collection contract, and that the judiciary be more present while evaluating the nature of the relationship and the basis of responsibility between the bank and its client, and it should be clearly stated that the bank may require the disqualification of itself from the liability resulting from collection contract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Mauritanian written press has gone through several stages during its historical journey and has not been isolated from the political situation of the country, but has been subject to its perception of what His Majesty should be, since its appearance during the French colonization of the country, and after the creation of the national state in the sixties of the last century, passing through the period of the military regime before the declaration of political and media pluralism in the country in 1991 and the consequent dilution of the journalistic field, where the door was opened wide to excessive leniency in obtaining a press license, as well as some major obstacles, such as lack of funding, training and harassment of journalists. However, this did not prevent this press from playing at that time the role of watchdog over the executive power by awakening public opinion on the conduct of public affairs and by revealing many hidden social and political problems that the public opinion would not have been aware without the pioneering role of this written press. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Creativity becomes an absolute necessity in this present era, so it is not something complement or dispensable, but an absolute necessity imposed by the challenges of the day, so university students are responsible for all the changes in all communities; for their enthusiasm and intelligence. Moreover, we have to educate our university students the flexible learning which enable them, How to learn? not What to learn? We have to educate them how to deal with modern technology, and also to create. Creativity is the process of developing your imagination, allowing and helping you thinking differently. By training your brain on how to think creatively; this will help you to create, solve problems, innovate, and to communicate with new ways. The last but not the least, the most important skills of creative thinking is the following: fluency, flexibility, and originality. In the end, the modern theories focus on explaining the process of creativity of being the result of creative environment, the characteristics of the creative person, and the creative output, so the important ways for developing creativity are: miscellaneous reading, produce greatest numbers of ideas, and dispose of negative thoughts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives The aim of this present study is to review the effects of antibacterial properties of oak fruit, inner husk of oak fruit, and Jaftex mouthwash. Subjects and Methods The present study is a narrative literature review conducted using electronic databases such as ISI, PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, SID, Magiran, and IranMedex from 1995 to 2019. The keywords that were searched included “Oak fruit”, “Oak tree”, “Jaftex mouthwash”, “Antibacterial”, “Antimicrobial”, and “Microorganism”. Results Review of previous studies showed that oak fruit, Jaft, and Jaftex mouthwash have antimicrobial properties against different microorganisms. Jaftex mouthwash significantly reduced number of microorganisms in mouth, however it had less antimicrobial effect compared to chlorhexidine. Jaftex had a greater inhibitory effect on bacterial growth than Matrica and Persica. Conclusion Oak fruit and Jaft have antibacterial properties which is related to presence of phenols, tannin, proteins. Various studies confirmed antibacterial property of these types of plants. The antibacterial characteristics of Jaftex mouthwash is mainly related to Jaft extract. Jaftex is recommended as an antibacterial mouthwash. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to identify how the development of information and communication technology reflects on both public relations and international public relations studies, by monitoring, analyzing and comparing the most important research trends, theoretical approaches and methodological frameworks for a sample of digital public relations research, and public diplomacy in the new media era. This paper is an analytical description, following the qualitative and quantitative methodology as needed, in which researchers used the second-level analysis (Meta analysis) to reach a series of results, most notably that the sample of Arab studies in the field of digital public relations seemed somewhat fragmented; the majority of were descriptive studies, the depths of the phenomenon have not been explored in depth, or in terms of the dispersion of the theories and approaches despite the similarities in the variables studied by that research, or even the weakness of some of them in the use of theories applied in the analysis of phenomena, as well as the disappearance of the theory from another. While the sample of studies in the field of public diplomacy has been characterized by entrenched, coherent, and knowledge accumulation, development in information and communication technology has confused practice itself, not the structure of scientific studies, and scientists see it as a positive confusion, that drives toward the need to develop practice with a greater chance of success if foreign public interests, culture, and perspectives are taken into considerations, consistent with theories: excellence and dialog, in addition to the forth model of Grunig. However, the researchers noted that the sample of public diplomacy studies was immersed in the obsession with studying the practice and application of public diplomacy, focusing on criticized and developed the practice rather than studying of the masses and the means. Most of public diplomacy studies in the sample used content analysis, in quantitative studies, or in qualitative studies. The public diplomacy still lacked its own theoretical frameworks, but because of its close to strategic political communication and its interest in the study of the communicative; They use the "Agenda setting" and "framing" theories and their combination as a theoretical input have been the most common. Also there was a significant use of Four models of public relations of the use of the four models of Grunig, mainly the two-way asymmetrical and symmetrical models, excellence theory, and the theory of dialog in many public diplomacy studies, owing to the emphasis that public diplomacy should be viewed as international public relations, and that public relations theories have been scientifically proven to be used in public diplomacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

If previously there were only writings on paper, now it is possible that these writings take an electronic form which has been accepted by the legislator as a means of proof in the same way as writing on paper. However, this could only be possible if certain conditions, linked mainly to the authenticity of the writing, its reliability, and its integrity, are met. Thus, it is now conceivable that a conflict will arise between the written evidence: evidence written on paper and written in electronic form.A conflict that could create difficulties to the judge in his work of comparison between these two means to prevail over one another. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to shed light on the big data projects in BA as well as analyze the validity of the documentary environment in BA for using big data tools to benefit in the future from the vital data in BA's records. The researcher uses the case study and concludes that BA entered the era of big data through cultural-knowledge projects related to the web environment. Moreover, the research shows that the readiness rate of BA's documentary environment to utilize big data tools is (72%) ―if the researcher depends only on assessing the digital and paper records environments without records 2.0. But in the case of accounting the assessments of records 2.0, the digital and paper records' environments together, the readiness rate of BA's documentary environment to use big data tools decreases to (59%). Finally, the study recommends that BA must improve the regulatory reality of its records so as not to lose an essential source of big data in the future. Furthermore, BA can cooperate with institutions that have a background in dealing with(using) records as a source of big data to benefit from their experiences in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Iraqi National Library and Archive continues its uniqueness in collecting, organizing and preserving Iraqi intellectual productions of all kinds, as it is the institution responsible for performing these tasks, because it includes the National Library first and the National Center for Preserving Documents second. The research aims to study the reality of the house with a focus on the shift towards digitization, as the house includes many sources of information of different types and for several periods and eras in the history of Iraq. Being the national institution responsible for depositing all kinds of Iraqi intellectual production, and it has entrusted the task of issuing the Iraqi national bibliography. Over the course of its establishment, the house was subjected to calamities that made it lose a large number of its assets, the last of which was the US occupation of Iraq in (2003 AD), where the major catastrophe occurred. After that, the management of the house sought to shift towards digital and turned to requesting the help of national governmental, non-governmental and international institutions in order to provide assistance and advice in order to preserve the assets of the house first and then providing the best services to the beneficiaries secondly, and since (2004 AD) the house started the procedures for transferring part of its documentaries and other sources of information on compact discs, and then made it available to the beneficiaries as well as making other types available on the website of Aldar, including its versions of periodicals. One of the results of the research is the weakness of the allocated financial capabilities, which led to the weakness of the structures Infrastructure that helps in the transition procedures towards digitization in advanced stages, he presented some legislation, and among the recommendations is the necessity of having an adequate budget to carry out the tasks of preserving Iraqi intellectual production as well as providing the best services to beneficiaries at the international and national levels. Legal Deposit Section in all forms and in various media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to analyze the questions of the Arabic language examinations of Sijil Tinggi Agama Malaysia (STAM) for three years from 2013 to 2015 in the light of Bloom's Taxonomy levels. In this study, the researchers relied on the analytical descriptive approach. The number of exam questions for grammar and morphology in Malaysia's STAM certificate was 222. The study found that the questions on the level of understanding came first in the exam questions for grammar and morphology, with 93 questions or 42% of the total. While the level of remembering came in second place with 62 recurrences or 28%, followed by the questions on the level of analysis, with a frequency of 34 questions or 16%. The level of application came last, with 33 recurrences or 14% of the total. The two levels of evaluation and creativity were not showing any frequency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Architecture was initially defined as the functional art specialized in the concept of shelter. However, over time, deeper ideas emerged emphasizing the importance of producing creative and distinctive architecture that possesses beauty and humanity. Architecture became the material embodiment of a manifested message. With the advent of the digital revolution, a new thought and philosophy known as digital forms emerged, spreading widely across various fields, aligning with the requirements of the present era and its evolving trends. The research problem revolves around the insufficient awareness of different patterns in architecture and their relationship with architectural form. The paper aims to enhance this relationship by integrating digital architectural mechanisms into the design process, utilizing this connection to creatively produce architectural forms. The research assumes that establishing a relationship between pattern, form, and digital architectural mechanisms, harnessing them to generate architectural shapes in different ways, may contribute to creating innovative architecture. The research paper is grounded in the primary goal of identifying methods for deducing architectural form and its relationship with architectural references. This is achieved by presenting various patterns and mechanisms used in deducing form and their impact on creating distinctive architecture. The descriptive-analytical approach was employed, exploring different concepts and analytical examples to reach results and recommendations. One of the key recommendations is the necessity of revisiting the essence of architecture as a cognitive source containing a vast number of principles adaptable to the era's variables. Additionally, it emphasizes the importance of addressing the concept of pattern and its relationship with other architectural elements to enrich architectural thought and produce more distinguished architecture. The utilization of digital methods in producing architectural forms is highlighted to achieve more distinctive shapes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research is based on the linguistic meaning of extremism, which is defined by the dimension and the end of the middle, which shows that in every hypothesis or theory, in each constant or variable in which the eyes and positions are divided into three main axes, two extremes and a moderate medium whose attributes are proven And the decision and moderation in thought and behavior, and by adopting the advantages in both parties , and the rejection of the negatives in them, and as the distance from the center increases attitudes and trends negative and turbulent; because they lost this distance to the medium until reaching the end of the parties On the other hand, the extremes in the negative attitudes increase or decrease according to the distance between them and the center . The division in this equation is threefold, but the negatives in the extreme left, and the corresponding ones by cons in the extreme right will be generated by the fourth - party outside of all of this equation; because it rejects all axes altogether, it is my view to the middle of the eye charge and inaction, and to the party yen opposite of the eye negatives and evil, and here lies the danger of this kind great harm, and this What the researcher will try to prove in his folds These papers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to activate the role of university students in confronting extremist ideas through social media platforms. This manuscript is deemed as a contribution to the theoretical studies within the field of educational sciences. The paper includes the problem statement, the significance, the objectives, the definition of terms, and then the theoretical framework of social media networks. It explores the positive and the negative impacts of social media sites, shedding light on the concept of terrorism, the psychological reasons that cause terrorism, extremism, and the significant damage it causes across various aspects of societal life. The paper also addresses the educational reasons for extremism, leading to proposals and recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The focal interest in this paper revolves around investigating the metadiscourse of memory in the experience of the Tunisian novelist and critic Mohamed Bardi. This line of inquiry has been motivated by the ingenuity and attractiveness of 'memory talk' within this experience. It is a talk that is plotted in a narrative text replete with aesthetic overtones. It is equally corroborated by a critical perspective that is never devoid of originality and exquisiteness. This paper is built around five research axes ranging from the investigation of memory and ideology, memory and existence, memory and writing, memory and forgetting culminating into probing the relationship between memory, imagination and fiction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mechanical, Electrical, and Plumbing Engineering Systems (MEP) Play a Major Role in Enabling Hospitals to Perform their Functions, and in the Comfort, Safety, and Security of their Occupants. They Affect each other and Influence the Design and Execution of the Building’s Architectural and Structural Elements, including the Layout, Elevations, and Plans, in addition to Aspects Pertaining to Structural Systems or Shafts, and Interior Finishes. The Paper Problem is Apparent through the lack of knowledge Relating to the Requirements of different Engineering Service Systems, and the Unawareness of their Impact on each other or on the Architectural and Structural Elements of the Building. This limits Fully Benefiting from such Systems due to Conflicts between them and the Architectural and Structural Elements, in addition to Hindering Making Appropriate Design Decisions related to Operating them causing Deficient Coordination. This Paper Aims to Develop a Methodology for Achieving Integration between Types of Engineering Service Systems and the Architectural and Structural Elements of Hospital Buildings, Leading to Design Decisions that can Attain the Highest Benefit from such Systems and Ensure their Operational Safety according to their Types, Internal Components, Functional Requirements, and their Impact on the Design Decisions for all the Structural Elements of the Building. This is Performed based on a Theoretical and Analytical Study of the Types and Components of Engineering Service Systems (MEP) and Determining their Impact on the Structural Elements and Architectural Components of the Building. The Paper proposes a Methodology that Comprises 12 Stages to Achieve Integration between Engineering Systems and the Structural and Architectural Elements of the Building, according to the Types and Requirements of each System and its Impact on Design Decisions. A set of Tables are also Developed that Represents a Guideline and include Alternatives to the Different Types of Engineering Systems, their Requirements, and Highlight their Impact on the Structural and Architectural Elements of the Building, including the Layout, Plans, Elevations, and Interior Design Elements, in addition to their Relation to other Engineering Systems. The Results also Highlighted the Large Diversity of Types of Mechanical Systems, and the Significant Influence of Electrical Systems on all other Systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

confiscation and expansion of settlements left no lands for another “state” solution. Hence resistance was a necessity. The paper adopts a comparative approach based on the assessment of wills between the resistance and those who support it versus the American ruler and the Zionist agent and the Western colonialism and their “Arab” cohorts. The paper also monitors and analyzes perceptions of the Al-Aqsa Flood process in terms of intellectual potential and events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the authors aim to outline a selection of theories within the field of Islamic marketing. However, it should be noted that this list is not exhaustive nor does it offer comprehensive descriptions of all attempts made towards establishing a theory of Islamic marketing. The primary objective of this paper is not to explore such detailed aspects. Instead, this commentary serves as a call to action, urging researchers to investigate Islamic marketing in a manner conducive to the development of a more refined theoretical framework. It underscores the fact that the subject of Islamic marketing remains significantly under-researched, highlighting the need for scholarly attention and inquiry in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research paper discusses the reality of electoral governance in Algeria, after the issuance of law No. 21-01 regulating elections, which was issued on March 10, 2021, and the subsequent legislative and local elections in the same year. The paper questions the extent to which governance indicators are applied in the electoral affairs in Algeria through the aforementioned past election entitlements, and the extent to which they are free from aspects of corruption or fraud. The integrity and credibility of elections is considered essential in the democratic process of any country, given that it produces future elites capable of managing people's concerns and hopes, and formulate development strategies that are in the interest of the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is no doubt that the writing is one of the largest and most important civilized steps of mankind, because it helped to blogging and transfer of expertise and Sciences from generation to another one. Various writing instruments have represented the main concern for human beings to monopolize and control it from different civilizations throughout history. Invention of paper has been one of the most important achievements of human beings for the dissemination of science and knowledge Different civilizations and nations successive have worked to develop and improve the paper to serve different purposes of writing for more than 2000's years. Paper has sat on top of writing instruments for too long and has become the most important writing material for its' ease of production, multiplicity of raw materials, and its low costs, and although the digital era paper still on the top. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to monitor, describe, and analyze the Arab Communication Studies in crises, through meta-analysis, by analyzing the objective and methodological aspects, theoretical frameworks... etc. The study concluded to a number of general findings such as: 1- The study highlighted the dominance of descriptive studies, then interpretative descriptive studies, exploratory studies, and interpretative studies. 2- The study showed that, the survey method is the dominant approach, then comparative approach, and the case study. 3- The study indicated the dominance of quantitative studies, then qualitative quantitative studies, and qualitative studies. 4- The study revealed that, the questionnaire was the most widely used in data collection, and then the content analysis. 5- The study showed that, the dominant language in the studies is Arabic, and then English. 6- The study found that, the majority of the studies were based on Arabic and foreign references. 7- The study mentioned that, the studies used both paper and digital/electronic references significantly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aimed to build a training program based on reciprocal teaching method and exploring its effect in enhancing cognitive skills among learning disability students, the sample consisted of 40 male and female students diagnosed as learning disability students, the researchers used semi-experimental design of two groups; experimental and control, results showed that there are significant statistical differences in the cognitive skills between the experimental group and the control group on the post test, for the favor of the experimental group, there were no significant statistical differences in the cognitive skills that could be attributed to the interaction between the gender and the group variables on the post test, there were significant statistical differences in the cognitive skills between the experimental and the control group on the following test, for the favor of the experimental group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current research aims to highlight the role of social networking sites in the dissemination of scientific knowledge and the importance of their use by researchers, and the researcher relied on the descriptive approach and the survey method. Among the data collection tools are the questionnaire and paper and electronic sources. Among the most important results that the research came out with: The number of the subscribers’ sites was (14) sites, and the most used social sites for receiving and Disseminating Scientific knowledge are: Facebook, Telegram, WhatsApp, Viber, Messenger and YouTube. All respondents receive tacit knowledge (Exchange of Messages and News) through social networking sites, and few of them do not receive explicit knowledge (Exchange of Electronic Information Sources). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study seeks to clarify the concept of “crisis” and investigate its descriptive capacity in light of events and developments on the Libyan scene. It aims to provide a clearer understanding of this concept and proposes theoretical approaches to understand the Libyan crisis and test its current and future effects, including traditional and non-traditional approaches such as the Marxist conflict approach, the organic functional approach, and Edgar Morin’s crisis science approach. One of the main concerns of this paper is considering the Libyan crisis as interconnected stages through a long chronological sequence. This attempt represents an implicit approach to unraveling the Libyan situation, albeit not in-depth, considering the nature of complexity and branching that the Libyan crisis suffers from. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Germany seeks to gain the approval of Israelis as much as possible, even if it means doing so on the ruins of a genocide being committed against the Palestinian people, exposing Germany’s contradiction as it tries to atone for its Nazi past by supporting “Semites”. This paper provides a narrative of the historical relationship between Germany and Israel, as Germany contributed to the establishment of the state of Israel and enabled it to possess the necessary power to maintain its existence. Germany has consistently sought to appease Israel, going so far as to link Germany’s existence to Israel’s security, without neglecting the influence of the United States in shaping this relationship between them as it stands today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work dusts off a poetic experience that has not had the chance to be studied. Perhaps the fame of its author, Tunisian novelist Muhammad al-Aroussi al-Matwi, has obscured his poetic experience. It is, in our view, an important experience, as it witnessed the first moments of the birth of modern poetry in Tunisia and the conflict that accompanied that birth between the supporters of the modern poetry and the supporters of the old one. We decided, therefore, to draw a general introduction to al-Matwi’s poetic experience in two prominent sections: the first is concerned with artistic forms as they waver between the long-standing and the neoteric. The second deals with the poetic “objectives” when connected with, or separated from, the poetic scheme. And we adopted, in this paper, the descriptive analytical approach as a method of study and reached a number of conclusions, the most important of which is that al-Matwi was an advocate of renewal without denying the old and that his poetry, though revolving around the three pillars of politics, symbolism, and love, ultimately wavered between two currents: the emotional current and the social nationalist one. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Socio-cultural sustainability represents one of the important pillars of sustainable development. As one of the fundamentals targeted by Saudi Vision 2030, it aims to achieve sustainable development that enhances the living standards of citizens and improves the quality of their lives. This necessitates the provision of Saudi housing that achieves socio-cultural sustainability, to ensure it reflects the culture of the Saudi society, its social characteristics, and fosters a sense of stability and belonging, while also strengthening community ties. Especially since the contemporary Saudi housing model, heavily influenced by the social and cultural backgrounds of the places from which it was imported, is an adopted model. Therefore, there is a need for socio-cultural sustainability criteria in Saudi housing, which should serve as a reference for all design, review, and evaluation work. However, establishing these standards requires initially identifying the fundamental factors from which the criteria will be derived, through a conceptual framework that includes all elements, components, references, and applications necessary for building the model. The study aims to identify the most important factors influencing the derivation of criteria for socio-cultural sustainability in Saudi housing. Hence, the paper is based on a methodology that combines the analysis of current literature and the study of elements of socio-cultural sustainability, and how they are applied in the Saudi context, particularly in the city of Riyadh. It reviewed all concepts of socio-cultural sustainability in housing, its principles, and objectives, deduced its general characteristics and attributes, and reviewed their compatibility with the characteristics of Saudi society. It also identified the pillars of socio-cultural sustainability in Saudi housing (both traditional and contemporary), to then integrate the findings to arrive at the fundamental factors for deriving standards of sociocultural sustainability for use in planning and designing housing in the city of Riyadh. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the developments witnessed by the concept of security in strategic studies, based on the insights of the Egyptian thinker Bahgat Korany, who formulated the concepts of high and low politics. The former is linked to traditional military and security domains, while the latter is associated with social, economic, and cultural spheres, which current historical contexts have highlighted the importance of, particularly for countries described as lagging behind. The study adopts the cultural security model through analyzing the contemporary Arab world's reality, demonstrating that cultural security plays a fundamental role in securing various other sectors, especially in preserving identity and cultural distinctiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research paper deals with “The Impact of the Conditional Style Denotation on the Context Formation in the Debt Verse—Surah al-Baqara 282”. The significance of this study arises from the reasons for choosing it which are based on: first, demonstrating the effect of the conditional style patterns in constructing the denotation of the debt verse context, keeping in mind the diversity of the conditional style, i.e. direct or indirect, and the immediate connection of the debt issue with the life of the individual and the society; second, showing the achieved impact of the conditional style on the structures of this verse and its denotations and the consequently implied legislative provisions that regulate the life of the Muslim society. The paper is divided into three sections of two parts each and a conclusion. The first section discusses the syntactic and semantic functions of the conditional style and the value of the debt verse in the context of its surah, focusing on the denotation of the verse’s internal structure within the framework of its relationship with the general context of the surah. The second section explores the effect of the direct conditional style in the construction of the verse’s context denotation, especially the effect of the two if devices, itha and en, in the denotative construction of this context. The third section explains the contextual effect of the indirect conditional style in the construction of the verse’s context denotation, especially those patterns which are based on request to construct the condition denotation in the context of the verse in question. The most important findings of the paper can be summarized in the following three points: • The conditional style with its variant patterns fits semantically in the context of the general meaning of the debt verse (Surah al-Baqarah 282) which makes it denotatively very miraculous. • The semantic integration between the patterns of the conditional style created a semantic harmony within the context of the debt verse (Surah al-Baqarah 282) which helps to communicate the legislative semantic purpose to the addressees. • The intense presence of the conditional style denotation in the structural context of the debt verse (Surah al-Baqarah 282) came to serve the basic goal for which its context was built. This is integrated with the reciprocal serving of the structures connotations that serve the legislative purpose for which the Wise Lawgiver, Glory be to Him, revealed this verse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Continuous changing in house prices very rapid and observed in last years which depends on many factors like position, area, population in the city and another requirement for individual house price, there is a lot of articles studied and adopted traditional ways for machine learning in house price prediction accurately but few of them focused on individual performance for complicated models. To explore effected factors in prediction way in this paper we applied traditional machine learning theory to investigate many models due to many limited we take some of techniques like (random forest, Extreme Gradient Boosting and stacked generalization model) and applied on several models to obtain more accurate results for house price prediction. We take Baghdad as a sample for house price and impact factor on difference cities, services, population, area, building age and others we mentioned in our paper by taking and applying machine learning house price prediction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the foundations of colonial knowledge in the Maghreb countries during the colonial era, and the complications carried by its epistemological legacy in the present Maghreb and Arab- Islamic societies in general. The paper examines the French and Italian colonial cognitive experience in Libya and Tunisia, and its present influence on political thinking and defining events of which these countries are experiencing today. To test this proposition, the paper focuses critical observation on the “anthropological eyes” with which the French viewed the Fezzan in Libya between 1943 and 1947, and the complications of concepts such as tribe and farmer society with their colonial and ethnocentric cognitive content. The paper concludes with sculpting the methodological features that define the conditions for a critical cognitive position that should be taken regarding this legacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to study the Zionist narrative and the changes that have occurred over time ever since the emergence of the Zionist movement. The study starts with a theoretical section on comparative colonial settlement models, definitions of the novel, and its changes between the Zionist novel and others. In the second section, the study discusses the main components of the Zionist narrative, as classified by Bar-On, which are: gathering exiles in the Land of Israel, creating a regional space for Jews there, creating a contemporary reality for the Jewish community, achieving political sovereignty, and finaly the achievement of peace and international acceptance. The paper analyzes the intersections and differences in the novel between political Zionism, labor Zionism, revisionist Zionism (Iron Wall Zionism), and religious Zionism, and across time. The study ends with a summary of its findings, wondering about the possibility of the Zionist narrative continuation in light of the cracks it is exposed to, both internally and externally. The study is heavily based on Zionist references, and Jewish ones in particular, in order to deconstruct the narrative from within. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper tracks the rise of German dominance since Bismarck’s unification of Germany in 1871 and during the 20th century, when the Germans used their economic, demographic, and military power in addition to geopolitical theories, particularly the vital space theory, to support expansionism. The «German question» evolved in the wake of the two world wars as the European States’ main concern was how to maintain a peaceful, powerful Germany. Following the Ukrainian war, German Chancellor Olaf Scholz declared Germany’s goal to have the greatest army in Europe, modernize military industries, and allocate 100 billion Euros for the defense budget. Accordingly, as strong Germany, historically, has always sought to dominate its neighbors, the paper examines the possible scenarios for the rise of Germany and its dominance over the European Union. What will be the repercussions of Germany’s rise on the future of the European Union and its institutions, and the potential incentives for cooperation and collaboration among European nations? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on Realism theory, this paper provides an explanation of the importance of power in International Relations, by analyzing the behavior of China and Japan in the East Asian region, and also the behavior of the United States of America towards them as the dominant superpower under the current international system. It answers the problem of the transfer of power from the West to the East, and in return supports the assumption that the Great Powers seek to possess relative power as much as possible. The paper also emphasizes that the State should not undermine or renounce its offensive power, as with Japan, because that will put it in front of a dilemma of the growing the power of neighboring States that seek to achieve regional hegemony, such as China. Therefore, all of these transformations show that international relations are a complex field and should not be reduced to a specific ideal field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The year 1787 witnessed the birth of two eminent Arab scholars who left their intellectual and literary marks on the reform currents in the Arab World as well as on Western Orientalism: Muhammad bin Ali al-Sanusi (d. 1859) and Hussein Saleem al-Dajani (d. 1858). Both spearheaded local resistance movements against French occupation at opposite ends of the Arab World and, at the same time, engaged European intellectual currents. They later became the subjects of study of famous Orientalists including the French polymath Constantin de Volney (1757-1820), French explorer Henri Duveyrier (1840-1892), Scottish historian H. A. R. Gibb (1895-1971), and the English anthropologist E. E. Evans-Pritchard (1902-1973). This paper examines how cultural contact and conflict, especially that springing from European political designs, shaped al-Sanussi and al-Dajani’s respective contributions to Arabic literary and intellectual life in the 18th century. Their lives and work show both the absorption of values associated with the European enlightenment and the assertion of a religious and intellectual identity which resists the European hegemony. The author builds largely on the work of the eminent Arab scholar, the late Ahmed Sedki Dajani, and his compilations of Arab-European intellectual exchanges about that period. This paper contrasts al-Sanussi and al-Dajani’s ideas as expressed in their own words with their significance as presented by European writers. It aims to bring to life a literary era where ideas flowed between Western and Arabic cultures without erasing the power dynamics therein. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the extent to which the “wishes produced” by the constitution are consistent with the practices of democratic transformation in Morocco after more than ten years of its entry into force. The study is based on the hypothesis that this supreme law bears the seeds of developing political life and qualifying actors even before its implementation, but only practice helps activate its perspective for managing power and ensuring rights and freedoms. Although the link between the constitution and its context does not appeal to some constitutional jurists, the paper argues that attributing the 2011 constitutional reform to a specific party rather than another involves a narrow perception, and attention must be paid to the inconsistency of its arguments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The actual research paper speaks about the personal whims in the novel, taking into account the fact that the novel is the product of action and impression. This impression represents the self artwork of the doer. Therefore, we should pay attention to the expressive function. This research paper deals with the personal whims of woman in the Omani novel through asking the following questions: Is it possible to follow the path of the woman whims? What are the whims, which reflect the actions of woman in the Omani novel ? This research paper has relied on the semiotic methodology for its analytical approach. This research paper has come to the fact the Omani woman personality is born and forming through meaning and through sentences. The whims of woman and its expressive are the motive of the action, which woman uses to uncover the inner self or spirit Good or bad Woman ‘s feelings are oriented towards pleasure and pain. This research paper has come to the conclusion that only woman can express herself through speech and expressions. Woman therefore are able to bear the external factors mainly the social limitations, but woman is not able to bear the love life and cases of love and sadness. This will emphasise the fact that the interior factor is stronger than the exterior factor as feelings as concerned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The evolution of currency traces its roots back to the earliest stages of human civilization, where various modes of exchange, ranging from barter to metal-based transactions, shaped the landscape of trade. The initial practice of direct goods exchange, known as barter, was succeeded by the Commodity System, wherein specific items served as mediums of trade. The Metal System further streamlined transactions through the use of metal coins, although it presented its own set of challenges. The shift from physical commodities to symbolic representations of value marked a crucial turning point, leading to the introduction of paper currency as a means to address the complexities associated with metal-based transactions. Notably, historical records indicate widespread acknowledgement of the legitimacy of these evolving exchange systems by Muslim scholars. However, a pivotal moment arose in 1971 when paper currency detached from tangible assets like gold and silver, sparking diverse opinions among Muslim scholars regarding its compatibility with Shariah principles. In the contemporary era, the landscape of currency has expanded to include credit cards and digital currencies as alternative mediums of exchange. The advent of these modern methods has prompted ongoing discussions among scholars about their Shariah status. This article delves into the historical trajectory of currency evolution and explores the diverse perspectives within the Muslim scholarly community regarding the Shariah compliance of both traditional and contemporary forms of currency. By doing so, it aims to shed light on the intricate and multifaceted nature of exchange systems throughout history and in our present times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Jordanian legislator has expressly expanded on the concept of Executive Bonds to include a wide range of written bonds that can be submitteddirectly for execution, without having to first obtain a judicial ruling regarding the same. Such bonds include:official bonds, ordinary bonds and negotiable commercial papers. This study aims to explore the conceptof these deeds and their legal conditions, considering their dual nature: written instruments and executive deeds. This paper has consequently found that the Jordanian legislator requires that the legal right, which is subject to the executive bond, must unquestionably exist, with a fixed and certain amount to be due. The analysis in this paper has shown that that there is a condition, which was not clearly mentioned in the law, that this bond embodies an obligation to pay an amount of money. Hence, the other types of obligations may not be suitable for direct execution without a court order. Examples of such obligations are obligation to act, to refrain from such an act, or even the delivery of any nonmonetary matter. This is because direct execution in these later situations would deprive the debtor from some of his/her guaranteed statutory rights, particularly when the execution is cumbersome. Here, the debtor has the right to seek compensation from the court instead of such obligation to perform. Moreover, when performance takes a personal nature, the debtor cannot be compelled to perform. All in all, it is not within the jurisdiction of the execution judge to explore whether the obligation contained therein is of a personal nature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The issue of changing the currency was addressed by the ancient jurists according to what the situation was like in their time. This change was simple and did not constitute a serious danger to the economy at that time, due to their reliance in the first place on gold and silver, which were often characterized by stability. Today, however, it has become an issue of change. There is no value Money poses a serious threat to the economy, because banknotes are not characterized by stability, but by change, and this is what makes the problem of changing the value of banknotes difficult. In my research, I talked about the definition of money, its importance, types and functions, and the change in the value of money and its impact on repaying debt in the light of Hanafi jurisprudence and Afghan civil law, using the deductive approach, by collecting the opinions of Hanafi jurists regarding issues of changing money. According to jurists, there are two types of money: natural money and legal money, and the forms of money change according to political and economic facts and events, including commodity money, paper money, and bank money. The importance of money is highlighted through the number of functions it performs to facilitate transactions between individuals, and perhaps one of its most important functions is that it is a measure A For value, this function requires money to have a degree of constancy and stability. Also, changing the currency and its invalidation by the state has effects on obligations and debts that require treatment, so this issue needs to be investigated. Through this research, I have come to the conclusion that if the loan is of real money, such as gold, silver, or commodities, then it must be returned in kind, no matter how the prices change. However, if the debt is of banknotes, then its value must be paid, even if the value of the currency inflates in the market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to uncover the opportunities available for the success of the "modern tradition" model included in Qatar's Vision 2030, and whether legislative and educational leaderships in Qatar grasp this concept. The study reveals a legislative trend in Qatar to combine Qatari traditions, jurisprudential schools, and modernization. Similarly, there is a parallel trend in the educational sector to align Qatari traditions with Islamic values and modern behavioral patterns. The paper also indicates that the trend towards "modern tradition" is not limited to Qatar. It suggests that the primary concern should not only be the continuity of social cohesion but also the establishment of a middle class that believes in the "modern tradition" model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electronic currencies went through three basic stages. The first stage included paper money carried by electronic means such as the cash on the credit card, the prepaid card, and the debit card issued by the bank to enable the customer to withdraw from his current account via automated teller machines, as well as electronic checks and the like, and they are represented by electronic services that are provided by banks and credit cards to international companies (Visa, MasterCard, American Express, etc.). The second phase witnessed electronic money produced by accredited financial institutions in their countries, which bore the responsibility of naming it, determining its value, and creating special laws related to it in accordance with the state's financial laws. It has its own media that carries it, such as magnetic cards or electronic storage devices, and the financial institutions that produce it control and monitor it. The operations that take place through it. While the third stage witnessed electronic currencies that are produced by electronic programming without human intervention, and this type of currency is the subject of research, and perhaps the largest that represents it in the present era is the first electronic currency that is produced in this way, which is called Bitcoin, as encrypted virtual currencies have many and varied, and most of them are based on the principle of the Bitcoin currency and its clones. Alternative digital currencies have now reached a large number of (711) virtual currencies. Among the most prominent and famous of these currencies is Bitcoin, which was created in 2009 AD, and is the most famous currency in the world, and the Litecoin currency, which was created in 2011 and is One of the first alternative cryptocurrencies, which is distinguished from Bitcoin in that the mining process is easier and cheaper, and the Nemcoin currency, which was established in April 2011, and is based on open source Bitcoin technology, and is characterized by high scarcity, decentralization, security and privacy. Then the Bitcoin currency appeared in August 2012, and it is characterized by an increase in mining efficiency and improved security and guarantees, to avoid abuse by miners, and it ranks fourth among virtual currencies in market value. Then the Novacoin currency appeared in 2013, and it differs from most alternative digital currencies to Bitcoin due to the fact that its protection programs are integrated into the core of the currency, which prevent attacks by mining and prospecting groups . This study seeks to monitor and analyze the developments that the global monetary system has witnessed recently with the emergence of virtual and encrypted currencies, most notably Bitcoin, and how they have affected the mechanisms of institutions' management of their commercial and marketing activities within digital marketing campaigns, especially as they have shed a shadow on the consumer behavior of users and the means of obtaining goods. and remote services, and how the payment and collection mechanisms through electronic payment and money transfer systems that global markets witnessed with the emergence of cryptocurrencies and virtual currencies affected the confidence of some business users and from the point of view of industry owners, despite the mounting volume of concerns associated with their sharp fluctuations. Besides, the risks of the lack of cybersecurity and not being subject to the authority of central banks and monetary authorities, and highlighting the positives and negatives resulting from trading operations in these currencies and their impact on the management of digital marketing campaigns . The study concluded that Bitcoin cannot be considered a legal currency of fulfillment, and according to the legal conditions that must be met for the validity of the electronic fulfillment process, we find that this is not achieved for several reasons, including that many central banks require that commercial banks wishing to issue electronic fulfillment methods to be monopolized on the national currency in order to maintain monetary policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sheikh Muhammad Jawad Mughniyah - may Allah have mercy on him - was not only a prominent figure in society, but also an eminent and knowledgeable scholar who produced and continues to produce extensive knowledge that is admired by leading scholars and intellectuals in the fields of thought, literature, and art, regardless of whether they are Muslim or non-Muslim. He closely observed their contributions and gained much from them, despite his rigorous scrutiny of their work. He was a prolific writer, with a clear and concise style, deep insights, and a meticulous approach. He was one of the few scholars who stood out in this era, enriching Islamic thought and spirituality, contributing to the intellectual and spiritual heritage, and studying the reality of his community, including its backwardness, injustice, and aggression. He discussed the reasons for these issues and, through their profound thinking and farsighted vision, outlined the way forward. Therefore, I decided to write this research paper, highlighting the most important persuasive techniques in his famous book "Al-Kashaf". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is no doubt that social history in general and the history of the oppressed social classes in particular are among the obscure corners in the history of the Islamic West during the Almoravid and Almohad eras, which are evident in the historians' works especially on the royal sultan's history. Its bitterness is even more evident when the dialectical relationship between Sufi men and the general public is meticulously investigated and thoroughly studied as it represents a number of issues that can unveil many other societal issues and problems during that era. In this context, this research paper aims at contributing constructively and soberly in shedding light on some forgotten aspects of the dialectic relationship between these two uncherished, ignored social groups, as a result of a set of societal factors in Morocco and Andalusia during the Almoravid and Almohad eras with more focus on the miserable living conditions of the common people due to the oppressing reign of the Almoravids. The ruling regime pushed the common people to embrace the Sufis in an attempt and hope to escape both the awful social situation and the tyrannical ruling regime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article deals with the topic of al-muqassah (offsetting) and its forms in Hanafi jurisprudence, in terms of its definition, classification, conditions, and applications. The researcher has defined offsetting linguistically and technically, then classified offsetting in Hanafi jurisprudence into two main categories: lawful offsetting and unlawful offsetting. The lawful offsetting is then subdivided into obligatory and optional. The researcher then mentions the conditions of obligatory offsetting in four conditions, which are: the existence of two reciprocal debts, identical description and genus between the debts, the debts being currently due, and equal strength and weakness between the debts. The researcher then proceeds to list fifteen application cases of offsetting in some contracts and transactions, including: sarf (currency exchange) contract, salam (deferred delivery) contract, borrowing contract, usurpation, guarantee, alimony, and others. In each case the ruling and its reason are explained from a jurisprudential perspective. Finally, the researcher summarizes the main points of agreement and disagreement between the offsetting cases in sarf and salam contracts, pointing out that the cases of obligatory offsetting are similar, while there are differences in some respects such as offsetting on the debt in both contracts and transforming the offsetting to the prior debt. Thus, the article has been able to present a detailed explanation of the subject of offsetting, in terms of concept, rulings and practical applications in Hanafi jurisprudence. The methodology used in the article is the descriptive methodology, also known as the literature review methodology, which is commonly used in writing Islamic academic papers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper is contains on sum of the mean points related to the social effects of the war on the Libyan society, it takes logical steps to view this case. At the beginning concentrate on the concepts of war generally, then give some information about the war, its properties, programs, indications, which it gives to the families and children which suffering from the destroy of war, throw light on the difficulties of the social life which the members of the community face as a result of war, in this kind of societies with some examples to this problems. In addition, identify the concepts of the cultures war factors and its impact on the level of services which the social institutions give to this countries during the war, finally view the challenges which facing Libya to replace this consequences and begin give the people the development, knowledge, fun in this countries to change the position of retardation from war. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This report reviews the proceedings of the scientific symposium held by the Middle East Studies Center on Tuesday and Wednesday, 21-22/11/2023, entitled "The International Status and Role of the Arab World, Reality and Future." It presents the most essential conclusions in the opening speeches and scientific papers presented by academics, politicians, and experts from the Arab world in the different symposium sessions. The first session was titled The International Status and Role, political and Civilizational Elements and Tools in the Arab World, the second session was on the Repercussions of the Economic and Social Reality and Arab-Arab Relations, and the third session discussed the regional and international Transformations and their implications for the global status and role of the Arab world. The fourth session forecasted the potential of a renaissance in international status and role: opportunities, capabilities, and challenges, while the fifth session sought to present the Arab vision for achieving international status and role and its strategies. In the end, the report presents the most important conclusions and recommendations of the symposium and its discussions, including essential transformations at the Arab national levels in the political and economic structures to achieve geopolitical power capable of supporting international standing for Arabs. It also includes the necessity of adopting a new and advanced Arab vision in dealing with the ongoing regional and global transformations with depth and investment. The Arab world should have a role in influencing the outcomes of these transformations in a way that serves the highest interests of the Arab people. It calls for the crystallization of an Arab renaissance, a humanitarian and civilized vision that communicates with the countries and peoples of the region. And reconsidering the Palestinian issue as a central issue for the Arabs, as it is an element of consensus between peoples and official regimes. It called for reconsidering Israel as the primary source of threat to the security and stability of the region, especially after the battle of the "Al-Aqsa Flood." It called for adopting a new approach to support the Palestinian people in confronting the Israeli occupation, liberating their land and establishing their independent state on their land, achieving the return of refugees, and exercising their right to selfdetermination. It is to recall the need to formulate a comprehensive, global civilizational vision to achieve international status and role during 2024-2050. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]