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This paper adopts a historical sociological approach that closely links analysis to common trends in development or the application of sociology to problems by describing history as a field of inquiry and reflection, focusing on what calls for comparison. Addressing such a topic requires a paleontological analysis to determine the geostrategic background of the alliance between imperialism and Zionism: “To think well on political and social fields, one must read well into the historical field.” This study adopts a forceful high-pitched tone, that showcases aggression instead of war, especially since war is related to the use of force between two or more countries, according to Karl Clausewitz, while what Gaza is witnessing is an aggression of a military state against a liberation movement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with the Al-Aqsa flood process, how it renewed the Palestinian cause by achieving shock and fear, revealing that the two-state solution is based on evasion and deception, due to the lack of an honest partner and mediator. Not to mention, the policy of land. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims at studying the benefits and cost of e-health. In order to find an answer to the questions of the study, asocial survey method is used by researcher, the data of the study are collected according to some methodological Techniques represented in an Interviewing Schedule The findings 0f study show that the degree of awareness of e-health is medium, it also revealed that the degree of using e-health is medium, the study proved also that the cost of e-health is medium, While the study found a low degree of trust in e-health, the study ended with revealing the preference of health service recipients for paper transactions and the resistance of technology to obtain health services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have tried, through this research paper, to define the theoretical definition of Islamic banking, its products and conditions for its practice. After familiarizing with the theoretical aspect of it, we tried to give a picture of the reality of the adoption of Islamic banking in Algeria, which is governed by the bank of Algeria regulation No. 02-2020.The study concluded that the inclusion of Islamic banking in the legislative framework of the delay in its issuance. However, he encouraged the generalization of the adoption of Islamic banking within banks, by allowing traditional banks to open windows Islamic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the phenomenon of state failure in general, and the Libyan state in particular, by studying the legacy left by Gaddafi regime and its impact on the institutions, which are believed to have become more fragile during his rule. The study discusses how the historical legacy of the Gaddafi regime played a role in the failure of the Libyan state after 2011, and assumes that personal authoritarian regimes such as the Gaddafi regime are the most harmful to state institutions. Given the inability of the ruling elite to restrict the behaviors and decisions of the authoritarian leader, which often aim to prevent the existence of any real institutions that might limit his ability to exercise power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current paper aimed to shed light on social media networks and the role of the curriculum in reducing their harm, by raising a set of questions revolving around: (the concept of social media networks, the emergence of social media networks, the characteristics of social media networks, some models of the most important social media networks, The reality of using social networking, aspects of using social networking, the positive and negative effects of social networking, in addition to the causes of misuse of social networking, and the role of the approach in reducing the harm of social networking. The paper also concluded by presenting a set of recommendations that can be benefited from. In the educational process to reduce the harm of social networking and benefit from its benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Researchers of Omani literature unanimously agree that the 1980s and 1990s witnessed the foundational stages of fiction writing in the Sultanate of Oman with the first story collections published in the early 1980s. However, there is no consensus yet on the title of the first published collection5 due to the absence of documentation of the printing history of these collections. The evolution stage as seen by Aziza AlTa’ei took place in the decade subsequent to the 1990s (i.e. 2000- 2010); the first ten years of the second millennium of the twenty-first century. The year 2010 is viewed as a pivotal year for the Omani novel because it witnessed the publication of the “Celestial Bodies”6 novel by novelist and academician Jokha AlHarthi. After this event, history can document a new stage for the Omani novels, one that can be said to be mature enough to start experimenting on creative writing. Thereafter, the Omani literature, started to contribute substantially to the world, reflecting on a deep-rooted history of humankind. In this paper, a comparison is made between the foundational stage and the maturity stage in novel writing by examining two works from each stage. The researchers sought to make selections based on variations of gender and styles so as to objectively examine how elements of structure and narration techniques were leveraged at every stage. This paper raises a very critical question: what are the significant and palpable features that defined and framed the development of narrative writing in the Omani novel? The answer to this question may explain how numerous Omani novelists and writers, from both genders, were successful recipients of prominent pan-Arab and international prizes in novel writing over the past five years. Study Samples From the foundational stage – which is divided by Aziza Al-Ta’ei into two phases –the researchers selected the novel authored by Abdulla Al-Ta’ei “Angels of Al-Jebel Al-Akhdar” which was published in 1956 to set a starting point for the early stages of fiction writing in Oman. Aziza Al-Ta’ei dubbed this novel as ‘the novel of the beginning’, a phase that continued up to 1987. The next stage, which is identified by Aziza as the foundational stage, spans the time between 1989 to 1999, and is represented by the novel “Wandering Around the Burning Wood” – written by Badriya Al-Shihhi and published by the Arabic Institute for Research & Publishing, Beirut. For the maturity stage, the researchers examined “Dilshad – Story of Hunger and Satiety” 7 authored by Bushra Khalfan and released in 2021 by Takween Publishing, along with “Exile of the Water Divider” by Zahran AlQasmi to add diversity to the samples and perspectives. Objectives of the Study The study is intended to achieve several objectives including: To compare between novels of the foundational stage and novels of the maturity stage based on elements of the narrative structure – characters, time and space, narrative techniques in terms of style, perspective and reflection on 7Dilshad was earlier shortlisted for the 2022 International Prize for Arabic Fiction (AKA Arab Booker Prize) and won the 2022 Katara Prize for Arabic Novel alongside the Algerian Ezzedine Jalaouji for his novel “Embrace of Snakes” and history or myths from a special philosophical angle. To identify the features of development and maturity in contemporary novels through the selected samples. To describe the elements of the narrative structure by examining the novels representing the two stages. To illustrate the role of experimentation and mechanisms in the evolution of the narrative structure in light of the models selected for the study. Methodology of the Study The comparative approach is used to compare foundational novels against contemporary novels based on description and analysis of the samples selected for the study. The researcher leveraged the structural studies founded by the Russian formalists toward the study of narration, in particular Gérard Genette’s and the techniques set forth by the narratological studies as feature of post modernity novels and experimentation mechanisms that seemed modern in the contemporary narratives. Conclusions The study draws several conclusions. It found that the narrative structure of the Omani novel evolved and developed significantly compared to the traditional narrative approach. The Omani novel is found to venture into unknow territories, go deeper with experimentation and demonstrate creativity in the narrative techniques that lend the novel a depth and philosophical existential perspective. The study also found that the Omani novel is not confined to a sole protagonist who is typically extravagantly celebrated, but encompassed several divergent voices and overlapping stories in a manner that sets the novel into a philosophical interpretation reflective of the existential time and memory. They further employ civilizational and mythical history in a way that charms the reader with its seamless narrative flow and poetic language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The evaluation process and the methods used are considered an important input for developing the educational system in its various aspects, so development in the field of measurement and evaluation has received the attention of specialists. This paper discusses: criticisms of current evaluation methods, the concept of assessment evolved from assessment of learning to assessment for learning, and the practices that must be followed to keep pace with the concept of assessment for learning. The paper concluded that exams in their current state are exposed to many aspects of criticism in relation to what these tests measure and measure what they were designed to measure or what is known as validity, as well as in relation to the extent of our confidence in the grades we obtain from applying these exams and the extent to which these grades express the true level of students or What is known as reliability. Thus, relying solely on these exams to evaluate students is not appropriate for learning in the twenty-first century and what we expect of learning outcomes that are linked to students’ competencies and abilities to keep pace with current developments in all fields. Therefore, it is necessary to shift from assessment of learning to assessment for learning, which requires the use of practices that suit this transformation, such as the use of formative assessment on a continuous and repetitive basis and in a way that suits the individual differences between students. We must also rely on standards-based assessment that is based on transparency and assessment of students’ competencies and their level of progress. Reliance on tests or final exams must also be reduced, and alternative methods should be used that are innovative, reduce students’ anxiety and tension, and expose them to pressure during exams, and provide clear insights into the level of students’ progress. There must also be a transition from a culture of data collection to a culture of using data that must be up-to-date and visible to everyone. And provide continuous feedback to students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research paper discussed the historical overviews of Prose Poetry in Oman, also deals with Issa’s poetic experience, specifically his two recent poetry collections “Strangers as We Came”, and “Blue Lightning in a Distant Sky”. This article aims to highlight the Omani poetic experience in the prose poem. It also points toward addressing the experience of one of the most important early pioneers of the prose poem in Oman; “Sama Issa”. He is the poet Samaa Issa as a representative of the experience of Omani poets and one of the founders since more than 40 years ago. He is also considered one of the most prominent contemporary poets who represent the prose poets in Oman. Current paper covered several topics: An introduction to the Omani prose poem, and Sama Issa as an example of the prose poem in Oman and one of its early pioneers. It also discussed; Reading in the Sama Issa’s collection “Strangers as We Came”, which includes: (The cover and Title, the poetic self, and cultural intertextuality). In addition to a reading in his second collection “Blue Lightning in a Distant Sky”, which includes: (A return to the self, Place and Memory, Poetic Ambiguity, Inspiration from the Words of Ancient Omani culture, and the structure of the poem in the sky of Issa). The paper includes a written testimony by the poet Sama Issa, in which he talks about his poetic experience. The study concluded that the poetic experience of the prose poem in Oman extended and developed through the pioneer poets, as well as the poets of the new generation, on both the quantitative and artistic levels. The study also highlighted an aspect of Sama Issa’s poetry as a model for the Omani prose poem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper seeks to examine the phenomenon of protest and the dynamic of societal act in the environment and contexts of the Arab region, most of which are produced under the conditions of protest, and the growing sense of indignation and dissatisfaction, and in the context of authoritarian and violent political and cultural structures and low civic values. The research aims to dismantle the growing phenomenon of protest movements in the Arab world (2010-2020), from where the structure of their formation and their mobility frameworks, and to increase the role of new social forces as agencies and mediators in the conflict between society and power, seeking to express themselves and raise their demands through protest and demonstration, beyond the limitations of traditional media such as political parties and trade unions. The paper theoretically approaches the topic from the perspective of social movements frameworks and developments in public space entrances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research paper which is titled “Effect of Changing Values of Scales and Currencies on Commercial Ships Taxes in Egypt during the 1st Persian Era (525-404 B.C.)” tackles interest of the Persians in marine commerce. In addition, this paper scrutinizes the taxes imposed on exporting and importing as well as tackling influence practiced on such taxes by the change of scales and currencies that were widespread in the region of Far ancient near East not only Egypt. The current study has found out that the Persian Government in Egypt imposed multiplied tax on Ionian commercial ships because of several political and economic factors which were not sufficiently mentioned or analysed in its sources. Additionally, the Persian Government distinguished the Phoenician commercial ships and made them distinctive by a type of tax lowering. This coped with the numerous exemptions granted by the Persian Empire for inhabitants of this region. Throughout this research paper, it has been found out that the increasing taxes of ships during this period were based on the additional tax on the constant tenth of its value. Accordingly, this additional tax had come to be an extra burden on owners of such ships. On the other hand, such ships were also regarded as a source for bringing precious metals particularly silver. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on Venuti’s (1995) methods, this paper will firstly study the micro strategies employed by the translator in the translation of sociocultural elements of “The French Perfume” to identify Venuti’s most used method according to Anne Schjoldager’s (2008) taxonomy as well as revealing the possible reasons behind translator’s choices. A selected corpus will be comparatively analyzed aiming to reveal the difficulties that faced the translator.The paper concluded that all foreignized cases were due to the nonexistence of direct counterparts. The results confirmed that the closer the distance the greater possibility of domestication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the role of religious wars in the disintegration of the theocratic state that governed European societies during the Middle Ages and culminated with the French Revolution in 1789. To address this topic, the paper focuses on two main aspects: the first being a historical examination that maps out the religious wars geographically and chronologically across the European continent. The second aspect is analytical, aiming to understand the underlying motivations that fueled these wars. Additionally, this paper contributes to highlighting the ongoing debate among European and Western historians in general regarding the role of religion in these wars. Some argue that religion was at the heart of the devastating events that took place in Europe and consider religious factors as the primary catalyst, while others view them as secular conflicts and downplay the role of religion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Middle Ages are the most fertile and most influential period in making powerful and negative stereotypes or representations that were attached to Islam, its Prophet, and its followers in the Western Christian world (Christendom). These accumulated Western stereotypes contributed to the emergence of a phenomenon which has become known as Islamophobia in our contemporary time. This paper aims to trace the medieval historical impacts on which these representations were formed and compiled in the manner that eventually created anxiety and fear that reached the point of phobia. This is due to the conviction that this intense hostility towards Islam and everything related to it is not a result of the events of 09/11/ 2001, but it extends to the previous long centuries, and these events have no role other than that they revived what was forgotten in the media and public mind for a short period, but academically it has been always present, especially through Orientalism, which is considered as an extension of the history of medieval European knowledge of Islam. In this context, the two authors of this paper believe that the nullification of the distorted negative representations that has been attached to Islam and Muslims undoubtedly goes through working to deconstruct the medieval texts that established and supported them. These texts, while establishing excessive hatred, did establish at the same time, a Christian religious centralism, which later entered a process of systematic formation of European and then Western centralism, which have had serious consequences on the level of human relations. This approach will help in understanding the phenomenon and make it much clearer, in order to interduce ideas that enable the reduction of the risks of conflict, and then move to collaboration in the circle of differences. This certainly requires courage in flipping through the sheets of history and reading them comprehensively and critically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since its independence in 1956, Sudan faced major internal and external challenges that affect the national construction process. These challenges have cast its shadow not only over Sudan's past and present, but its future as well. The ongoing war in Sudan today is but a pivotal part of these challenges. This paper discusses the war in Sudan in terms of its nature and objectives, without tracing its operational paths and the militaristic conflict, as this may increase the distortion of the war, its objectives, and the stakeholders behind it. This paper focuses on understanding the nature of this war and its background, and Western hegemony over Sudan whether political and constitutional tools, or military tools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mixture of news, entertainment, and other information on the Internet, has affected media institutions, which for decades have been on the throne of written, audio and viewer media. This change has been fuelled by the ease of disseminating information through various communication sites. This new pattern has produced a new type of audience that was born with smart devices within its reach. This new audience requires media institutions to have superior skills to ensure that their creativity and innovation keep pace with the economic aspirations of their owners and the rapid pace of growth in the technological means of communication. The desired aspects of media innovation also include professional media professionals, as they require them to master new skills, whether in gathering information and news or in editing, writing and presenting media content in order for their work to match the nature and characteristics of the new users. This paper discusses several overlapping issues and is linked by two questions: what do we mean by "media creativity" and "media innovation"? The paper seeks to understand the overlap between the two terms for practitioners and researchers in the media field. This paper also discusses the main influences on innovations in media, which include: (1) technology, (2) market opportunities and user behavior, (3) competitor behavior, (4) regulation and legislation, (5) industry standards, (6) organization strategy, (7) leadership and vision, (8) organizational structure, (9) capabilities and resources, and (10) culture and creativity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Language is the base of the human's thought, and the expression of the extent of his development, through which he perceives his surroundings, and without it he cannot communicate with others, and as much as it grows, he elevates it. And because man is a being who always searches for development in all areas of his life, he had to consider developing his language, which has a lot of credit for him. The research paper presented by the researcher under the title "The morphological analyzer to extract the verbs of saying and their connotations" aims to extract the verbs of saying and their connotations from the Arabic texts, which will be used later in determining the morphological and grammatical structure of the Arabic sentence. The work in this research is to create algorithms that detect verbal verbs and determine their roots or conjugations with their associated antecedents, suffixes, and semantics. The semantic here comes to the verb according to the context of the sentence, and the researcher used the programming language (C#.net) within the program (Visual Studio) to create the aforementioned semantic morphological parser. The way this parser works is based on performing a complete scanning of the text after writing it in the special box or entering a file in one of the formats (Word, Pdf, txt), taking into account that every word present in the different formats is a verb of "saying" until the opposite is proven, and it matches it with the roots of verbs and their conjugation in the three tenses (past, present, and imperative) stored in a database connected to the program. Language is the base of the human's thought, and the expression of the extent of his development, through which he perceives his surroundings, and without it he cannot communicate with others, and as much as it grows, he elevates it. And because man is a being who always searches for development in all areas of his life, he had to consider developing his language, which has a lot of credit for him. The research paper presented by the researcher under the title "The morphological analyzer to extract the verbs of saying and their connotations" aims to extract the verbs of saying and their connotations from the Arabic texts, which will be used later in determining the morphological and grammatical structure of the Arabic sentence. The work in this research is to create algorithms that detect verbal verbs and determine their roots or conjugations with their associated antecedents, suffixes, and semantics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The main objective is to clarify the reasons for the absence of an airtight and rigorous definition acceptable in the academic field. Methods: This paper investigates the historical context of the emergence of the term and analytically compares the various attempts to control the concept. Furthermore, it compares the experiences of peoples and nations in this regard, to reach a broader understanding and more rigorous control of the concept. Results: the main results of this paper is that the concept of modernity is still in need of scrutiny. This is justified on the epistemological level by the development of novel research methods and by the discrepancies in approaching the issue from different areas of specialization. On the cultural level, it is justified by the differences between peoples and the specificities of their experience. It is here that the originality of this paper is located, its aim is not to control the concept, but to highlight that it is to remain open to multiple possibilities, away from the argument of the end of history. Conclusions: this study examines the concept of modernity and tracks the relevant attempts in this field, giving the fact that it is an ambiguous concept that generated many debate to the point of contradiction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the sociology of development and the sociology of culture, this paper seeks to discuss the complex relationship between the quality of the dominant development model on the one hand, and the state of accumulation at the cultural capital scale, with its structures, processes and values on the other. How has the adoption of the global capitalist model over the past decades led to negative consequences at multiple and different levels, especially socio-cultural associated with the deterioration of the social conditions of the middle classes, which are the habitat of cultural capital with its three main components: the Embodied, the institutionalized as well as the Objectified, and the consequent socio-cultural problems of a structural type. The paper proposes an alternative development vision that devotes positive and effective cultural value systems that allow an equal socio-cultural accumulation on a more equitable basis, through which more vibrant, inclusive and sustainable development horizons are opened, taking into consideration the great importance of the cultural system, with all its components, in comprehensive development strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, natural dye curcumin wasused to monitor the quality of packaged fish meat through color changing indicators and the color changes of the indicators were evaluated visually and with colorimeter during storage of fish samples at room temperature (for 60 hours) and in the refrigerator (for 12 days). In order to evaluate performance of paper indicators for monitoring the quality of fish, the quality characteristics of fish such as total viable count, pH, and TVB-N were evaluated. This indicator had very good characteristics such as less moisture absorption than the control, excellent stability during storage for 30 days, and high selectivity to pH changes. The FTIR results showed that the curcumin was well stabilized on cellulose filter paper. The results of color changes of the indicator during fish storage indicated that with increasing the storage time, the brightness (L *) of the indicator based on curcumin significantly decreased and red-green (a *) and yellow - Blue (b *) parameters increased. Colorimetric indicator based on curcumin indicated significant color changes from yellow to orange due to sensitivity to pH and detection of TVB-N and hydrogen sulfide compounds. According to the results obtained from the qualitative characteristics of fish in relation to performance and function of colorimetric indicator during fish spoilage, it can be concluded that curcumin provides a promising approach in intelligent packaging systems for meat products to monitor fish meat freshness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research aims to highlight the competition that took place in the Hijaz on the Principality of Mecca during the seventeenth century AD. Some gentlemen include noble Sharif men Who are those who seek for ruling. Because of the importance of this position for what it contains of significant influence, powers and privileges. In addition to the favor that they get it from the Ottoman Sultans who gave the Hijaz a special importance due to its spiritual significance. The Ottoman Sultans exaggerated in their generosity towards noble Sharif men and honor them out of respect for their association with the Prophet Muhammad, in addition to their influence on the Hijazi society. The competition was clear since the beginning of the seventeenth century. Once someone takes over the Principality of Makkah Al-Mukarramah until others started their intrigues until they can remove and replace him. What encouraged them to do so is the Ottoman Empire was not interfering in the issue of the election of the princes of Mecca since that the task was entrusted to the noble Sharif men themselves. They were electing someone from among them then the state agrees to that person. And because of the competition was the state was too often put two or three noble men at the same time to take over the Principality of Mecca. Furthermore, it was the Ottoman government, especially in the second half from the aforementioned century, due to its long external wars, The Ottoman state did not devote itself to consider the matters of Hijaz, So It was not checking in too much about the person who holds the position of Sharif. So it took the competition, between those noble Sharif men for the emirate of Makkah, a sharp nature which this paper will work to clarify in the folds of research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paper recycling industry is considered one of the important investment industries, included in the industrial zone south of Jeddah. This industry generates wastewater that causes a lot of damage when disposed in a non-secure method. The current study aims to study the characteristics of wastewater resulting from the different stages of production and the management methods used at one of the paperrecycling industries in the Industrial Zone City, south of Jeddah, KSA. The results of the field survey showed that the sources of water include the treated effluent from Al-Khumra wastewater treatment plant and the treated effluent emerging from the industrial wastewater treatment plant. Results of analysis showed that most of the locations discharged wastewater with low pH, high concentrations of suspended solids, dissolved solids, chemical oxygen demand, and presence of a significant difference between concentrations of chemical and biochemical oxygen demands. The results also showed that most of the measured parameters for most of the sites wastewater exceeded PME (Presidency of Meteorology and Environment) standards for direct discharge, for central treatment facilities, or both. The plant follows the various wastewater management options, where it used the treatment strategy with the wastewater of the 1st site before disposal, pollution minimization with the 2nd to 6th sites by recycling, recycling and treatment strategies with the wastewater of the 7th site (wastewater of floating solids removal basin), and disposal strategy with the wastewater of 8th site (wastewater of the aeration basin) by transferring it to be treated by Al-Khumra plant. Some recommendations were suggested. Of these, following pollution prevention with some units that leak pulp, using one of the various ways of waste minimization before wastewater discharge from aeration basin to the central treatment plant, studying the feasibility of discharging the wastewater into the industrial wastewater treatment plant located in south Jeddah, and taking the advantage of using the wastewater emerging from aeration basin rather than its disposal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the legal concept of joint public property within Islamic jurisprudence. The paper aims to elucidate the nature of this form of property and its relationship with other types of ownership. Additionally, the article seeks to underscore the significance of joint public property in promoting equity in the utilization of lawful resources, safeguarding the rights of individuals, and advancing the common welfare. Moreover, the paper scrutinizes the various categories of permissible items in Sharia law and the divergent views of jurists regarding them, supported by evidentiary sources. Finally, the article conducts a thorough analysis and comparison of these opinions to arrive at the most accurate interpretation of Sharia standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author of this paper was John Alexander, Professor of Archaeology, Saint John College, Cambridge University, UK. The paper studied the Archaeology and History the Ottoman Frontier in the Middle Nile Valley during 910-1233 AH/1504-1820 AD, and was published in 2000. The paper includes new findings concerned with a topic that remains vivid through history concerned with the role played by archaeological discoveries in interpretation of history. The region itself witnessed a series of key incidents through history of Sudan and Egypt and before all the history of Ottoman Empire during a very important turning point for the whole region. The translator chose to translate the topic for its importance in the ongoing debate resulted by new discoveries and interpretations of archaeological and historical register. Charts and figures were posted without translation as the translator focused only on the text that includes important facts and interpretations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The architectural design patterns of buildings have varied throughout the ages according to economic, social, cultural, and other variables to suit the function of the building, the design module is one of the most important means that organize and arrange the architectural design to enhance its functional, structural, and other performance. This research paper studies the concept behind the module and the analysis and classification of its types in the design of interior spaces, mass formation, structure, and composition of architectural. The research aims to reach a criterion for selection of the appropriate module, especially in the processes of development and elevation, to avoid the scattering that occurs in the mass formation, the structure, the composition of architectural, as well as the interior spaces. In addition, the research aims to help to coordinate the urban spaces of the architectural group to achieve integration between them and the mass, space, and elements of formation to raise their efficiency, especially those created in different periods. The research paper concluded that the provision of treatments and solutions using the architectural module, and methods of architectural integration to reach integrated buildings that optimally achieve the objectives and meet their function . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the impact of Russian-Atlantic war in Ukraine on the vision of countries and their awareness of their position within the geopolitical map of the world, through studying what repercussions the war has on Algeria, which enjoys good relations with Russia. Given the scales of the ongoing conflict in Ukraine, the Algerian vision focuses on building new/renewing regional alliances in its Mediterranean space, especially since it rich with energy resources (gas and oil). This is clearly evident after strengthening its relations with Italy and Turkey, whether as of economic partnership and strategic cooperation. Thus, this paper is concerned with the Algerian vision of the conflict in Ukraine, and provides a reading of the new alliances in this context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper agrues that although the Arab Gulf is strategically located and of economic importance to China, the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) states did not fall along the original routes demarcated by the Belt and Road initiative roadmap. Nevertheless, both China and these states have begun to engage with the initiative and its projects by signing strategic partnerships, and to enmesh these projects with perspectives on national development in the Gulf. This has unsettled the United States and its allies, some of whom have begun to view this expansion as a serious challenge. As a result, there has been an attempt to impede the initiative's projects through debt-trap debate, geopolitical alliances, and putting forth alternative economic proposals. This study argues that the Gulf is of great concern to China and the requirements of the Belt and Road initiative, identifying where the GCC states are located on the initiative map and illustrating the way in which each state has gradually become involved in associated projects. It considers Western mechanisms and alternative projects in response to respond to and impede the initiative and the degree to which these mechanisms may apply to the GCC states. The paper presents deductive observations as to China's likely approach in the event that the initiative is obstructed and its interests undermined. Will it modify its foreign strategy – and will this impact the Gulf? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes an approach to studying the impact of the Internet on political culture through the concept of collective memory. Departing from the traditional approaches that confine political culture to knowledge, orientations, and behavior, to constructive and interpretive frameworks that define it through the process of "meaning-making," collective memory emerges as an essential component of political culture with its meanings, symbols, and narratives about political life. The paper concludes – from examining the case of the Egyptian Revolution of January 25, 2011 – that the development of the Internet may limit the role of the state and the elite in shaping political culture and collective memory, but it may also increase the severity of political and social polarization and weaken the culture of tolerance towards the other, and the chances of achieving social reconciliation, which is what we call the "paradox of collective memory." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research paper analyzes the political regimes in the Arab world since independence and their legitimacy. It examines three styles of government: hereditary, republican, and military. Hereditary regimes pass power within ruling families based on historical or religious legitimacy. Republican regimes derive legitimacy from political pluralism and elections. Military regimes come to power through coups or revolutions and justify their rule by restoring order and stability. The paper explores how these regimes establish and maintain legitimacy, their challenges and limitations, and their impact on political outcomes. The research provides valuable insights into the dynamics of political regimes in the Arab world and their implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explains how to obtain the existence and uniqueness of weak solutions for the weighted p-Laplacian boundary problem of Steklov and Neumann, relying on Browder's theorem under conditions of the monotonous function f. The paper also discusses the behavior of the problems through the numerical results. Additionally, to illustrate the effectiveness of our approach, examples of both linear and nonlinear equations are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to study a group of complicated articles in the principles of Islamic jurisprudence that Taqi al-Din Ibn Taymiyyah dealt with and directed, after reviewing his work thoroughly, the selection fell on four articles, which are: Al-Samaniyah’s article on limiting the perceptions of knowledge to the senses, the article of the majority of the scholars of the principles of Islamic Jurisprudence on the scarcity of the overall memorized text, the article of Al-Shāfiʿī and Ahmad regarding the negation of abrogation of the Qur’an for the Sunnah, And Al-ʿAnbari’s article on correcting every Mujtahid (the one giving an independent reasoning). The paper dealt in each article with three issues: its origin, the point of its complication, and Ibn Taymiyyah’s treatment of it. In studying the articles presented, the researcher adopted the critical analytical approach. This paper concluded that: the distinction of al-Taimi’s work due to the wide reading of articles, and a thorough critic in dealing with the articles at the level of authenticating, reviewing and directing, addressing the complicated issues that the scholars are less exposed to, with the investigation of Ibn Taymiyyah's directives to these articles. The study recommended careful reviewing of articles in this field, investigating their issues, and treating them according to the correct approach, giving observations and correcting them according to contemporary studies, and urging for extensive writing in this field according to Ibn Taymiyyah and other critics of the scholars of this discipline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is concerned with monitoring the extent to which the Arabic language keeps pace with the development of civilization In addition to that, it also attempts to highlight the most important mechanisms and principles that the Arabic language has in its linguistic system, which allows it to generate and produce expressive vocabulary in an easy and smooth manner. Our paper also aims to measure the extent of the effectiveness and efficiency of linguistic generation mechanisms in making the Arabic language a language that keeps pace with the development of civilization. In addition to the foregoing, our paper is based on a number of overlapping questions that we present successively as follows: • To what extent does the Arabic language keep pace with the development of the times? • What are the most prominent principles and mechanisms adopted by the Arabic language in the process of producing its expressive words? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transboundary rivers have been a source of increasing disputes due to growing populations and economies, as well as the consequences of environmental change. With the increase in river flow utilization, concerns about potential violent interstate conflicts have arisen in public debates. However, academic literature argues for more nuanced and evidence-based views of transboundary water conflicts and proposes problem-solving tools based on water diplomacy and cooperation. Using the Eastern Nile conflict as a case study, this paper identifies eight common misconceptions regarding the conflict surrounding the construction of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD). The paper contextualizes the GERD conflict within the broader transformation of river utilization towards greater competition for water use. The ongoing Eastern Nile conflict goes beyond technical affairs related to the dam operations and involves broader issues of rights to water use, national development, and climate variability and change. It is also embedded in complex regional hydro-politics that involves new actors. Recent academic evidence shows that Eastern Nile riparian countries (Egypt, Sudan, and Ethiopia) face unique negotiating realities and diverse environmental impacts as a result of the GERD conflict. The Eastern Nile conflict presents an opportunity to facilitate benefit-sharing in the Nile Basin. Water cooperation remains the only realistic option to resolve transboundary water conflicts in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper studies the Iraqi-Syrian-Turkish conflict over the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, from a geopolitical perspective. It argues that this conflict has historical and political roots, not solely tied to the natural availability of water in the Tigris and Euphrates, but rather connected to the policies of different parties in managing water resources. The paper includes three essential elements. The first examines the geographical and hydrological characteristics of the Tigris and Euphrates. The second explores the political and academic discourse in the 1990s regarding the "water war" theory. The third and final element analysed the characteristics of the new conditions that have distinguished the three countries since the beginning of this century, imposing on Syria and Iraq the need to devise a new vision for managing their available water resources. The research concludes with the inevitability of negotiation for the joint management of the Tigris and Euphrates water resources as it is not in Turkey's interest to ignore the interests of downstream countries. Moreover, Syria and Iraq cannot achieve any results without negotiation and water diplomacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of demonstrating the connection between the image and imagination and its cultural connotations, this research paper revolved around a complex research problem that hinged upon two hypotheses. The first investigated the role of imagination in providing knowledge while the second explored the possibility of yielding cultural knowledge to fictional experiments. In order to confirm the first one, we examined the concept of imagination through different cultural strands that ascertained the fact that it was more than mere shapes decorating a painting. It was rather another insight to unveil the invisible side of the world. We tried to affirm the second hypothesis through exploring the existing cultural tools in artworks. The research findings showed that when the artist abstained from the figurative image, he ventured an unfamiliar world to offer an artistic lesson. This later called for other knowledge areas to analyze, interpret and infer the conceptual connotations of artworks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The researcher studied in these papers an issue related to the sayings of the interpreters put by Al-Hafiz Ibn Kathir - may God have mercy on him in - his interpretation with strangeness, and the research was organized in the introduction and three detectives and a conclusion. As for the introduction, it dealt with the problem of research, previous studies, research methodology and procedures. Then the researcher deliberately explained the method of Al-Hafiz in his statement of strange sayings, and then added to explaining the reasons for the strangeness on which Al-Hafiz Ibn Katheer leaned in describing the explanatory saying with strangeness. He then went to the statement of the status of the strange saying by Ibn Kathir. His research then concluded with the most important findings and recommendations, including: First: The personality of Al-Hafiz Ibn Kathir is evident, especially in his description of explanatory statements with strangeness, and the urgent need to study that personality and highlight the critical approach. Second: Al-Hafiz Ibn Kathir distinguished in presenting strange interpretative sayings, and explaining the reasons for the strangeness, whether related to the transmission and effect or to the evidence and the reasons for the descent, and the urging to collect these sayings and study them thoroughly. Third: The disparity in the description and judgment of the strange explanatory saying when Al-Hafiz Ibn Kathir, and the call to compare this with the words of interpreters and investigators from the scholars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Questioning the concepts and clarifying their internal problems is a common matter between theologians and the Arabs before the Islamic Daʿwah. It is the basis of the Almighty’s revelation. It is to work with meanings in a way that reflects the characteristics of thought amongst the Arabs, indicating that Arab-Islamic philosophical discourses regarding boundaries are not simply due to the exposure to Greek philosophy or others. Second, it indicates that the Arabic language was fully mature and ready when called upon to contain the concepts of the new religion in general, and the concept of God at its highest levels of abstraction in particular. This is what the paper addresses by looking at the science of theology as a whole, and at the concept of time transformation according to Al-Kindi, in order to clarify the relationship between before and after the Daʿwah in terms of thought and its mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study examines the faltering experience of democratic transition in Morocco, by recalling the historical contexts in which constitutional deliberation was raised, especially after announcing that human rights violations will be overlooked and a “rotation government” will be installed. The paper will identify the weaknesses that prevent the completion of conditions necessary for reforms and the establishment of democratic institutions. The study is mainly concerned with tracking the stages of political and constitutional reforms, the progress of demands since independence until the amendment of the 2011 Constitution, reciting the turning points in the history of political conflicts between the royal authority and the opposition forces, and analyzing the major outcomes that resulted, whether in terms of the specificity of the approaches and the proposed exits to liquidate the legacy of the authoritarian past, towards adopting institutional consensuses and approaches to implementing transitional justice and a controlled democratic transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Independent development and social justice in any country is linked to the nature of the ruling class in it and the economic and social policies that this class usually adopts as an expression of its interests, and the extent to which these policies contribute to the productivity of the economy, providing job opportunities, the optimal use of natural and human resources, and ultimately in the equitable distribution of national wealth. This paper discusses development trends in Arab countries, the economic and monetary policies on which these trends are based, the major imbalances that Arab economies suffer from, and the economic and social effects that have resulted from them, which have created a clear disparity in various development indicators between one social group and another in these countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the formation of the modern Libyan state and the political, economic, and social transformations that accompanied it, from its independence in 1951 up to the period just before the disintegration of the state and its institutions due to the repercussions of the 2011 uprising. It focuses on the role played by the choices made by the ruling national elites in shaping the modern Libyan state during the two political regimes that governed Libya before the 2011 uprising: the Senussi Kingdom (1951-1969) and the Jamahiriya State (1969-2011). This study aims to test a fundamental hypothesis that the current crisis facing the Libyan state is deeply rooted in the manner in which the modern Libyan state was formed. This process was characterized by the inherent contradiction arising from the imposition of a modern nation-state on Libyan society through colonialism and a long historical trend of weakening the state’s institutional structure at the hands of the ruling political elites within both the monarchy and the Jamahiriya state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of this study was to identify the relationship between scientific cooperation in and citations to the international patents of the Persian Gulf countries issued in the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) database. Method: This research was conducted with a descriptive method and a scientometric approach. The statistical population of the research consisted of 8182 patents issued in the USPTO database. In the second stage of the research, the titles of patents were searched in the Web of Science (WoS) citation database to analyze their citations. In order to obtain the number of citations from scientific documents to each patent, the title of each patent was searched in the Web of Science Core Collection in the section entitled “Cited Reference Search”. Then, the number of citations of scientific documents to patents was collected. The Microsoft Excel software was used to analyze the amount of cooperation in patent licenses. Findings: The results showed that only 841 granted patents out of 8182 patents registered in the Persian Gulf countries have been cited by scientific documents in WoS and received a total of 2496 citations. The research findings related to the number of patent licenses in the Persian Gulf countries based on the Cooperative Patent Classification (CPC) subjects show that the highest number of patent licenses is related to the category (G = Physics) with a number of 1717 patents; and the lowest number of patent licenses concerns to the category (D = textiles and paper) with 24 licenses. The highest number of patents is for Saudi Arabia with 5469 patents and the lowest number of patent licenses is for Iraq with 22 patents. The findings also indicated that the highest number of single inventor patents is for Saudi Arabia in the category G (Physics) with 288 patents, and the lowest number of patents based on the subject categories is for Iraq with 11 patents. Also, the highest rate of patents granted with more than one inventor is for Saudi Arabia in the subject category of chemistry and materials engineering (C) with a number of 4114 patents, and again the lowest rate of patents granted is for Iraq with a number of 11 patents. Conclusion: Based on the findings of the research, it can be concluded that only a small number of patents registered by the Persian Gulf countries in the USPTO database have received citations from the scientific documents indexed in the Web of Science (WoS) database. The results indicate that the highest level of patent cooperation within the Persian Gulf countries belongs to Saudi Arabia with 12583 inventors and the lowest level of patent cooperation belongs to Iraq with 30 inventors. In addition, the highest number of patent cooperation with countries outside the Persian Gulf belongs to the United States of America with 2198 inventors, England with 384 inventors, Germany with 333 inventors, Canada with 219 inventors, India with 203 inventors, and France with 171 inventors. According to the data obtained regarding the amount of citations received by single-inventor patents and multiple-inventor patents, using the Kruskal-Wallis test, the significance level of the data showed a less than five percent difference. Therefore, the difference in ranks is significant, and the test results indicate that multi-inventor patents have received more citations than single-inventor patents in subject categories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to study the performance of the construction sector in Jordan and to investigate the most important factors affecting the growth of the sector, during the period from 1985 to 2018. The study overviews the development of the sector by dividing the study period into three subperiods that reflect the extent to which the sector is affected by the volatile political, economic, and demographic conditions. Moreover, the study applies Auto Regressive Distributed Lag Model (ARDL) to estimate the impact of some economic variables on the growth of the construction sector in the long run and short run. The results show that there is a direct and positive statistically significant relationship between the bank credit facilities to the construction sector and the number of employees in the construction sector on the growth of the construction sector in the long run and short run, while the real interest rate has insignificant impact on the growth of the construction sector in the long run and short run. The study provides some recommendations, the most prominent of which is the inclusion of the construction sector in the development plans, encouraging and qualifying young people to work in the construction sector, which will be reflected positively on the growth of the sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the current paper is to identify the relationship between cognitive distortions, academic self-efficacy, mindfulness, and academic procrastination among college students, and to reveal the presence of differences attributed to gender (male/female) and academic specialization (scientific/literary), as well as revealing the possibility of predicting academic procrastination. Through cognitive distortions, academic self-efficacy, and mindfulness. The research sample consisted of (300) male and female students at the Faculty of Education, Kafrelsheikh University. The researcher used: The Cognitive Distortions questionnaire prepared by (De Oliveira, 2015) translated into Arabic by the “researcher, the Academic Self-Efficacy questionnaire (Sachitra& Bandara, 2017), translated into Arabic by the “researcher,” and the Five Factors of Mental Awareness Scale by Bear et al., 2006), translated by “Abdul Raqeeb Al-Buhairi et al.” (2014), and the Brief Academic Procrastination Scale (Geara et al., 2019), translated into Arabic by the researcher. The results revealed a positive, statistically significant correlation between cognitive distortions and academic procrastination, and a negative correlation with academic self-efficacy and mindfulness. The results also revealed that there are no differences attributable to gender in cognitive distortions and mindfulness, and there are statistically significant differences attributable to gender (male/female) in academic self-efficacy in favor of females, and differences in academic procrastination in favor of males. The results also revealed that there are no statistically significant differences in cognitive distortions, mindfulness, and academic procrastination attributable to specialization, and that there are statistically significant differences in academic self-efficacy attributable to specialization in favor of scientific specializations. The results revealed the possibility of predicting academic procrastination through cognitive distortions, academic self-efficacy, and mindfulness. Some recommendations and proposed research were presented considering the research results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Makāteeb is plural of Kitāb, which literally means to write. Terminologically, the word Makāteeb is also used for letters and magazines. In this paper, the letters written by Shah Mazharullah Dehlawī, who died in 1966 AD, to his disciples, his style of training, the contents of the letters and especially the Aorād O Wazaif ordered in them will be covered. Their sources have been collected and determined and their Shariah status and legal position have been discussed by reviewing the reduction and numerical determination of words and words in order to help in understanding that what is the position and rank of the Aorād o Wazaif in Islam and what are their limits and restrictions. Are they obligatory like prayer, Fasting, Hajj and Zakāt or are they in the scope of Mustaḥab and Mustaḥsan? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Praise be to Allah, the Lord of the Worlds, and prayers and peace be upon our Prophet Mohammad and upon his family and his companions all. This research, entitled “The phenomenon of sorting and evaluation in Yemeni society and its impact on the social fabric - an analytical study” aims at highlighting the manifestations and causes of the phenomenon of sectarian as well as the tribal regional sorting and evaluation in the Yemeni society. The research also aims at showing the impact of this phenomenon on the Yemeni social fabric, explaining the Islamic approach in dealing with such a phenomenon. The research consists of an introduction, and two sections. In the introduction, the importance of the topic, the reasons for choosing it, the objectives of the research, the study methodology, the structure of the research and its limitations are presented. The introduction also introduces the research terms and parameters. In the first section, the manifestations of the sectarian phenomenon in Yemeni society and its causes are covered; whereas the second section coverers the Islamic approach to deal with this phenomenon, then the conclusion contains the most important findings and recommendations. The researcher has reached a set of findings, the most important of which are that the phenomenon of sorting and evaluation in the Yemeni society is one of the issues that have spread the scourge in the country, and it has had a bad impact on the Yemeni social fabric, as seen throughout the present research. The most prominent features of this phenomenon are sectarian and discrimination because Yemen is a society that is susceptible to intellectual and sectarian pluralism in terms of the whole, and the sign of tribal sorting is apparent and strong due to the nature of the society in which it has been inherited from fathers and grandfathers. The regional sign is also found in which it has become dominant in the recent period due to the repercussions of political and partisan differences and conflicts that the country has gone through. As for the reasons behind the emergence of this phenomenon, some of these reasons are due to the political differences and ancient intellectual conflicts, whereas the others are due to illiteracy, backwardness, blind imitation, the cultural and environmental settings, and the sources of reception. Some of such reasons are also due to the role of the enemies of Islam, in its various forms, in nourishing and developing this phenomenon. As for the manifestations of this phenomenon, they are known to everyone who follows and extrapolates the Yemeni reality that the most prominent of them have been mentioned in the conclusion of this paper. The researcher has reached a number of treatments and recommendations, as stated in the conclusion of the research. We ask God to make this work purely for His noble sake and to benefit us from it, and to use us for the seek of the others’ benefits. May Allah’s blessings and peace be upon our Prophet Mohammad and all his family and companions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper discusses the issue of translating terms related to artificial intelligence and digital literature; it tracks important terms and concepts in the digital field and studies the process of transferring them into Arabic through translation and Arabization. Since the nineties of the last century, Arabic works that deal with the relationship of literature and technology began to appear successively, heralding the emergence of new literary forms and genres. These works have so far tended to translate the terms they encounter into Arabic, but as their translation methods vary, confusion has been the result. Hence, some researchers prefer to Arabize Western terms, since accurate Arabic alternatives are difficult to find. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research is a legal study of a phenomenon that has recently spread in the academic community, namely: trading in writing scientific researches of all kinds, on behalf of those who are on charge of it, and preparing it for them, whether it is a graduation research, master's theses, doctoral dissertations, or research papers. The study consists of three sections: the first section deals with what is permissible to do in order to help researchers in their researches, the second section deals with what is not permissible, and the third section deals with what is permissible, in accordance with the rules and conditions. The methodology used in this study is the descriptive analytical method. The research is aimed to investigate the terms and conditions about what is permissible and non-permissible to do in Islamic jurisprudence in order to help those who are on charge of preparing their researches, whether with or without fees, and to come up with a legal rule for the subject of preparing researches for others. This research is of great significance as it sheds light on a new issue that needs to be clarified, and needs also to be legitimately controlled. The research arrives at several findings: it is permissible to assist those who are on charge of writing researches in preparing the formal, technical, and complementary effort, since this is not the intended essence of the research; it is forbidden to assist them in preparing the intentional effort, with exception of a minor help which aims to train and it should not break the purpose of doing the research; and the academic convention is authorized to control this issue and its rules must be acted upon in what is permissible and forbidden. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents a comparative analysis of three indicators of the state of Arab unity between 2021 and 2022, based on the fact that Arab unity is a cumulative process in awareness and in practical reality, and therefore its achievement requires popular and democratic struggle. The first indicator is the Arab national state, meaning the extent of the state’s cohesion in the face of threats, disintegration and fragmentation. The second indicator is Arab-Arab relations, whether Arab countries are cooperative or vice versa. The third indicator is to measure the effectiveness of the Arab system by studying the performance of the League of Arab States, specifically the summit conferences and the decisions and recommendations issued by them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The issue of al-jam’ wa al-tafrīq [combining and differentiating] first became apparent early on, with the very beginning of the genre of rijāl al-hadith, being the study of hadith narrators. Within chains of hadith narrations, one finds many narrators who share the same name. More specifically, two narrators may have the same first name and father’s name, first name and family name, first name and kunya [honorific], or the like. This problem appeared so frequently that scholars who’ve tackled it over the years first dedicated specific terminology to this, al-muttafiq wa al-muftariq [the alike and the unalike], and then built a whole sub-genre dedicated to this under the broader field of hadith studies. Just as this issue appears in all books dedicated to the study of hadith narrators, it also is a frequent question in books more narrowly focused on the biographies of the Sahaba, the companions of the Prophet Muhammad. This study aims to give careful consideration to this issue of al-jam’ wa al-tafrīq in books dedicated to the Sahaba specifically. It uncovers the perceptiveness of the authors of this genre and the particular attention they paid to solving this matter, both in theory and in practice. This study further aims to identify their tendencies toward either narrowing or expanding, such as whether they tended to consider narrators with shared names as a single individual or as separate individuals, and to evaluate the efficacy of their approaches toward resolving this issue. The article begins with Ibn Manda and Abu Nu’aym, moves on to Ibn ‘Abd al-Barr, and ends with Ibn al-Athīr and Ibn Hajar. Beyond tracing the history of this issue and its development through books dedicated to the Sahaba, this paper will identify the various ways these authors addressed companions with shared names and will evaluate the effectiveness of their perspectives. The article then ends by offering critical suggestions to refine the methodology currently used when approaching this issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The financial crisis of 2008 ushered in a controversial decade that gave way to a dark era of war, terrorism, mass displacement, the resurgence of xenophobic white nationalism, ISIS, Brexit, Trumpism, and other issues that came to define a turbulent era. This research paper examines the economic contexts and theories of capital that contitute the difference in digital media research; The questions that digital media research must enquire to respond to a world in crisis; How did transformations in digital media technologies change the nature of the questions asked by media and cultural studies scholars, the theoretical frameworks, or the methodologies they used?. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]