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Multilayered AZ91-(SiCP/AZ91) clad plates were fabricated at 300, 350 ℃ and 400 ℃ successfully by extrusion. The microstructure evolution, bonding interface and the mechanical properties of the AZ91-(SiCP/AZ91) clad plates were investigated in detail. The results show that grain of both of the AZ91 layer and SiCP/AZ91 layer are refined due to the dynamic recrystallization (DRX) during the extrusion processes and the SiCP/AZ91 layer processes much finer grain size. The SiCP distribution of SiCP/AZ91 layer is improved with increasing of extrusion temperature. No obvious delamination is observed in the AZ91-(SiCP/AZ91) clad plates fabricated at different temperatures. The metallurgical bonding of the interface between AZ91 and SiCP/AZ91 basically occurs in the extrusion die. The room-temperature strength of the AZ91-(SiCP/AZ91) composite lies between the AZ91 alloy and the SiCP/AZ91, corresponding well with the rule of mixture (ROM). The inadhesion of the SiCP in the SiCP/AZ91 layer is the main reason for the failure of the AZ91-(SiCP/AZ91) clad plates during tensile test.

The present research investigated the creep properties of the Mg-8Gd-2Y-0.5Zr alloys with different microstructures (as-cast, as-solution, T6 and as-extruded) after creeping at 200 ℃/70 MPa for 100 hours. Effects of the microstructures, including grain size, Mg5(Gd, Y) phase in cast alloy, β′ phase on creep properties were studied. The as-extruded alloy shows the worst creep resistance due to the refined grains caused by dynamic recrystallization resulting from the extrusion process. Although the Mg5(Gd, Y) phase located at the grain boundary can improve the creep properties of the cast alloy in the early stage creep, the precipitates of β′ phase in T6 alloy and those formed during the creep process in as-solution alloy, which can effectively inhibit the dislocation gliding, can be attributed as an important factor in improving the high temperature creep performance of the alloys. Consequently, the alloy after T6 treatment exhibited the lowest creep rate and the as-solution alloy possessed a better creep resistance than that of the cast alloy during the steady-state creep.

High strength intermediate modulus carbon fiber composites are still the main aviation composites in the world at present and for a long time to come. In recent year, based on the experience of high-strength carbon fiber composites, the industrialization technology of high strength intermediate modulus T800 grade carbon fiber have been broken through in China, and the resin matrix, prepreg and manufacturing process were analysized systematically for the high toughness composites reinforced by Chinese T800 grade carbon fiber. The impact resistance of the resin matrix composites reinforced by Chinese T800H grade carbon fiber is at the same level with that of foreign composites, and the hydrothermal resistance of high toughness epoxy resin matrix composites is better than that of foreign composites with the same CAI level. At the same time, the prepreg of Chinese T800H grade carbon fiber reinforced high toughness composites has excellent process ability, and it can meet the requirements of manual-layup, ATL and AFP. Based on the T800 grade composites, the main research goal is to improve the compression mechanical properties, elastic modulus and CAI based on BVID(barely visible impact damage) for high strength intermediate modulus carbon fiber composites in the future.

A microarc oxidation (MAO) coating was fabricated on the surface of TC4 alloy by adding SiC nano-particle into the base electrolyte. The influence of nanoparticles on the microstructure and corrosion behavior of MAO coatings was investigated. The results show that the introduction of SiC nanoparticles into the base electrolyte makes the coating thickness of MAO coating increased, from 9.2, 12.8, 12.4μm to 12.0, 14.9, 20.0μm, respectively, under the conditions of 550, 600V and 650V. The surface roughness of the coating (2.65, 3.34μm and 3.61μm) fabricated in SiC-containing solution increases with increasing the applied voltage. The introduction of SiC nanoparticles can effectively inhibit the microcracks in the coating, the coating thickness increase, and reduce the anodic current density, and thus the corrosion property of MAO coating increases. The OCP(open circuit potential) and corrosion potential increase by MAO coating.

Objective In the study, we investigated the various combinations of different methods of removing decayed tooth combined with different adhesive systems and filling materials used in caries treatment, and observed the influence of the marginal-tightness and the complexity of operation, in order to find out a suitable treatment of dental caries for remote area. Methods 294 teeth with only occlusal caries were randomly and equally divided into 2 groups, one of which was treated with atraumatic restorative treatment (ART) and the other was treated with the traditional rotating instruments treatment. Then, according to the different adhesive systems and filling materials, each group was divided into 7 sub-groups. In vitro caries filling treatment was applied, and the cavies removing time and filling time were recorded. After simulating the process in mouth by temperature-cycle method, the samples were observed by SEM and the dye penetration experiment. The two-dimensional microleakage was observed by single blind trial, and the results were analyzed using SPSS 12.0 software. Results (1) Using the same adhensive and filling system, caries removing time in ART was longer than the traditional rotating instruments treatment (P < 0.05) ; (2) In each group, the time in GIC was the shortest, the time of Easy one+3M F2000/3M Z350 group was shorter than that of Xeno H +3MF2000/3MZ350, and the time of Single Bond 2+3MF2000/3MZ350 group was the longest. There was significant difference in the filling time with different adhesive systems and filling materials (P < 0.05). (3) SEM results showed: when using the same adhesion agent and the same filling material, there was no significant difference in SEM between ART group and the traditional rotating instruments treatment group ( P > 0.05). In the same case of removing decayed tooth, the gaps between the filling material and tooth tissue in group GIC was the biggest, and the Xeno H +3MF2000/3MZ350 was the second, while the Easy one +3MF2000/3M Z350 and Single Bond 2+3MF2000/3MZ350 groups were the smallest. 4. The results of two-dimensional microleakage suggested: when using the same adhesion agent and the same filling material, there was no significant difference between ART group and the traditional rotating instruments treatment group (P > 0.05). Both of Easy one+3M F2000/3M Z350 and Single Bond 2+3M F2000/3M Z350 groups have the lightest microleakage. There was no significant difference between the two groups (P > 0.05), while there was significant difference among the other 12 groups (P < 0.05). Conclusion We recommend that ART using compomer restoration with self-etching adhesive system (Adeper Easy One) is an effective treatment of dental caries for remote area, but the long-term clinical effects need to be studied further. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Time-shifted TV has become one of the typical multimedia businesses. It has a variety of functions but the operations are more complex. Since the existing tests do not fully consider the interactions of parameters in the system, it is very difficult to find certain functional defects and failures. We apply the adaptive combinatorial testing methodology to Set-Top Box time-shifted T V business testing. Firstly we establish a combinatorial testing model, then we design and execute test cases and locate the faults exposed in the testing. The empirical study not only validates the existing combinatorial testing theories and methods, but also finds many real failures in the Set-Top Box time-shifted TV business. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to obtain pyroelectric film materials with excellent performance, the article discusses the improved ways and influencing factors of pyroelectric figure of merit. Trie main research work focuses on two aspects; improving the pyroelectric coefficient (development of new material systems and doping original material) and lowering dielectric constant (porous/multilayer film structure design). Generally speaking, the former can not improve pyroelectric figure of merit increase effectively, and the latter results in the cracking of the film quality, which will make leakage current density increase greatly. Combining the respective advantages of the porous and multilayer films, by introducing a seed layer between film and electrode interlayer, low temperature crystallization of dense/porous/dense sandwich structure film are achieved , which gives an effective way to improve the detectivity figure of merit of pyroelectric thin film. Meanwhlie, the low temperature crystallization of the composite film has an important value in integrating circuit based on a silicon chip. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Aiming at the problem of the low computational efficiency of the coherent TBD (Track-Before-Detect) algorithm based on velocity searching and DCFT (Discrete Chirp-Fourier Transform), a coherent TBD algorithm based on DP (Dynamic Programming) and DCFT is proposed. In the proposed algorithm, the target echoes locating at different range cell and the azimuth cell are searched by the DP algorithm, which optimizes the searching procedure and improves computational efficiency. Simulation results show that compared with the traditional non-coherent DP-TBD algorithm, the performance of the proposed algorithm improves 1.6 dB for 90% detection probability; compared with the coherent TBD algorithm based on velocity searching and DCFT, the computational efficiency of the proposed algorithm improves 3. 6 times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To research the application effect of the goal-oriented teaching methods in laboratory teaching of pit and fissure sealant technique. Methods 40 students of 68 students from Grade 2008 in Stomatology Faculty of KMU were randomly divided into 2 groups. One of the groups were taught by the goal-oriented teaching methods and other the group were taught by the traditional teaching methods. The performances of the two groups were compared. Results Students received the goal-oriented teaching methods were more efficient than the traditional one. Conclusion Goal-oriented teaching methods can inspire students' enthusiasm in studying and help improve teaching efficiency and quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, with the rapid development of universities and the construction of laboratories, equipment bidding and purchasing scale increase continuously year by year, especially oil equipment bidding. Due to some particularities and specialties, in the bidding process, there are usuaHy some problems, such as ; more failures of bid ; more complaints; long construction period, etc. These problems have long plagued the bidding and procurement departments. In order to solve these problems, it is essential to explore the solutions from the following four aspects ; analyzing the characteristics of petroleum equipment and finding out the reasons why bids are so difficult, strengthening and building the bidding and purchasing team ; introducing some norms, tightening approval procedures ; strictly controling imported equipment program; and strengthening executive power to ensure the smooth flow of the bidding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As arsenic widely exists in nature and has been used in the pharmaceutical preparations, the traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) with arsenic include realgar(As&#95;2S&#95;2 or As&#95;4S&#95;4), orpiment(As&#95;2S&#95;3), and white arsenic(As&#95;2O&#95;3). Among the above representative medicine, the TCM compound formulas with realgar are utilized extensively. Just in Chinese Pharmacopoeia(2020 edition), there are 37 Chinese patent medicines including realgar. The traditional element analysis focuses on the detection of the total amount of elements, which neglects the study on the speciation and valence of elements. The activity, toxicity, bioavailability, and metabolic pathways of arsenic in vivo are closely related to the existence of its form, and different forms of arsenic have different effects on organisms. Therefore, the study on the speciation and valence of arsenic is of great importance for arsenic-containing TCMs and their compound formulas. This paper reviewed four aspects of the speciation and valence of arsenic, including property, absorption and metabolism, toxicity, and analytical assay.

Fermented Chinese medicine has long been used. Amid the advance for preservation of experience, the connotation of fermented Chinese medicine has been enriched and improved. However, fermented Chinese medicine prescriptions generally contain a lot of medicinals. The fermentation process is complicated and the conventional fermentation conditions fail to be strictly controlled. In addition, the judgment of the fermentation end point is highly subjective. As a result, quality of fermented Chinese medicine is of great difference among regions and unstable. At the moment, the quality standards of fermented Chinese medicine are generally outdated and different among regions, with simple quality control methods and lacking objective safe fermentation-specific evaluation indictors. It is difficult to comprehensively evaluate and control the quality of fermented medicine. These problems have aroused concern in the industry and also affected the clinical application of fermented Chinese medicine. This article summarized and analyzed the application, quality standards, and the modernization of fermentation technology and quality control methods of fermented Chinese medicine and proposed suggestions for improving the quality standards of the medicine, with a view to improving the overall quality of it.

Chinese Pharmacopoeia is an important part of drug standards in China, and it is also a legal basis that must be strictly followed in drug development, production, operation, application, and management. The information on prescriptions, preparation methods, properties, identification, inspection, content determination, functions and indications, usage and dosage, precautions, specifications, and storage of Chinese patent medicine preparations included in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia(Vol.Ⅰ) was clarified. The &quot;Preparation Method&quot; section describes the preparation process of Chinese patent medicine from decoction pieces to finished preparations in detail and specifies the preparation production methods and parameters, which has a good guiding and standardizing effect on the production of Chinese patent medicine in China. The present study summarized the preparation methods of Chinese patent medicine preparations and single drug preparations contained in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia(2020 edition, Vol.Ⅰ) in stages and analyzed the common preparation methods and technical parameters of Chinese patent medicine preparations, which is helpful to understand the current situation of Chinese patent medicine production technology in China and can provide references for the development of new Chinese medicine, the transformation of large varieties of Chinese patent medicine, and the optimization of preparation process of Chinese patent medicine in the market.

In this study, the critical quality attributes of Wuzhuyu Decoction reference sample were explored by using characteristic chromatogram, index component content and dry extract rate as indexes.The dissemination relationship of quantity value between medicinal materials-decoction pieces-reference sample was investigated to preliminarily formulate the quality standard of the reference sample.The characteristic chromatogram of 15 batches of Wuzhuyu Decoction was established by high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) and the similarity analysis was conducted.Common peaks were demarcated and assigned to medicinal materials.Moreover, quantitative determination of limonin, evodiamine, rutaecarpine and ginsenoside Rb&#95;1 of Wuzhuyu Decoction were performed.The dissemination of quantity value was explored combined with dry extract rate, similarity of characteristic chromatogram and transfer rate of index component content.A total of 18 common peaks were identified in the corresponding materials of Wuzhuyu Decoction reference sample, with the similarity of characteristic chromatogram greater than 0.9, and Fructus Evodiae, Radix Ginseng, Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens and Fructus Jujubae contributed 9, 5, 8 and 2 chromatographic peaks, respectively.The index component content of corresponding materials and the transfer rates of medicinal materials-decoction pieces and decoction pieces-reference sample of different batches of Wuzhuyu Decoction reference sample were as follows: the content of limonin was 0.16%-0.51%, and the transfer rates were 83.66%-115.60% and 38.54%-54.58%, respectively; the content of evodiamine was 0.01%-0.11%, the transfer rated were 80.80%-116.15% and 3.23%-12.93%, respectively; the content of rutaecarpine was 0.01%-0.05%, the transfer rates were 84.33%-134.53% and 5.72%-21.24%, respectively; the content of ginsenoside Rb&#95;1 was 0.06%-0.11%, and the transfer rates were 90.00%-96.92% and 32.45%-67.24%, respectively.The dry extract rate of the whole prescription was 22.58%-29.89%.In this experiment, the dissemination of quantity value of Wuzhuyu Decoction reference sample was analyzed by the combination of characteristic chromatogram, index component content and dry extract rate.A scientific and stable quality evaluation method of the reference sample was preliminarily established, which provided basis for the subsequent development of Wuzhuyu Decoction and the quality control of related preparations.

According to the polarity of different components in Sanpian Decoction, two fingerprints were established. Then the substance benchmark freeze-dried powder of 15 batches of Sanpian Decoction was prepared, followed by the determination of the fingerprints, index component content, and dry extract rates, the identification of attribution of characteristic peaks, and the calculation of similarities between these fingerprints and the reference(R), the content and transfer rate ranges of ferulic acid, sinapine thiocyanate, liquiritin, and glycyrrhizic acid, and the dry extract rate range. The results showed that the similarities of 15 batches of the substance benchmark fingerprints with R were all greater than 0.900.Further summarization of the characteristic peaks revealed that there were a total of 20 characteristic peaks in fingerprint 1, among which, eight were from Sinapis Semen, four from Paeoniae Radix Alba, six from Chuanxiong Rhizoma, and two from Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma. A total of 16 characteristic peaks were observed in fingerprint 2, including one from Sinapis Semen, three from Paeoniae Radix Alba, eight from Chuanxiong Rhizoma, and four from Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma. The average dry extract rate of 15 batches of substance benchmarks was 18.25%, with a dry extract rate range of 16.28%-20.76%. The index component content and transfer rate ranges were listed as follows: 0.15%-0.18% and 38.81%-58.05% for ferulic acid; 0.26%-0.42% and 36.51%-51.02% for sinapine thiocyanate; 0.09%-0.15% and 48.80%-76.61% for liquiritin; 0.13%-0.24% and 23.45%-35.61% for glycyrrhizic acid. The fingerprint, dry extract rate, and index component content determination was combined for analyzing the quality value transfer of substance benchmarks in the classic prescription Sanpian Decoction.The established quality evaluation method for the substance benchmarks was stable and feasible, which has provided a basis for the quality control of Sanpian Decoction and the follow-up development of related preparations.

Taste is an important factor affecting the medicinal properties of oral preparations and patient compliance with medication, and also an important evaluation index for oral preparation design and clinical application. How to characterize the taste objectively, accurately, simply, and efficiently is a bottleneck problem that restricts the taste design, development, and utilization of oral preparations. At present, the commonly used taste assessment methods for oral preparations are traditional human taste panel, electronic tongue, animal preference test, in vitro release study, and electrophysiological test. The traditional human taste panel is the first choice for taste evaluation, but it is limited by poor subjectivity and reproducibility. Therefore, despite some limitations, the other four taste assessment methods have been applied in the pharmaceutical industry as auxiliary methods. This study reviewed the detection principles, applicability, advantages, and disadvantages of the above methods to provide references for the taste correction research and taste assessment of oral preparations, improve patient compliance and the competitiveness of oral preparation products in the industry, and promote the development of oral preparation technologies.

Objective: To investigate the clinical features, treatment and prognosis of patients with hematological diseases complicated with mucor infection., Methods: The risk factors, clinical features, treatment regimen and prognosis of 18 hematological disease patients with mucor infection diagnosed by histopathology in our center from April 2014 to June 2020 were retrospectively analyzed., Results: Thirteen males and five females, with an average age of 30 (13－54) years old, were diagnosed as mucor infection by histopathological examination at the site of infection, including 16 cases of mucor infection alone and 2 cases of mucor + aspergillus mixed infection. There were 12 cases with malignant hematological disease and 6 cases with severe aplastic anemia, all of whom with long-term agranulocytosis, and their clinical manifestations and imaging findings were not specific. The common sites of infection were sinuses and lungs, and some patients showed multiple systemic manifestations. The remission status of hematological diseases and recovery of immune function showed an impact on the prognosis. All the patients were treated with amphotericin B liposome combined with posaconazole, and 15 patients were treated with surgery combined with antifungal drugs, 9 of whom were effective and 6 were ineffective, while intravenous administration in 3 cases was ineffective., Conclusion: It is difficult to diagnose hematological disease complicated with mucor infection. After early diagnosis, prognosis can be improved by amelioration of primary state and combination of drugs and surgery.

By preparing 15 batches of lyophilized powder samples of substance benchmark in Houpo Wenzhong Decoction,the fingerprint,index component content and extract rate were determined,and the characteristic peaks,the range of similarity with the reference map,the content range and transfer rate range of magnolol,hesperidin,glycyrrhizic acid and pinocembrin,the extract rate range and the change range were clarified. The results showed that the similarity between the fingerprint of substance benchmark and the reference map R generated from the 15 batches of substance benchmark samples was higher than 0. 90. The assignment of the characteristic peaks in the full prescription&apos;s fingerprint of the herbs except Poria cocos was clarified. Nineteen characteristic peaks were assigned,and 12 characteristic peaks were assigned by the reference substance,of which 4 were from Magnolia ocinalis Cortex,5 from Exocarpium Citri Rubrum,2 from Radix aucklandiae,3 from Glycyrrhiza Radix et Rhizoma,4 from Semen Alpiniae Katsumadai,and one from Rhizoma Zingiberis and Zingiber officinale Roscoe. The index component content range and transfer rate range were 0. 80%-1. 14% and 20. 25%-39. 61% for hesperidin,0. 49%-0. 79% and 23. 09%-33. 87%for glycyrrhizic acid,0. 03%-0. 07% and 3. 55%-10. 09% for pinocembrin,0. 15%-0. 38% and 8. 08%-24. 35% for magnolol. The extract rate range and the change range were22. 60%-25. 57% and 12. 67%-23. 68% respectively. In this study,we introduced the concepts of index component content,fingerprint,extract rate,explored the transfer relation of quality value transmitting of substance benchmark in Houpo Wenzhong Decoction,and initially established the quality standard of Houpo Wenzhong Decoction,all of which would provide ideas for the development and research of similar prescriptions.

We investigated the community structure of ground-active arthropods as well as vegetation and soil properties in Caragana shrub plantations under grazing and exclosure management across spring, summer and autumn in Yanchi County of Ningxia in northern China. The aim of this study was to uncover the responses of ground-active arthropods in shrub plantations to grazing management in desertified regions. The results showed that: 1) plant height, soil fine sand content, and soil electrical conductivity were significantly lower, whereas soil bulk density and coarse sand were significantly higher in shrub plantations under grazing than exclosure. 2) There were 40 families from 13 orders captured. The dominant groups included Formicidae and Tenebrionidae families, which comprised 68.75% of the total individuals. There were four common groups occupying 20.82% of the total individuals. The remaining 34 groups were relatively rare, only accounting for 10.44% of the total. Across the three seasons, the composition of ground-active arthropod community was significantly different between grazing and exclosure, which indicates the sensitivity and adaptability of ground-active arthropods to environmental changes including grazing management and seasonal changes. 3) There was a significant effect of grazing on total abundance of ground-active arthropods in shrub plantations, with significantly higher values under grazing than under exclosure. There was no significant effect of grazing management on group richness and diversity of ground-active arthropods in shrub plantations. 4) There was a correlation of total abundance, evenness index and the Simpson index with plant abundance, vegetation height, soil moisture, soil pH and electrical conductivity. There was a significant correlation of the Shannon index with vegetation height, soil moisture and soil fine sand. Plant density, and soil pH, soil moisture and soil temperature were the key factors driving the structure of ground-active arthropod communities in shrub plantations under gra-zing management across seasons based on the partial RDA results. It was concluded that the variations of plant height, soil pH, soil moisture and soil temperature under grazing management could result in different ground-active arthropod taxon to changing habitats. The conservation effect of shrub on ground-active arthropod could reduce the negative impacts of grazing. Spring grazing could enhance ground-active arthropod abundances in shrub plantations. It was necessary to pay attention to prevention of insects which are caused by spring grazing in shrub plantations.

Objective: To understand the basic information and epidemic characteristics of new cases of cysticercosis in Dali Prefecture, Yunnan Province, so as to provide the evidence for formulating the prevention and control strategy of cysticercosis., Methods: The data of inpatients in the Dali Parasitic Disease Prevention and Control Center from 2014 to 2017 were collected and the eligible data of new cases of cysticercosis were analyzed by the epidemiological method., Results: There were 1 552 patients with cysticercosis, including 549 new cases of cysticercosis. Among the new cysticercosis patients, most were neurocysticer-cosis cases (484 / 549, 88.16%). The symptoms included epilepsy and headache (51.73%), headache (40.98%), and dizziness (18.76%). The new cysticercosis patients were mainly middle-aged male farmers of Bai nationality, and they were distributed in all counties (cities) of Dali Prefecture, especially in Eryuan County (26.78%), and Dali City (19.49%). The annual incidence rate was 4.423/105 in 2014, 3.837/105 in 2015, 3.765/105 in 2016, and 3.442/105 in 2017, and there was no significance among the different years'incidence ( χ 2 = 4.595, P > 0.05)., Conclusions: Dali Prefecture is still an endemic area of cysticercosis. Therefore, the monitoring, prevention and control of the disease should be strengthened.

Ascariasis once was a common disease in rural areas of China. It is showed that the average infection rate of Ascaris lumbricoides in China was 1.36% according to the results of the national survey of important human parasitic diseases in 2015. Although the prevalence of ascariasis has been greatly reduced as compared with that at the beginning of this century, ascariasis is still widespread in China. The Diagnostic Criteria for Ascariasis (WS/565-2017) was promulgated and implemented by the former National Health and Family Planning Commission on August 1st, 2017. This Diagnostic Criteria for Ascariasis is composed of six chapters, including the Range of Application, Terms and Definitions, Diagnostic Basis, Diagnostic Principle, Diagnostic Standard, and Differential Diagnosis. Four informative appendixes (etiology, epidemiology, clinical manifestation, and differential diagnosis) and one normative appendix (laboratory examination) are appended. The criteria provide the technical reference for diagnosis of ascariasis in medical institutions and disease control institutions. Combined with the current epidemic situation of ascariasis in China, this paper interprets the main contents of the Diagnostic Criteria for Ascariasis (WS/565-2017), so as to promote its learning and implementation.

The current status of soil-transmitted nematodiasis in China is analyzed. The achievements in prevention and control of soil-transmitted nematodiasis are illustrated. Moreover, the challenges in condition of the decline of soil-transmitted nematodiasis in China are demonstrated. Finally, the working principals for prevention and control of soil-transmitted nematodiasis in the new period are proposed, combining with the health poverty alleviation project, focusing on the goals of control plan for important parasitic diseases, establishing monitoring system for soil-transmitted nematodiasis, and implementing the principles of precise prevention and control.

This study aims to elucidate the effects of soil particle composition and fractal dimension on soil physical and chemical properties following sand-binding revegetation within straw checkerboard in south-eastern Tengger Desert. Three afforested plantations in the year of 2016 (i.e., 1 year), 2013 (i.e., 4 years) and 1987 (i.e., 30 years) were selected as study sites, with the adjacent mobile sand land as control (CK). We measured soil particle composition, soil fractal dimension, and the changes of soil physical and chemical properties. The relationship between soil particle composition, soil fractal dimension, and soil properties was analyzed. The results showed that contents of soil particle with the size of both 100-250 μm and 250-500 μm were greater than that of 50-100 μm, ranging from 42.5% to 80.1% and from 12.5% to 42.2% relative to that ranging from 0.2% to 20.8%. Contents of soil particle with the size of <2 μm and 2-50 μm were remarka-bly lower than that of 100-250 μm, 250-500 μm and 50-100 μm, ranging from 0 to 1.3% and from 0 to 22.7%, respectively. However, contents of soil particle at the size of 500-1000 μm was the lowest occupying <0.3% of soil particle composition. Soil particle with the size of <2 μm and 2-50 μm were found in the 30-year sites only. Soil particle distribution at the size of 50-100 μm, 100-250 μm, and 250-500 μm followed the order of 30 a>1 a>4 a＞CK, 4 a>1 a>CK>30 a, and CK>1 a>4 a> 30a, respectively. Soil particle with the size of 500-1000 μm occupied little of soil particle composition, with no significant difference between each site. The fractal dimension of soil particles ranged from 0.54 to 2.59. There was significantly greater soil fractal dimension in 30 a in comparison to 4 a, 1 a and CK, with the intermediate values in 4 a and 1 a, and the lowest values in CK. There was a significantly positive correlation of fractal dimension of soil particles with soil particle content of clay, silt, very fine sand, and a significantly negative correlation of fractal dimension of soil particles with soil particle content of medium sand. Fractal dimension of soil particles was positively correlated with soil electrical conductivity, organic carbon, total nitrogen, and carbon-nitrogen ratio, but with no correlation with soil pH and soil water content. Soil particle content at the size of <2 μm, 2-50 μm, and 50-100 μm had a significant positive correlation with soil electrical conductivity, organic carbon, total nitrogen, and carbon-nitrogen ratio, whereas soil particle content at the size of 250-500 μm had a negative correlation with the former four soil indices and soil water content. In addition, there was a significant negative correlation of soil particle content at the size of 500-1000 μm with soil water content. It was concluded that the sand-binding reve-getation within straw checkerboard in Tengger Desert could facilitate the fine soil particles by ameli-orating stressful soil conditions. Long-term succession of revegetation on mobile sand land could enhance soil clay and silt content as well as soil fractal dimension, thus be beneficial for the improvement of soil physical and chemical properties and desertification control.

Objective: To understand the epidemic status of clonorchiasis and awareness of prevention and control knowledge in Xinfeng County of Jiangxi Province, so as to provide the evidences for control measures., Methods: The baseline survey was carried out with a clue in vestigation of raw-fish eating behavior in potential endemic areas in 2016.The residents were examined by stool tests. The metacercariae of Clonorchis sinensis in fish, the rediae and cercariae in freshwater mollusk were detected. The feces samples of cats, dogs and pigs were collected and examined by sedimentation technique. Meanwhile, the epidemic factors, health knowledge and behavior were also surveyed., Results: The residents in 26 villages had the habit of eating raw freshwater fish, and 19.51% of the respondents had this habit. The average infection rates of the population, Parafossarulus striatulus , freshwater fishes and reservoir hosts were 21.56%, 0, 8.24% and 2.27%, respectively. The infection rate of the population increased with age. There was a significant positive correlation between the behavior and the infection rate of the population ( r = 0.88, P < 0.01). Only 11.46% of the respondents knew that eating raw-fish might cause C. sinensis infection, and 5.28% of them knew that C. sinensis was harmful to health., Conclusions: Twenty-six villages in five townships were endemic areas of clonorchiasis in Xinfeng County. The permanent solution of prevention and control of clonorchiasis is to strengthen the health education and change the habit of raw-fish eating gradually.

Usnic acid and its derivatives, a group of organic molecules with great importance, are characteristic to lichens, possessing pharmacological activities such as anti-virus, anti-bacteria, anti-humor, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and anaesthetic effects. Many of them have been widely used as medicine, but also bring side effects such as dermatitis and liver damages. In the past decades, great efforts by isolation, organic synthesis, and structure modification methods were put on discovery of UA derivatives with higher biological activities or less side effects. This paper describes herein the most progress on natural sources, isolation and structure elucidation, structural characteristics, synthesis and modification results, pharmacological activities and toxicities of UA and its derivatives, hopefully to provide valuable reference for further research., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose., (Copyright© by the Chinese Pharmaceutical Association.)

The criteria for the Kato-Katz thick smear are compiled following the Management Measures for Health Criteria and GBT 1.1-2009 Standardization Working Guidelines. The criteria are composed of five chapters, including the range of application, terms and definitions, equipments, reagent materials, and testing procedures. Three informative appendices (identification of helminth eggs in human faeces, counting method of eggs in Kato-Katz thick smear, and other considerations) are appended. The criteria have been issued by the National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People's Republic of China, it provides a technical reference for the detection of helminth eggs in human faeces in medical institutions and disease prevention and control institutions.

Objective: To investigate the clinical efficacy and safety of Huanshao Capsules (HSC) in the treatment of oligoasthenospermia with spleen and kidney asthenia., Methods: This randomized, open, multicentered, positive drug controlled clinical trial included 200 cases of oligoasthenospermia with spleen and kidney asthenia, which were assigned to a trial and a control group of equal number to be treated with HSC at the dose of 3 capsules tid and Wuziyanzong Pills at 6 g bid, respectively, both for 12 weeks. We compared the semen volume, sperm concentration, sperm count, sperm motility and percentage of progressively motile sperm (PMS) as the main therapeutic indicators as well as the pregnancy rate as the secondary therapeutic indicator between the two groups of patients before and at 4, 8 and 12 weeks after medication., Results: Totally, 190 of the patients completed the clinical observation, 96 in the trial and 94 in the control group. Compared with the baseline, the patients of the trial group showed significant time-dependent increases at 4, 8 and 12 weeks after medication in the mean sperm concentration (14.78 vs 15.33, 20.98 and 28.78 ×10⁶/ml, P < 0.05), percentage of grade a sperm (12.17% vs 15.05%, 21.17% and 26.97%, P < 0.05), PMS (24.78% vs 28.97%, 37.23% and 47.67%, P < 0.05), and sperm viability (38.64% vs 44.18%, 51.67% and 60.45%, P < 0.05). The pregnancy rate was significantly higher in the trial than in the control group 29.17% vs 18.09%, P < 0.05)., Conclusions: Huanshao Capsules can improve the semen quality and pregnancy rate in the treatment of oligoasthenospermia patients with spleen and kidney asthenia, and therefore deserves a wide clinical application.

Objective: To establish an evaluation system for health education products of parasitic diseases by using a Delphi method, so as to provide references for the evaluation of health education products., Methods: An expert panel was established and evaluation indicators were determined by brainstorming and face-to-face discussion, then the weight of each evaluation indicator was determined through a two-round Delphi method and the evaluation system was established., Results: The evaluation indicators for material products, graphic design products and audio-visual products were established respectively by expert panel. Four first indicators and 12 second indicators were included in each type of products. The consensus was achieved following the two rounds of expert consultation among 23 knowledgeable and experienced experts, who considered "scientificity" and "acceptability" to be the most important of all the first indicators, and "information accuracy" and "behavioral guidance" of all the second indicators., Conclusions: A scientific and rational evaluation system is established, and it can be used in comprehensive evaluation of health education products for parasitic diseases.

Cysticercosis refers to a parasitic infection caused by the larvae of pork tapeworm Taenia solium . It is a parasitic zoonosis and listed by the World Health Organization (WHO) as one of the neglected tropical diseases. Cysticercosis is spreading all over the world through globalization and it mainly epidemic in developing countries. In the southwest and minority nationality areas of China, as a result of the low level of medical and health care, and the unchangeable diet custom, there are still many cases of cysticercosis, which is manifested as a local high prevalence. Neuroimaging is the preferred method for cysticercosis diagnosis, and by using CT and MRI scans it is possible to visualise the infecting cysticerci and assess their number and location within the central nervous system (CNS) . The immunological assay is also required in the diagnosis. At present, the prevention and control of cysticercosis is still relatively weak. In this paper, the current status and research progress of cysticercosis are reviewed, and further suggestions on the prevention and control of cysticercosis are put forward.

Clonorchis sinensis infection is carcinogenic to human, which results in cholangiocarcinoma, confirmed by the World Health Organization. An investigation in 2005 indicated that the standardized C. sinensis infection rate was 0.58%, with 12 490 000 infected people estimated in the clonorchiasis endemic areas in China. In the world, 80% of C. sinensis infected people were distributed in China. Diagnostic Criteria for Clonorchiasis (WS309-2009) was compiled by the ex-Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China and it was issued and implemented in March 13, 2009. The Diagnostic Criteria for Clonorchiasis is composed of six chapters, including the Range of Application, Terms and Definitions, Diagnostic Basis, Diagnostic Principle, Diagnostic Standard, and Differential Diagnosis. Three informative appendices (etiology, epidemiology, clinical manifestation; enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; differential diagnosis) and one normative appendix (laboratory examination) are appended. The Criteria provides the technical reference for diagnosis of clonorchiasis in medical institutions and disease control institutions. Combined with the current epidemic situation of clonorchiasis in China, this paper interprets the main contents of the Diagnostic Criteria for Clonorchiasis (WS309-2009), so as to promote its learning and implementing.

The problem of sediment deposition in urban sewer network in different levels, will not only reduce the sewer flow ability, but also release pollutants and generate secondary pollution. The impact of secondary pollution is more serious in the study area, Kunming, because of the combined sewer overflow in rainy season. In order to obtain the characteristics of the sewer sediments in Kunming, the sewer sediments from residential area, service area, cultural district, and business district were investigated and collected. The particle size, density, organic matter (VSS/TSS) and pollutant content of the sediments were analyzed in this study. The results showed that there were different characteristics for the sediments from different areas. The size of the sediments exhibited business district >cultural district >residential area >service area, and the D 50 was concentrated in the 20 to 100 μm except the business district. As for VSS/TSS, the order was residential area >cultural district >business district >service area. It was negatively correlated with the dry density with the correlation index of R 2 =0.9827 and positively correlated with the water content. The contents of sediments showed significant differences in different functional areas. The size of COD presented residential area >cultural district >service area >business district, and the size of TN followed residential area >cultural district >business district >service area. As for TP, it exhibited residential area >service area >cultural district >business district. The COD, TN and TP were proportional to the population density of the area and TP was greatly influenced by sediment particle size. From the branch into the Sub-main sewer, COD and TN were irregular, and TP decreased slightly. TP mainly existed as particulate and was more likely to deposit onto the small particle. As for TN, there was no obvious rule about its distribution in different particle size sections. The pollution load was generally on the high side in Kunming. The content of heavy metals in business district was the highest among all functional areas, and the concentrations of Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd were 284.6, 786.4, 201.2, 2.54 mg·kg -1 respectively. The average contents of Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd in urban area were 2.2, 4.4, 2.5, 8.6 times than the background values. It is suggested to control Cd and Zn with priority.

Sixteen compounds were isolated from lichen Usnea longissima using of various chromatographic techniques including silica gel, Sephadex LH-20, ODS, and semi-preparative HPLC. By spectroscopic data analyses, their structures were identified by as useanol(1), lecanorin(2), 3-hydroxy-5-methylphenyl 2-hydroxy-4-methoxy-6-methylbenzoate(3), lecanorin E(4), 3'-methylevernic acid(5), evernic acid(6), barbatinic acid(7), 3,7-dihydroxy-1,9-dimethyldibenzofuran(8), orcinol(9), O-methylorcinol(10), methyl orsellinate(11), methyl everninate(12), 2,5-dimethyl-1,3-benzenediol(13), 2-hydroxy-4-methoxy-3,6-dimethyl benzoic acid(14), ethyl everninate(15), and ethyl 2,4-dihydroxy-6-methylbenzoate(16). Compound 1 was obtained as a natural product for the first time, and 3,4, 8,10,12, and 13 were isolated from Usneaceae family for the first time. Compound 1, 8, and 13 showed significant anti-inflammatory activity against NO production in RAW 267.4 cells with IC₅₀ values of 6.8, 3.9 and 4.8 μmol•L⁻¹, respectively, compared with the positive controls curcumin(IC₅₀ 15.3 μmol•L⁻¹) and indomethacin(IC₅₀ 42.9 μmol•L⁻¹)., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose., (Copyright© by the Chinese Pharmaceutical Association.)

The National Survey on Current Status of Major Human Parasitic Diseases in China has been carried out since 2014 under the organization of the National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People's Republic of China. The National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (NIPD, China CDC) provided technical support and was responsible for quality control in this survey. This study used SWOT method to analyze the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats that were encountered by he NIPD, China CDC during the completion of the survey. Accordingly, working strategies were proposed to facilitate the future field work.

Objectives: To understand the ability of worm detection of staff of centers for disease control and prevention (CDC) in China, so as to promote the ability construction., Methods: In each province, four competitors were selected from the institutions of parasitic diseases control to attend the National Technique Competition for Parasitic Disease Diagnosis and the results of competition were collected and analyzed., Results: The average scores of microscopic identification and slide preparation of all the 124 competitors were 27.3 and 7.6 respectively and the scores were increased significantly (t = 3.169, 5.009, both P < 0.05) compared to those in 2012. The average detection rate of helminthes was 62.7%, and it was increased significantly (χ2 = 28.630, P < 0.05) compared to that in 2012. The scores of competitors of different genders, ages, and profession titles were significantly different (t = 1.400, 2.080, F = 2.366-3.864, all P < 0.05). The scores of competitors of provinces with the control task of parasites were higher than those without any control task (t = 6.650, 4.630, both P < 0.01)., Conclusions: The competition has enhanced the ability of staff of CDCs, especially for the young staff. However, the ability of detection for soil transmitted helminth eggs should be intensified. Monitoring sites should be established in low endemic areas of parasites and provinces without the prevention and control task and the training for the professional staff should be strengthened.

Previous studies showed that ethyl acetate extracts from the submerged macrophytes Potamogeton crispus can significantly inhibit the growth of Karenia mikimitoi. Further, two antialgal activity compounds (1-2) were successfully isolated from this submerged macrophytes through a combination of silica gel column chromagraphy and repeated preparative thin-layer chromatography in this paper. These two antialgal activity compounds exhibited antialgal active against Karenia mikimitoi. Furthermore, their structure were identified on the basis of spectroscopic data: one flavonid named Trichodermatides B, and one alkaloid named 2-methylheptylisonicotinate. These two compounds were for the first time isolated from both Potamogeton crispus and submerged macrophytes.

The impacts of climate change on the grain yield, photosynthesis, and water conditions of winter wheat were assessed based on an experiment, in which wheat plants were subjected to ambient and elevated CO2 concentrations, ambient and elevated temperatures, and low and high water conditions independently and in combination. The CO2 enrichment alone had no effect on the photosynthesis of winter wheat, whereas higher temperature and drought significantly decreased the photosynthetic rate. Water conditions in flag leaves were not significantly changed at the elevated CO2 concentration or elevated temperature. However, drought stress decreased the relative water content in flag leaves, and the combination of elevated temperature and drought reduced the water potential in flag leaves. The combination of elevated CO2 concentration, elevated temperature, and drought significantly reduced the photosynthetic rate and water conditions, and led to a 41.4% decrease in grain yield. The elevated CO2 concentration alone increased the grain yield by 21.2%, whereas the elevated temperature decreased the grain yield by 12.3%. The grain yield was not affected by the combination of elevated CO2 concentration and temperature, but the grain yield was significantly decreased by the drought stress if combined with any of the climate scenarios applied in this study. These findings suggested that maintaining high soil water content might be a vital means of reducing the potential harm caused by the climate change.