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Objective: To explore potential biomarkers that can predict the clinical efficacy of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors in malignancies. Methods: The PubMed, Web of Science, CNKI, Wanfang and VIP databases were searched from the establishment of the database to September 20, 2022. After literature screening, data extraction and the risk of bias were evaluated independently by two evaluators, the Meta-analysis was performed using RevMan5.4 and STATA16.0 software. Results: This paper included 18 studies with a total of 4 018 patients. Tumor patients with a high tumor mutational burden (TMB) were found to have higher overall survival (OS) (P=0.003,P=0.01) and progression-free survival (PFS)(P=0.000 2, P=0.04) with PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors within 1 year and 2 years of follow-up. At different follow-up times, with 1% as the critical value, there was no statistical significance in the level of PD-L1 expression as a biomarker for predicting OS and PFS of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors (P>0.05). Conclusion: TMB can be used as a biological indicator to predict the clinical efficacy of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors in patients with malignant tumors within 2 years after treatment, but whether its efficacy can last longer remains to be further studied. PD-L1 single test is not currently a biomarker for predicting the benefit of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pseudogenes have long been regarded as fossilized, nonfunctional genomes that are evidence of human evolution. However, in recent years, pseudogenes have been found to play an important role in both physiological and pathological processes, especially in tumors, regulating occurrence and development of tumors in parental gene dependence and parental gene independence, including liver cancer. In this paper, we summarized research progress of pseudogenes and their roles in proliferation, apoptosis, invasion and metastasis of liver cancer cells, providing new ideas for treatment of liver cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Myeloid-derived suppressor cells （MDSCs） are a heterogeneous cell population in tumor immune microenvironment that can undergo amplification and aggregation in tumor patients and tumor-bearing animals, exerting immunosuppressive activities. Recent studies have demonstrated the significant role of MDSCs in the occurrence, development and metastasis of liver cancer. This paper aims to review the research progress on MDSCs and hepatocellular carcinoma, exploring their involvement in hepatocellular carcinoma as well as potential therapeutic strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With rapid development of information technology, blended teaching model has gradually become mainstream teaching model in most colleges and universities. How to evaluate students' learning effect and analyze factors that affect students' performance is a key research direction of this teaching model. Taking blended teaching of Medical Immunology course in Xinxiang Medical University as an example, this paper introduces implementation process and evaluation system of blended teaching, analyzes main factors affecting students' performance and learning effect, and focuses on discussing influence of formative evaluation and "flipped classroom" on students' academic performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is one of common pulmonary complications of connective tissue disease (CTD), which seriously affects quality of life and significantly increases risk of death of patients with CTD. However, related immune mechanism of CTD-ILD is not clear yet. This paper systematically reviews involvement of various cytokines in pathogenesis of CTD-ILD. Pathogenesis of CTD-ILD and correlation between cytokines and clinical indicators were discussed from cell level, animal model and clinical trials, to investigate whether cytokines can be targeted for treatment of CTD-ILD to help guide future research and clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Immunology courses are offered in the majors of biology, medicine, animal husbandry and food in Chinese colleges and universities. Due to the characteristics of multi-dimensional composition of immunology knowledge, most students are not easy to understand the logical relationship between key points and knowledge points in learning, and will encounter problems such as unable to keep up with the teaching pace, lack of confidence in learning, feeling complex association between the knowledge points of chapters, and not fully understanding the immunology knowledge points. This paper summarizes the teaching methods of heuristic, main line and case in Immunology teaching, so as to solve the difficulties in learning, clarify learning ideas, improve learning confidence and learning effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

MicroRNA (miRNA) is a kind of small non-coding single stranded RNA that can participate in multiple biological processes. It also plays an important role in regulating the immune function of the body. Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an autoimmune disease, whose cause and deterioration are closely related to miRNA regulates immune function of CD4+T cells subsets. In ITP patients, different expression of miRNA can affect the immune function of CD4+T cells subsets, which causes not only unbalanced expression of Th1/Th2, Th17/Treg and excessive differentiation of TFH, but also abnormal cytokine secretion furthermore. This paper summarizes the unbalanced mechanism of miRNA regulating immune function of CD4+T cells subsets in ITP, so as to provide inspiration for exploring the immunology and immunotherapy of ITP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Every link in the occurrence and development of malignant tumors is closely related to immune regulation. In recent years, the research of Ferroptosis and the killing of tumor cells by PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors is a hot spot. Because of the effect of its precise treatment of tumors, it has been more and more applied in clinical treatment. However, there is still no study on the combination of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors and Ferroptosis treatment of tumor cells. In this paper, mechanism of Ferroptosis, relationship between Ferroptosis and tumor, and PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy of tumor are reviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an autoimmune disease mediated by anti-acetylcholine receptor (AChR) antibodies and dependent on CD4 positive T lymphocytes (CD4+T) cells. MicroRNA (miRNA) is an endogenous small single-stranded non-coding RNA that involved in post-transcriptional regulation and plays an important role in differentiation and function of CD4+T cells. Increasing evidences have shown that changes of miRNAs happened in MG patients, which may participate in the occurrence and development of MG by regulating CD4+T cells, and miRNA may be a potential therapeutic target for MG. In this paper, relationship between miRNA and MG was reviewed in order to provide new ideas for further research on the pathogenesis and clinical diagnosis and treatment of MG. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Immunology examination is an abstract boring medical professional course. According to the characteristics of this course, this paper uses mixed teaching and takes CBL as the basis to dig deeply into the ideological and political elements of this course. Starting from the cultivating a comprehensive development of people, from three aspects, namely the cultural foundation, independent development and society participation to consider, implementation of "knowledge" and "leading value" all-round education go hand in hand. To cultivate medical students who skilled in medicine, with correct outlook on life and values, so as to realize the fundamental task of cultivating morality and cultivating people. It provides an empirical basis for the teaching reform of "curriculum ideology and politics" of "clinical immunology examination technology". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) which are nanoscale membranous vesicles with lipid bilayers secreted by most cells, have received widespread attention from research scholars because they are important mediators of substance exchange and signaling. The basis of curing hepatitis B disease lies in fully understanding the molecular mechanism of HBV replication regulation. HBV mainly binds to membrane surface receptors for replication and transmission, but it is not the only route of infection. In addition to the receptor route, sEVs can transmit free viral HBV to uninfected hepatocytes. However, the mechanism of sEVs mediating HBV infection is not very clear to us, therefore, this paper will focuses on the relationship between sEVs secreted by hepatocytes after HBV infection and the transmission of HBV virus and the mechanism of infection, so as to provide a theoretical guidance for clinical treatment of hepatitis B virus infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coronavirus disease 2019 （COVID-19） is highly infectious， severe and critically ill patients have high mortality and lack specific treatment， so it is urgent to find safe and effective treatment methods. Mesenchymal stem cells （MSCs） have biologi⁃ cal properties such as immune regulation， tissue repair， regeneration， migration and homing， antiviral and anti-inflammatory. At present， studies on use of MSCs in treatment of COVID-19 have been gradually carried out. This paper reviews pathogenesis of 2019 novel coronavirus（ 2019-nCoV）， potential regulatory mechanisms and challenges of MSCs in treatment of COVID-19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microbiology and Immunology is one of core basic curriculums for medical college undergraduates. Combining with characteristics of this course, our teaching comprehension and background calling for curriculum ideological and political education, we consider blending traditional sinology classic "Thirty-Six Stratagems" in teaching of this curriculum. Meanwhile, its practical significance on many aspects will be elucidated. This paper will provide useful reference for blending other sinology classics into ideological and political education of specialized curriculums. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Immunologic skin diseases encompass a spectrum of immune system-mediated autoimmune or inflammatory skin conditions, such as lupus erythematosus, psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, and vitiligo. Immunologic skin diseases are characterized by an unclear pathogenesis, complex disease processes, diverse clinical manifestations, and treatment difficulties, thereby presenting significant diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. Notably, Chinese researchers have achieved numerous innovative research findings on immunologic skin diseases in recent years. Over the past decade, Chinese scholars have contributed 11 919 SCI papers to the field of immune dermatosis, with more than 10 being published in the world's leading medical journals. These publications include one in Science, one in Nature, two in Cell, three in The New England Journal of Medicine, two in The Lancet, and one in Nature Medicine, as well as four in Immunity. Here, we aim to present a comprehensive summary of Chinese research progress pertaining to the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of immunologic skin diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetes mellitus (DM), as a common and frequently-occurring disease, has become a huge burden of chronic diseases worldwide, whose pathogenesis is very complex and has not yet been fully elucidated. Small intestine is one of important immune organ in body, and relationship between its innate immune function and DM has become forefront of research in medical field. In this paper, role of intestinal innate immunity in pathogenesis of DM is reviewed, including tissue barrier dysfunction of small intestine, dysfunction of intestinal innate immune cells and imbalance of proportion of intestinal innate immune molecules, in order to provide references for future research on related mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease involving a variety of exocrine glands. It is a common autoimmune disease in the department of rheumatology. However, the pathogenesis of pSS is still unclear, re⁃ sulting in lack of treatment. While the international research on pSS is also increasing, we review the latest literature on the mecha⁃ nism of Sjögren's syndrome under different factors. In this paper, the process mechanism of Sjögren's syndrome is summarized from the aspects of heredity, environment, autoimmune cells and autoantibodies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Long non-coding RNAs(lncRNAs) can be involved in regulating gene expression through multiple interactions with DNA, RNA or proteins. Studies have shown that lncRNAs not only regulate innate immune response, but also regulate immune cell development and adaptive immunity. According to recent reports, a number of lncRNAs play a role in the pathogenesis of immunemediated inflammatory diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus(SLE), and may become a diagnostic marker and prognostic reference for diseases. This paper summarizes the research progress of lncRNAs in SLE, with the hope of providing more new ideas and methods for the study of SLE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sialic-acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectins(Siglecs)are a family of sialic acid-binding receptors that are expressed on surface of a variety of immune cells and have complex and diverse immunomodulatory functions. Siglecs play different immune and non-immune regulatory roles in tumor microenvironment(TME), mediating inflammatory response, promoting immune escape of tumor and participate in tumor progression through various mechanisms such as regulating tumor growth and metastasis, and affecting prognosis and outcome of patients. Therefore, targeting Siglecs family molecules has aroused broad interest in current oncology research and may become a target therapeutic molecule of tumor immunotherapy, after PD-1. This paper reviews molecular types of Siglecs family that affect tumor progression, their mechanisms in TME and research progress as therapeutic targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acute myocardial infarction is a serious ischemic disease. In response to myocardial infarction, cardiac remodeling takes place by means of cardiac structural and functional changes. This remodeling including three continuous cellular pathophysiological stages: Inflammation, proliferation and scar maturation. The first stage is characterized by infiltration of great amount of inflammatory cells induced by injured, necrotic, apoptotic cells and cellular debris. The latter two stages represent a repair process, which caused by anti-inflammatory cells and cytokines, as well as fibroblasts, which altogether contribute to inflammation regression, new blood vessel formation and fibrous scar maturation. Immune system plays an important and complex role in process of cardiac remodeling, among which macrophages provide a pivotal impact in this pathological change, which is one of research hotspots in recent years. In this paper, we mainly reviews cellular behavior of macrophages in cardiac remodeling after myocardial infarction and research progress of traditional Chinese medicine in modulating macrophages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alveolar macrophages （AMs） play critical roles in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease （COPD）. Altered metabolism is the crucial factor that determines the function of AMs and disease progression. This paper expounds what factors affect the metabolic changes of AMs as well as how these metabolic changes alter the function of AMs, and further summarizes the research progress on immunometabolism of AMs in COPD, in order to explore new ideas and approaches in the prevention and treatment of COPD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alveolar macrophage（ AMs）, as a sentinel cell in the respiratory tree, is also a dominant immune cell in the stable state, playing an important role in the balance between defense against pathogens and tolerance to harmless stimuli. Different characteristics of alveolar macrophages affect the prognosis of lung infections, chronic inflammatory diseases, and lung cancer. Therefore, this paper mainly reviewes the correlation between alveolar macrophages and different chronic lung diseases by reviewing domestic and foreign literature, in order to provide more theoretical basis for the clinical prevention and treatment of chronic lung diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Macrophages as a kind of innate immune cells, whose recruitment, aggregation and phenotypic changes are closely related to occurrence, development and prognosis of inflammation. Studies have shown that electroacupuncture plays an effective antiinflammatory effect by regulating recruitment and polarization of macrophages and is widely used in treatment of various inflammatory diseases. On basis of introducing effect of macrophage recruitment and polarization on inflammatory response, this paper focuses on anti-inflammatory effects of electroacupuncture in regulating macrophages in different system diseases, and summarizes potential cellular and molecular mechanisms of electroacupuncture regulating macrophage polarization, in order to provide scientific theoretical basis for treatment of inflammatory diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In post-epidemic era, in-depth integration of online and offline hybrid teaching models will become an inevitable trend in development of informatization. In this paper, experimental teaching of Pathogens and Host Defenses is used as an example, and proposes a new way to explore use of virtual simulation and internet platforms, combining clinical cases and comprehensive experiments, and rationally integrate ideological and political elements of curriculum based on "two-line blended model", so as to achieve effective play to role of integrated medical experimental courses, strengthen students' mastery of medical professional knowledge, improve pace of integrated medical experimental teaching in digitalization process, open up new ideas for integration of medical education colleagues, and will have a positive effect on promoting cultivation of high-quality applied medical talents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To explore the development status, research hotspots and research frontiers of immune escape by bibliometrics, so as to provide guidance for researchers and clinical workers. Methods: Web of Science Core Collection （WoSCC） literature related to immune escape from 2002 to 2021 was searched, using Microsoft Excel 2020, Software such as CiteSpace V and VOSviewer visually to analyze the information extracted from the included literature and generate network maps. Results: A total of 634 articles related to immune escape were collected in WoSCC from 2002 to 2021, and the number of articles showed an increasing trend year by year. The largest published country and institution is China （214, 33.75%） and Harvard University （39, 6.15%）. The researcher who contributed the most to this field was KENT from Australia （10, 2.76%）. J Immunol published the largest number of papers in this field（ 24, 3.78%）. Cancer, immunotherapy and infection are the research hotspots of immune escape in recent years. Immunotherapy, cell, gene and antigen are the current research frontiers in this field. Conclusion: Research on immune escape is currently booming, and China has made remarkable contributions to this field. The current research hotspot in this field mainly focuses on the immunotherapy for cancer and infectious diseases, and the topics such as cell, immunotherapy, gene and antigen are the current research frontier, and will also be the future development trend in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transplantation rejection and autoimmune diseases seriously affect human health and quality of life. To explore their mechanisms and coping strategies has always been a key issue in the field of immune tolerance. Estradiol is an important hormone to maintain the normal physiological state of the body, which mainly promotes the development of reproductive system and regulates metabolic level of the body. In recent years, along with the continuously go deep into the study of immune tolerance, estradiol effects on immune tolerance is more and more attention of scholars both at home and abroad, a large number of studies have shown that estradiol plays a significant role in the induction of immune tolerance. In this paper, the effect of estradiol in induction of immune tolerance mechanism and summarized the research status, provide new way for the research of induction of immune tolerance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multiple sclerosis（ MS） is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system, specific pathogenesis of which is still unclear. Long chain non-coding RNA（lncRNA） without protein coding function, which were found in playing important functions in many diseases. In recent years, some patients with MS and animal model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis （EAE） were discovered that expressed a large number of abnormal lncRNA. In this paper, lncRNA involved in MS and EAE models are summarized briefly, focusing on the current research status of lncRNA in the pathogenesis of MS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malignant tumor refers to the hyperplastic tissue formed by the body under the action of various tumorigenic factors, and is a disease that poses a great threat to human life. The current side effects of chemotherapy drugs used to treat cancer are large, which makes the search for effective and low-toxic drugs become the current Research hotspots. Alkaloids are a class of small molecular compounds extracted from natural plants. In the past few decades, they have been effective as anti-cancer drugs in inhibiting the development of tumor cells, and there are also many reports on the inhibitory effect of tumor microenvironment. In this paper, the anti-tumor effects of alkaloids on different microenvironment components and cells such as collagen, laminin, immune/inflammatory cells, vascular endothelial cells and fibroblasts are described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Different from cross-presentation and direct-presentation, cross-dressing is another way of antigen presentation by dendritic cells （DC）, which can capture peptide-MHC Ⅰ molecular complex and present it to effector T cells directly without further processing. In the past decade, some significant results has been achieved in research of cross-dressing in tumor immunity, for example, by mouse and human tumor cell models, it has been confirmed that cross-dressing exists in different tumor antigen recognition and immune response processes, preliminarily clarifing specific pathway and DC molecular phenotype of cross-dressing and relationship between cross-dressing and cross-presentation were studied. Details of the above issues were reviewed in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural killer T cells （NKT） are a class of subgroups of T cells with NK cell receptors and T cell receptors that show both the properties of NK cells and T cells. It linked the innate immune response and acquired immune response, restricted identified CD1d-glycolipid antigens, activation quickly secreted a large number of cytokines to regulate the body's immune response. The human liver is rich in NKT cells, so the role of NKT cells in the liver disease aroused widespread interest. This paper summarizes the progress of immunology in the development of NKT cells in liver fibrosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]